IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


■-   lai    IIIIIZ2 

:     *-    IIIIM 
1.8 


1.25      1.4 

J4 

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► 

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9 


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Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 

1980 


i 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 

The  imeges  eppeering  here  are  the  best  quelity 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  end  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustreted  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustreted  Impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^■^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  ii  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  loft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  filmi  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
ginArositA  de: 

La  bibliothique  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Lee  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet^  de  l'exemplaire  film«,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmege. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
pepier  es*  imprimte  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fiimis  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — »^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  ie 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  ii  est  film*  d  partir 
de  I'angle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notes  techniques  et  bibiiographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  uniqu9, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


I      I    Coloured  covers/ 


Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pellicui^e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  Illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'll  lui  a  «t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmaga 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  peiliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe< 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet6es  ou  piqu6es 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I      I    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 


2( 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


D 


Qualitd  indgale  de  Timpression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuiilet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6x6  filmdes  6  nouveau  de  faqon  6 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


y 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


THE    WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


« 


J 


s  .  ■ 

in 


THE    WORKS 


or 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


VOLUME  IV. 


THE   NATIVE   RACES. 


Vol.  IV.     ANTIQUITIES. 


SAN  FRANCISCO : 
A.  L.  BANCROFT  &  COMPANY,  rUBLISITERS. 

1883. 


[ 


;| 


Ent.ri-.l  accorilliig  l^'  A -t  of  CougrfBB  lu  tUe  Tew  18fl2,  b/ 

HUBERT  II.  BA^•CROFT. 
lu  thi!  ufflco  of  tlie  Librarian  of  ConRress,  at  WaBhlugton. 


All  lU'jhts  lletvntd. 


CONTEXTS  OF  Tiirs  VOLrMJ:. 


CHAI'Ti:H  I. 


aucii.t:oi,()cik.\i.  inthouuctiox. 


vm:k 


-Muiimiiciitiil  Arcliin»l(.;,'y  Sco]..' ufilw  \  nhimo  'IVcjitnuMit  of  tlii' Sult- 
jcci  Sdiiii'cs  (if  liifMriiiatiuii  'l'aii;4:i)iility  of  Malnial  Itclics  - 
\'a^'iit'ii''s.-itif  'riaditioiial  ami  Written  Aiclia'o|<(''\    -Value  of  Moti- 


iiiieiital  Itelies,  as  coiiveyiiii,'  I'ositive  liiforinatinii  resj'ectiii;:  tl 


le 


Itiiil  lei's,  as  Corrolioi'Mtiv 


e  or  ( 'iirrecti\e   \N  it 


liesses.  as    Inceiit  i\ cs 


tu    i;r>eanli     ('"iiiiterfeit.    Aiilii|iiilies     K^'y|itiaii,    Assyrian    and 
I'fi^ian   nioniiiiieMU<     lU-lics  |ini\iM:,'  the   Aiiti(|iiify  of  Man      l",\- 


|i|iiialion  iif    Anifiieaii    lliiins     Key   to  ("ential   American   II 


lero- 


No  more  rnwrillen  llistury 1 


CHAPTini  II. 

ANTi(,)i  iTii:;s  VI  riii:  isthmis,  costa  iav\,  aiosqi'itcj    coast,  axd 

NICAUACUA. 
Tile  I-tlimns     liumaii  (nin  and  (lallev     Hiiacas  of  ('liiriiiiii     Invited 


Sti.ne-ear\  in^'s     Seiilplnred    Cohiii 


III 


in    I! 


Cold. 


•  •iiiMiiienIs  Weapons  lm]ili'nients  I'.ittery  Musieal  Inslrii- 
nieui--  Costa  lliea  Stone  llamnu-rs  Aneient  Plantations  Im- 
ages of  (nijd  Terra-Cottas  A\e  of  (^»nartz  Wnnderfnl  Hill— 
I'aved  Itiiad  Stime  I'm;:  Mosquito  ( 'iiast  (Jranite  Nases— IL'- 
niarkalile  l!e|)nrts  Animal  (;roiij»--^l!oek-I*aiiitin}.rH  — (Joldeii  Fij,'- 
nre  Home  tif  flieSiikia  Ni<arajiiia— Aiifliorities— Mminds— Se])- 
iiielires  Kxca  vat  ions  Weapons  Implements— (h-iiameiits  Stat- 
ues—Idols  -  Pottery— Metals I," 


CHAPTER  III. 

ANTI(Jt'ITIi;S  OF  SAr,VAI)()ll  AXD  IIONDrUAS,  RIINS  OF  OOPAX, 
.Salvador Opico  Uemains— Mounds  of  .lihda-  Helies  of  Lake  Cuijar 
-Honduras— (Juanaja- Wall— Sfdiu;  CI, airs  Koataii  P,,ttery  — 
Olanelio  Indies  .Mounds  of  A.iralta  and  Aliajo  Hacienda  of  l,a- 
l>rau/a  ('omaya^jini— Stone  I  )o,L,'-idol -Terraced  Mounds  of  Cala- 
mulla— Tumtili  on  Uio  Clii(niini|uare  Karilien  X'ases  of  Vani- 
mela  Ptirtilieil  Plateau  of  Tenam|)ua  Pyramids,  I'.nclosures.  and 
l'Aca\ a! ions- Stone    Walls     Parallel    Mounds— CliH-Carviii-s   at 


IV 


CON  ri:  NTS. 


ivvt;»;. 
Araiiiiuinii— ropiin  lli>ti>r\  ;iiiil  liil.lio;:rii|ili\  I'uliuiti,  Kiiciili-x, 
(ialimld,  Sti|ilirii>.  I>al>.  Lllnv,  lliii«l«ii>llc,  llia.'«>riir  dc  I'.oiir- 
IxMiii:  I'laii  III  l!aiii>  li'c^tKifil  (,»iiarn  ami  ('avi'  <  •nt^iilc  Mmi- 
imu'iifs  Ian  Infill;,'  Walls  Tin'  'l'ciii|ilr  CmirtN  \  aiill>  I'via- 
iiiiil  iiJoU  Allais  Mi^ri-lliiiii'iiim  llrlii's  lliiMian  Itcmaiiis 
l.iim-     Colossul  Ucails     ltiinaikal>lf  .\ltai« — (k>iii>riii  llniiarks.  .  .     (IN 


( 


CIIAITKU  IV. 

ANTtQflTIKS    (iK    (it   \T|;M\I.\    AND    lir.I.IZK. 

'I'lif  Stall' .if  (Hiatriiiala     A  l.aiiil  of    M\st«TV      W'dihIiiIiiI    Itt'iiortw — 
I  >i^rn\ciics    < 'iiiii|>aratist'lv    I  iiiiii|iiirtaiit      lliiiiiM    nl    «,>iiiii;_'iia 
lii^luiv  aii<l    ltil>li<»;:ia|iiiy     IVraiiiiil,    Al!ar>,  aial   Statin-     (miii- 
|iari-<iii  \\  itii  ('.(|iaii      I'v  lainicl  i>|  (  liaiailni     Itrlii-at  < 'liinainila 
'r<'lil|ili'>    lit     Mirla      ( 'iiiaca-Mrrallti     ("avi-    of     IN-fiol      ( 'vi'|ii|irail 
llrliriMut   ('airi/al     < 'n|i|>«'r  MnlaU  at  (■iiati-iiiala     l''.si|iiiiiiatlia 
I'drtiliratiiui  iif  Mixco     I'aiiiucova  i'nIiitiiiiM  — Cave  of  Santa  Maria 
MainiiKitli  ISitiK'sat  I'(<ta]>a     liosarin  Ai|ii<-ilii('t      lliiiiisof  I'atiiia- 
iiiit,  or  'I't-rpan  <  liiatciiiala     (^hic/altciiaii;:!!,  nr  Xt'laliiili      I  tat  Ian, 
iitar  Santa  (rn/ilt-l  (^hiii'lic     /akulcii,  mar  llmlinctcnan;;!!     (ak- 
I  liii|ii<'l    ituin-    in    till'    lfr;:iiin    i>f    Kaliinal     <'a\\inal     Marxflnns 
llniii-  i!i'|Miititl     S!r|ilii'n-"  Inlialiilril  <  ilv      Antii|nilit's  <i|'  I'dcn 
I'liiii'-     San  .Icisi'     I 'a>a- ( iiamirs     'I'liwiT  ot   ^'a\llaa     'I'ikal  I'al- 
aii's  auii  Sialnt'-     Onlntt'-     Anti<initii's  of  ImH/a' 1<K) 


<■ 


("HAI'TKll  V. 

AMIt.'I  ITll.S    (II      \1(   \T\N. 

N'lnatan,  the  (onnliy  ami  llic  lV'ip|il('  Almmlanrc  nf  llniin'tl  Citifs 
Antii(narian  l'.\|iliiiatiiiM  nf  tlir  Stati'  ( 'riitral  ( ii'iin|i  I'xnial  - 
llistiiiy  ami  i>ili|]ii;^iaiili\  Waiilcck,  sti|ilii'iis.  rallii'iNMnxl,  Nm- 
man,  I'liiilcricli-tlial.  and  Cliarnay  ('a-a  drl  4  Hilit'inadnr,  i.a- 
Miinjas.  r'.IAdi\imi,  r,\ianiid,  ami  <  iyinna-inm  Kaliali,  N(ili|'at, 
l.ahna,  and  nim'tccn  oiIut  iJiiincd  ( 'itii'>  {".astern  <  li(ni|i;  <  liichcM 
It/a  and  vii-inity  Nnrtin-ni  (iron]i,  Maya]ian,  .Mt-rida,  ami  1/amal 
—  SiiiitiuTii  <iriMi)i;  l.al)|>liak,  Itnrliidi'.  ami  Macolia  ilastcrn 
<'i)ast;  'rnliMiin  and  I'n/nnicl  Western  Cuast;  .Maxeami,  .laina, 
and  ('ani|ieelie  (ii'iieral  l-'ealnres  nf  tlie  ^'neatan  llelies  I'yia- 
niids  and  Stom'  ltuiliiin;:s     Limesliim',  .Mnrtar,  Stncen,  and  Wdnd 

The 'l'iian;:iilar  .\rili     S(nl|)tnre.  Paintin;;.  ami  llierii;,'ly|iliies 
Itnads  ami   Wells     < 'iini{iarlsiins     .\iitiijnity  of  tlu'   Monuments 

(  ciiu'lusions 

• 

CHAPTEIl  VI. 

AXTigi'ITIKS    or    TAIIAS(()    AND    CIIIAI'AS,    liflNS    OF    I'Al.EXQfK. 

(ieojirapliieal    Minits     I'liysical   ( ieo;rra|iliy     No    llciies   in   Taliasco 
ILuiiisof  I'alemim'     I'.xiiloiation  and  I>ililio;:ra|'liy      Name;  Narlian, 


HO 


CONTKNT.S.  T 

PAtiK. 
<'nlliiia<'iii,  Otolum,  XiluiUm  Kxtoiit,  Loratirm,  nnd  I'lim  'I'lic 
I'aliiii'  I'lic  I'viamiiliil  Slnictiiii'  Walls,  ( 'urriilnr^*,  ami  ('(nirls- 
Sliinii  Itas-ltfliciV,  'I'oNviT  liilcriiir  l»iiililin;;s  Sctilpliirfil  'I'lih- 
Ift  Siil)toriaii<'aii  (ialicrit's  'l'i'iii|ili' <if  tiic 'I'lirrc  ralilots  T«'iii- 
|il('  (if  tlic  licaii  Ikdirt"  'rt'iii|ilf  of  the  Cross  StatiK'  'r.'in|il(' (ii 
llii' Sun  .MisccllanoMis  Hiiiiis  ami  Itclics  Kiiiiis  of  Ordcin;;!)  - 
Wiii^ji'ii  Cjiilii'  Wiiuilcii  l.iiilcl  'I'ciiatfil  I'viaiiiiil  MiM-cila- 
iicoiis  itiiiiiN  III  (liiapas  ('iistc)ii'i|m-s,  Xii|ni|iilas,  l.a;;iiiia  Mora, 
('o|iaiialiaHtla,  ami  /italii  ilm-liiictaii  Sai'  C'ttoval  licmaiiis 
on  tiic  rsumai-inta  (timparisoii  IkInm-cii  l'al<.-ii(|iu'  ami  tlic  Cilics 
of  ViKjitaii  — Antiumty  of  Palemiuo— t'omlusioii 'JS(» 

CHAPTER  VII. 

ANTK.H  ITIKS    (IK    OAJ.U'A    AND    (IfF.nUEUO. 

Nalina  Aiiti(|iiili('s  Home  of  lli<-  /a|iotc('s  ami  Mi/tecH  -  Tlnnains  in 
'l'ciiiianti'|icc  rorlilini  ilill  of  (iuic'ii<:o!a  I't'tapa,  Mau'dalfna, 
anil  Laolia^'a  l»ritl;,'cal  riiilmitlan Crossof  (inaliilco  Tnli'iioo— 
City  of  Oajara  ami  \  iciiiity  — 'I'lacoliila     Ktla     PcfioUs     t^iiila]iaii 

—  lliiinsof  Monli'  Allian— Iti'iii's  at  Zaihila  ('nila|ia  i'alacos  of 
Milla  Mosaic  Work — Stone  ColiMiiiis— Sulitfrram-an  (iaili-rit^s  — 
I'yrainiils  j-'ortitii-ations  ( 'onuiarismi  witii  ('cnlral  Aincrioaii 
iJiiins  Nortlirrn  .Moniiim>nts  (j>iiiiitt'|H'c  CfrroiU-  las  Juntas  - 
TuxtciH'c     lluainui|iau  -Vauyuiflau  -Auti([uitic's  of  Guerrcru. . . .   3(10 

CHAPTKU  VIII. 

AN'TIQflTIKS    OF    VF.ItA    CltrZ. 

riiysiiai  I'l-aturcs  of  the  Slatt'— Kxploration  ami  Hopnrts — f'axapa 
ami  Tuxlla     Nc;;ro  Hoail  -liciics  from  Islaml  of  SacrilirioM — Kast- 

ri'u  Sjiipr  lii'maius     Mcilclin     Xii-alai Hio  lllanro     Amatian 

(►ri/ava     (i-mpoala     I'm-utc  Naiioual     I'aso  ilc  ( tscjas     Unatusi-o 

—  l-'ortilicat ions  ami  Pyramids  of  Ci'iitla  Kl  Castillo  -Fortress  of 
Tlat'otcpcr  ralmillas  Zai'uapan  liisrription  at  Atliara  (  onso- 
ijuitla  I'ort  ami  Tomli  Calrahnalco  Wnins  of  Misantia  or  Moute 
lk«>al  District  of  .lalam'iu;;o  i'yramiil  of  I'apautla  Mapilca — 
I'yramiil  anil   I'ountain  at  Tusapau     ituius  of  Mrtiaitoyuca     IU-1- 

ics  m-ar  I'linnco     ('alonilras,  San  Nicolas,  ami  'I'riniilail 4-j 


C'HArTEIl  IX. 

ANTIQUITIES   Ol'^    TllK    CENTUAL    PLATEArX. 

Amilniac  ^lonuincnts  of  Puolila  Cliila,  ']\'o|iaiitopcc,  Topcxc,  To- 
jicaca,  San  Autoiiio,  (,|uaulii|U('lc|iula,  ami  Santa  Catalina  I'yra- 
miilof  Cliolula  Sierra  dc  Malinchc  San  I'alilo  Nativiilail  .Mon- 
uments of  Tlaseala— Los  Hcyes — Monuments  of  Mexico  Cuerna- 
vaca,  \  )cliicalco,  Casasauo,  (►znniba,  Tlachialeo,  Aliuelinepa,  ami 


▼1  tONTKNTS. 

Mccjiiiit'ran— XiM'liiinilro,  TIalmiic,  Xiio,  Mii(|iii<jiio,  TlaliiiniKilfn, 
iitnl  < 'iilliiiacail      < 'lia|illllr|iri',  l.'t'iiiciliiiH, 'I'.iiiilia,  ami  Malilialrii 
rity    iif     Mr\ii'(i      'rc/.ciicd     'rf/c<>ci!i;,'((     'rciitiliiiaraii     <  Mi-^iiliaii 
MilieH — Tula     Mciimiiuiils   <»f   IJufittant     l'iifl>lit(»,  (aiinas,  ami 
llaiiatt-  NuImiu  .Muiiiiiiii-iitH IC.  t 


(MAPTKH  X. 

AVTii^riTiKs  OK  Tin;  nouthkkn  Mrxicw  st\ti:s. 

'1  !i''  lli'iMi'  iif  liic  <  liiiliihu'cw  Mi(lioacaii~'rziiit/iml/an.  i.aUi-  i'al/- 
iMiaiii.  I  rii'iiK'inIci,  Anirlic,  ami  .liiiiiiliiaii  ('oliiiia  Ariiirna  ami 
•  'ii\  iillaii  .lalisni  I'ldiala,  ( liiailalajara,  <  'liacala.  Saviila.  'r<|iatil- 
iaii.  Navarit.  Tciiir,  Saiitia;.'<i  ixcuiiitia,  ainl  riniaiiii-i  (iiiaiiajiiatu 
-  San  (tr(';;itri>>  ami  Santa  Catariiia  /acatcra^  l.a  <,)iu'niatla  ami 
'I'l'iil  'raniaiili|ia>  Ijnariiacioii,  Santa  Itailiara,  ('arni<'liitt>.  'I'li- 
]iila.  'I'aiiipicii,  ami  lliirrita  Niii'vn  l.riiii  and  Texan  ('o.-iliuila 
Itclxiti  <|c  Mapiini,  San  Martfiu,  lMiianj,'i>,  Za|M',  San  .\;rn^lin.  ami 
I. a  lii't'i'ia  Sinaloa  anil  liowrr  ( 'alifnrnia  Ccrio  lU- la^  Tiini'lirra^ 
in  Sonura  -  C'a>,i>  « irandc-^  in  ( 'liilinaliua .'))',n 


CHAPTKU  XI. 

AXTiQrrnr.s  ok  aki/.ona  and  nkw  Mrxii'o. 

Ana  I'luln^i'd  )iy  tlic  tiila,  Ilm  tiiandi'  del  Norte,  and  <'ii|nradi) — A 
Lanil  ot  Mv>ierv  Wunileiiul  |;e|ii>i'ts  and  Ad\eninres  i<i  \\\~^\it\\- 
iirie-",  S(ddier>,  i!antei>,  Miners,  and  I'inneers  K\|i!<'ratinn  Hail- 
ri»ad  Surveys  ("lassilieaticn  if  Keniains  Mnniiinents  nl  tin-  (iila 
\'alle>'  iiiiulder-lnsiri]itiiii  «  Tin' <  "asa  ( Iramie  nf  Ari/ima  I'.arly 
Aeiiinnt>  and  .Mi>dern  K\|diiratii'n  Adulie  l{uildin;,'s  \ie\v  ami 
iind  l'lan>  Mii  ellane.ins  remains,  Ac. '•(uias,  and  I'uilery  tMluT 
I'uin- on  tin' (;iia  A'alley  of  tin-  lihi  Saladn  IlioXeide-  I'm'lilo 
Creek  I  |p]'er  (lila  'I'rilmtaries  of  the  ("oloiado  1!im  ic- In^eriji- 
tions,  liill  Williams'  T'ork  Itnined  < 'itiesof  the  ( 'olorailo  ( 'liii|iiil() 
l:io  rneri'o  l,itlnnlenilron  (reek  Navarro  Sprin;,'  /nni  \  al- 
li\  Anil  Sprin;,'  Ziifii  ( Ijo  del  t'e^ado  Inscription  llock  Ilio 
San  . I  nan  IJnins  of  tlie  (  In  11\  and  ( 'liaeo  ( 'anon--  \'alle\  of  ihc 
Kiodrande  I'mldo  Towns,  Inlialiiled  and  in  Itiiins  The  Moijiii 
Towns  The  Sesen  (ilie--  of  (iliola  Kesunu',  C'oniparisuns,  and 
C'uiichision.s (Jl.'i 


C'HAPTKR  XII. 

AXTIQt  rriKH    OF    Tin:    NOHTUWKST, 

(Jciieral  f'lniraeter  of  Nurtli-vvestern  lienuiins  No  Truci'H  nf  Kxtinet 
urof  Civili/ed  Itaees  .Vntiipiit  ies  of  ( 'aliforiiia  Stone  Implements 
—  Newspajier  iJeports  Taylor's  \Nork  ( 'olorado  1  )esert  Trailand 
hink-lnseription.-*     Htirial  Kelies  of  Soutliern  California     iJones  of 


I 


i 

t 


('(>nti;ni's. 


Til 


I'M 

.t: 

llllin. 

llro 

'-iiliaii 

,  itinl 

W 

» 

.  r.ii/- 

l:i  an<l 
('|iiitit- 
ajiialo 
ila  ami 
to,  To- 
iiiHa 
ill.  ami 

irlicia^ 


.'(CM 


ailo— A 

li--ii>u- 

i:ail- 

It'  ( iila 

Kaily 

\v  ami 

ntliiT 

I'll. 111.) 

lllMli|>- 

1 1  i '  1 1 1  i  1 1 1 
ni   \al- 

\  <<i  llu- 

MiMpu 

ii~,   aii'l 


r.\(iK. 
(liantH-  Miaiiiils  in  tin-  Saficoy  Valley  New  Alinaiirii  Mino  rio- 
Ilislorir  !!i'lir>  in  llir  Mining;  Slial't-*  Slmu'  liii|i|riiii-iits,  Miiniau 
liiiiics,  anil  ItciiiaiiiH  of  l'',\tiiirl  Animal  S|i<Ti)'>  N'ny's  WiirU-  - 
Sun  J<>ai|iiiii  I'vliinMcniil  Minimis  Maitim/  Sin'll-Miininls 
piiiml  San  )' >•'  •.i'i«if  ,  t'<av,  ami  llirir  ( 'oiitcnls  Utiirs  froiii  a  Sa.i 
l'rami>«ni  Miiiiiiil  .\iili<|iiitii'>«  <it'  Ncvaila  I'tali  MoiiihIn  of  Salt 
Lake  Vallt-y  -  Colormi'i  llrniaiii't  at  (ioidni  City  Kxtcnsivo 
Itiiiiis  in  Soiiljicrn  (olorailo  ami  I'tali  .lai'k>oirs  l''.\|iciliti<>iv 
Maiicos  ami  Mrlilino  Canons  filaiio  ami  Moiitan.i  ( >ir;:;t>i^  ■ 
Wasliiii;;toii  Moiimls  nil  llntc  I'lairio,  ami  Yakima  l',arlli-woik  • 
llrilisli  ( 'oliiniliia  I>caiiH'  K\|tli)i-atii)ii.s  'Moiiml^  ami  I'lartli-woiks 
of  Naiiroiivcr  Isiaml     Alaska (>S7 

CHAP'PEU  XIII. 

WOUKH   OF   TlIK   MOi;SD-BIl    OERS. 

AiiK-rii'mi  Moiuiniciits  hcyoml  tiic  i.iiniis  of  tlio  Pacili  ■  Stulfs — East- 
'  n  Atlaiilii'  Siato  licniains  in  tli.!  .Missi>,sii.j(i  N'allcy- - 'rim  f 
<iroj,'rapliiii:l  l>i\isioiis  Clas^iliiatioii  of  ^f Miiiiincnts  l',nil>aMk- 
iiii'iils  ami  Ditclu's — l''oifiliciitio,.H—  Sacrotl  Kmli^nns  MoumU— 
'rcin|(l»'-Monmls,  Aniniai-Moiimis,  ami  Coiiicul  Minimis-  Altar- 
Mouml.-.,  iinrial  Monmls,  ami  Anomalmis  Moiimls-  Contents  ^f 
tlic  Moiimls  lliiiiiaii  ItLMiiains-  iioiiiain-^  of  Alioi'i;;iiial  Art  Iin- 
|ilrim-iits  ami  < 'inaiiu'iils  of  Metal,  Stone,  Itoiie,  ami  Shell  Au- 
cieiit  Coi(|ier  Mines  Itoek-lnseriptions  Antiquity  of  tlio  Mi»sis- 
silijii  Uciiiuins — C(iiiii>arisons-  Coiieliisioii.s 7  U 

CHAPTKll  XIV. 

PKRI'VIAN    ANTigriTIES. 

Two  |'',|>oelisof  Peruvian*  iv  ili/ation  AI>ori,Lriiial  t  Mivernnient,  T!eIi;^ioii, 
anil  Arl>  (oiitrasls  I'lic  lliijieas  lliiniaii  lieiiiaiiis  Article^  of 
Metal     <  o|i|icr    lni|ileMienls     (lolil    ami    Siher    \'a- 


ami  <  )rna- 
iieiits     I'sc    of    Iron    unknown  -Al>ori;,'inal    liiiu'im'eiin;^     I'avi'il 


Uoa(l>  Tennian  i'ottery  liiiins  of  i'aeliaeainac  Man-olcuni  of 
Cnelaii  (Iian-Cliiim'i— lliiac  a  of  Mi-a  'reiiiple  of  liie  Sim  Ito- 
iiiains  ini  the  Islainl  of  'I'itieaea  Chavinile  lliiaiita  llnannco  r| 
Viejo-Cu^co— Mouuiauiils  of  Tialiuaaaco — I-land  ui  Coati T'.'l 


t;i:. 


r.vtiiu't 

iliiiielits 
'laii  ami 
|;olie>  of 


rl 


THE  NATIVE  RACES 


OF  THE 


PACIFIC   STATES. 


ANTIQUITIES. 


GIIAPTKR  T. 


ARC'ILEOLOGICAL    INTRODUCTION. 

Monumental  Auc'h.kol()(;y— ScorK  of  thi;  V(immk— Treatment  or 
THE  SritJEcT— SorRri:s  of  Information— Taxoujii/iTY  of  Mate- 

lUAI-  KELU'S  -VAdTKNESS  OF  TRADITIONAL  AND  WRITTEN  AB- 
I'H.EOLOiiV  -VaLIE  of  MoMMENTAL  KeLICS,  AS  CONVEYING  POSI- 
TIVE Information  resi'eitinc  their  IUii.deks,  a.sCorrororative 
OK  Corrective  Witnesses,  as  Incentives  to  Uesearch  -Cointeb- 
FEiT  Antiqi  rriEs  KoYi'TiAN,  Assyrian,  and  Persian  monu- 
ments Kelu's  i'rovin(;  the  ANTigrrrv  of  Man  -Exploration 
of  American  Riins-  Key  to  Central  American  Hieroglyphics 
—No  more  Unwritten  History. 

Tlio  j)roseiit  voluuK'  of  tho  Nativk  Races  of  tfie 
Pacific  States  treats  of  inoinuiuMit;il  an-ha^oloofv,  and 
is  intended  to  ])resent  a  detailed  description  of  all  ma- 
terial relies  of  the  past  discovered  within  the  tei'ritory 
under  consideration.  Two  chapters,  h  c-vevor,  are  de- 
voted to  a  more  <j;'encral  view  of  rcm;»ins  outsiile  tho 
limits  of  this  territory — those  of  South  America  and 
of  the  eastern  United  States— as  heinuf  illustrative  of, 
and  of  inseparable  interest  in  connection  witli,  my  sub- 
ject j)roper.  Since  monumental  remains  in  tlie  western 
continent  without  the  broad  limits  thus  included  are 

Vol  4.  1 


^^ 


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m 


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of  the 

PA.CIFIC  STA.TX:S 

sliowjnt;-  the  locution,  of 

ANCIENT  MONUMENTS 

S  !• ,1 l( 

7       ,?  O  O      O  O  (1 
//.:5    StiUnfc    //i/Jc.v   tc  ,//,    i nr h 


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1  ^v  j    *irmtmmmv       Mrtmvnm 


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o 


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KOCMICALCOA 


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4- 


W^^^W'rNj^T    '«'^^     •*''-^    ~-^-^  /CHA-.-A       ^ 


■—  -4 


9M 


"Jfi 


94 


93 


«U 


8H 


THE  NATIVE' 


OF  THK 


PACIFIC   ST. 


ANTIQUITIES 


CHAPTER  I. 


ARCILEOLOGICAL    INTRODl] 

MONrMENTAL  ArCILI^OLOGV— ScOPE    OF  THE  "S'l 
THE    SlIUECT— SOIRCES   OF   INFORMATION 

KiAL  Kelics— Vagueness  of  Tradition] 
ch;eology— Valie  of  Monumental  Relh 
TiVE  Information  respecting  their  BuilhI 
OR  Corrective  ^VlTNEssEs,  a;  Incentives  T( 
FEiT    ANTUiurriEs  -  Egvi'tian,   Assyrian, 

MENTS   -KeLICS    proving    THE   ANTIQUITV   O 

OF  American  Kuins— Key  to  Central  Amh 
—No  more  Unwritten  History.  \ 

Tlie  present  volume  of  the  Xath 
Pacific  States  treats  of  monuineutal 
is  intended  to  present  a  detailed  desci 
terial  relies  of  the  past  discovered  wil 
under  consideration.  Two  chapters, 
voted  to  a  more  <jfeneral  view  of  rem 
limits  of  this  territorv — those  of  Soi 
of  the  eastern  ITnited  States — as  heii 
and  of  inseparable  interest  in  connecti 
ject  proper.  Since  monumental  remai 
continent  without  the  hroad  limits  i 

Vol  4.  1 


9 


ARCH.EOLOGICAL  INTRODUCTION. 


i 


comparatively  few  and  unimportant,  I  may  without 
exaggeration,  if  the  execution  of  the  work  be  in  any 
degree  commensurate  with  its  aim,  claim  for  this 
treatise  a  place  among  the  most  complete  ever  pub- 
lished on  American  antiquities  as  a  whole.  In- 
deed, Mr  Baldwin's  most  excellent  little  book  on 
Ancient  America  is  the  only  comprehensive  work  treat- 
ing of  this  subject  now  before  the  public.  As  a  popu- 
lar treatise,  compressing  within  a  small  duodecimo 
volume  the  whole  subject  of  archaeology,  including,  be- 
sides material  relics,  tradition,  and  speculation  concern- 
ing origin  and  history  as  well,  this  book  cannot  be  too 
highly  praised;  1  propose,  however,  by  devoting  a 
large  octavo  volume  to  one  half  or  less  of  Mr  Bald- 
win's subject-matter,  to  add  at  least  encyclopedic  value 
to  this  division  of  my  work. 

There  are  some  departments  of  the  present  subject 
in  which  I  can  hardly  hope  to  improve  upon  or  even 
to  equal  descriptions  already  extant.  Such  are  the 
ruins  of  Yucatan,  Guatemala,  and  Nicaragua,  so  ably 
treated  by  Messrs  Stephens,  Gather  wood,  and  Squier. 
Indeed,  not  a  few  relics  of  great  importance  are  known 
to  the  world  only  through  the  pen  or  pencil  of  one 
or  anotlier  of  these  gentlemen,  in  which  cases  I  am 
forced  to  draw  somewhat  largely  upon  the  result  of 
their  investiffiitions.  Yet  even  within  the  territory 
mentioned,  concerning  Uxmal  and  Ghichen  Itza  we 
have  most  valuable  details  in  the  works  of  M  M.  Wal- 
deck  and  Charnay;  at  Quirigua,  Dr  Scherzcr's  labors 
are  no  less  satisfactory  than  those  of  jMr  Gatherwood ; 
and  Mr  Squier's  careful  observations  in  Nicaragua  are 
supplemented,  to  the  advantage  of  the  anticjuarum 
public,  by  the  scarcely  less  extensive  investigations  of 
Mr  Boyle.  In  the  case  of  Palenque,  in  some  res[)ects 
the  most  remarkable  American  ruin,  we  have,  besides 
the  exhaustive  delineations  of  Waldeck  and  Stephens, 
several  others  scarcely  less  satisftict-iry  or  interesting 
from  the  pens  of  competent  observers ;  and  in  a  large 
majority  of  instances  each  locality,  if  not  each  separate 


TREATMENT  OF  THE  SUBJECT.  8 

relic,  has  been  described  from  personal  examination  by 
several  parties,  each  noting  some  particulars  by  the 
others  neglected.  By  a  careful  study  and  cor.iparison 
of  information  drawn  from  all  available  sources  respect- 
ing the  several  points,  the  witnesses  mutually  cor- 
roborating or  correcting  one  another's  statements,  [ 
exj)oct  to  arrive  in  each  case  practically  at  the  truth, 
and  thus  to  compensate  in  a  measure  for  that  loss  of 
interest  inevitably  incurred  by  the  necessary  omission 
of  that  personal  experience  and  adventure  by  which 
antiquarian  travelers  are  wont  to  impart  a  charm  to 
their  otherwise  dry  details. 

Although  necessarily  to  a  great  extent  a  compila- 
tion, this  volume  is  none  the  less  the  result  of  hard 
and  long-continued  study.  It  embodies  the  researches 
of  some  five  hundred  travelers,  stated  not  merely  en 
resume,  but  reproduced,  so  far  as  facts  and  results  are 
concerned,  in  full.  Very  few  of  the  many  works  studied 
are  devoted  exclusively  or  even  chiefly  to  my  subject; 
indeed  most  of  them  have  but  an  occasional  reference 
to  anticjuarian  relics,  which  are  described  more  or 
less  fully  among  other  objects  of  interest  that  come  un- 
der the  traveler's  eye;  hence  the  possibility  of  condensing 
satisfactorily  the  contents  of  so  many  volumes  in  one,  and 
of  making  this  one  fill  on  the  shelves  of  the  antiquary's 
library  the  place  of  all,  excepting,  of  course,  the  large 
plates  of  the  folio  works.  Full  references  to,  and  quota- 
tions from,  the  authorities  consulted  are  given  in  the 
notes,  which  thus  become  a  complete  index  to  all  that  has 
been  written  on  the  subject.  These  notes  contain  also 
bibliograpliical  notices  and  historical  details  of  the  dis- 
covery and  successive  explorations  of  e.'ich  ruin,  and 
otlier  information  not  without  interest  and  value.  That 
some  few  books  containing  arclueological  information 
may  have  escaped  my  notice,  is  quite  possible,  but 
none  I  believe  of  sufficient  importance  to  seriously  im- 
pair the  value  of  the  material  here  presented.  In 
order  to  oive  a  clear  idea  of  the  gfreat  varietv  of  arti- 
cles  preserved  from  the  past  for  our  examination,  the 


AUCn.KOLOGICAL  INTR(JI)rCTl()N. 


use  of  numerous  illustrations  becomes  absolutelv  ossen- 
tial.  ( )t'  the  cuts  cinployod  many  are  the  ori^^inals 
tiikcn  from  the  jaihlished  works  of  ex})lorers,  particu- 
larly of  Messrs  8tei)hens  and  S(|uier,  with  their  j)er- 
mission.  As  1  make  no  claim  to  [)ersonal  archfeoloji;'ical 
research,  save  Iimon^  the  tomes  on  the  shelves  of  my 
library,  and  as  the  im])artinjL?  of  accurate  information 
is  my  only  aim,  the  advantage  of  the  orijj;inal  cuts 
over  any  co})ies  that  could  be  made,  will  be  manifest 
to  the  reader.  Where  such  oriijfinals  could  not  be  ob- 
tained  I  have  made  accurate  copies  of  drawings  care- 
fully selected  from  what  I  have  deemed  the  best 
authorities,  always  with  a  view  to  give  the  clearest 
])Ossible  idea  of  the  objects  described,  and  with  no  at- 
tempt at  mere  pictorial  embellishment. 

(JouHning  myself  strictly  to  the  description  of  mate- 
rial remains,  I  have  omitted,  or  reserved  for  another 
volume,  all  traditions  and  speculations  of  a  general 
nature  resi)ecting  their  origin  and  the  j)eople  whose 
handiwork  thev  are,  <>ivin<>'  however,  in  some  instances, 
such  detinite  traditions  as  seem  unlikely  to  come  up  in 
connection  with  ancient  history.  This  is  in  accordance 
witli  the  general  ])lan  which  I  adopt  in  treating  of  the 
Native  Races  of  this  western  half  of  North  America, 
j)roceeding  from  tlie  known  to  the  unknown,  from  the 
near  to  the  remote;  dealiuijf  first  with  the  observed 
j>henomena  of  aboriginal  savagisni  and  civilization 
when  Hrst  brought  within  the  knowledge  of  Europeans, 
as  1  have  done  ii\  the  three  volumes  already  before 
the  public;  then  entering  the  labyrinthine  field  of  an- 
ti(]uity  from  its  least  obstructed  side,  I  devote  this 
volume  to  material  relics  exclusively,  thus  })reparing 
the  way  for  a  final  volume  on  traditional  and  written 
arcli.'uology,  to  terminate  with  what  most  authors  have 
given  at  the  start, — the  vaguest  and  most  hopelessly 
complicated  department  of  the  whole  subject, — sj)ecula- 
tioiis  resi)ecting  the  origin  of  the  American  i)eople  and 
of  the  western  civilization. 

lu  the  descriptions  which  follow  I  proceed  geograph- 


REALITY  OK  MATKUIAL  IlKMCS. 


ii'jilly  from  Houtli  to  nortli  for  no  reason  nioro  cot^cnt 
than  that  of  convonionce.  From  the  same  motivi;, 
much  more  weiii^hty  however  in  this  case,  I  follow  the 


same  order  m  my  eom|>aris(»ns  Itetween  remams 


in  (lif 


erent  parts  of  the  continent,  eomparinj^  invariahly  each 
ruin  with  others  farther  sMuth  and  i'oiise(|uently  familiar 
to  the  reader,  ratlu-r  than  with  m(»re  nctrtlu'rn  struc- 
tures to  he  descrihed  later.  It  is  claimed  l»y  some 
writers  that  the  term  anti(iuities  is  properly  used  only 
to  desii;iiate  the  works  of  a  peoj)le  extinct  or  only  tra- 
ditionally known.  This  restriction  of  the  term  would 
exclude  most  of  the  momnnental  remains  of  the  Pacitic 
States,  since  a  lari^e  majoi'ity  of  the  ohjects  descrihtd 
in  the  foUowinj,^  pani^es  are  known  to  have  heen  the 
work  of  the  peoples  found  hy  Europeans  in  pos.sus.^ion 
of  the  country,  or  of  their  innnt'diate  ancestors.  I 
employ  the  term,  however,  in  its  more  connnon  apjtli- 
cation,  includin'''  in  it  all  the  woi'ks  of  ahoi'iiiinal  hands 
j)resumal»ly  executed  hefoi-e  native  intercourse  with 
Europeans,  at  dates  varyinij^  consecjUently  with  that  of 
the  discovery  of  different  localities. 

^Fonumental  archieology,  as  distinguished  from  writ- 
ten and  traditional  arclueolo^y,  owes  its  interest  lai'^ely 
to  its  reality  and  tan^ihility.  The  teachings  of  material 
I'elics,  .so  far  asthey  i;'o,  are  irrefutahle.  Real  in  them- 
selves thev  impart  an  airof  realitv  to  the  studv  of  the 
j>ast.  They  stand  hefore  us  as  the  actual  work  of  hu- 
man hands,  affording  no  foothold  for  scepticism  ;  they 
are  the  halauce- wheels  of  tradition,  resting-i»laces  for 
the  mind  wearied  with  the  studv  of  ahori>''inal  fahle, 
stepping-stones  on  which  to  cross  the  miry  sloughs 
of  mythic  history.  The  ruins  of  a  great  city  re[>rt'scnt 
and  recall  vividly  its  original  state  and  the  i)opulace 
that  once  thronged  its  .streets;  the  towering  mound  or 
]>yramid  hrings  hefore  the  observer's  mind  toiling  hands 
of  slaves  driven  to  their  unwelcome  task  hv  stroni>: 
progressive  masters;  temph3s  and  idols  are  hut  rem- 
nants of  religious  systems,   native  fear,  .superstition, 


AIM'Fl.KOLOCirAL  INTItODrCTIOX. 


urul  faith;  altars  imply  victiiii.s  ami  saciiticial  (-(M-i'Iiio- 
iiios;  sciil|itiir(-',  tilt!  oxistuncc  of  art;  kiii^ly  jialate.s 
uro  the  result  of"  a  stroiii;'  jj^ovoiMiiu'iit,  wai's,  and  foii- 
<|ii('st ;  st'|nilclifal  (li'posits  ivvcal  tlioiij^lits  of  aiiotlu-r 
life;  ainl  iiifro^lyiiliic  inscriptions,  iviii  if  tlnir  key 
Ikj  lost,  imply  evints  dccnKd  worthy  of  luconl,  and  ii 
(K'HTct'  of  projL'rt'SS  t<)\vard  lettiTs. 

What  till!  personal  souvenir  is  to  the  memory  of 
•  lead  friends,  what  the  anei'sti'al  mansion  with  its  jior- 
( raits  and  other  relies  is  to  family  mein(»rii's  and  pride  of 
descent,  what  the  ancient  hattie-eround  with  the  monu- 
ment connnemoratin«4' early  sti'u;;;nK's  for  liherty  is  to  na- 
tional patiiotism,  what  the  familiar  hill,  \allcy,  stream, 
and  tree  to  I'ecollection  and  love  of  home,  all  this  and 
nioie  are  material  relics  to  tho  study  of  a^es  oone  hy. 
J)esti"oy  such  relics  in  thu  oaso  of  the  individual,  the 
familv,  and  the  nation,  iind  imauine  the  etfect  on  our 
interest  in  a  past,  which  is,  however,  in  neaily  overy 
instance  clearly  lecoi'ded.  What  would  he  the  conse- 
<|iiencc!  of  hlottinn"  from  existence  the  ruins  that  stand 
as  monuments  of  a  i)ast  hut  vaguely  known  even  in  the 
most  favorahle  circumstances  through  the  medium  of 
traditionary  and  written  annals?  Traditional  ardue- 
o!oi;y,  fascinating^  as  its  study  is  and  important  in  its 
Jesuits,  leaves  always  in  the  mind  a  feelin<;'  of  uncer- 
taintv,  a  fear  that  any  particular  tradition  may  he  in 
its  present  form,  moditied  willfully  or  involuntaiily  in 


passm,L>'  tlirouL>n  many 


jiaiids,  a  distoi'tion  of  the  ori< 


inal,  or  i)erhaps  a  [)ure  inv-  ntion;  or  if  intact  in  form 
its  primary  sioiiiticat'<r,i  jiay  he  altoi^ether  misuniler- 
stood.  And  even  in  tlie  case  of  written  annals,  more 
(leKnite  and  reliahle  of  ct)iirse  than  oral  traditions,  we 
cannot  fori;et  that  hack  heyond  a  certain  time  impos- 
sihle  to  locate  in  the  distant  ])ast,  history  founds  its 
statenu'nts  of  events  on  no  more  suhstantial  l)asis 
than  j»opular  fahle. 

It  is  true  that  false  rei)orts  inav  he  made  I'esnectinir 
the  discovery  or  nature  of  ruined  cities  and  other 
monuments;    Mid  relics  may  he  collected  and  exhihited 


CULNTi;i:ii:iT  ANTIlil  ITILS.  f 

uhiili  liavc  iH)  eliiim  wliutuvcr  to  uiiti(jiiity.  Iiidcfd 
it  is  saiil  that  in  sonic  |>ait.s  of  Spanish  Aniciica,  .Vztcf, 
Chirhimuc,  or  Toltuc  ivhe-s,  of  any  tksiivd  tia  sini'u 
tiu3  creation,  are  nianutiuturcd  to  order  hy  the  iiiijenions 
natives  and  sold  to  the  eiithusiastie  hut  unwary  anti- 
(juarian.  i'o  similar  inij)osit!t)n  ami  like  enthusiasm 
may  he  referred  tlie  Ioul;'  list  ol"  lh>nian,  (Jreek,  Scan- 
dinavian, Tyiian,  and  other  old-world  coins,  medals,  and 
inscriptions,  whose  discovery  in  the  New  Worlii  from 
time  to  time  has  heen  reported,  and  usi'd  in  suj»port  of 
some  pet  orii^in-theoiy.  Yet  ])ractically  these  coun- 
terleit  or  lahulous  aiitiijuities  do  little  harm;  their 
ialsity  may  in  most  cases  he  without  dilliculty  detec-ted, 
as  will  he  a[)parent  from  several  instances  of  the  kind 
noted  in  the  following"  pai^es.  There  are,  as  I  have 
sai<l,  lew  ruins  of  any  importance  that  have  not  heen 
descrihed  hy  more  than  one  competent  and  reliahle  ex- 
plorer. The  discovery  of  wonderful  cities  and  palaces, 
or  of  m«>vahle  relics  which  differ  essentially  I'rom  the 
well-authenticated  anticpiities  of  the  same  region,  is 
not  accepted  hy  arclneolo^ists,  or  hy  the  puhlic  gen- 
erally, without  more  j)ositive  proof  of  t^enuineness  than 
the  re])resentations  of  a  single  traveler  whose  reliahility 
has  not  been  fully  proved. 

The  study  of  luicient  monuments,  in  addition  to  its 
hinh  de<j;"ree  of  interest,  is  moreover  of  j^reat  })ractical 
value  in  the  development  of  historical  science,  as  a 
source  of  positive  information,  as  a  corroboration  of  an- 
nals otherwise  recorded,  and  as  an  incentive  to  con- 
tinued research,  it  contributes  to  actual  knowledge 
by  indicating  the  various  arts  that  flourished  among  the 
])eoples  of  antitjuity,  the  germs  of  the  corresponding- 
arts  of  modern  times.  The  monuments  show  not  alone 
the  precise  degree  of  excellence  in  architecture  and 
si'ulpture  attained  by  the  particular  ])eople  whose  work 
they  are,  but  by  an  examination  of  their  dilferences 
t!iey  throw  nmch  light  on  the  origin  and  growth  of 
these  and  other  arts,  while  by  comparison  with  the 


r 


8  ARCII.EOLOGICAL  iXTIiODUCTION. 

works  of  other  peoples  better  known  they  serve  to  es- 
tablish more  or  less  clearly  national  affinities.  And 
not  only  do  they  illustrate  the  state  of  the  fine  and 
useful  arts,  but  also  to  a  great  extent  public  institu- 
tions and  private  customs.  Temples,  idols,  and  altars 
reveal  much  of  religious  rites  and  priestly  power; 
weapons,  of  warftxre ;  implements,  of  household  habits ; 
ornaments,  of  dress;  tombs  and  sepulchral  relics,  of  burial 
ceremonies,  regard  for  the  dead,  and  ideas  respecting 
another  life.  When,  in  addition  to  their  indirect  teach- 
ings respecting  tlic  arts  and  institutions  of  tlieir  build- 
ers, anticjue  monuments  bear  also  inscriptions  in  written 
or  legible  hieroglyphic  characters,  their  value  is  of 
course  greatly  increased;  indeed  under  such  circum- 
stances they  become  the  very  highest  historic  authority. 

It  is,  however,  in  connection  with  the  other  branches 
of  the  science,  written  and  traditional,  that  material 
relics  accomi)lish  their  most  satisfactory  results,  tlieir 
corroborative  evidence  being  even  more  valuable  than 
the  positive  information  they  convey.  For  instance, 
tradition  relates  wondrous  talcs  of  the  wealth,  power, 
and  miglity  deeds  of  a  peo})le  that  long  ago  occu})ied 
what  is  now  a  barren  desert  or  a  dense  forest.  These 
tales  are  classed  with  other  aboriginal  ftibles,  interesting 
but  comparatively  valueless;  but  some  wandering  ex- 
j)lorer,l)y  chance  or  as  the  result  of  an  a])parently  absurd 
and  profitless  rcsearcli,  discovers  in  the  shade  of  the 
tangled  thicket,  or  lays  bare  under  the  drifting  desert- 
sands,  the  ruins  of  a  great  city  with  magnificent  palace 
and  temple;  at  once  the  mythic  fnble  is  transformed 
into  authentic  history,  especially  if  the  traditional 
statements  of  th;it  peojile's  arts  and  institutions  are 
confirmed  by  their  relics. 

Again,  the  written  record  of  biblical  tradition,  un- 
satisfactory to  some,  when  not  su})i)orted  by  corrobora- 
tive evidence,  nari-ates  with  minute  detail  the  history  of 
an  ancient  city,  including  its  conquest  at  a  given  date  br 
a  forein'ii  kini>'.  The  discoxerv  in  another  land  of  that 
monarch's  statue  or  triumphal  arch,  inscribed  w  ith  his 


un- 


IMPOUTANCE  OF  -MATERIAL  ItELICS.  9 

n.ame,  title,  and  a  list  of  his  deeds,  confirms  or  invalidates 
the  scrii)tural  account  not  oidy  of  that  particular  event 
but  indirectly  of  other  details  of  the  city's  annals  not 
recorded  in  stone.  In  America  material  relics  accpiire 
increased  importance  as  corrolmrative  and  corrective 
witnesses,  in  comparison  with  those  of  the  old  world, 
from  the  absence  of  contemporary  written  annals.  Be- 
side constituting-  the  only  tangible  supports  of  the  moi'e 
ancient  triumphs  of  American  civilization,  they  are 
the  best  illustrations  of  comparatively  modern  stages 
of  art  whoso  })roducts  have  disappeared,  and  by  no 
means  superfluous  in  support  of  Spanish  chroniclers  in 
later  times,  "very  many,  or  perhaps  most  of  whose 
statements  respecting  the  wonderful  phenomena  of  the 
New  World  culture,"  as  I  have  remarked  in  a  pre- 
cediniif  volume,  "without  this  incontrovertii)le  material 
proof  would  find  few  believers  among  the  sceptical  stu- 
dents of  the  present  day." 

The  importance  of  monumental  remains  as  incentives 
to  historical  study  and  research  results  directly  from 
the  interest  and  curiosity  whi(;h  their  examination  in- 
variably excites.  Gibbon  relates  that  he  was  fii'st 
l)rom})ted  to  write  the  annals  of  Rome's  decline  and 
fall  by  the  contemplation  of  her  ruined  structures.  Few 
even  of  the  most  })rosaic  and  niatter-of-fact  travehrs 
can  resist  tlie  iu'pulse  Lo  reason  and  speculate  on  the 
origin  of  ruins  that  come  under  their  notice,  and  the 
civilization  to  which  they  owe  their  existence;  and 
there  are  proUibly  few  eminent  arcl urologists  but  may 
trace  the  first  develoj)ment  ()f  a  taste  for  aiiti([uariau 
pursuits  to  the  curiosity  excited  at  the  siglit  of  some 
mysterious  relic. 

This  irresistible  desire  to  follow  back  remains  of  art 
to  the  artist's  hand  and  genius,  prompted  the  (tft  re- 
j)eated  and  so  long  fruitless  attempts  to  decipjier  tlie 
Egyptian  hierogl\'phics  and  the  cuneifoi-ni  inscriptions 
of  Pei'sia  ;ind  Assvria.  Tl  es(^  eifurts  were  at  last 
crowned    with    success;  the    key    to    the    mysterious 


10 


ARCILEOLOGICAL  INTRODUCTION. 


Avedg'os,  and  the  Ttosotta-stori*j  were  found,  l)y  wliich 
tLe  tablets  of  Babylon,  Ninevali,  and  the  j)yraniids — 
the  Palenque,  Copan,  and  Tcotihuacan  of  the  old 
Avorld — niay  be  road.  The  palaces,  monuments,  and 
statues  of  ancient  kingfs  bear  leuible  records  of  their 
lives,  dominions,  and  succession.  By  the  aid  of  these 
records  definite  dates  are  established  for  events  in  the 
history  of  these  countries  as  earl}^  as  two  thousand 
years  before  the  Christian  era,  and  thus  coi'roborations 
and  checks  are  placed  on  the  statements  of  biblical 
and  profane  history.  But  the  art  of  interjtrctinj;-  these 
hieroglyphics  is  yet  in  its  infancy,  and  the  results  thus 
far  accomplished  are  infinitesimal  in  com})arison  with 
what  may  be  reasonably  anticipated  in  the  future. 

So  much  for  antique  monuments  and  their  teach- 
ings— alone  and  in  connection  with  history  and  ti-adi- 
tion — n  specting  the  peo})les  to  whom  they  owe  their 
existence.  Another  and  not  less  imjiortant  value  they 
have,  in  connection  Avith  geology  and  i)aleoiitology,  in 
what  they  tell  us  about  the  age  of  the  human  race  on 
tlie  earth.  Biblical  tradition,  as  interpreted  in  former 
times,  assists  the  earth  and  its  inhabitants  to  be  about 
six  thousand  years  old.  Ceology  has  enforced  a  new 
interpretation,  which,  so  far  as  the  age  of  the  earth  is 
concerned,  is  accepted  by  all  latter-day  scholais;  and 
geology  now  lends  a  helping  h and  to  her  sister  sciences 
in  their  effort  to  prove,  what  is  not  yet  universally  ac- 
cepted a.^:  trutli,  thr/  man's  anti(juity  far  exceeds  the 
limit  which  scripture  is  thought  to  establish. 

Throughout  the  successive  geologic  strata  of  earthy 
matter  that  overlie  tlie  solid  rocky  foundations  below, 
traces  of  man's  presence  are  found.  It  is  in  deposits 
or])eat  and  alluvi'im  that  these  ti'aces  are  most  t-learly 
defined  and  with  greatest  facility  si -'.'lied.  The  ex- 
tremely slow  accunudation  of  these  dejtosits  and  the 
great  dejjth  at  which  human  remains  a})pear,  impiess 
the  mind  of  tlie  observer  with  a  A'ivid  idea  (>f  tlieir 
antiquity.      Calculations  based  on  the  known  I'jite  of 


THE  ANTIQUITY  01'  THE  HUMAN  RACE. 


11 


new 
1  is 
iiid 

U'OS 

ac- 
tho 

tliy 

l)\V, 

>sits 
iirly 

O.N.- 
tllC 
I'csS 

K'ir 


iiif'Vcaso  for  a  di-finite  ])eii()(l  fix  tlie  ai^e  of  tlie  lowest 
relics  at  from  six  thousand  to  one  hundred  thousand 
years  according  to  the  locality.  But  geology  tells 
yet  no  definite  tale  in  years,  her  chronology  heing 
on  a  grander  scale,  and  these  calculations  are  to 
scientific  men  the  weakest  proofs  of  man's  anti- 
quity. As  we  })enetrate,  however,  this  superficial 
geologic  formation,  we  find  in  the  u]»})er  layers  wea})ons 
and  imjdements  of  iron ;  then,  at  a  greater  dei)th,  of 
bronze;  and  lowest  of  all  stone  is  the  only  durable 
material  enn)l()yed.  In  all  parts  of  the  world,  so  far 
as  explorations  have  been  made,  this  order  of  the  ages, 
stone,  bronze,  iron,  is  observed;  although  they  were 
certainly  not  contemporaneous  in  all  regions.  With 
the  products  of  human  skill,  in  its  varying  stages  of 
development,  are  mingled  tlie  fossil  trees  and  })lants  of 
different  s})ecies  which  flourished  and  became  locally 
extinct  as  tlie  centuries  passed  away.  So  animal  re- 
mains, no  less  abundant  than  the  others,  indicate  suc- 
cessive changeis  in  the  fauna  and  its  relations  to  human 
life,  the  animals  ])ursued  at  different  e[)ochs  for  food, 
the  introduction  of  domestic  animals,  and  the  transiti(jn 
from  the  chase  to  agriculture  as  a  means  of  subsist- 
ence. 

From  a  study  of  all  these  various  relics  of  the 
past  -human,  animal,  and  vegetable— in  connection 
'A'ith  geologic  clianges,  the  student  seeks  to  estimate  ap- 
proximately the  date  at  which  man  first  appeared  u[)on 
llu!  earth.  }lo  observes  the  slow  accumulation  of  sur- 
face deposits  and  sj)eculates  on  the  time  recjuisite  to 
bury  the  works  of  man  hundreds  of  fret  deej)  in  dillu- 
vium.  He  studies  savagisui  in  its  different  ])hases  as 
portrayed  in  a  previous  Nolunic;  notes  "now  tenaciously 
the  jM'iniitive  man  clings  to  old  custoins,  how  avei'stj  Ikj 
is  to  (  hange  and  improvement;  and  then  refU'cts  upon 
tlie  centuries  that  would  [irobably  suffice  for  beings  only 


a  little  a1)ove  the  beast  to  jia 


ss  successive 


Ivf 


:'om  tht^  \u 


f  the  sha[»el>;ss  stoiu;  and  club   to   the  jtolished  stone 
spear  and  arrow  and  knife,  to  the  partial  displacement 


12 


ARCII.EOLOGICAL  INTRODUtTION. 


™i 


!  i 


of  stono  l)y  the  fragment  of  criido  metal,  to  tlie  smelt- 
ing of  the  less  refractory  ores  and  the  mixtnre  of  metals 
to  form  bronze,  and  to  a  final  trimn})h  in  the  use  of 
iron.  He  reflects  farther  that  all  this  slow  process  of 
de\'elopmerit  precedes  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  world 
the  historic  period ;  that  its  relics  are  found  in  the  allu- 
vial plains  of  the  Nile,  buried  far  below  the  monuments 
of  Egyptian  civilization,  a  civilization,  moreover,  which 
dates  back  at  least  two  thousand  years  before  (Jhrist. 
Searchin:,  ^le  neat-beds  of  Denmark,  he  brings  to  light 
fossil  Scotti  in  the  lower  strata  mingled  with  relics 

of  the  sioiit!  .1  ;  oak-trees  above  with  implements  of 
bronze ;  and  beech-trunks  in  the  upper  deposits,  corres- 
ponding with  the  iron  age  and  also  with  the  j^resent 
forest-growth  of  the  country.  He  tries  to  fix  upon  a 
period  of  years  adequate  to  eflect  two  complete  changes 
in  Danish  forest-trees,  bringing  to  his  aid  tlie  fact  that 
about  the  Christian  era  the  Romans  found  that  country 
covered  as  now  with  a  luxurious  growth  of  beech,  and 
that  consequently  eighteen  hundred  years  have  wrought 
no  chanufe.  Havinij  thus  established  in  his  mind  the 
epoch  to  which  he  must  be  carried  by  the  relics  of  the 
alluvial  deposits,  he  remarks  that  during  all  this  jieriod 
climate  has  not  essentiallv  chanufod,  for  the  animal  re- 
mains  thus  far  discovered  are  all  of  species  still  exist- 
ing in  the  same  climatic  zone. 

But  at  the  same  time  he  finds  in  southern  Europe 
abundant  remains  of  polar  animals  which  could  only 
have  lived  when  the  everlasting  snow  and  ice  of  a 
frigid  clime  covered  the  surface  of  those  now  sunny 
lands.  Still  finding  rude  stone  inn)lements,  the  work 
of  human  hands,  mingled  with  these  polar  skeletons, 
he  adds  to  tlie  result  of  previous  com})utations  the 
time  deemed  necessary  for  so  essential  a  climatic  trans- 
formation, and,  finally,  he  is  driven  to  make  still  an- 
other addition,  when  he  learns  tliat  in  geologic  strata 
mucli  older  than  any  yet  considered,  the  bones  and 
works  of  man  have  been  discovered  in  several  appar- 
ently well-:iuthonticato;l  instant'es  lying  side  l)y  side 


AMERICAN  IlELICS  AND  IIIEROGLYPIIICS. 


13 


with  tlie  bones  of  mastodons  and  other  ancient  species 
which  liave  lon<^  since  disappeared  from  the  face  of  tlie 
eartli.  With  the  innumerable  data  of  wliich  the  fore- 
going is  only  an  outline  before  him,  the  student  of  man's 
antiijuity  is  left  to  decide  for  himself  whether  or  not  he 
can  satisfactorily  compress  within  the  term  of  sixty 
centuries  all  the  successive  periods  of  man's  develop- 
ment. 

In  our  examination  of  relics  in  the  thinly  peopled 
Pacific  States  we  shall  find  comparatively  few  works 
of  human  ii^nds  bearing  directly  on  this  branch  of 
archaeology;  yet  in  the  north-west  regions,  newest  to 
modern  civilization,  the  C  alifornian  miner's  dee})-sunk 
shafts  have  brought  to  light  implements  and  fossils  of 
great  antiquity  and  interest  to  the  scientific  world. 

In  America  many  years  must  elapse  before  explora- 
tions equaling  in  extent  and  thoroughness  those  already 
made  in  the  old  world  can  be  hoped  for.  The  ruins 
from  whose  examination  the  grandest  results  are  to  be 
anticipated  lie  in  a  hot  nuilarious  climate  witliin  the 
tropics,  enveloped  in  a  dense  thicket  of  exuberant  vege- 
tation, presenting  an  almost  inqtenetrable  barrier  to  an 
exploration  by  foreigners  of  moiuiments  in  which  the 
natives  as  a  rule  take  no  interest.  It  must  be  admit- 
ted, however,  that  even  the  most  exhaustive  examina- 
tion of  our  relics  cannot  be  expected  to  yield  results 
as  definite  and  satisfactory  as  those  reached  in  the  east- 
ern continent.  We  have  practically  no  written  recoi'd, 
and  our  mcjnuments  nuist  tell  the  tale  of  the  distant 
past  unaided. 

Our  hieroglyj)hic  inscrij)tions  are  comparatively  few 
and  brief,  and  those  found  on  the  stones  ol"  the  more 
ancient  class  of  ruins  as  vet  convey  no  meanini>'.  By 
reason  of  the  absence  of  a  contemporary  written  lan- 
guage, the  diflftculties  in  the  way  of  their  interpreta- 
tion are  clearly  nuich  greater  than  those  so  brilliantly 
overcome  in  Assyria  and  Egypt.  ( )nly  one  systematic 
attempt  has  yet  been  made  to  deci[)her  their  significa- 


14 


ARCILEOLOGICAL  INTRODUCTION. 


tion,  and  that  has  thus  far  proved  a  si^^-nal  failure;  it 
is  believed  almost  universally  that  future  efforts  will 
be  equally  unsuccessful,  and  that  our  aimals  as  written 
in  stone  will  forever  remain  wrapped  in  darkness.  Yet 
not  only  was  the  interpretation  of  the  cuneiform  inscrip- 
tions long  deemed  an  impossibility,  but  the  very  theory 
that  any  meaning  was  hidden  in  that  complicated  ar- 
rangement of  wedges  was  pronounced  absurd  by  many 
wise  antiquaries.  Let  not  therefore  our  New  World 
task  be  abandoned  in  despair  till  the  list  of  failures 
shall  be  swollen  from  one  to  seventy  times  seven. 

It  is  believed  that  the  antiquary's  zeal  for  all  coming 
time  will  be  brought  to  bear  on  no  other  objects  than 
those  which  now  claim  our  attention  and  search ;  that  is, 
although  nc'v  monuments  will  be  brought  to  light  from 
their  j)resent  hiding-places,  no  additions  will  l)e  made 
to  their  actual  number.  With  the  invention  of  printing 
and  the  consequent  wide  diffusion  of  national  annals, 
the  era  of  unwritten  history  ceased,  and  with  it  all 
future  necessity  of  searching  tangled  forest  and  desert 
plain  for  luonumental  records  of  the  present  civiliza- 
tion. That  the  key  of  our  written  history  can  ever 
be  lost,  our  civilization  blotted  out,  ruined  structures 
and  vague  traditions  called  anew  into  requisition  for 
historic  use,  we  believe  impossible.  Yet  who  can  tell ; 
for  so  doubtless  thought  the  learned  men  and  high- 
priests  of  Palenque,  when  with  imposing  pageant  and 
sacrificial  invocation  to  the  gods  in  the  presence  of  the 
assembled  populace,  the  inscribed  tablets  had  been  set 
up  in  the  niclies  of  the  temple;  and  proudly  exclaimed 
the  orator  of  the  dav,  as  the  hist  tablet  settled  into 
its  })lace,  "Great  are  our  gods,  and  goodly  the  inheri- 
tance they  have  becjueathed  to  their  chosen  people. 
IMighty  is  Votan,  world-wide  the  fame  of  his  empire, 
the  great  Xibalba;  and  the  annals  and  the  glory  thereof 
shall  endure  through  all  the  coming  ages;  for  are  they 
not  here  imperishably  inscribed  in  characters  of  ever- 
lasting stone  that  all  may  read  and  wonder?" 


CHAPTER  11. 

«T.QnT,ES„K  TUB  ,.ST„MfS,  COSTA  n,CA,  MOSQflTO  COAST, 

AND    XICAUAGL'A. 

GKAN.-rE   \  ASKS-REMARKAnLE    REPORTS- A. MM  ,1    GROrP         o,  7 

Paixti.ngs-(;om.en  FiorRE-HoMi-  of  tuf  S   r,^  ^toii-Auni.. 
A^T„oR.TlKs_^ro..„s--SEP^u■u;L"^l^;^:;^™:;^^^ 

I«P.EME^TS-0RXAMK^TS-STAT.ES-l00.S-;C;:^ME^^r 

The  ancient  Muiscas  of  Colombia,  or  New  Gmnid-i 

have  left  interesting  relics  of  their  aniicjuity,  wide     S 

cnne  points  of  resemblance,  present  marked  contm  ts 

ana  ot  .Ma^a  Quiche,  and  Aztec  civilizations  in  North 

IS  incuded  within  the  limits  of  tlm  l\ciH.  '^f. 
extending  from  the  gulf  of  Darient^sU;^^^;^  ^^ 
K.ca,  no  such  relics  have  yet  come  to  li<dit  evct^  n 
the  western  provinces  of  Chiri,,ui  and  Yer^^^L 
-|  hst^uiding  the  extensive  exploiations  th^^S'le^; 
made  in  various  parts  of  the  Isthmus  in  the  interests 
ol    interoceanic  communication.  ^  "itcrcsts 

ter  :.nii?::^l^r  °^  '^""^'^  ^----  antiquities  i«  given  in  another  chap. 
'  1  n..,ht^except  a  Ron.an  coin  of  the  time  of  C.aar  Augusta,  and  « 


1  i;; 


i 


T 


16 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  ISTHMUS. 


The  province  of  Chiriqui  lies  on  the  Pacific  side  of  the 
Isthmus,  and  it  is  in  its  central  region  about  the  town  of 
David,  that  monuments  of  a  past  age  have  been  un- 
earthed.' These  monuments  are  of  three  classes;  the 
first  consisting  of  rude  figures  cut  on  the  surface  of 
large  boulders.  The  best  known  of  this  class,  and  in  fact 
tlie  only  one  definitely  described,  i.s  the  Piedra  Pintal  at 
Caldera,  a  few  leagues  from  David,  which  is  fifteen  feet 
high,  about  sixteen  in  diameter,  and  somewhat  flattened 
at  the  top.  Top  and  sides  are  covered  with  curves, 
ovals,  and  concentric  rings;  while  on  the  eastern  side 
there  are  also  fantastic  figures,  with  others  supposed  to 
represent  the  sun,  a  series  of  vary  ingheads,  and  scorpions. 
The  figures  are  cut  to  a  depth  of  about  one  inch,  but  on 
the  parts  most  exposed  to  the  weather  are  nearly  effaced. 

Idiried  shin,  or  galley,  of  antique  model,  said  to  have  hecn  discovered  in  early 
times  liy  the  Sjuuiiards  in  tlie  vicinity  of  I'unaniii,  and  wliich  fi;;ured  some- 
wiiut  largely  in  early  si)eciilations  on  the  question  of  American  origin.  I 
need  not  say  that  the  evidence  for  tlie  autiienticity  of  sucii  a  discovery  is 
extremely  unsatisfactory.  See:  (fiirria,  Oriijni  de  lo-i  Iio/.,  p.  174,  with 
quotation  from  Moriiiro,  Siimorio,  (Toledo,  154(), )  fol.  19  —  api)arcntly  the 
original  authority  in  the  matter — and  a  reference  to  other  editions  and  works; 
JSitforzniio  I-'nTi/ni,  I)e  Iiid.  Jitrr,  tom.  i.,  j).  93;  Id.  I'uli/ica  Iiid.,  torn,  i., 

1.  'J'2;  Horn,  Oii(j.Atncr.,\i.  l.'J;  Siitioii,  Nutkias HistorUdcs,  (Cuen\:a,  102G,) 

ib.  i.,  cap.  X. 

'  Authorities  on  the  Isthmian  antiquities  are  not  numerous.  Mr  Ber- 
thold  Seenumn  claims  to  have  been  the  lirst  to  discover  stone  sculptures  near 
l)avid  in  1848,  and  he  read  a  jiaper  on  them  before  the  Archa'ohigical  In- 
stitute of  London  in  18.")l.  He  also  briefly  mentions  them  in  his  Voy 
Jlerald,  vol.  i.,  pp.  ,Tr2-l,%  for  which  work  drawings  were  jireparcd  hut 
n(^  pnblislied.  Sonu-  of  the  drawings  were,  liowever,  afterwards  printed  in 
lioliaert's  Aidiq.  lirscftir/irs  in  X.  Gmnada,  (Lond.,  18()(),)  and  a  few  cuts 
of  inscribed  ligures  also  inserted  with  farther  description  by  Seemann  in 
J'iin  and  Scnniinn's  Doff, r^i  ]in.  2^1-^'?..  It  is  stated  in  the  last-named 
work  that  M.  Zeltner,  Erench  Consul  at  Panamrt,  whose  private  collection 
contained  specimens  from  Cbiri(iui,  published  jjliotographs  of  some  of 
them  with  descriiitive  letter-press.  B(dlaert  also  wntte  a  paper  on  'The 
Ancient  Tombs  or  Chirii|ui,'  in  Amcr.  Ethno.  Soc,  Transact.,  vol.  ii., 
]>p.  151,  ir)9.  On  various  occasions  from  18.")9  to  1805,  travelers  or  residents  on 
the  Isthmus,  chielly  ])artics  connected  with  the  Panama  railway,  sent  speci- 
mens, drawings,  and  descriptions  to  New  York,  where  they  were  |)resented 
to  the  American  Ethnological  Society,  or  exliibitcil  before  and  discussed  by 
that  body  at  its  monthlv  meetings,  an  accoui't  of  which  mav  be  found  in 
the  Ilht":  Ma//.,  vol.  iii.i  p.  240,  vol.  iv.,  pp.  '-8,  11.3,  144,  17()-7,  239-41, 
274,  338,  v(d'.  v.,  pp.  5()-2,  vtd.  vi.,  pj).  lift,  i54,  vol.  i.\.,  p.  158.  A  re- 
]iort  on  the  Chiriciui  antiquities  by  Dr  Merritt  was  printed  by  the  same 
society.  The  above,  with  slight  mentions  in  Cidlcn's  Ihtricn,  |).  38,  from 
Whitiiiq  and  Shinnnn'.i  Rrporf  on  Coal  Formafioas,  April  1,  1851,  and  in 
JiiilirclC.s  Isfluniia,  pp.  37-8,  from  /fai/\i  Rrporf,  in  I'ow/i\s'  X.  Granada,  are 
the  only  sources  of  information  on  the  subject  with  which  I  am  acquaiated. 


1 


niiiiKin  itocK  scLi.iTruKs. 


17 


AiKttlicr  lava  Ixnildcr  similarly  incised  found  in  the 
palish  dt'  San  Mii;iul  is  pfonounci'd  hy  Mr  S(|uiLT, 
fV<»ni  the  cxaniination  of  adrawini^',  to  rL'siniihlu  stones 
.seen  hy  him  in  other  })ai'ts  of  Central  Americji.  I  copy 
Seenianii's)  cuts  of  several  of  the  eharaeters.*  The  second 


Inrisi'il  ri^'uivs  on  tlie  IJocks  of  (,'liiriniii. 


fed  Imt 
Intotl  in 
i\v  ciita 
laiiii  ill 
iiamud 
lection 
inuc   of 
111  'The 
■ol.   ii., 
leiits  on 
it  sjieci- 
fesented 
jssed  Vty 
Imixl  in 
•i3'.)-41, 
A  re- 
LC  same 
[s,  from 
ami  in 
i(ln,  are 
iiuiated. 


class  inchules  a  few  stone  eohuniis,  some  of  thciii  ten  or 
twelve  feet  \\\.j;h,  found  at  1  )avid  and  in  \"ei-ani!a  as  wel'. 
These  seem  never  to  have  heen  seen  in  situ,  hut  scat- 
tered and  sometimes  used  for  huildinu;'  purposes  hy  tlu' 
])resent  inhahitants.  Their  ]ieculiarity  is  that  the  char- 
acters enn'raved  on  their  surface  ai'e  entii'ely  ditfereiit 
from  those  of  the  Piedi'a  Pintal,  heinu' smallei- and  cut 
in  low  relief  ])rawinL;s  of  these  ])ossih|y  hit'roi^lyphic 
siu'iis,  hy  whi(;h  to  compare  them  with  those  (»f  ('oj)an, 
l*alen(|ue,  and  Yucatan,  ai'e  not  extant.  Tlie  thiid 
class  comjii'ises  the  Ihkich.^,  or  tomhs,  a  larj^e  luimher  of 
which  have  heen  opened,  and  a  \ariety  of  deposited 
articles  hrouo'lit  to  lij^ht.  'I'Ih'  toud)s  thenisches  a-  > 
of  tw(.  kiinls.  'j'hose  of  the;  tii'st  kin<l  are  niei-e  pehhlc- 
heaps,  or  mounds,  three  or  four  f(,'et  hi.n'h,  and  tiie  only 
articles  taken  from  them  are  three-lei'i'i^-ed  stones  foi- 
li'rindini^' corn,  known  in  all  S 


lanis 


h  A 


nierica  as  mrftifcs. 


The   other  i>raves  have   rude  hoxes  or  cotiins  of  flat 


4   Pi 

Vol.  i., 


,/  ,SV 


Dn//i 


f/.s.  pp 


2S  lU  ;  Scciji'iini'.'i   I' 


Ilrr<ihL 


Vl-VM   llisl.  M„,j.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  :5:J8. 


V.IL.    IV. 


18 


AXTIQl'ITIES  or  THE  ISTIIMrS. 


stones,  witli,  in  a  few  instances,  inido  stone  jiosts  several 
ieet  in  liuiu'lit.  (Jnives  of  this  class  ai'e  f'onnd  to  con- 
tain golden  oi'naineiits,  witli  trinkets  and  iini)lenients  of 
stone  and  hnnied  clay.  Jn  most  of  tlieni  no  ti";ices  of 
lininan  remains  are  met;  and  when  hnman  honis  do 
occnr,  they  usnally  ciHunhle  to  tlnst  on  exjtosnre  to 
the  air,  one  sknll,  however,  described  as  broad  in  the 
jniddle  and  Hat  behind,  liavinu^  been  secured,  and  a 
plaster  east  exhibited  to  the  American  Ethnological 
Society.' 

The  j^olden  ornament?3  taken  from  the  hnacas  of 
Chiri(|ui  amount  to  many  thousands  of  dollars  in  value. 
Thev  iire  of  small  size,  never  exceedinjif  a  lew  inches 
in  either  dimension,  are  all  cast  and  never  soldered, 
and  take  the  shape  of  men,  animals,  or  birds.  ( )ne 
represents  a  man  h(»ldin^'  a  bird  in  each  hand,  with 
another  on  his  forehead.  The  gold  is  described  by  Dr 
Davis  as  beiniic  i'rom  ten  to  twcnity  carats  tine,  with 
some  copj)er  alloy;  but  by  anothcir  ]>arty  the  alloy  is 
])ronounced  silver.''  ( )f  stone  are  found  ornaments,  such 
as  I'ound  agates  pierced  in  the  middle;  weapons,  includ- 
ing axes,  chisel-heads,  and  arrow-heads,  the  latter  of 
j)ceuliar  make,  being  pyramidal  in  form,  with  four  cut- 
ting edges  converging  to  a  point,  and  in  some  instances 
api)arently  intended  to  fit  loosely  into  a  socket  on  the 
shaft;  images,  perhaps  idols,  in  the  shape  of  animals 
or  men,  but  these  are  t)f  comjtaratively  rare  occurrence;'' 
and  various  articles  of  unknown  use.  One  of  the  lat- 
ter  dug  up  at  Bugabita  is  described  as  a  "horizontal 
tablet,  su})|)orted  on  ornamented  legs,  and  terminating 
in  the  head  of  a  monstei- — all  neatly  carved  from  a  sin- 
gle stone,"  being  twenty  inches  long,  eight  inches  high, 
and  weighing  twenty-tive  })ounds.  Another  was  con- 
jectured to  have  served  for  grinding  paints.**     Articles 

3  Hist,  Mar/.,  vol.  ix,  \\  158. 

fi  f>/.,  vol.  iii.,  J).  iMd,  vol.  iv.,  pp.  47-S,  'J.^iWO. 

"  'I'liieo  statiii's  ]nc.seiitc'il  liy  Mi's.srs  'I'otteii  and  Center  in  ISfiO  were 
aluiiit  two  feet  hijili,  of  a  dark,  liartl  stone,  in  iiunian  form  with  features  and 
limits  distorted.  Two  of  tliem  had  s(|uan'  taiierinjr  pedestals  apjiarently  in- 
tended to  siijiport  the  ti).jnres  upright  in  thegr(»und.  /(/.,  vol.  iv.,  p.  144. 

8  III.,  vol.  IV.,  jip.  ;>;W-40,  '274. 


I'oTTKItV  OF  ClIIKKMl. 


10 


of  biiniecl  c-lay  uru  more  mimorous  in  tlio  Iniacas  than 
tliosL' of  otliei"  material.  Small  vases,  jars,  and  trijMxls, 
some  of  the  latter  haviii*''  their  three  lei's  jiollow  and 
containing'  small  earthen  halls  which  rattle  when  the 
vessels  are  moved,  with  musical  instruments,  compose 
this  class  of  relics.  The  ea)'then  ware  has  no  indica- 
tion of  the  use  of  the  j)otter's  wheel;  is  found  Ixtth 
j^lazed  and  uni;-lazed;  is  painted  in  various  coloi's, 
which,  however,  are  not  hurned  in,  but  are  easily 
ruhhed  off  when  moist;  and  many  of  the  articles  are 
wholly  uninjured  hy  time.  The  specimens,  or  soun; 
j)art  of  each,  are  almost  invariahly  molded  to  imitate 
some  natural  ohject,  and  tlie  fashioning'  is  often  <4'race- 
ful  and  true  to  nature.  IV-rhaps  the  most  remarkahle 
of  these  earthen  specimens,  and  indeed  of  all  the 
Chiricjui  antitjuities,  are  the  nuisical  wind-instruments, 
or  whistles.  These  are  of  small  dimensions,  rarely  ex- 
ceediiiij;'  four  inches  in  len_<,4h  or  diameter,  with  <»"en- 
erally  two  hut  sometimes  three  or  four  Ihiyer-holes, 
})roducing  from  two  to  six  notes  of  the  octave.  No 
two  are  exactly  alike  in  form,  hut  most  take  the  shape 
of  an  animal  or  man,  the  mouth-hole  heiniic  in  the  tail 
of  the  ti^'er  and  hird,  in  the  foot  of  tlie  peccary,  in  the 
elhow  of  the  human  Hijcure.  Some  have  several  air- 
cavities  witli  correspondiuL!'  holes  to  produce  the  differ- 
ent notes,  but  in  most,  the  lioles  lead  to  one  cavity. 
( )ne  had  a  loose  ball  in  its  interior,  wliose  motion  varied 
the  sounds.  Several  are  blown  like  fifes,  and  nearly  all 
have  a  hole  a})parently  intended  for  suspendint;'  the  in- 
strument by  a  striiiL''.'*  Other  antiijuities  are  report^id 
to  exist  at  various  points  of  the  Isthnuis,  which  wlnti. 
men  have  never  seen;  instance  a  rocking  stone  in  the 
mountains  of  Vera,o-ua.^" 

1  close  my  somewhat  scanty  information  coilcernini*' 
the  anti(piities  of  Chiri(jui  with  the  t^eneral  remaiks 
whicli  their  examination  has  elicited  from  different 
writers.    Whitinj^'  and  Sliuman  speak  of  the  sculptured 

9  Ffisf.  Mti(j.,  vol.  iv.,  Y\^.  144,  177,  240-1,  274. 
^'^  Sccmduns  Voij.  Herald,  vol.  i.,  ji.  .'$14. 


'20 


ANTK^nTIIls  oi"  Tin:  ISTIIMIS. 


colimins  of  Miirrto  Island  as  liciiin"  siiiiilai' to  (liosc  in 
Viicataii  dt'scrilit'd  l»y  St('})lit'iis;'*  Idit  it  i^  hardly  |»r(»lia- 
lilc  that  this  <)j)ini()ii  rests  on  an  iictiud  coiniiarisoii  of 

J)r  Mt-rritt  deoms  the  axe  or  chisel 


thel 


iiei'onlyi»hi(s 


heads  almost  identical  in  t'oi-in  as  well  as  niatei'ial  with 
specimens  dun;'  up  jn  Siitlolk  (  \iunty,  l'JiL>land;  some 
of  the  sanii!  implements  resemhle  thosi;  seen  hy  Mr 
S(|nier  in  actual  use  amono"  the  natives  of  other  parts 
of"  ('(iitral  America;  while  the  ai'row-heads  and  musi- 
cal instruments  are  ))i'onounced  ditll-.'i'ent  in  some  re- 
spects from  any  othei's  known,  either  ancient  or 
modern.  The  incised  characteis  re})i'esent(;d  in  the 
cut  on  pau^e  17,  to^vther  with  many  others,  it'  we  may 
Iteliove  Mr  Seeniann,  hav(!  ;i  striking  resend»lance  to 
those  t)t'  Xorthumherland,  KniJ'land,  as  shown  hv  Mr 


Tate. 


12 


In    some    of  the    terra  <'ottas,   a   likeness   t( 


vessels  of  Ivo 


( 


)man,  ijrrecian.  anc 


I  Et 


ruscan  ori;;in  has 
l)oen  noted;  the  s^olden  Hn'ures,  in  the  o[)inion  of 
]\res.si's  S((uii;r  and  ^lay,  huinsj;'  like  those  found  further 
south  in  the  coum:T  of  the  ancient  ^Tuiscas.'^ 

( )ne  [)oint  heariuii;'  on  the  anti([uity  of  the  ("hii'i(|Ui' 


>li 


relics  IS  tile  wearmi^'  away 


l>v  tl 


le  weather  o 


)f  tl 


le  m- 


•ised  sculptures,  which  aj»pear  to  Mr  Seeniann  to 
helou'j;'  to  a  more  ancient,  less  advanced  civilization 
than  those  in  low  relief"  Another  is  the  disaj)j>ear- 
ance  as  a  rule  ol'  human  remains,  \vhich,  however,  as 
])r  Torrey  I'emai-ks,''"'  i-uinot  in  this  climate  and  soil 
he  regarded  as  an  indication  of  great  age;  and,  more- 
over, against  the  theory  of  a  remote  origin  of  thest; 
relics,  and  in  favor  of  the  supposition  that  all  may  he 
the  work  of  th-.;  not  distant  ancestors  of  the  pi-ople 
found  hy  the  Spaniards  in  ])t)ssession  of  the  country, 
we  have  the  fact  that  gold  figures  similar  to  those 
hnnid  in  the  liuacas  were  made,  worn,  and  traded  hv 


( 'iillr 


n  /' 


rn's  J)in'lrii,  ]). 

I  (1111(11  ll'.S 


:?8. 


,/  s 


tliri'd  Hark.' 


I'li/fiii'f'i,  pp.  '2r)-r!'2;   Totr'n  Anrirut  British  '•yriifjt 


l!i,/,>r/r.s  Jsfh, 
'A  iiiiich  liiul 


I' 


■M:  Hist.  .][, 


aff.,  vo 


1.  is'..  ]).  170 


ti(|uily  must   lie  as-<ifriit'(l  to  these  liicro;;ly]>hif3 


tluin  til  the  niher  iiicmiiiiieiits  uf  Ainerieii.'     V>>!/.  Jli'ra/tl,  vol.  i.,  j).  'M'i. 
'^  Hint.  Mii(j.,  vol.  v.,  p.  50. 


ciisTA  iMc.w  i:r,:.iiS. 


21 


tlif  iiMtlvcs  of  tl;('  Istliiiuis  at  till' tiiiio  of  it.s  discovery 
iiiitl  coiitnu'st ;'"  that  the  animals  so  iiiiiM-rsally  iiiiita- 
ti'd  in  all  objects  wlutlici'  ot"  yold,  stone,  or  clay,  arc 
all  native  to  tlic  country,  with  no  trace  of  any  i-tjort 
to  c(i|iy  anythinn'  i'orciL;'n  ;  and  that  siniilai'  clay  is  still 
cin|»loycd  in  the  manulactiire  of  rude  jtottery.'" 


Costa  Hica,  ndjoiiniii;'  Ciru-i(|Ui  on  thi'  west,  is  the 
first  oi'  most  southern  ot"  the  states  which  heloniL^  polit- 
ically to  Xorth  America,  all  the  Isthmus  |iro\ince.s 
t'orininn'  a  part  ol"  ('olond)ia,  a  state  ot"  the  south- 
ern continent.  Stretching'  from  ocean  to  ocean  with 
an  avei'aue  width  of  ninety  miles,  it  extends  north- 
westward  in  «>eneral  ttiins  some  two  hundred  miles 
iVoni  the  Lioca  del  Dra'^o  and  (Jolfo  Dnlce  to  the  iJio 
Ac  San  Juan  and  the  southei'u  shores  oi  Lake  Nicara- 
gua in  11  north  latitude.  Few  as  are  the  ahoi'ii^inal 
moiuunents  reported  to  e.\ist  within  these  limits,  still 
fewer  are  those  actually  examined  l»y  travelers. 

Dis  Wa'^ner  and  Seherzei",  who  traveled  extensively 
in  this  reLjion  in  I  H.').'5  4,  i'ound  in  all  parts  of"  the  state, 
hut  more  particulai'ly  in  the  Turialha  Valley,  which  is 
in  the  vicinity  of  ("ai'tan'o,  traces  of  old  plantations  of 
hananas,  cacao,  and  palms,  indicating'  a  more  Kvstematic 
tillage  of  the  soil,  and  coiise(iuently  a  higher  ;L;'eneral 
ty|)e  of  eidture  anions"  the  f"ornu'r  than  are  t"ound 
auiouiL^  the  modern  native  Costa  Kicans.  The  only 
other  anti(piitie.s  seen  hy  these  intellieent  explorers 
were  a  few  stone  hammers  thou:nht  to  resend)le  imple- 
ments which  have  heen  hrou^ht  to  li^'ht  in  connection 
with  the  ancii'iit  mines  ahout   J^ake  Superior;  hut  tl 


1' 


lie 


locality  of  these  implements  is  not  stated.  ( 'aho 
Blanco,  re])orted  hy  ^[olina"^  as  containiiiL;'  the  richest 
deitosit  of  ancient  relics,  vielded   nothin;''  whatever  to 


the  diliu'ont  search  of  the  (jlermau  traveler; 


nor  ( 


lid 


le  Vol. 


clliip.  vil.  n 


f  tl. 


Ilk. 


'"  Mirritt  iiiiil  lliiris,  in  Hist.  Maij.,  vol.  iv.,  ]>]>.  17r),  '274. 

'8  III  a  work  wliicli  I  liavc-  iii)t  seen.  'I'lial  ailtlior's  (Joiiji  (VOrn  siir  hi 
Ii'/iii/i/i'/ur  i/f  CiLilii  Jii'cii,  and  Miiituir  un  the  linnnihivij  <^iii  Titian,  {\\\\\\A\ 
ijo  iiifi)riiiatioii  on  the  .'iulijcct. 


2-2  ANTigriTir.s  of  costa  hica. 

their  failure  lierc  leave  tlieni  sufficient  faith  to  continue 
their  reseai'ches  on  the  island  of  ('Iiiia,  where,  accoi'd- 
iniif  to  the  same  authority,  there  are  to  l»e  fouul  ruined 
ahoriyinal  towns  and  toinhs.  At  San  .lose  they  wi'rc 
told  of  ti^'Ui'es  of  j^old  alloyed  with  copprr  which  had 
l)ee!i  melted  at  the  ^'overnment  mint,  an<l  they  hrietly 
mention  hiero_i»ly]>hics  on  a  few  ancient  oinameiits  no- 
where descrihed. '•'  ]\Ir  S(|uier  descrihcs  live;  vessels 
of  earthen  ware  or  terr;i cotta ohtained,  in  localities  not 
mentioned,  from  Costa  liican  graves.      Four  of  these 


Ti'ira  Cdttas  fniiii  ilic  (imvos  of  (\t.<.<  IVu-.x. 


ill 


arc  shown  in  the  jiccom|)anying'  cut.  Fig.  1,  sym- 
mi'trically  shaped,  is  entirely  without  decoration  ;  {"'ig. 
'J  is  a  grotesijue  image  su|)|)osed  to  ha\'e  done  duty 
oi'iginally  as  a  rattle  ;  Fig.  ."5  has  hollow  legs,  I'ach  con- 
taining  a   small  (arthen  hall,   which    rattles  a^  each 

19  W'icjilt  r  mitl  S<-lii  r-,ii\  CisIk  lUrn,  Y\>.  l(M-(i,   171,  ")-'J-l,  .")0l. 


IMrLKMKNTS  AND  OKNAMKNTS. 


23 


SVIU- 

duty 

cnn- 
caeh 


motion  of  the  vasi';  and  tliutopot"  Fi^'.  4  is  ai'tistically 

nioid(k'd,   a|>|)arently  alter  the  model   ol"   a    tortoises 

l»aek.      An   axe    ol"   yreen    (|uartz    is    also    disc  rilicd, 

wliifli  to  Mr  S(|iiier  seemed  to  iiu'icate  a  hi^lirr  oi-;ide 

ol'  skill    in   \vorkmanslii[)   than   any    relit-  of  the   kind 

seen  in  Central  Anu'rii-a.      The  euttini;-  ed^-e  is  slightly 

eurved.  showing-  the  instinimiMit  to  have  heen  used  as 

anad/e;  the  surl'aee  shown   in    tlu'   cut    is 

hi^ldy   polislu'd,   and   the   whole   is    j)cnc- 

trated  hy  a  small  hole  di'illed  iVom  side  to 

side  ])aralK'l  to  the  I'iiee  where  the  noti-hes 

a]>j)eai'.    'I'his  implement  srmis  to  ])resrnt    i'l^^!^/ 

a   inide  I'fpi'escntntion   ol"  a   human   fiiiure   .^^.,. .^jk  • 

wjiose  arms   ar(^   lohKd  across   its  hreast.*  jf'''  /  'iii|   ij 

( )thri- ini|)lcni('nts  similar  in   materir.l  hut 

lai'uci'  and  ol"  ruder  execution,  ai'e  said   to 

hi'  ol'  not  umisual  occurrence  in  the  si'pul-  T"^""    ",  , 

i  .\  \"  111     (  1  Hill 

chl'es   of  this  slate."*'  (.Mian/., 

.Mr  i)oylc  makes  the  Li'cneral  statement  th.;t  L;tild 
ornaments  and  idols  are  constantly  I'ouiid,  and  that 
the  ancient  mines  which  su|i|>lied  the  |»i''cious  nielal 
ai'e  often  si'en  hy  niclern  ])i'os|)ectors.  J)r  MeiTiit 
als(t  exhihited  specinu  ns  of  L;-old,  hoth  wi'oiiuht  a:.d 
iiuwrouiiln ,  from  ilie  (ancient^)  mines  (»]'  ('esta  I'ica, 
at  a  ineetinn"  of  the  American  Kthnoloi^ical  Society  in 
Fehruary,  IS()L'.''  \\'hile  voyan'iuL;-  on  the  ( 'olorado. 
the  southei'ii  mouth  of  the  llio  de  San  duan,  Mr  rKi\|e 


was 


tohl 


)V  a  ( Jerman  doctoi'.  his  ti'a\ cliuL;'  compani 


oil. 


o 


f  a  wonderful   artiticial    hili    in    that   \icinitv,  Imt 
hose  exact  locality  the  doctors  id 


w 

was  to  he  st-eil  a  pavement  <»f  slate  tiles  kiid 


eas  ai'pe;ire(l   soliii 


hat  va^iie.      ( )n  this  hill,  according-  to  his  slateiiinit. 


1.1  ci'Iilter 


hut  the  iliterestil 


ILl'  spei 


inn  lis  w  hich  he  claimed  to  liav 


CO 


prest 


llected    in   this  neii'iih(.rh'"!d    had    heen 


'ciieronsiv 


iited  hv  him   to  niusi'ums  in  various  parts  of  t 


wo 


rid,  and   therefore  he   was  unahle  to  show  aiiv  of 


5"  ,S'', 


I  irin'iiifilii,   ( 


Kil.  is.v;. ) 


vol.    II.,    lip 


21  Ji()i//,'.s  llitu,  viil.   !!.,  J).  JC;    llist.    Mi"J.,   Mil 


;!:{S  <),  iii:.i  i'ImIc. 
1 1,    il'.t. 


21 


AXTKJT'ITIKS  OF  COSTA  ItlC A. 


'!  I 


tlieiii."  Fatliur  Acuna,  an  enthusiastic  anti(|iiary  of 
the  iJich  ("ujist,  living'  at  J?arais(»  near  Cai'taL><),  lopovts 
an  ancient  road  which  he  heheves  to  liave  oriuinally 
connected  ( 'arta<4'o  witli  tlie  poi't  of  Matina,  and  to 
have  formed  paitol"  a  l;' rand  ahori^'inal  system  of  hiLjh- 
ways  from  'he  Nicara^nian  irontier  to  the  Isthnms, 
with  hi-ancht!s  to  vai'ious  points  alon;^'  the  Atlantic 
coast.  The  roatl  is  duscriht'd  as  thiity-six.  hct  wide, 
])avL'd  with  I'oundcd  l)locks  of  lava,  and  uuardcd  at  the 
sides  with  slopinn'  walls  three  feet  in  lieiuht.  Wheiv 
the  line  of  the  load  crossed  dee])  ravines,  hrid^'es  were 
not  emi)loyed,  hut  in  tlusir  stead  the  ascent  and  descent 
Avere  effected  hy  meai.s  of  massive  stejis  cut  in  the 
rocky  sides.  Some  relics  fonid  near  this  road  weio 
";i\en  to  Xew  ^'ork  ^vntlenien.  The  priest  also  speaks 
of  tunndi  ahoundiuL;'  in  the  products  of  a  ]>ast  aye, 
Wiiicli  dot  the  })lains  of  '^Kerraha,  once  the  centre,  as  \\c 
ht'lie\es,  ot'  a  ]k)|»u1ous  American  empire.'-''  A  channel 
which  connects  the  liio  Matina  with  Moin  Bayhasheen 
sometimes  considered  artificial,  hut  ^[r  lieichardt  j)ro- 
uounces   it  prohahly  nothini;-  more  than  a  natural  la- 

,i>'ooii.^^  In  tluMh'partment 
of  (Juanacaste,  iii'ai'  the 
L^ulf  of  Xicoya,  was  found 
the  little  fVo^'  in  ^rty  stone 
shown, full-si/ed.  in  the  cut. 
The  hole  near  the  lore  i'eet 
Would  seem  to  indicate  that 
it  was  worn  suspended  on  a  sti'ini.;"  as  an  ornamt'ut."'' 

Such  is  the  meaL;ii!  account  1  am  ahle  to  i^ivi'  of 
('osta  Uicaii  n\omiments.  True,  neitlur  tliis  noi-  any 
othei's  of  the  (  'euti'al  Amei'icau  states  ha\e  hei  n  ihor- 
oui^'hly  explored,  nor  are  they  likely  to  he  for  many 
yeai's.  except  at  the  few  ]>oints  whei'e  the  Norlds  com- 
merce shall  seek  uc'W  passa^■es  from  sea  to  sea.      The 


-was"' 


I'ni,'  ill  Oii'v  StDiic. 


2-!  Ilni//,'s  niilr,   vol.   i.,   lip.  •_'.">-(•). 

"'  Miii'i/irr,  ill  llarjiir'.s  M'K/.,  Mil.  x.\.,  ji.  rtl7. 

•-'1  h'iir'/,„r<//.  I'nil.  A  inn:,  yy.  l'Jl~-_>. 


«j  S 


'lint  r  s  »>  ii-iirii'jiiii,  \'. 


Tin-:  Mdsorrro  coast. 


25 


•lit. 


that 


•  any 
ihor- 
uiany 

COUl- 

The 


dilli/ultics  are  sucli  as  woiiM  yi.-ld  only  to  a  (L-nsei- 
]»()[)ulati()u  of  a  more  oiicr^'etic  wwv  than  that  now  ov- 
fupyiui;'  tliu  land.  TIil'  oidy  nioannuMits  of  the  al»o- 
ri^'inal  natives  likely  to  I)e  t"oun<l  are  those  hniied  in 
the  ancient  ^Taves.  The  pi'ohahility  of"  oriii'^in^'  t<» 
li^lit  ruined  cities  or  teni[)les  south  of  llondnras  is 
extremely  slight.  It  is  my  ]iur|)ose,  h(>\ve\er,  to  con- 
line  myself  to  the  most  comjdete  account  jiossihle  of 
siicli  remains  as  have  heen  seen  or  rejiorted,  with  veiy 
little  speculation  on  prohahle  discoveries  in  the  future. 

( )ur  next  move  northward  carries  ns  to  ('ape  (Iim- 
cias  ;i  Dios  on  the  Atlantic,  and  to  the  uulf  of  l''on- 
seca  on  the  l*aciHc,  the  inclosed  territory  of  \iiara_n'ii;t 
stretching;'  some  two  hundred  and  lifty  miles  iioi'th- 
vvestward  to  the  A\'anks  Kiver  and  Kio  Xe^in.  w  iden- 
lU'j;  in  this  distance  trom  one  hundred  and  titty  to  ahoiit 
three  hundred  miles.  Dixidin^'  this  teri'itoiy  hy  a 
line  alon^'■  the  central  mountain  rannes,  or  water-shed, 
into  two  nearly  e(pial  ])ortions,  the  western  or  i'acitic 
slope  is  the  state  of  Xicarai;ua  })roper,  ^\hile  the  east- 
ei'u  or  Atlantic  side  is  known  as  the  ^Ios(|uito  ('<iast. 
This  latter  I'en'ion  is  almost  entirely  uiK'X])Iored  except 
aloii'^-  the  low  mai'shy  shore,  and  the  nati\'es  of  the 
interioi'  ha\e  alwavs  heen   independent  of  auv  foreit.iU 

coiitl'ol. 

In  I'espect  of  ancient  remains  the  ^^oslplito  ('oast 
has  p,.:\ed  even  more  harren  of  results  than  ('(tsta 
Ivica.  .V  pair  of  remarkahle  n'l'anite  va.--es  prescr\ed 
in  an  I'Jinlish  nmseum  are  said  to  have  come  from  this 
region,  hut  as  no  particulars  of  their  discovery  ai'e 
H'iveii.  it  is  of  course  possiMe,  considei'iuL;'  the  former 
unsettled  condition  ot'  all  (  'cntral  American  honndary 
lines,  not  altoL>'ether  remedied  in  latci-  tim.'^.  that 
thei'e  may  he  an  error  in  locality.  It  is  from  ten  t(» 
twelve  inches  in  diameter  and  height,  as  nearly  as  can 
1)0  ascei'tained  iVom  the  drawini^',  and  JIumholdt  re- 
marks the  similai'ity  of  its  ornamentation  to  that 
I'ouad  on   some  jtai-fs  of  the  ruins  of  Mitla  in  ( >ajaca, 


2() 


ANTI(,>nTIi:.S  OK  TIIK  .MftSiiUITO  COAST. 


(lijsL^i-il)c(l  ill  a  fiitiire  cliaijtur.  ( )iiu  of  tlic  Viises  as 
I'cju-csciitud  in  Huiul)t)l(lt's  drawiiiL;',  is  sliowii  in  tlie 
cut.      TIkj  second  \ase  is  soincwliat  larger,  more  nearly 


(Inuiiti'  \'ii>i'  fiiiiii  ilu'  .M(p-(|iiit(i  ('nasi. 

uniform  in  size  at  to})  and  bottom,  with  plain  loi^'S, 
oidy  diamond-sliajx'd  ornamcnls  on  tlic  hody  of  tin; 
vessel,  and  handles  which  take  the  form  of  a  head  and 
tail  instead  of  two  heads  as  in  the  first  s])ecimen.-'' 

Christopher  Cohimhus  in  a  letter  s]<eaks  of  liavin^' 
s(^en  on  tliis  coast,  wJiich  he  calls  ( 'ariay,  a  scnlj»tinvd 
torn!)  in  the  forest  as  lariji'e  as  a  house;  and  Mr  Helps 
ima'j^ines  the  Spanish  coiKpierors  sailinn'  I'p  the  <-oast 
and  heholdiiiL;' amidst  the  trees  white  structures  "hear- 
ing" some  likeness  to  truncated  pyramids,  and,  in  the 
s'ttiu'j;'  sun,  dai'k  fi^'ures  would  \k)  seen  against  the 
horizon  on  the  tops  of  these  pyramids;"-'  hut  as  he 
is  descrihinn'  no  particular  voya'.4'e,  some  allowance 
miy  he  made  for  the  l>lay  of  his  imi^-i nation.  Mr 
B.)yle  is  enthusiastit*  ovi'r  "the  vast  remains  of  a  civ- 
ili/ation  lon^'  s'lwcc  ])assed  away,"  hut  far  superior  to 
that  of  S[>ain,  includiu'j;'  rocks  eut  down  to  hum.ui  and 

2''  ['fiirii((l,  ill  Ari'lKVihii'iiii,  vol.  v.,  |).  .SIS.  |il.  xwi.;  Hniiilinlilt,  ]'iiis, 
folil.  ii.,  |).  '1X\,  ]il.  xiii.  ;  ( llil.  ill  f^dio,  111.  X\xi\.|;  Id.,  in  An/i'/.  Mr.r.,  tiiin. 
i.,  tliv.  ii.,  [i|(.  "27  -S,  tmii.  ii..  .sii|i|il,  pi.  vii.,  liLt.  xi. 

'iT  Col  nil,  Ciirhi,  in  .\'iii\irr''i-,  ('ul.  dr  I'ticjcs,  tuiii.  i.,  p.  ,'{!J7;  lli'/jis' 
Sjiaii.  ( 'nil'/.,  vol.  ii,,  |i,  l'.\S. 


■1 

I 


COLOSSAL  BEAR  AND  GOLDEN  I^L\C!E. 


27 


.»-(i 
^ 


SI 


I 


animal  sliai)cs,  urtiticial  liills  cncasL'd  in  inasoiii'v, 
streams  turned  iVom  their  courses,  and  liieronlyjiliic 
sculptures  on  the  eliti's, — all  in  the  Mos(|uito  wilds. 
As  a  foundation  lor  this,  three  men  who  descended  the 
Itio  Mico  and  Jjlewtieids  Kiver  IVom  Lihertad,  Nic- 
arai^ua,  io  the  sea,  claim  to  have  heheld  exti'aordi- 
narv  ancient  works.  Tlieso  took  the  form  of  a  el  ill' 
cut  awav  where  the  river  i)assed  throu<jh  a  naiiow- 
cafion,  leaving-  a  ^-roup  of  stone  animals,  ainoiin'  which 
was  a  colossal  hear,  standing'  erect  on  the  hiiiil;  of  the 
]>ivcipice  as  if  to  _<>uard  the  passage.  The  natives  re- 
]»orted  also  to  !Mr  l*im  the  existence  of  Ljrand  temples 
of  the  anti^'uos,  with  an  immense  imaue  of  the  aho- 
ri'^inal  ,^'od  Mico  (a  monkey)  on  the  l)anks  of  tliis 
river;  hut  wlieii  suhjected  to  cross-(|uestioninL;',  their 
Avonderful  stories  dwindled  to  certain  iiide  fi^iures 
jtainted  on  the  face  of  a  clitl',  which  Mr  J'im  was  un- 
al)le  to  examine,  hut  which  seemed  from  the  native 
descrij)tion  similar  to  the  cliff-[iaintinLis  at  Xijapa  J.,ake 
in  Nicara'^'ua,  to  he  desci'ihi'd  on  a  i'uture  pa^e.-'* 

F'rom  a  mound  of  earth  tifteen  feet  in  diameter,  and 
five  or  six  feet  hi'^h,  on  an  island  in  Duckwai'ra  I^a- 
Lj'oon,  south  of  (  a])e  ( Jracias  ;i  ]  )i()s,  ]Mi'S(|uier  unt'ai'tli- 
ed  a  crumhlinL"' human  skeleton,  at  whose  head  wasa  I'ude 
hurial  vase  confaininn'  clialct'dnny  heads,  two  an'ow- 
heads  of  the  saiui'  matei'ial,  and  the  human  ^^ 
fi^'iu'e  sliown  fuH-sized  in  the  cut,  I'ashioned 
fr(>in  a  ])iece  of  yold  ])late.      Aiitonin,  an  in- 


ceini-en 


t  >r; 


iva  ser\ant,  couh 


IK)   resrni- 


hlance  in  this  iit^iire  to  any  relics  nt"  his  I'.ice 
in  Yucatan.  Two  adilitional  \ases  n['  c-oarst; 
earthen  wan.'  were  discoNcri'd,  hut   contained 


no    relics. 


Oi 


1    another    occasion,    d 


moonIi'>iit  visit   to  tl 


le 


M 


other  o 


f  T 


//. 


uned    natiN'e  snum,  or  sorceress,  on 


iL;i'rs, 
the-  j 


)0- 


cay,  which  is  a  hranch  of  the  Wanks,  ahout 
iiity  miles  south-westwrd  from  Cape  (Jracias, 


23  Ihiijh'n   niilr,  vol.   i.,  J.]),  -.".Ii;   !t;    /', 


,1  S, 


I'liimin  s 


Ilulli 


■{[•A. 


28 


ANTIQriTIKS  OF  NICAKACIA. 


il! 


Across  tlie  dividiiin'  sit'i-fus,  the  rafific  slope,  or 
Nirai'an'ua  })i'oj)oi',  has  yielded  ]»leiitil'ul  iiioiiiiiiiciits  of 
her  fol'lliel'  occUj)ailts,  cliieliy  to  the  researches  of  two 
men,  Messrs  S([uier  and  I'oyle.  The  I'ornier  contilied 
liis  explorations  chielly  to  the  re^'ioii  hetween  the  lakes 
and  ocean,  while  the  latter  has  also  made  know  n  the 
e\isti'nce  of  remains  on  the  north-east  of  Lake  Xica- 
ra^'iia,  in  the  })rovince  of  Chontales.'"' 

■■"'  ///'/■'/■.,•  I /■-'.  <!.  Sijincr)  ]]'(il]:iiii.  ar  A'tri ntnri s  mi  flic  Mns'iiiiln  S/mrc, 
pii.  "Jli;- 17,  -.">l,  -">^-l'll.  'I'lii'  'Iviiii;  III'  tlic  Miisiniitcis"  soiiicw  li;i  scNt'ii'ly 
(•ritit'is<'(l  till'  work,  in  wliicli,  liv  tlic  way.  Mis  Ituval  lli;^liiicss  i-;  not  \cry 
r('\ crciilly  s|)(iki'ii  of,  as  'a  )iarl<(if  lies,  cspcri, illy  w  lien  it  was  notnriiius  tlmt. 
tlic  aiitlmr  lunl  never  visitfil  tin-  Miis(niili)  ( 'oast."  /'////  (im/  Sii  //iiiiiii'\  I  hil- 
li'iii/'i,  1 1.  '-'7 1.  ' !-«'  (iix'it  i|ui  s'ctt'inl  li'  Icinu  ilc  la  rote  dc  la  nirr  ili"-  Antil- 
les, ile|(nis  li>  <ri)\ii'  Diilie  jus<|u";i  I'istlinu'  de  i)arien,  n"a  pas  cilieit  ius(|ii";'t 
|i;'(''siMit  (le  vesti;;es  inili(|uaiit  tple  N'  |ieu|ile  aui|Mel  on  iloit  les  niuiiiinients 
lie  ralemini',  ile  (^uiiaiiua.  ile  Conan,  ait  ('•nii^^ii''  an  sud  ile  ristlune.'  I'riril- 
ri''/is//iii/,  in  Xiiiiri lliK  Aiiiiiili s  III s  I'm/.,  ISH,  tuni.  xi'ii.,  \>.  'M)\. 

'■^''  S  /itin'n  Xinii'iiililii :  l>iii//i's  I'iilr  Arrn.is  ii  ( 'mitliinit .  Mr  I',.  (J. 
S(|nier  fesiileii  in  Nieara.u'na  as  Cliai'.i:,'  (rAllaiics  of  tlie  I'nitel  Slates 
(luiinLT  the  ye.ir  ISl'.t  •")().  On  ac<-(innl  cif  his  ]M>>.itiiin  lie  was  all'mileil  taiil- 
ities  f(M'  leM'areli  not  enjoyeil  liy  other  I'oiei  .;iieis,  ami  wliieli  lii>  well-known 


cLAssiricATioN  (»F  i:i:i,irs. 


29 


or 


S  ()T 


two 
ilK'd 


Altliou'^h  iiotliiii;^-  like  Ji  tli<)rouL>]i  exploJ'ation  of 
tlic  state  has  eve)-  hucii  niadu,  yet  the  uiiitoniiity  of 
the  remains  diseoveivd  at  diliereiit  points  enahles  us  to 
I'oiin  a  cleai'  idea  of  tlio  cliaracte)",  if  not  of  the  full 
exti'iit.  of  her  aiiti(|uities,  which  for  convenience  in 
desniption  may  he  classiHed  as  follows:  I.  ^Founds, 
sepidchres,  excavations,  and  other  comparatively  ])er- 
maiieiit  works;  11.  Fii^un^s  painted  oi'  cut  on  rocks 
or  clill's;  III.  Statues  or  idols  of  stone:  i  V.  Stone 
wea]»ons.  implements,  and  ornaments;  V.  Pottery; 
\  1.  Articles  of  metal.  Kemarkinn"  that  nowhei'e  in 
XicaraLi'ua  have  traces  of  ruined  cities  heen  found,  nor 
e\('n  what  may  he  regarded  positively  as  the  ruins  of 
temples  or  other  huildinn's,  1  proceed  to  descrihe  the 
lirst  cl.iss.  or  jKjrmanent  moumnents,  heoinninn"  in  the 
south-west,  ioUowiuL;'  the  coast  i-eyion  and  lake  islands 
noitliward,  and  then  returning  to  the  south-eastern 
pioxiiice  of  Chontales. 

Fii'st  on  the  south  are  the  cemeteries  of  ()mete])ec 
1  slaud,  which  is  Ky  some  su|)posed  to  have  heen  the 
'jiiieral  hurial  place  of  all  the  surrounding  countiy. 
These  I'emeteries,  according'  to  Woenigei',  are  found  in 
hi'^h  and  dry  j)laces,  enclosed  hy  a  row  of  rough  ilat 
stones  j)laced  a  few  inches  a|)art  and  projecting  oidy 
slightly  ahove  the  surface  of  the  gi'ound.  Fi'iedri<-hs- 
thal  rejiresents  the  se])ulchres  as  three  feet  dee])  and 
scattered   at 


iiregular  intervals  over  a  ])lain 


Buy] 


yie 


ii^iiii  11 


.•iiitic|iiiiri;iii   tasti's  iiii<l  aliilitit's  ]pnim|>ti'il  :u\i\  ciiii 


Ml 


hiiii   til   il-if  to  the 


lit'-^t   ail\;iiit;i;ic  iIiiiiiil:   tlic   liiiiiti'il   tiiin'  IctI   trniii  iilliii:il  iliilii 

Ml 


ICSHICS 


the  scvfiMi  i'iiitiiiii>  ut   till-  Willie   iiu'IiIhiihmI,   Mr  Si|iiicr  -  ai-cdiiiils  ur  Iran- 


iiii'iits  tlicrciit   liaM'  lii'cii    |iiilili>l!('il    III    {ii'i'iiiilii 


aU   in    ilitl'i'iriit    laiiLiiiaur 


.\nU 


li 


I'  (illicr  aiitlii)i>   have   iiiaili'   iiji  aliiin-l   wlmlly  tiniii  Ills  wntiiius  tln'ir 


•t'       tll'M' 


Shi/. 
■.'/"• 


(  ri|iliiiii'^   of    Nil  aia'.Miaii    aiitii|iiilii 


II.   :U1; 
)W///y..  ls:.|. 


Mi'lrh, 


I'l' 


iiiiri/.ii,   |i|i. 
SI.   '.II,  17(1;   Mi>r 


IS-X,-     Tirilr 
III  rrihii  nisi 


iniiiinis,    (inn/,     ii. 

ill   //.7VA7- 


/,/■  r 


mliiliniii  II, 


\i\>.  4):?,  tS4,  4'.tS.  .")tl;  .\iiili-ri\  ill  W'rsiliiiiil,  tmii.  ii..  pp.  3,  •_'.">l;  /A//"', 
W'llliilrrhiiili  r,  p.  ISl;  llnliiishi,  l.ii  CiiJifiiiiiif,  ]i.  'I'vl;  liiihliri n'l  Am'. 
■  liiur..  p.  |-Jr  l"ii'i|i'rii-k  Iiiiyli',  F.  11,  (i.  S.,  visitcil  tiic  ciiiintrv  in  ISCm-i!, 
"itii  the  (■xainiiialioii  ol  antii|iiiti('s  as  liis  main  (ilijfi'i.  I'mili  wrnks  an; 
illiistiatt'il  with  |iiatcs  ami  cuts;  ami  Imtli  autluds  liriiii;.'-lit  away  interest- 
i  il;  speeiiiieiis  wliiili  were  deposited  liy  the  .\tiierii'an  in  the  Sinitli^oiiiaii 
Institution,  and  l»y  the  l''.n;,disliinaii  in  the  llritish  Miiseiiin.  '.ravoin; 
11  avoir  rien  reneimtn''  d'iiiiportant  dans  nies  lectures,  en  ce  (pii  toiiche  U;s 
I'lats  de  Cii-t.i  Itica  et  de  N icara;.,Mia."   />"//;/,  II'C'i'k  Iniliij.,  ]).  1'2. 


80 


ANTIQIITIKS  OF  NICARAfiTA. 


1 1 


found  hotli  fixed  coiiietcrlcs  fi'iioed  Avitli  a  lino  of  licavv 

l 


stoiK's  and  also  sej)ai'atL'  ^nivos.  "  'I'lius  no  hiiria 
mounds  jiropor  seem  to  exist  on  tlie  island.  The  ashes 
or  unhni'iied  hones  of  the  dt'ud  are  found  enclosed  in 
larL;e  earthen  vases,  toy-ether  with  what  may  he  con- 
sidered as  the  most  valued  ])roj)erty  of  the  deceasetl, 
oi"  the  most  a[)])ro|)i'iate  o-ifts  of  friends,  in  the  shaj)e 
of  weapons,  ornauieiits,  vessels,  and  ini])lements  of 
,ston(!,  clay,  and  perha])s  metal,  all  of  which  will  he 
descrihed  in  their  turn.  AVhen  the  hurial  urn  is  found 
to  contain  unhurned  hones,  its  mouth  is  sometimes 
closed  with  the  skull;  in  other  cases  one  or  more  in- 
vei'ted  earthen  })ans  ai'e  used  for  that  janpose. 

(  hi  Zapatero,  an  island  which  lies  just  iioi'th  of 
Ometepec,  distrihuted  over  a  level  s{)ace  covered  with 
a  dense  oi'owtli  of  trees,  are  eiyht  irregular  hea])s  of 
loose  unhewn  stones,  sliowiny'  no  siyiis  of  system 
eithei'  in  the  construction  of  each  individual  mound 
or  in  their  ariannciineiit  with  reference  to  each  other.''^ 
An  attempt  to  open  one  of  the  largest  of  the  nuniher 
led  to  no  results  heyond  the  discovery  of  an  inter- 
mixture of  hroken  jtottery  in  the  mass  of  stones.  They 
are  surrounded,  as  we  shall  see,  hy  statues,  and  are 
believed  hy  !Mr  Scpiier  to  he  remains  of  the  teocallis 
known  to  lune  sei'ved  the  Nicarayiians  as  tem])les  at 
the  time  of  the  coiupiest.'"  At  the  I'oot  of  ]\lt  Afom- 
hacho,  a  volcano  south  of  CJranada,  was  found  a  ruined 
cairn,  or  sepulchre,  about  twenty  feet  s(|uare,  not  par- 
ticulai'ly  descrihed,  but  similar  to  those  which  will  he 
mentioned  as  occuriinL;'  in  the  department  of  Ch< 


on- 


3'  '  Nii'lit .  . . .  von  ;ili''i'snii(k'rt(Mi  Steiiicii  iiiii;rolifii,  soiitloru  fandeii  skli, 


ill    ciiuT  Ticfi!  villi   (lici    I'liss,   uiirc'ffliii 


Fririliufli.tlhiil,  ill  ,V/ 


iissiir  iiliiT   < 


.lii>   K 


lieiii'    zcrstiTUt. 


iiit'iit  ( hiii't 


('pC  Sflll 


liieiit 


Mit/i/iniifn/,(i,  |).   i'JS;  'Los  ili's  dii   hie,  not 


iltii 


[iviti.'  si-rvi  (k'  sepultures  a  la  jidiiulatiuii  des  villes 


ilati 


<ii 


iiiii- 
ilU 


cm  iromiautes, .  .  .  .car  on  y  rciieontre  «le  vastes  uecroiioles  on  villes  des 
iiiorts,  resseinkjant  par  leur  caracterc  ii  celles  des  aiK'iens  Mexicaiiis.'  /(/. 
ill  \()iiri//is  Aiiiiiilis  ilis  I'lii/.,  ISll,  toni.  xcii.,  ]).  -'.)';  in  Loud,  diiii/. 
Sue,  ,/(iiir,  vol.  ,\i.,  p.  101);    U'oniiijrr,  in  Sf/iiicr'.s  XirKnii/iid,    pp.  .")0!t-l(); 


J!()i//r\s  Riilr   vol 


p.  81 


I'iaii  sliowiuL,'  tlieiv  relative  position,  in  Si/itirr's  Xlniricjiifi 


J).  4^ 


(III  y  trouve  (surles  iles  dn  lael  eiieoro  iiii  j;raii<l  iionilife  de  deliiis 
de  (•iuistnictioiisaiiti(|iies.'  Jirnssitir  dn  Uourhuunj,  in  Xoiirc/h's  AntniUs 
des  \'oy.,  18.");"),  twill,  cxlvii.,  p.  135. 


II 


KF,  ISA^O  AT  MASAVA. 


81 


)13 


Choti- 


1  suli, 

iTstlTllt.' 

iiotiiin- 
It'K  vilk's 
lilies  (Ics 
J<l. 
(I.    (Iiiiii. 


(l.M 


Mii^' 


477. 
lie  tloltiis* 
Aniiohn 


tail's;  otlu'i's  wciv  said  1)y  tlio  iiihaMtants  to  liavc; 
Ik'i'Ii  round  in  the  sanii!  vicinity."'^  In  a  stL'i'p-hankcd 
ravine  neai"  ^Fasaya,  the  I'ocky  sides  of  wliieli  present 
luiinerous  seulptun d  lin'ures,  or  liieroylyjtliics,  a  slielf 
some  nine  feet  Avide  is  cut  in  tlie  jterpendicular  clilf 
wliicli  towers  one  liundred  I'eet  in  luiiu'lit  at  its  hack, 
( )ii  this  shelf  is  a.  rectangular  excavation  tM^ht  l»y  four 
feet  and  einhteen  inches  dee|>,  with  nin'ularly  sloj)in<4' 
and  smootldv  cut  sides,  surrounde<l  hv  a  shallow  yroovi; 
which  leads  to  the  edL>e  of  the  ])reci[)ice,  })resunial)ly 
desin'iied  to  cany  off  rain-water.  This  strange;  excava- 
tion is  |)o[)ula)"ly  known  as  VA  Jiano,  althouj^h  hardly 
of  sulHi'ient  size  to  have  served  as  a  hath  ;  a  rudely  cut 
iH^ht  of  ste})s  leads  uj)  the  clitf  to  the  shell",  and  two 
jientan'onal  holes  penetrate  the  face  oi'  the  clitf  at  its 
l)ack  horizontally  to  a  i^reat  de))th,  hut  these  may  Ix; 
of  natural  formation.  Some  kettle-sha})ed  excavations 
ai'e  I't'ported  also  aloni;'  the  shore  (»f  the  lake,  now  Mud 
p  »ssil)ly  of  old  used  in  tanniuL;'  leather.''"'  Mr  lioylo 
speaks  of  the  road  hy  whicli  water  is  hi-ou^ht  up  from 
the  lake  to  the  city  hv  the  wonu'ii  of  ^NFasava.  a  deei> 
cut  in  the  solid  rock,  a  mile  lon^'  and  descending'  to  a 
(h'pth  of  ovei'  three  hundred  ieet,  as  a  rej)uted  woik 
of  ahoi'iii'inal  t;nn'ineerinn-,  hut  as  he  seems  himself 
somewhat  douhtful  of  the  i'act,  and  as  others  do  iMt 
so  mention  it,  this  may  not  propei'ly  he  included  in 
our  list  of  ancimit  monuments.'"'  In  tluM-liffat  Nijapa, 
an  old  crat(!r  lake  near  Mana'^ua,  is  what  has  heeii  r*;- 
y'ai'ded  hy  the  natixes  as  a  wonderful  temple  excavated 
from  the  solid  rock   hv  the   lahors  of   the  Anti«j'Uos. 


tl 


leir  ances 


tor; 


1  nde'ed   its  entrance   heai's  a  stroiu 


I'esemhlaiice,  when  viewed  iVom  the  .  ^»posite  side  of 
the  lake,  to  the  arched  ])ortals  of  a  heathen  tenijile, 
hut,  explored  hy  hoth  S(juier  and  i)oyle,  it  proved  to 
he  nothini"-  more  than  a  natural  cavern.'''' 

Across  the  lake  northward  from  Manamia  the  vol- 

S4  Bo>//r\s  Riifr,  vol.  11.,  11.  42. 

'•''J  Syiiirr'n  Xiiiinn/iid,  ]\]i.  41{!t-41. 

3')  lioijli's  lliilr,  vol.  ii,,  PI).   1(1-11. 

3"  Id.,  vol.  ii.,  lip.  1(U-'J;  Sniii(  r'a  Xir((raijiirt,  p.  3116. 


ANTKtnriKs  oi'  ni(ai:a(;i  A. 


<     ii 


'H  V'U 


Ml   :!>ii| 
i 


III 


ciiiio  of  MMinotdinliM,  pi'ojcctiiin"  into  tlu'  watci's,  (onus 
ii   l)ay   ill   a    incalitv  (nice  <)ccu|ti('(l  ti'aditioiially   liy   ii 


I'lcll   and    |i(>|illlniis  city, 


I 


we  iiiav  credit   tl 


Al.l 


>c 


|]rassciii'  ih'    lioiirlioiirL;',   its  ruins  arc  yet   to  lie  seen 
iK'iicatli  tlie  waters  of  the  liay.'"     ( 'a|>tain  iJelcIier  vis- 


ited  tl 


le    c( 


)iintrv  in   is.'ts,  and  was  told  that  a  can 


se- 


way  formerly  extended  across  from  tlie  main  to  the 
island  of  Momotomhjta,  })rol)aMy  for  the  list-  of  the 
priests  of  ancient  faitli,  siiici'  tin.-  island  is  rich  in  idols. 


II 


e  even  was  a 


l.le  t( 


tl 


o  see  tne  remains  o 


f  th 


e  cansewav 


extending'  in   the  dry  season  some  thret;  hundred  and 
sixty  yards  from  the  shore;  hut  a  closer  examination 
con\inced    Mr  S(juier   that   the   supposed   ruins   we 
sinijily  a   natural    formation   whose  extreme  hardiie; 
had   resisted  better  than    the  surromidiuL!'  strata  tl 


re 


le 


action  o 


f  tl 


le  waves. 


( )ii  the  sl()]>e  of  a  small  liowl-sha])t'd  valley  near 
lie(»n  is  what  the  natives  call  the  ('ajiilla  de  la  Pit'dra, 
a  natural  niclie  artiHcially  eiilarneil  in  the  face  of  a 
lai'n'e  rtick  lacing'  the  amphitheatre.  it  is  spacious 
eiiounh  to  accommodate  four  or  ii\'e  ])er.>ons,  and  a 
lari;<.'  tlat  stone  like  an  altar  stands  just  at  the  en- 
trance. j\t  Suhtiava,  an  Indian  ])iielil()  near  Leon,  is 
a  stone  mound,  sixty  hy  two  hundred  feet,  and  ten 
feet  hi"'h,  verv  like  those  at  Zapatero,  ex(\'iit  that  in 


■1' 


this  case  th;^  stones  ahout  the  ed^'es  present  some  sin'iis 
of  regularity  in  their  arraui^ement.  It  is  vi'ry  ])r(:')a- 
lily  the  ruin  of  some  old  tenijdomound,  and  e\eii  in 
mitdern  days  the  natives  are  known  to  have  secretly 
assem!)led  to  woi'shij)  round  this  stone-hea}>  the  <;'ods 
of  their  anti(|uity.  Several  low  rectaiiLjular  mounds 
were  also  seen  hut  ]iot  examined  at  the  hase  of  the 
volcano  of  ( )rota,  north-east  of  Ia'oii.^" 

lieturnin'^-  to   the  .south-eastern  Chontal  ]>rovInce, 
the  only  well-attested  permanent  monuments  are  hui-ial 


38 


'11-^  iiiiiiitrcnt  iivec  I'dViii  Ics 


Mills  III  ^iirlai'c  lies  ciiix 
!'(*//.,  I'S.").').  tiiiii.  cNhii., 


/, 


/■(/.«('/0'  ( 


/r  lU 


.1(>  1: 


I  c'iti'  iiiaiiiliti',  I'lii'oii'  vi^iiilcs 


Drlr 


V 


'//''.'/''.  "^'"1 


•t",). 
1' 


171; 


itiiiriioiirii,  II 


A', 


I  ymirillrs  ^\iiii(ilrs  tU\ 


•jiwr  .V  .\  imrii'/ 


Si2'  cr'^  J\'irur(ii/uit,  pp.  300-8;  /(/.,  (Ed.  lyod,)  vol.  ii.,  j 


]i.  •_".)!>. 


(  :i(»NTAI-  iniMAI-  MOINDS. 


83 


iiiouiids  or  caiiiis  uf"  stoiic,  althoiiyli  tlio  ( 'lievalicr 
Friudiiclisthal  claims  to  have  liaiiul  liciv  "rciiiains 
<tt'  aiu-iuiit  towns  and  tenipli's,"  wliidi,  lu'vcitlu-k'ss, 
lie  does  not  attenijit  to  deserihe,  and  Mr  Siniiei'  men- 


tions a  traditionarv  rnme( 


I  c-itv 


near 


.Iui;4al|t 


'I'l 


le 


eaii'iis  are  found  in  the  regions  ahout  the  towns  of 
fluinalpa  and  Lihertad,  althouiili  ex])loration  would 
douhtless  reveal  their  existence  elsewheie  in  the  prov- 
ince. At  hotli  tlie  places  named  they  occur  in  i^reat 
numhers  over  a  lai'i^'e  area.  "At  Lihertad, '  says  ^Ir 
Jjoyle,  "^-raves  were  so  i)lentiful  we  had  only  the  eni- 
harrassmeut  oi'  choice.  Every  hill  round  was  t(»pi)ed 
with  a  vine-hound  thicket,  sprinyin^',  we  knew,  from 
the  cairn  of  rou^h  stone  reverently  pileil  ahove  some 
old-world  chieftain."  No  farther  description  can  he 
tji\en  of  them  than  that  thev  are  rectauLiuiai' emhaidc- 
ments  of  unhewn  stone,  huilt,  in  some  cases  at  least, 
with  regularly  slojtiui;-  sides,  and  of  varying'  dimen- 
sions, the  laru'est  I'eported  heini^  one  hun(h'ed  and 
twenty  hy  one  hundred  and  seventy-live  feet,  and  Hve 
I'eet  hii^'h.  JJeiui;'  o}>ened  they  disclose  earthen  hui'ial 
urns  containing',  as  at  ()mete[»ec,  humau  remains,  both 
huriied  and  unl)urned,  and  a  yreat  \ariety  of  stone  and 
earthen  relics  hoth  within  and  without  the  cinerary 
vase.  The  hurial  dejiosit  is  oi'tenest  found  ahove,  hut 
sometimes    also    hulow,    the    oi'i^'inal    surface    of   the 


'•round,     'i'h 


ese  c 


lirns  appc'ir  to  liaA'e  somewhat  more 


re;4'ularity,  on    tlie  exterior   at   least,  tlian    the  stoi 
tuuudi  of  Ometepec.      A  more  thorou^'h  exaininatioi 


le 


o 


fhotl 


1  IS  necess, 


irv  hefore  it  can  he  determined  whether 


or  not  the  ( )met( 


e]»ec   mounds  are 


as  Mr  Siiuicr  1 


)e- 


lieves,  the  ruins  of  teocallis  and  nt)t  tomhs.  and  wliether 


S  111 


le  of  the  ( 'hoiital  cairns  may  not   he  th 


uiiis  oi- 


i'oundations  (jf  ancient  structures.      Thei 


1'  can  i»e  li 


ttli 


douht  that  the  Xicaran'uans  em[)loyed  tlic  mound- 
temple  in  their  W(»rship,  and  it  is  somewhat  rcmark;i- 
lile  if   modern  fanaticism  has  left  no  ti'aces  of  tliem: 


d.  a 


isu,  t 


Ml- 


Olll.    X<M1..    II. 

Vol.  IV. 


Jiiiir.,  vol.  xi.,  p.  100;  Xdiifrllis  Aiiimli .•iiliaViDj,. 
Siinivr's  XirdfiKjuu,  (VA.  18.")l!,)  viil.  ii.,  ji.  .■{;}."). 


34 


ANTIQl'ITIKS  or  NICAi:.\(;rA. 


yet  it  is  j)i"()l)iil»lu  tliiit  wood  entered  more  larLTtly 
into  their  coiistruction  tlifiii  in  nion.'  nortliern  ciinifs. 
Mr  Uoyle  I'onnd  one  <:^rjive  neai"  Jiiinalpa  ditVeriny 
from  the  usual  Chontal  method  of  iiiterincnt,  and 
a'41'eeinn'  more  nearly  with  that  practiced  in  -Mexico 
and  ()mete|»ec;  and  Mr  l*im  mentions  the  (tccnrreiuu 
ot"  numerous  o-raves  in  the  ]»rovinee,  ol"  nnich  smaller 
size  and  of  dirt'erent  |)i'o|K)rtions,  the  lai'Lj'est  l)eini^ 
twenty  hy  twelve  feet,  antl  ei^ht  f"eet  hinh.'" 

Near  .Ini;^ali>a  was  sei'ii  a  hill  whose  surface  was 
foveied  with  stones  arianL;ed  in  circles,  s([uares,  dia- 
monds, and  rays  ahout  a  central  stone ;^''  also  a  hill  of 
terrace-formation  which  fi'om  a  distance  seemed  to  Iks 
an  ahori'^inal  fortification."  In  the  same  neinld)oi'- 
hood  is  repoi'ted  a  series  of  trendies  stretcjiint^'  aci'oss 
the  c<»untry,  (»ne  of  them  traced  for  oxer  a  mile,  nine 
to  twelve  feet  wide,  widening'  at  intiivals  into  oval 
spaces  fiom  fifty  to  eiL>hty  feet  in  dianieti'i',  and  thes(i 
eidaru;'ements  containiui;'  altei'uately  iwo  and  tour  small 
mounds  a rran,L;ed  in  lines  perpendicular  to  the  i^eneral 


Tiviicli  JK'ixr  .1 


iiiL'iiiiia. 


'      I 


.1  ■  m 


direction  of  the  trench.*"'  "Several  rect-tnu'ularparallel- 
oi;'rams  outlined  in  loose  stone,"  in  the  vicinity  of  Li- 
hertad,  are  supj)ose(l  hy  ^ii'  Boyle  to  he  ( 'arih  works, 
not  connected  with  the  Chontal  l)urial  system.**"' 

I  couK!  sec(»ndly  to  the  hieroglyphic  tin'ures  cut     .r 


]>ainted  on  XicaraL>uan  cliff's.      These  a])peai' 
for  the  most  })art  to  that  lowest  class  of  pit'ti 


lUli''" 


■12  j',„ii!.-s  i!:<h\  vol.  i..  J))!,  i.-ft-iii,  lav-j 


:••! ;  /', 


l)iif/iiii/\ 


IJ();  Oil  the  hnililiii^'s  of  the  aiiciciit  Niinni^nian 


iinil  III.  Ill  lliis  wiirl 


/ 


)rii\.\i  III'  I 


Iv  I. 


iiiirhiiiiri. 


,',  I  list.  Xal.  (' 


tiiin 


1).  Ill;   /'i/i  r  Miir/i/r,  doi'.  vi.,  lili.  v;  Si/'iicr's  XirKriKjiiu,  (Ed.  1S.")(5,)  \cil. 
li.,  ]>]).  IW.")-(>. 

■l-l  lliiif/r's  lliilr,  vol.  i.,  pp.   l.")4-.'). 


41  Fri>rl„LA, 


tuiii.  i.,pp.  :{7'.)-S();  ///..  rnit.  Ai 


lip.  ll!l--_'(>. 


■ii  Lin'iHis/iiii,  ill  Si/iiirrs  Xi<'iini</mi,  (V.d.  l.S.")(i, )  vol.  ii.,  pp.  .'{.'U-.'). 
*"  Bu</lc's  llair,  vol.  i.,  p.  -'li'. 


n.IFF-CAHVINCS  AT  MASAVA. 


35 


•ut 


nil,-- 

Hllll  .' 

\ol-       1. 
tlllU       I   . 

l.'lt), )  \1'1. 


h'.t--3>. 


conuiioi)  tliroiiu'liont  tliu  wiiolc  It-iii^th  ut'  the  Nortli 
Aiiu'ricaii  coiitiiiciit,  (jvon  in  the  tcrritniy  ot'  the  most 
savaof  ti'ilK's.  I)()ul»tlrss  iiiaiiv  oK  tlu-sc  Hmii'cs  wfic 
i'X('('iit«'(l  ill  (•(tMinu'inoratioii  of  evfiits,  and  thus  siTxcd 
tfiiiporarily  as  writtfii  ivcnids;  hut  it  is  doiihtt'iii  if  thi' 
iiioaiiiiii;'  of  any  of  tht-sc  inscri|>tions  ovrr  survived  tin; 
HriH'iMti(»n  whi<li  ori 'filiated  thciii,  and  cfrtain  that 
they  are  not  und'Tstood  hy  native  or  hy  antiquarian 
at  the  |ii'esent  day.  It  is  not  unliiveiy  that  snine  of 
theiii  in  Nicaragua  may  ho  ru(l(.'  re]iresentations  of 
deitii's,  and  thus  identified  with  the  same  i^'oils  |>re- 
served  in  ste/",  and  with  characters  in  the  A/tec 
jticture-writiiii^s;  hut  the  i)icture-wiitin!4'  of  the  Ni- 
carai^uan  Xahuas,  uidike  that  of  their  hrethicn  uf 
Aiiiihuac,  Avas  iKtt  committed  to  paper  during'  the  first 
years  of  the  con(|Uest,  and  has  coiise(|uently  heeii  h»st. 
At(Jua\imala  a  cave  is  mentioned  having'  sculp- 
tures on  the  rocks  at  its  eiiti'ance.      'I'he  natives  dared 

47 


^^ Si/iiirr'.s  .\ii'iiriii/iiii,  pii.  -i;{.";-4l:  'Siir  li"s  ])ariiis  ilu  vocIkt  on  voit  cii- 
ciilH'  (Ics  dcssilis  l)i/;irifs  ;,niivi's  I't  Jicilits  clI  rcMl;4('.  tcis  i|ll('  Ics  iliplilic  M. 
Si|iiicr."  llriissriir  ill  Jlniirliii'irij,  in  .Xmiri  i/rs  .1  iiim/'  \  ilrs  In;/.,  IS.')."),  toiii. 
t\l\ii.,  J).  147. 


3G 


lii. 


AXTUiUITIES  OF  NICARAGUA. 


!i:|l 


rLIFF-l'AIXTINCS  AT  M.IAPA. 


37 


t/i 


) 


On  the  old  crater- walls,  five  huiulred  feet  in  height 
at  the  lowest  point,  which  inclose  Lake  Xijapa,  a  lew 
miles  south-west  of  ^Eana^'ua,  are  numerous  tioui'is 
]».uiited  in  red.  Portions  of  the  walls  have  ?>een  thrown 
(iMNVii  l>v  an  earth([uake,  the  dehris  at  tiie  water's 
ed,n'e  l)eiiii;'  covered  with  intricate  and  curious  red 
lines;  and  most  of  those  still  in  j)lace  hav  heeii  s«> 
defaced  hy  the  action  of  wind  and  water  that  their 
oii^iinal   a})pearance  or  connection  cannot  he  distin- 


guished. 


Feathereil  Scriicnt  at  Lake  \ija|iii. 


t-.vV 


J^' 


Anionij;"  the  clearest  of  tlie  paintinu's  is  tlir  cdilt  d 
feathered  serj  lent  show  n  in  tlie  cur.  It  i>  tlirer  feet 
in  diameter,  across  the  coil,  and  is  painted  f(trty  feet 
uj)  the  ])erpendicidar  side  of  the  jtrecipici'.  Tliis  would 
seem  to  he  identical  with  the  A/tec  (^)uet/alcoatl.  or 
the  Quiche  (Jucumatz,  both  of  which  names  sinnily 
'plumed  ser[)ent.'  ( )f  the  remainiuL;-  fi^tircs.  shown 
in  the  ctit  on  the  following'  ]»ag'e,  the  red  hand  is  of 
fre((uent  occiu-rence  here,  and  we  shall  meet  it  again 
farther  north,  especially  in  Yucatan.  The  ceiiti'al 
upper  Hguie  is  thought  by  ^Ir  Scpiier  to  ivsemhle  u 


38 


ANTIQI'ITIES  OF  XICARAC.rA. 


diaracter  in  tlie  Aztec  paintings;  and  among  those 
thrown  down  the  sun  and  iiioon  are  said  to  have  been 
j)roniinent,*''' 


Mi' 


; 


In  tlic  C'liontal  ])i'ovineo  none;  of  these  jnctorial 
remains  are  reported,  y^'t  ^\v  lioyle  hehexes  tliat 
niany  of  tlie  ornamental  tiyiires  on  i)otterv  and  stone 


Ui 


k  ii   ■ 


"  Mr  r.iivli'  fi.iiii.l   tlio  cliir-i'aii 


trs  to  lijivf  siid'cifd   imicl 


visit,  tliiilci 


l.cf 


Ki'c  ;  Ml  miii'li  so 


thiit 


IKIIIC    ('(III 


Id     I 


:\ii 


ic  iiiadc 


I   since 


(till  ('xcciit  llic  wiiiucd  snake  and  red  hand 


ll( 


ilsd  states  tliat   \('ll( 


as  re(l  pictures  are  ii.'ic  to  lie  seen.   I'ufili'a  Uiilr,  vdl.  ii.,  pp.  10(1-1 


iinr s  .\/i'in'i"i 


11(1.    ]ip.    ,'{'.11   (i.      Ill  a  letter,  a   fra;iineiit  (if  wlii 


IS    pi 


lislied   in  iXw  A  iiii,iiil  iif  Srirnlijir   llisronrfi,   IS,"i(l    ]i.  .'ilil,  Mr  Sipiier  de- 


clares  till'  paiiitiiij^s  p.ecis 


Iv  ill  the  stvie  (if  the  Me.viean  and  (liiateiiialar 


MSS.,   cjdselv  reseiiihlini;',  sinne  (if  the  liijiires   indeed  identical  with,  tlniso 


of  the    |)i'esdeii  .MS.      I'iiii  and   Set'i 


/)ii/tiiii/.\\  ]i.   101,  also  noted   tlie 


'coiled-np  li/ard"  and  other  iiictiires,   calliii;^  the  locality  Av 


l,ak( 


Sell 


ir 


ih  ritiHi'-ii,  p.   7-,  and  Tmv.,  vol.  i,,   \),  77,   niuutious  alao 


8cuii>ture(l  iigiiresioii  this  ciuter-wuil. 


STONK  STATUES  Oil  IDOLS. 


39 


vessels  are  liier()L;lyi»liic  in  their  nature;  foundinnr  tliis 
opinion  on  the  I'recjuent  repetition  of  complicated 
j;rouj)s,  as  for  instance  that  in  the  cut,  wliich  is  re- 
l>eated  four  times  on  the  circumference  of  a  bowl.'"^ 


.       -N. 


Mr 

niatlc 
low  as 
KIO-I  ; 
iil))- 

■r  (le- 
iiialan 

till  ISC 

(1  I  lie 
Lake. 
s  also 


Cliniita]   llici(i^]\  ]i!iic. 

Statues  in  stone,  rej)resentin_L^'  human  heinq-s  ^'cn- 
irally,  hut  in  some  cases  animals  and  monsters  also, 
have  heen  found  and  descrihed  to  the  mimhei'  of  ahout 
s'\tv,  constituting:'  our  third  and  the  most  iiiteiestiiif 
class  of  Xicarai;uaii  I'ehcs.  ( )metepec,  i-ich  in  ])otterv 
;i:id  other  relics,  and  I'eported  also  to  contain  idols,  has 
yielded  to  actual  ohst.'rvation  only  the  small  animal 
c.)nchant  rejireseiited  in  the  cut. 
It  was  secretly  \voi'shij)ed  hy  the 
natives  for  nianv  years,  even  in 


modern  times,   un 
tliodi 


til    tl 
li 


lis  unor- 


ox  practice  was  discovered 
and  checked  hy  zeahnis  prii^sts. 
This  animal  idol  was  ahout  four- 
teen inches  long  and  eight  inches 
ill  height."^ 

The  island  of  Zapatero  has  furnished  some  seven- 
teen idols,  which  are  found  in  connection  with  the 
stone-hea[)s  already  descrihed,  lying  for  the  most  j)art 

••0  Doiilr'sUlilr,  vi.j.  ii.,  iiji.  1  f2  li. 

'>^  Si/in'rr't  XiriiriK/i'ii.  pp.  ."ild-IT.  Tlit'vo  wt'iv  foiincily  many  idols 
rcseiiihlin^;  tliiL-^c  "f  Zapatfiu,  Imt  tlifV  have  liccii  Imiicil  or  linikcii  up.  A 
finiiip  is  re  polled  still  to  lie  I'nund  near  llif  foot  of  Mt  Madeira,  but  Iiol  siii'li. 
Wwiiiyrr,  Ui  hi.,  [i.  ."ilt'.K     i'rwiirl,  Aus  Aincr.,  toiu.  i.,  2>' -01. 


:;  I 


40 


ANTK^nTIES  OF  NICAltAia'A. 


"wholly  or  ]>;irti;il]y  l)iirit'(l  in  tlio  saiul  and  enveloped 
in  u  (leiisL"  .shrul)l)eiy.  It  is  not  pro1»altle  tliat  any  one 
of  them  has  l)eeii  found  in  its  original  ])osition,  vet 
sueh  is  their  size  and  weight  that  they  are  not  likely 


Idoln  of  ZapatLTD.  —  Fig.   1,  -. 

to  have  l)een  moved  far  from  tlieir  primitive  hjcality. 
Indeed  Mr  S(juier,  with  a  larn'e  force  of  natives,  trans- 
formed into  zualous  antituiarians  hy  a  copious  dispen- 
sati(.»n  of  brandy,  had  the  greatest  dilKcuhy  in  placing 


IDOLS  ON  ZATATEKO  ISLAND. 


41 


irulity. 
traiis- 
lisj)en- 
Ihiciug 


tlicm  in  an  u}triu]it  i)osition.  An  ancient  cratLT-lako 
conveniently  near  at  hand  accounts  satisfactorily  for 
the  almost  entire  ahsence  of  smaller  idols,  and  would 
doul)tles^s  have  heen  the  rece}>tacle  of  their  larger 
fellow-deities,  had  the  strength  of  the  ]»riestly  icono- 
clasts heen  in  pro})ortioii  to  their  godly  sj)irit,  as  wa,>, 
the  case  with  !Mr  8([uier's  natives.  As  it  was  they 
were  ohhged  to  content  their  religious  zeal  with  over- 
throwing and  <lefacing  as  far  as  possible  these  stone 
gods  of  the  natives.  There  seems  to  he  no  rcgu- 
laritv  or  system  in  the  arranii'ement  of  the  statues 
Avith  res[)ect  to  each  other,  and  very  little  with  I'espect 
to  the  stone  mounds.  It  is  j)rohahle,  howe\er,  that, 
if  the  latter  arc  indeed  ruined  teocallis,  the  statues 
stood  originally  round  their  l)ase  rather  than  on  their 
rumniit.  The  idols  of  Za[)atei-o,  wliich  is  within  the 
limits  of  the   Xicpiiran  oi*  A/.tec  provinc(\  are  larger 

lan 


UHl  soni 


ewh.it  more  elaborate  in  worknianshii)  tl 


those  found  elsewhere;  and  the  genital  organs  a]»j)ear  on 
many  of  their  munher,  indicating  perhaj)S  the  jtresence 
here  of  the  wide-sj)i-ead  phallic  worslii]).  The  cuts 
sliow  ten  of  the  most  remai'kahle  of  tliese  nioimnients. 
Fig.  1  is  nine  feet  high  and  about  tlirce  ieet  in 
diameter,  cut  from  a  solid  block  of  black  basalt.  The 
head  of  tlie  human  figure  crouching  on  its  immense 
cylindi'ical   pedestal  forms  a   ci'oss,  a  symbol  not  un- 


common here  or  elsewhei'e  in  America.     .Ml  the  woi 


■k, 


pai'ticularly  the  ornamental  bands  and  tlie  niclies  of 
unknown  use  or  imjtoi't  in  tVont,  is  gracefully  and 
cleaidy  cut.  Fig.  2  is  a  huge  tigei'  eight  feet  high 
seated  on  a  pedestal.  Th((  heads  and  other  parts  of 
ditfeix'iit  animals  are  often  used  in  the  adornment  of 
jiai'tially  human  shaj>es  both  in  stone  woi'k  and  ))ottery, 
l)Ut  purely  animal  statues,  intended  as  this  apparently 


F 


is,  tor   Idols,  are   rare, 
heiiignant  aspect"  is  sliown  in 


iir.   '■?,  an  k 


lol 


mi 


Id 


and 


the  1 


eaniiiLV  position  in 


wliich   it  was  ibund.      Fig.   4,  standing    in    the   back 
ground,    was    raised    from    its    fallen    position    to    be 
sketched. 


IM 


42 


ANl'K,>riTILS  or  NIC.VUAGUA. 


~\  .r^ 


'/  -        -^- 


Idols  of  Zapatero. — Fig    S,  4. 


I 


i 


IDOLS  ON  ZAPATi;U()  ISLAND. 


48 


Fit,'-,  f)  rc'iiresfiits  a  statue  whlcli,  witli  its  pedestal, 
is  over  tvvL'lvu  feet  lii_«;h.  The  wcll-eai'vcd  liead  of  a 
iiiMiister,  twe  feet  einlit  iiiclies  hruad,  surnioiints  the 
head  of  a  seated  huinaii  form,  a  eoimiion  device  in  the 


Iiliils  (if   ZiiiiatiTo.  —  Fi;.^.   f). 


fashiMiiiniTf  of  Nicarao'uan  ijfods.  A  ])eoidiarity  of  tlils 
nioMUineiit  is  tliat  tlie  anus  are  detached  trom  tlie  sides 
;it  the  elhows;  free-sculptured  liiuhs  heiiiy' of  rare  oc- 
currence in  Aiiierieau  ahoriginal  carvings.      Fiy-.  G  is 


l)r 


1  !1  # 


u 


AXTIQUITIE.S  OF  NICAIIAOUA. 


a  slal)  tlircc  1»y  five  feet,  bearinijf  a  luiinaii  fitifure  cut  in 
liigli  relief,  the  only  seul}>tin'e  of  this  kind  discovered 
ill  Nicaragua.  The  toiiyue  a})})ears  to  liaiij^  upon  the 
hreast,  and  tlie  eyes  are  merely  two  round  lioles.  Fig. 
7,  on  the  following  page,  re})resents  a  crouching  human 
form,  on  whose  hack  is  a  tiger  or  other  wild  l)east 
grasping   the    head   in    its  jaws,  a   favorite   method 


Idols  of  Zapatcro. — Fig.  (J. 

among  these  southern  Nahua  nations  of  representing 
in  stone  and  clay  the  characteristics  of  what  are  j)re- 
sumahly  intended  as  heings  to  be  worshiped.  The 
ex})ression  of  the  features  in  the  liuman  face  is  de- 
scribed by  Mr  Squier  as  differing  from  any  of  the 
others  found  in  this  group.     This  idol  and  the  follow- 


in,o-,  AVI 

ohtililK' 
(if  tlu 


IDOLS  ON  ZAPATERO  ISLAND. 

many  other  curious  iiionui 

>y  the  same  explorer,  arc  ii 

►Sniith.soiiiaii  lihstitutiou  at  Wasl 


ueiits  of  antiquity 
lAV  in  the  niuseuui 


uni'ton. 


Iduls  of  Zapatcro. — Fig.  7. 


4G 


ANTIQUITIES  Ol'  NICAUACJrA. 


Fijj.  8  is  carved  on  a  slal)  five  feet  lonjx  and  ciiihteen 
indies  wide,  representini^  a  i)ers()n  who  liolds  to  liis 
ul)d()nien  what  seen»s  to  he  a  mask  or  a  human  face. 

F\<f.  1)  is  of  very  rude  execution  and  seemingly  rep- 
resents a  human  tiyure  wearing-  an  animal  mask,  wliicli 
is  itself  surmounted  l)y  anotlier  human  face.  Two 
small  cup-shaped  smoothly  cut  holes  are  also  noted  in 


Idols  of  Zapatcro. — Fig.  8,  9. 

tlie  licad-dress.  Fiq-.  10  is  a  stone  three  feet  and  a 
half  hii;-h,  hut  sliL-htly  modified  by  the  sculptor's  art, 
which  yave  some  semhlance  of  the  human  form. 

From  the  cuts  ijfiven  a  o'ood  <>'eneral  idea  of  the  Za- 
])atero  monuments  may  he  obtained;  of  the  others 
described,  one  is  a  man  witli  a  calm,  mild  ex]»ression 
of  countenance,  seated  with  knees  at  chin  and  hands 


IDOLS  AT  CItANADA. 


47 


f>n  foot  oil  a  r(>iiii(l-t()[H>od  stiuiire  puilcstal  wliiih  tupcrs 
tuwiirds  tlic  l)()tti)iii. 

Two  stiitiies  f'roiii  Zapatcro  sstaiul  at  tlio  stroot-for- 
nevH  of  (Jraiiada;  one,  known  as  tlio  CliiH.Klor,  is  iinicli 
hrokeii;  the  other  lias  the  oroiU'hiMi;'  animal  on  the 
human  head.     Another  I'roni  the  same  island  stands 


Idols  of  ZapattTo. — I'i;,'.   10. 

liy  the  roadside  at  Dirionia,  near  Cranada,  where  it 
serves  as  a  boundary  mark.  Aecordinn'  to  ^Ir  Uoyle 
this  statue  is  of  red  i^ranite,  and  it  suemcd  to  Mr 
Siguier  m  >re  delicately  carved  than  those  at  Zapatero.'^"' 

52  .S'y »;/,', ''.v  Xlnirtiiiiiii,  lip.  ISO,  470  00,  AW;  Id.,  (Kil.  Is.-.C,  i  vol.  ii.,  p. 
;il?();  /(/..  in  Aiiiniiit  Srini.  J)isri,r.,  l.S.')l,  p.  ,SSS.  'I.'ilc  ilc  /apatcin  a  foiinii 
iIl's  idok's  i|iu  soiit  coniiiit'  dcs  iinitalioiis  ^iid^^sii'ics  dii  faiin'iix  rulo^sc  do 
Memiioii,  typo  coniui  do  cotto  iiiipasNiliililo  n'llochio  <|iio  U's  !;;^yplioiis  doii- 
iiaioiit  a  lours  dioii\.'  /f-i/iiis/.i,  La  ('iilifuniiv,  p.  'J.")L'.  ''i'lioio  slilj  o\  st 
on  its  surface  soiiio  laiu"'  stoiio  idols."  Srhi  rzi  rs  Tmr.,  vol,  i..  p.  'M.  'Sta- 
tiios  d'lioiiimos  ot  d'aiiiiiiaiix  d'lin  otl'ot  ;:!aiMlioso.  iiiais  d"iiii  tia\ail  ipii  aii- 
uuiicu  lino  oivili.satioii  iiioiiis  avanojomio  collo  do  r\'iu'ataii  on  dn  (inatii- 


48 


ANTIQl'ITIES  OF  NKAltACrA. 


>im 


In  tilt!  vicinity  of  tlu;  cjiini  jilii-ady  spoken  of  at 
tlie  foot  of  Mount  Monibaclio,  were  fonnd  six  statni-s 
with  ahnndant  iVay-inents.  ( )nr  Ii;i<l  what  sccnifd  a 
monkev's  head,  with  throe  female  hreasts  and  a  ]  hal- 
lus  ainonu-  tlie  coniphcated  sculptnres  Itelow;  a  rudely 
cut  animal  hore  some  resemhlaneo  t*)  a  hear;  a  hroken 
fii,nire  is  said  hy  the  natives  to  have  re|irese!ited,  when 
whole,  a  woman  with  a  ehild  on  her  hack.  ( )ne  fenialo 
tiyiire,  of  which  there  is  no  di'awinijf,  is  pronounced  hy 
Mr  ])oyle  "very  far  the  hest-drawn  statue  we  i'ound  in 
Nicaragua."  A  s]eopin<j^  fi^-ure  with  larn'e  ears,  a  nat- 
ural face,  ahsui'd  anus,  and  a  ])hallus,  with  the;  lii'e- 
sized  corpse  or  sleeper  of  the  cut  complete  the  list. 


Sleeping  Statue  of  Moinhadio. 

!Mr  Boyle  helieves  the  statues  of  Momliacho,  like 
other  relics  there  found,  to  unite  the  styles  (jf  art  of 
the  Chontales  and  the  Aztec  natives  of  ()metepec; 
showing',  besides  the  cairns,  the  simplicity  of  scul})tui"o 
}>eculiar  to  the  former,  tonether  with  the  su})erior  skill 
in  workmanshi))  and  the  distincilv)!"  of  sex  noticeable 
in  the  luoiuunents  t)f  the  latter.'"'^ 

IVnsacola  is  one  of  the  jn'rou])  of  islands  lyino-  at  the 
fi)ot  of  Mt  ]\ronil)aclio  in  Lake  XicaiJiL'Ua.  ( )n  this 
island  the  three  statues  shown  in  the  lollowin_i>'  cuts 

mala.'    Pininxrnr  ilr  Bnurhnurrf,  in  NourrUcs  Ainialrs  dcs  Viii/.,  18.")j,  ttini. 
I'xhii.,  ]i.  i:{.");  lUiifli's  Jliilv,  viti.  ii.,  i,.  Vl'l. 

j*  llii'lli's  Jiit/<\  vol.  ii.,  ]))).  4"_'-7;  Frinlrirhatluil,  in  Lund.  (Irinj.  Sur., 
Jdiir.,  vol.  xi.,  [I.  10(t;  /'/.,  m  Xiji(rr/frs  ..liiiidfrs  dru  Voi/.,  l!Sll,  toni.  xcii., 

1).  :21'7. 


IDOLS  OF  1'1;NSAC01,A  ISLAM). 


49 


W 


^If    .^;.-« 


\A  V' 


Pc'iifiacola  I(lol><. — FL'.   \. 


Vol.  IV.    4 


4^ 


50 


ANTKiriTIES  OF  XICAUAlirA. 


liHve  iKion  diiL!,"  u|),  liavinuf  ])een  l)urit3(l  t1ioi-o  purposely 
l>y  .;r(k:r  of  the  catholic  authorities  iu  helialf  of  the 
sui>})i)se(l  spiritual  interests  of  tlie  natives.  Fi^-.  ]  is 
cut  fi'oin  hard  red  sandstone;  the  human  face  is  sur- 
mounted by  <i  monster  head,  and  hy  its  side  tlie  open 
mouth  and  the  fan^s  of  a  serpent  a])])ear.  The  linihs 
of  this  statue,  uidike  those  of  most  Xici'ra<4uan  idols, 
are  IVeely  s<-ulptured  and  detached  so  far  as  is  consistent 
uith  safety. 


l'^^. 


FIlt.  -  is  an  animal  clinn'inijf  to  the  hack  of  a  human 
I'einLjf,  conceriiin<j^  which  ^Nfr  S(|uier  remarks:  "  1  nev- 
er have  seen  a.  statue  Avhich  conveyed  so  foi-cihlv  llu^ 
idea  of  ])o\ver  and  strength."     The  back  is  rihhed  or 


..>()LS  (»F  PKNSACOLA  ISLAND. 


51 


carvL'd  to  rcpivscut  ()vri'lai)|ii;in' ])];iti's  lilco  a  nulo  coat 
of  mail,  and  tlu;  wliolo  is  nine  iuut  lii''h  and  ten  IV-ct 


lu  circiun 


iui'oncu.      Fin",  o  is  the  lioad  and    bust — the 


:f 


Mi 


'^■•c 


^;k:.i!:u 


'■^^ 


....K'>. 


^■^v 


.r^ 


^rl 


v\ 


,  Vi^ 


m 


1.)*'/     iV'.'i' • 


,;:'";:  % 


if^>5^ 


>  i 


m 


V^ 


Tcii 


Mols 


Iowlt   ])ort!oii   liaviiiL;"  Im-cii   lirokcn   off-   oi'  a   liidcoi;,-! 
iMonsti.'r,  with  lianyin^- ton^'uo  ;uid  larp'  stann^f  «^yes. 


ai<>o  cars,  and  distiMii 


(led 


mouth 


like  S(  inif  '.;ra  V  Hioii- 


ster  just  euieryiiio"  from   the  de))tlis  of   tlie  earth   at 
the  hiddino- of  the  \vizai-d|»riest  of  an  unholy  rejiviioii. 
not  inaj»j)ro|»ria 


telv  t 


ermet'  "e 


d  diahlu'  hv  the  iiativ 


when  first  it  met  their  view 


M  Sipn'rt'tt  yirarttfiii'i.  ]i]\.  1  tS-,'7.  Tlic  Iic:i(l  (if  fiiT  I  is  tlic  Me.  icail 
h\'^u  tix'litli.  Till'  itiiiiiial  ill  li;,'.  •_'  iiiiiy  lie  iiiti'iiiit'il  iw  an  alli;:Htor.  /'/  ,  in 
.liiiiiin/  Svi'ii.  Jhari)!'.,  l.S,")l,  ji.  ;is7. 


^ 


m 


ANTIQUITIKS  UF  NI(AI!A(;rA. 


Momot()inl)ita  Island  formerly  contaiiiod  some  fifty 
statues  standing-  round  a  sijuare,  and  faeino'  inward,  if, 
as  Mr  S(|uier  helieves,  we  uiay  credit  tlie  native  le- 
port.  All  are  of  Mack  basalt,  and  luive  the  sex  clearly 
marked,  a  larne  majority  rer>resenting  males. 

Fii;-.  1  is  a  statue  notice- 
able for  its  bold  and  severe 
cast  of  features,  and  for 
Avhat  is  conjectured  to  be 
a  human  heart  held  in  the 
mouth,  as  is  shown  in  the 
front  view,  Fig.  2.  Fig. 
3  was  found  at  a  street - 
C(jrner  at  Managua,  but 
had  been  brou^lit  origin- 


Idwlf*  'jf  Momwt«iiiJ/jt«.— Fijf.  J  md  2 


r; 


MO.MOTOMBITA  IlELICS. 


SB 


=i^ 


Idols  of  Moinotoiiihitii. — l''it:'.  3. 


.4- 


:X 


;-i 


Colojisal  Hfiul  friiiii  ^^(llll(lt«plll^ilil. 


64 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  NICAUAGUA. 


ally  from  tii(;  island.  Another,  also  from  Momotom- 
]»ita,  was  iound  at  Leon  and  aftei'wards  de})osited  in 
tlic  Smithsonian  institution.  It  evidently  served  as 
a  sn]>]»ort  foi"  some  other  ohjeet;  tlie  hack  is  s([uare 
and  lihhed  like  the  one  at  IVsnsacola,  th(j  eyes  closed, 
and  "the  whole  exj)ression  j^rave  and  sei'ene."  The 
colossal  head  shown  in  the  cut  on  the  ])iecedini>f  pi>,i<^' 
was  among  the  other  fragments  found  on  the  island, 
where  two  grou])s  of  relics  ai"e  said  to  exist,  only  one 
of  which  has  heeu  explo.»"ed." 


Pied  Til  (Ic  la  Boca. 


Tlie  Piedra  de  la  Boca  is  a  small  statue,  or  frag- 
ment, with  a  large  mouth,  standing  at  a  street-coi'ner 
in  (Jranada.  liaving  heen  brought  from  one  of  the  lake 
islands.  The  natives  still  have  some  feelimifs  of  de- 
pendence  on  this  idol  in  times  of  dangei*.  Several 
rudely  carved,  well-worn  images  stood  also  at  the 
street-corners  of  ^Fanagua  in  IS.'nS."" 

At  the  Indian  i)uehlo  of  Suhtiava  near  Leon  many 
idols  were  dug  u|)  hy  the  natives  for  ]\Ir  S(|uier,  eight 
of  them  ranging  from  five  and  a  half  to  eiglit  feet  in 
height  and   from   four  to   iive   feet   in  circumference. 

^^  Sijnirr's  Xii'iiriiifiiHi,  ])\^.  2S."-7,  2!).")  .'JOI,  402;  li/.,  in  Ainuin)  Sfirii, 
Di.trtir.,    IS.'id,   |(.   ;{(;;{;    ird/i/imis,  (,'iiji/.    II.  Shi/..   |i,  lill. 

'■>^  liilrli:  r.s  l'(ii/(i;/r,  \o\.  i.,  Ji.  172;  S'jiiii  r''^  Xiinriiijiin,  \']i.  17'.',  ■1()2. 


IDOLS  OF  SlirriAVA. 


55 


Tlio  natives  li;i\'e  ulwavs  l)een  in  tlie  lialiitof  makincr 


)fi'cl'i 


ii<''s   sec 


retlv  to   these   Lifods  of  stone,  and   onlv  a 


few  months  Iteiore  Mr  S(|uier's  visit  a  stone  bull  had 
In'i'n  ln'okm  up  hy  the  priests.  Ahout  the  larLjo  stone 
niound  het'ore  desei'ihed  are  numerous  IVa'^Muents,  hut 
onlv  one  statue  entire,  Avhieh  is  shown  in   Fin'.   I.      It 


i  iTo 


jects  six  feet  four  inches  above  n'round   and  is  cut 
j'roui  sandstone.     At  the  lower  extremity  of  the  liap 


"hich  hanjifs  from  tiie  belt  in  front   is  no 


ted 


a  cu]» 


.dik 


Ke 


l;ii-ofy.  (.iiou^h  to  contain   alxnit  a  (piai't.      Fi< 


ot'  the  siime  luati  rial,  is  two  feet  six  inches  in  hci^-ht, 
;ind  rrpresvuts  h  female  cither  holding'  a  mask  o\er 
her   abdouiK.'U^  ov  holding  (»pen    the  abdomen   for  the 


tl 


'iiJl 


56 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  NICAIiAClA. 


face  to   loitk  out. 


Fig.  3  and  4  sliow  a  front  and 
ivar  vii'W  of  anotlitT  statue,  in 
Avliiih  till'  liuuian  face,  instead 
ol'  l)c;ini''  surni()unt<'d  ))y.  looks 
out  iVoin  !]to  jaws  of  sonic  ani- 
mal. Tlie  features  of  the  faee 
luul  been  defaced  a])])arently  l»y 
blows  with  a  hammer;  the  or- 
namentation was  thought  to 
reseml)le  somewhat  that  nt' 
the  C'opan  statues.  ( )thei's 
mentioned andsketched  at  Suh- 
tiava    liave   a   y'eneral    resem- 


l.L 


nice 


to  tl 


lese. 


The  (  Tiontal  statues  ai'o  di- 
vided hv  Mr  Bovle  into  two 
classes;  the  first  t)t"  wliich  in- 
cludes idols,  Avith  tierce  and  dis- 
torted features,  never  Ibund  on 
thr  ,L»ra\'es,l)ut  often  near  tliem  ; 
"while  the  second  is  composed 
of  portrait-Ktatues,  always  distini;uished  by  closed  eyes 
and  a  calm,  "simple,  human  air  about  their  features, 
however  irre<>'ularlv  modeled."  The  latter  are  alwavs 
found  on  or  in  tiie  cairns  under  which  bodies  aie  in- 
terred, and  are  uuich  more  numerous  than  the  idols 
proper.  I'nfortunately  we  have  but  few  drawing's  in 
support  of  this  theory.  It  is  true  that  the  two  classes 
of  features  are  noticeable  elsewhere,  as  well  as  hei'o, 
but  i]\v  position  of  the  statuis  does  not  seem  to  justilV 
any  such  division  into  portraits  and  idols.  Mr  iJoylv 
dso  bi'lit'N'cs   tile    C'hontal   sculptures  better  modeled 


thoUi»h  1 


ess  (. 


laborate  than  those  of  the  south-west. 


57  S'/in'rr's  Xirnrdi/iin,  ])\i.  '2til-."),  .'iOI-7:  'Sinno  of  tlu'  staliic>  li:ivo  tlto 
same  cliilMtrali'  lirMil-clrcsscs  m  iili  dtlicrs  of  ('ii|);ui:  one  licars  :i  shiclil  iipoii 
liis  arm;  aiioihcr  lia^  a  ;j'inlU',  to  wliirli  is  siis|icnil('il  a  licad.'  /lA,  in  .1  iiiiiii.il 
Sriiii.  liisn,!-..  is.")(i,  [1.  :{(;;{. 

'"*  If  iilols,  to  Mr  Itoylf  tlicv  imlicati'  a  \vorslii|i  of  ancc-ioi-..  ol  wliirli, 
l;ii\v('\('v,  tlicrc  scciiis  to  lie  no  lii.stoiical  ex  iiiciur.  Mr  I'iui  sii;ip'sts  that 
tlic  iilols  of  iiiilil  i'\|)i('ssioti  may  lie  tliosc  worsliiiicil  hefoiv,  uiiil  t hose  of 
liioic  ferocious  aspci'l  after,  tlii'  coiiiiiii;-  of  llie  A/ti'es. 


"'if. 


(i  ey 

itinv; 


cs 


Iways 

ro  iii- 

iilols 

i'4-s  in 

|s    llClV, 

justilV 
I 


>ov 


Idil^lCU 


IlilVO  tlio 

(111  iipi'ii 

■i  .  I  iiiiiml 

111'  \vlii<1i, 

■sts    tllilt 

tliosc  of 


M 


ll)i)L.S  UF  SLliTlAVA  AND  ClIONTAl.KS. 


57 


I(l((l?i  of  Subtiuva. — Fi-'.  3  ami  4. 


('lii.iitiil  Statin- 


1   ami 


1 


6d 


ANTKH  ITIKS  or  M(  AltACUA. 


Y'l'^.  1  is  one  of  sovoral  statues 
found  near  .JuiL;al])a ;  it  is  of  tlie 
])ortrait  class,  aiul  is  rcniaikalilu 
for  tliL!  WL'ii  t)VL'r  till'  vyc  and  a 
cross  on  tlic  hreast.  Fii;'.  '2  is  tlio 
head  of  anotlier  taken  iVoni  a  cairn 
Ileal'   Lil)crtad,  and  since  used   to 

is 
le 
le 


n 


■'''  Tlir  otlicr  riiontiil 


cs  iiinro  nr  loss  fiill\-  d 


I'sci'ilu'd  ;ir( 


tlic  fl 


mix: 


A   liiiui'   iMiiiiiililli,  of  wliicli    t\\t'l\('   ti'ct   si\    iiiilics  well'   iiiiciu  tlnd 


Kiviii'f  a  (less  1)11 


tlic   I 


llCast    Witll    t\\l>    tllilllull': 


and   the 


inns 


anil 


le; 


(luiililccl  hack;  a  iuNici  four  fret  citilit  iinlus  in  circ  iiiifciciMC,  and  hmc  tuol 


f>'n  inches  liii 


au  iilol  lour  liH't  ('i;^lit   inclic 


(irnan'iMiloil  ((tronct,  ri'scnililini;'  a  cm 


let  of 


hiul 
ri 


1.    Ncann.L;'  on  \ls  lieail  an 
'~tei->.liells,  \vi»li 


(i\erla|i|ni.u  o\ 


a  (Tos 


on  tin'  left  shoulder  and  a  richlv  car\eil  heit;  a  s'one  woman  thirtv- 


.seveii  inches  hi 
leave  a  round 


i;,'li,  haviii; 
hetwi'i 


the 
a  tin 


■tl 

lip: 


and 


if  the  nnuitli  d'.nvu  np  so  as  to 
the  arms  crossed  .'t   riylit  an<;les 


Irom  the  elhows;  a  very  rude  idol  with  jioiuted  cap,  holes  for 


slit 


or  a  mouth,  whose  nuidern  use  is  to 


:rind 


ml  lasllv, 


and  a 
•"latue 


ith  heard  ami  whiskers.    l!ni//r's  A'/rA,  vol.   i.,   pp.  I  17  '.•.  l.")S-ti4,  "JlU-l-!. 


21J,  •iOtl  .i;   / 


</  S. 


ih.niitijs,  pp.  i'ji;-,s. 


NICAUACIAN  WKAPONS. 


m 


witli  a  smooth  sliai-p  edLT^',  iK'lii'Vcd  Ky  ^Tr  Boylo  t«> 
]>v  of  M  TV  v:\vc  form,  and  uiii(j[uc  iii  America.  Axes 
aiu  also  said  to  l)u  numerous,  tliere  l)L'ini»'  sj)t'('ially 
meiitioiitd  one  of  basalt,  l)r()ad  and  thin,  from  ( )nii'- 
tLpee;  and  a  similar  one,  three  (»•  four  inches  wide,  six 
inches  loiitr.  an<l  of  a  unifoi'm  thickness,  nut  exceeding 
one  third  of  an  inch,  from  Zapatero. 


Niiaraguiiii  ^^'c'a[lolls.  — I'ig.   1  ami  2. 


Nicaragiiau  Woa[H)ns. — Fig.  ',i  aiul  4. 

Fig.  1  is  a  rude  ahoriginal  M'capon  from  a  cairn  near 
Lihertad,  called  l)y  Mr  l*im  a  hatchet.      Fig.  2  is  an 


»'.0 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  NICAHACirA. 


l-n 


axo  of  syonito  found  l>y  Mr  Sqiiier  at  Gmiuula,  Avlioro 
liu  status  tliat  similar  rulics  are  not  unfoninion,  Fii;'. 
3  is  one  of  two  vi;iy  heautifiil  (loiiltlu-cdyed  l)attlu- 
axus  from  tlio  Choiital  cairns.  It  is  of  volcanic  stono, 
twelve  and  a  half  inches  h)n^  hy  seven  and  three 
fourths  inches  wide.  Fhj;.  4  represents  a  Hint  axo 
from  Zapatero  Island  as  sketched  hy  ^Ir  J3oyle.  A 
knife  ten  inches  lony^  was  also  found  l)y  I'im  in  a 
Chontal  grave.'^ 


i^^Jv^i^ 


Granite  Vase  from  Brita. 


Stone  vessels  are  rare,  thouo-li  a  granite  vase,  eighteen 
inches  high,  as  shown  in  the  cut,  was  dug  up  at  Brita, 
near  Kivas;  and  two  niarhle  vases  of  very  su])eri()r 
workmanshi])  were  found  in  a  Lihertad  mound.  One 
was  of  the  tripod  form  and  badly  hrokeii ;  the  other 
was  shaped  like  a  can  resting  on  a  stand,  with  orna- 
mental handles,  and  having  its  sides,  not  thicker  than 
card-hoard,  covered  with  grecs  and  arahescpies."^ 

Metates  occur  often  on  both  side^  the  lakes.  The 
cut  on  the  following  page  sliows  one  dug  u[)  at  Leon, 
being  very  similar  to  those  still  in  use  in  the  country, 

'■'"  nni//r\i  Ulilr.  vol.  i.,  ])]).  '200  1,  vol.  ii.,  ]>]).  07,  144-.");  S'litirr's  Xiriirx- 
iju((,  (I'.(l.  1S.")().)  vol.ii.,  p.  :{;}();  l'iiiiiiii<ISirininni\i  lltiltlinjs,  ]i|i.  l'2(i  7. 

I''  Jli>i//r's  liiili\  vol.  i.,  ]ii>.  'J(}l)-'2,  '_'()0,  vol.  ii.,  ])[).  4.")-();  Si/in'ri's  \i<<(- 
rrc/Htt,  pp.  515,  521;  cut  of  the  ley  of  u  stone  vase,  liL,  (VA.  ISoO,)  vol.  ii.,  p. 
330. 


sniN'i:  IMl'I.KMKNTS  A:«I)  OltNAMKNTS. 


CI 


l)iit  itioi'u  t'laltoratu  in  its  ornaiiieiitatidii.      Tliosi'  cast 
of  tliu  lakes  aro  Hat  instead  ot*  curved,  but  still  supe- 


--^ 


Ni('ara;:;uiui  Mctatc. 

lii)!'  to  any  nfnv  made,  and  in  connection  witli  tlunn 
have  been  found  the  i)estles  with  wliich  maize  Avas 
ci'iislu'd/'- 

Ih'oken  ])('destals  and  scul})tured  fra^nients  whose 
(irii^'iiial  |)urj)ose  is  iniknown  occui'  fvecjueiitiy,  and 
stone  rattles  were  formerly  found  ahout  .hii,L;al]»a. 
1)  ads  of  lava,  basalt,  and  chalcedony,  in  collecti(»ns 
^;iMO(. stive  of  small  necklaces,  are  numerous,  ]);.rticu- 
l:irly  at  Onietepec.  Those  of  lava  are  olteii  wonder- 
ful ly  wrouo'ht,  ahout  an  incli  lon<;-,  ringed  or  u^rooved 
II  I  (lie  surface,  pierced  lenu;'th\vise  with  a  hole  only 
larye  enough  to  admit  a  tine  thread,  and  yet  the  Avhole, 
(if  tlie  most  brittle  material,  not  thicker  than  twine. 
Those  of  '•halcedonv  are  of  lar<>'er  size."' 

The  niche  near  Leon,  known  as  the  Capilla  de  la 
Vit'dra,  had  before  its  entrance  a  ilat  stone  lesenddin^- 
;iii  altar.  At  Za])atero  ^Fr  Squier  found  i"our  stones 
■  ilso  ajiparently  intended  for  sacriticial  ]tur)>oses.  One 
of  these,  an  oval  stone  imbedded  in  the  earth,  and  cov- 


''•2  Sqiiicr''s  Niraruqun,  pp.  2'tC)-l. 

(■■i  JSoi/k's  Rlilr,  vol.   i.,    pp.   l,")(>-2,    1,}!),   vol.    ii.,  pp.   4.*?,  98;  Sqtder's 
Xi<iiroi/iii(,  jip.  "vJl-'J;  Vim  und  Sccinaun's  DottuKjt,  pp.  r2(3-7. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^ 


<^ 


/a 


^l. 


^  .>J' 


V 


y 


/^ 


1.0 

■••  1^    ||2.2 

I.I 

1.25 

m    — 

1.4       1.6 

;.    // »» 

^— 

O                                                                                                                                   1 

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62 


ANTIULITIE.S  OF  NICAK.Ua'A. 


ered  on  its  upper  .surfjioo  with  insciiluHl  chariuters,  u 


shown  in  the  cut.     Near  tlio  S 


nnon  niniu  in  Nue\  u 


Scnfovia,  tlio  nortli -eastern  ])rovineo  of  the  stat«\  was 
found  hy  Mr  l*ini  a  hroken  font,  tlie  only  nlic  of  tliis 
region,  on  tlie  extei'ior  of  wliicli  tlu;  follow  iny-  tinure 
is  eai'ved,  snjjposed  to  repix'sent  the  sun.  It  has  also 
the  peculiarity  of  what  soein  intended  lor  loni^'  nious- 
tad 


les, 


Siui-si'iilptiiiv  ill  N'uevii  S(';,'()viii. 

The  fifth  class  emhraces  all  articles  of  pottery,  ahun- 
dant  throughout  the  whole  extent  i>f  the  state,  hut 
es]»ecially  so  on  the  lake  islands,  wiiero  the  natives  ac- 
tually dijjf  them  iVoni  the  earth  to  supply  their  jtreseiit 
needs.      None  of   the    localities  which    have    yielded 

'■*  Sifiu'i  r's  Xirardi/ii'i,  \t\i.  307- H,  47(>,  4S8  ;  I'iiu  mid  !<<■'■, iimtii's  Itoltimis, 

p.  r.'s. 


Ni(Ai:A(irA.s  riiTTKUV 


ong  iiious- 


sii|iposecl  to  repivsciit  traces  of  burned  fle?^li,  and  often 


CA 


ANTi(,>rmi:s  of  xicAUAcaA. 


iiiilmrnc'd  bones,  skull,  or  teeth,  together  with  a  col- 
k't'tioii  of  the  siiiiiller  relics  which  have  been  (lescril)etl. 
The  bones  of  aninuils,  deer-horns,  and  boar-tusks,  and 
bone  implements  rarely  or  never  occur.  Earthen 
basins  of  diH'erent  material  and  color  from  the  ui'ns  are 
often — always  in  the  Chontal  ifraves  -  found  inverted 
one  over  another  to  close  the  mouth.  The  burial  vases 
are  sometimes  thirtv-six  inches  lonn'  by  twenty  inches 
liinh,  painted  usually  on  the  outside  with  altei'nate 
streaks  of  black  and  scarlet,  Avhile  ser}teiits  or  otber 
oinaments  are  frecjuently  relieved  on  the  surface.  ( )ne 
or  two  handles  ai"e  in  most  cases  attadied  to  each. 
^Fr  S<|uier  believes  a  human  skull  to  ha\e  been  the 
model  of  the  urns.  Five  of  them  at  Libcrtad  are 
noticed  as  lyint;-  uiiiforndy  east  and  west.  It  aj»)>ears 
evident  that  many  of  the  articles  found  in  or  about 
tlie  oi-aves  had  no  coiuiection  with  burial  lites,  some 
of  them  haviuiif  undoubtedly  been  buried  to  keei>  them 
from  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards.      The  figures  of  the 


Onictfitec  Tripod  Vase. — V\g.  1. 

cuts,  from  IVFr  Boyle,  show  two  fonus  of  vessels  which 
are  frecpiently  repeated  among  an  infinite  variety  of 


NICAUA(iLA\  rOTTEUY. 


65 


otluT  slinpo.-*.  The  tripod  vaso  witli  liollow  U';jfs  is  a 
coiimioi)  form,  of  wliit-h  Y'uj;.  I  is  a  fine  sjiecluien  from 
( )im'tcjicr,  five  and  tliroe  fourths  inches  hit,di,  and  six 
iachcs  in  diameter,  with  a  ditierent  face  on  each  leg. 


Bowl  from  Zapateio. — Fiy.  2. 

Fit;-.  2  is  a  howl  from  Zapatoro  wliich  occurs  in  j^roat 
numhers,  of  uniform  s]ia})e  and  decoration,  Itut  o{'  vary- 
iiiL;"  si/A',  hein«;'  ordinarily,  however,  ten  inclus  in  diam- 
eter and  four  and  one  fourtli  inches  liinh,  Botli  inside 
and  outside  are  painted  with  iinures  wiiich  from  their 
iiniformitv  in  different  s])ecimens  are  tleemed  hv  Mr 
liovie  to  have  some  liidden  hiei"o<rlyi)hie  meaninijf.  It 
is  also  remarked  that  vessels  intende<l  to  he  of  tlie 
s.ime  si/e  are  exactly  e(|ual  in  every  respect.  Another 
coinnion  vessel  is  a  hlack  jar,  jj^lazed  an<l  pt)lislietl, 
iiltout  four  inche.s  hij^h  and  five  and  one  fourth  inches 
ill  dianicti'r,  uuide  of  li,L;ht  clay,  and  liaviii^-  a  simj)le 
wavy  ornament  round  the  rim.  Animals  or  jtarts  of 
animals,  jtarticularly  allii^'ators,  often  form  a  ]>ai't  of 
t'le  ornamentation  of  pottery,  hut  comjilete  animals  in 
» lay  ai'e  rare,  a  rude  clay  stag  heing  the  only  reUc  of  the 
kind  reported.  The  device  of  a  heast  springing  on  the 
liack  of  a  human  form,  so  frecpient  among  the  statues 
i<v  idols,  also  occurs  in  terra  cotta.  The  four  figures 
cf  the  cut  show  additional  specimens  in  terra  cotta 
I'rom  Mr  Stpiier,  of  which  Fig.  2  is  from  Ometepee, 


C4 


^■'  lli,i/fr's  HiWr,  vol.  i.,  pp.  1.")<>-1,201,  200,  vol.  ii.,  itp.4.'),  S(>,  W)  7;  Sqiiirr'.i 
y,r„r,„iii,i,  pp.  21l'.t,    I'.Mt,  ,")(I"J  10;  Jii.,  {I'A.  IS.'Mi,)  vol.  ii.,  jpp.   :{;!r>-S,  ;U!2; 


i/S 


Vol.  IV. 


Ihtttiiiijs,  p.  120;  Sivvrs,  MiltduiiicriLd,  ]ip.  126-1). 


66 


ANTIOUITIES  OF  XICAKAlJlA. 


Nicaragiiaii  I'i^'iiics  in  Torra  Cotta. 

It  only  ivniains  to  speak  of  the  sixtli  and  last  cliiss 
of  Xicaniyiian  relics;  viz.,  articles  of  metal,  Avliidi  may 
l)e  Very  l)rielly  (lis])osecl  of.  The  only  iLjold  seen  liy  .my 
of  our  autlioi-ities  was  "a  dro])  of  \mvv  '^o\(\,  one  iiuji 
lonu",  preciseiv  like  the  rattles  worn  1)V  Malav  uirls," 
taken  Itv  Mr  Bovle  I'roni  n  cinerarv  vase  at  .hiinidiia. 
Jjut  all  others  mention  small  i>'old  idols  and  ornaments 
which  are  re})orted  to  have  been  found,  one  of  them 
wei_;hin^' twenty-four  ounces;  so  that  there  can  he  hut 
little  douht  that  the  ancient  j)eo])le  undei'stood  to  a 
limited  extent  the  use  of  this  ])recious  metal,  which 
the  territory  has  never  produced  in  hirge  <piaiitities. 


i;r.M(s  or  Tin:  iskof  mktai.s. 


G7 


C'o]rjnr,  <»:i  tlic  coiiti'ary,  iss;ii*l  tn  Ik*  !i1)iiii(l;nit  and  of 

rl'Ci'd,  and  vet  tlu'  onlv  rdic  ot'  tliis 


a  vai'irtv  (Msilv  \v<) 


iMt't,,l  (lisdvcrt'd  is  the  t'o|>|»t'r  mask,  wliirli  Mr  S(|uicr 
supjmsis    t(»    rr])rL'st'nt  a  ti<^L'i''s 


ace 


SI 


iiiwii     in     the    cut. 


It 


as  |ir.s(iiti'd  to  liini  l»y  u  man 


h.xl, 


iiinci 


I   to   1 


lavf  <»l»taine< 


I  it 


iVoni  <  >iiitt('|t('c.  Mr  JJoyle  l;e- 
lii'Vi's,  with  rcasoji  as  I  tliink, 
that  ill  a  coiiiitrv  al.oundini;"  in 
th»-'  iiii'tal,  tlic  skill  and  knowl- 
c'diiv    rciiiiisite    to    i)ro(hi<'c    tho 


mask  would  most  ci'itainly  liavo 
hit  otliiT  I'vidi'iicfs  of  its  possrs- 
sion.     Till'  authouticitv  of   this 


mask,  when  consu 


lerod 


iis  a 


X 


u- 


ii'anuan   n'lic,  may  he   ron'avdod 


as  I'xti'fiiH'iv  I'foojema 


tind. 


X!(•;l^a^•uau   anti((uitii's,  cont'erniuiif   whith    I    hnvc 
now  Ljiven  all  tho  information   in  my  ])osscssi(»n,  ^ivo 


rise  to   ]»ut  little  di 


scussiou  or  visionary  spocu 


lat 


loll. 


Indeed  there  is  little  of  the  mysterious  connected  \vith 
them,  as  tliey  do  not  necessarily  carry  us  farther  hark 
into  the  past  than  the  partially  civilized  pr<']»lt'  that 


occu 


1" 


e( 


Itl 


le  CO 


uiitrv  in  the  sixteenth  ceiitiirv.     Not  oiu 


ri'lic  li;is  ai»peared  which  may  not  reasoiiahly  ho  deemed 
their  work,  or  whith  reciuires  the  agency  of  an  un- 
known nation  o{'  anti(|iiity.  Yet  supposiiin' Nicaragua 
to  have  heeii  lon^'  inhahited  hy  a  people  of  only  slightly 
varying-  sta^vs  of  civilization,  anyone  of  the  idols  dt'- 
scrihixl  may  have  heeii  worsliiped  thousands  of  yens 
hofoix'    the    S[>anish    con(|uest.      Th 


I'elics    are    o\er 


three  hundred  years  old;  nothinn'  in  thomscKos  jiro\es 
them  to  he  less  than  three  thousand,  ("oinparison 
with  more  northern  relics  and  history  niav  tix.  their  ai-e 


within  narrower 


limits 


^''  Il'tijlc'it  li'hlr,  vul.  i.,  iiii,  150-1,  vol.  ii.,  l>.  87 ;  SiniirsXirtinnjiKi,  m\. 
5U'J-11. 


CHAPTER  III. 

ANTIQUITIES     OF      SALVADOR     AN!)     IIOXDI'RAS.        liriXS     OF 

COl'AN. 


SALVAnon  -  OiMco   Ukmains— MnrNns  of  Jiiioa  — Rki.K's  ok  Lake 

(JirUAl!  lloNDl  ItAS— (;i  ANAJA  WaI.I.  STONK  < 'HAIHS— HoATAX 
—  INlTTKlfV  Ol.AM'IIO  i;i:i,l<S  .M(»IM>S  Ol'  AliAl.TA  AMiAllAJO— 
ILVCIKNOA  OF  LAI!I!AN/A  CoMAVAOrA  SToNK  DoH-HkiI.  Tkr- 
l!A(  i;ii  .M(tl  XDS  OK   CaLAMII.I.A— TlMI  1,1    ON    l!lo  ('lll(,)riN(.H-Al{K— 

Kai!Tiikn  Vasks  ok  Yaimmkla -I'oirriKiKii  Platka;    ok  Tknam- 

I'l  A  rVUAMIDS,  KncI.OSI  KK.S,  ANO  KXCAVATIONS  STONK  WaI.LS— 
rAi;AI.I,KU  MoiMKS  — CI.IKK-CAKVINOS  at  AliAMAl  INA  — COI'AN— 
lIlsroKV  AM)  r.llll.IO(iHAriIY  — Palacio,  Ft  KM'KS.  (Jai.indo,  Stk- 
I-IIKNS,    DaI.V,    KI.I.KUV,    IIaHIHASTI.K,    P.liASSKlIt    in;    P.oriMloIKO— 

Plan  ok  Hiins  I!kst()I!i;i>— Qiauuv  ani>  Cavk  (H  tsiih;  Mont- 
MKNTs     Knci.osi:  o  Walls  — Tin;  TKMi'Li;~('ori!Ts     Vailts— 

PvifAMin      IlKILS— ALTAUS— MLSCKLLANKOI  S    pLLirs      IIlMAN     Ue- 

M A ins-~Llmi;— Colossal  Heads— IiEMAHKAUli;  Altaks Ckneual 
IJemakks. 

Followiiiijc  tlie  continent  westward  from  Xicaraq'u.'i, 
we  liiive  the  estate  of  Salvador  on  the  Pacific  side, 
stretchinof  some  one  lumdred  and  eiohty  miles  from 
tlie  jjfulf  of  Fonseca  t  >  the  Rio  de  Paza,  tlie  CJuate- 
malan  boundary,  and  extending*  inhind  ahout  eio-lity 
miles.  Here,  in  tl'e  central  province  of  San  ^'icente, 
a  few  miles  so'ithward  from  the  ca})ital  city  of  the 
s;ime  name,  I  +ind  the  first  well-authenticated  instance 
in  our  proyre-is  northward  of  the  occurrence  of  ruined 
editices.  But  of  these  ruins  we  only  know  that  they 
are  the  most  imposing  monuments  in  the  state,  cover- 

(08) 


ANTH^riTIKS  OF  SAI.VADOK. 


Cd 


uvj;  nearly  two  squjiiv  iniK-s  at  tlu'  lot  it  (»t'  tlic  VMlcano 
nf  ()|ii((),  and  that  tlu-y  consist  (»r  "vast  tfiTaiL's, 
iiiins  of  I'llitict's,  and  ciri-ular  and  s(juaiv  towt-rs.  and 
sulttcrranuan  y-ailt-'rit's,  all  Ituilt  of  cut  stones.  A  sin- 
<de  carvin*'"  has  been  found  hero,  on  u  Mock  of  stone 
eiL,dit  feet  lon<4*  hy  lour  hroad.  It  is  in  the  true  Mexi- 
can styli',  re|ii'esentiny  jtrohahly  a  ])riiice  or  n'r»'at  war- 
rior."' Several  mounds,  oonsideraMo  in  si/e  and 
i-e^ular  in  outline,  were  noted  on  tlu'  jdain  of  dihoji 
west  of  San  X'iconto;  also  similar  ones  near  Sunsonato 
ill  the  south-Western  jtortion  of  tlie  state,  in  the  north- 
west on  thi!  (Juati'inalan  houndary,  alK»riyiiial  lelics 
are  vaguely  i"ej)oi-te(l  on  the  islands  of  l^ake  ( Juijar,  hut 
of  them  nothiny-  is  known.''  And  concernint''  Salvadijr 
iiionunieiits  notliiiii.;'  further  is  to  he  said,  altliouuh  Mr 
S(|uier  heard  of  ruins  in  that  state  rivaling  in  extent 
and  interest  the  famous  Copan.^ 

(hi  tlie  otiier  side  of  the  continent,  reaching  also 
across  to  the  Pacific  at  the  gulf  of  Fonseca,  north  of 
Nicaragua,  the  ^Fosijuito  coast,  and  Salvador,  is  the 
state  of  Honduras.  it  extends  (A-ei-  three  liundied 
and  tifty  miles  westward  along  the  Atlantic  shoi-t',  from 
( 'a|u'  (Jracias  ;i  i)ios  nearly  to  the  narrowi'st  point  of 
the  isthmus  wliere  America  is  a  second  time  so  nearly 
cut  in  twain  hv  the  yidfs  of  Honduras  and  i)ulce. 
The  mountain  chains  which  skirt  the  valley  of  the 
Motagua  oil  the  south,  known  as  the  sierras  of  (Irita, 
Espi'ritu  Santo,  Merendon,  (V)pan,  etc.,  form  the 
houndaiy  line  hetweeii  Honduras  and  ( iuateiiiala. 
The  iKtrthern  coast,  closely  resemhling  in  its  general 
••haracter  the  Mos(juito  shore,  has  pi'eserved  almig  its 
marshy  lagoons,  so  iar  as  they  have  hei'ii  ex|)loii'd,  ud 
traces  of  its  early  occu})aut8.     Yet  on  the  coast  islands 

1  S'/in'i-r'.s  t'riit.  Aimr.,  n.  341  ;   na/ihriii'M  .liir.  Anifv..  |i]i.  ]•_'.'!    I. 

2'llicl-  sdllcli  sicli  ;.;lt'lflif.llls  liocli  lllluiitcrslM'litc  ililcic»;ililc  illilill- 
iii^clic  .Nliiiiuiiicliti*  liiiilcii."  Ill  irhurilt,  (i  lit.  Aimr.,  p.  S.S.  '  No'liiii;^  ixivi- 
tivc  is  kiicnvii  cKni'friiiiiv:  tliciii.'  Si/in'rr's  ('int.  Ann  r.,  |i.  WW.  Il:i>>cl  savs 
llicvaic  tin-  rciiiiiiii-idf  tlicoM  liuliaii  tifwii  of  /ai-iial|iii.   Mi.r.  ii'mil.,  \i.  3(J8. 

■^  Si^id'i  r'^  Xii'iimi/ii'i,  \\'a\.  l!>.')(i,)  v<il.  ii.,  \>.  .SIJ."). 


ANTKH'ITIKS  OF  IIOXDrUAS. 


some  relics  ajtjx'ar.  ( )ii  tliat  of  ( Jiiaiuija,  wlictice  in 
loO'J  ('()limil»us  liist  liL'liuld  tlio  ('(tiitiiK'Ht  of  Xortli 
Aiiiurica,  is  i('[>()itL'(l  ii  wall  of  coiisidt'iablc!  exti'iit,  only 
a  ft-'W  feci  liii^li,  with  tliive-luinncd  stoiUMJiaiis  llxrd  at 
iiitoi"\als  ill  riidu  iiiche.s  or  lissuics  aloii^-  its  sides. 
( 'hair-sliMpi'd  excavations  in  solid  rock  occur  at  several 
other  |ioiiits  on  the  island,  toi^ether  with  rudely  molded 
hut  f intastically  decorated  vessels  of  earthen  ware. 
The  (  hiaiiaja,  i-eiiiains  are  chieHy  I'ound  in  tlie  \  icinity  of 
the  Savanna  I)i'>lit  Kav.*  On  the  neinhhoriiiL;'  island 
of  Uoataii  iVan'inents  o\'  ahori^inal  pottciT  and  small 
stone  idols  are  found  scattered  through  the  forest." 

The  eastern  interior  of  Honduras,  hy  reason  of  its 
Infold  minis,  has  heen  more  extensively  exjilorcd  than 
the  ^[os(|uito  region  farther  south;  yet  with  res]»ect 
to  the  di'partmeiits  of  Olancho  and  Tei^ucinaljia  1  (>nly 
find  the  statctment  hy  !Mr  Wells  that  "mounds  con- 
taining' s|iecimens  of  ancient  j>ottery  aie  ol'tiii  met 
with  hy  the  rniiiirros  while  exploring;'  tlie  gloomy 
de]»ths  of  the  forest,  but  these  seldom  survive  the 
{lestructi\e  curiosity  of  the  natives;"  this  cliietly  in 
the  valleys  of  A^alta  and  Ahajo,  and  on  the  liacienda 
of  Lal)raii/a.  The  ])ottery  takes  the  form  of  pans 
and  jars  t(»  the  number  of  ten  to  thirty  in  eacli  mound; 
no  idt)ls  or  human  remains  having'  heen  rejioi-ted.*^ 

Still  I'arther  west,  in  the  valley  of  Comaya^ua,  mid- 
way between  the  oceans,  about  the  head-waters  oi'  the 
rivers  to  whit'h  the  names  Ulua,  Goasi-oran,  and  Cho- 


lutec 


I  are  a  1)1) 


PI 


.lied 


as  o 


ften 


)tl 


as  any  otiiers  on  tne  maps 


th 


*  Ydini'/'s  Xiirnilirr,  ji.  4S.  Mr  Voiin;^  also  saw,  luit  ilncs  iiof  do- 
scrilif,  scM'ial  'ciiriinis  tliiii;,'s'  Ik'sIiIl's  tlii'so  chairs  \\li('r(' mice  llic  aiiti;,'ii(is 
scaled,  pciliaps,  tlicir  ^'(m|s  of  stone. 

■'Sinrx,  Milli  Idiiii  rihd,  ]>.  1S2.  'I  uiiclcrslainl  the  ailiacent  islainl, 
Itoatan,  exhiliits  xcl  more  proofs ot  liaviii;,'  liecii  iiiliahileil  Itvaii  iiiicivili/eil 
race.'  ymi/ti/'s  S'liniHiv,  p.  A^.  ',liisi[ii";i  ce  jour  on  iTy  a  (li'i'ouvert 
iiucime  mine  ini|M(rtaiite ;  niais  h's  dcliris  de  potcrie  et  de  ]iieire  scnliiteo 
i|u"oii  a  trouvt's  ensevelis  dans  ses  forets,  sullisent  pour  prou\cr  <|U  ellc 
n'etait  pas  pins  iiue  le>  autres  re;,doiis  environnantes  jirivi'c  des  liicnfaits  de 
la  civilisation,'   Itnis.si  iir  <lv  lliiiirfioiiri/.  Hist.  Xiit.  Cir.,  toni.  iv.,  ]ip.  (il'i-.S. 

''  Wills'  A'.i/ilnr,  /{mill.,  ]».  .VtS.  Sivers,  Milli  lunn  rihi,  pp.  lti(!-7,  with- 
out reference  to  any  particular  locality,  mentions  pottery  as  frequently 
found  in  j^raves  and  anion^'  ruins,  including  pipe-heads,  cigar-liolders,  driiik- 
iiig-cups,  sacrilicial  vessels,  and  juy.'s. 


t()MAVA(iLA  KKLKJS. 


71 


'iiro  in 

Xovth 
it,  only 
lixcd  Jit 
■;   sides. 

St  v oral 
iiioldcMl 
11  ware, 
•iiiity  of 
o-  island 
id  small 
ivst.'  _ 
II  of  its 
vd  than 

I    |VSj>C'l't 

a  1  only 

lids  con- 

\rn   niL't 

gloomy 

pve  tho 

c'tly  in 

icienda 

)t'   pans 

nound; 

a,  niid- 
s  ol'  the 
ul  Cho- 
c  maps, 

not    tlo- 

■lit    islaiitl, 
iiiiiivili/ftl 
(li'Tduvt'rt 

re  sc\ll|it(''i! 

vcr  (|u\'llo 
liciifaits  ilo 

],]..  (Il-J-S. 
{\i\-l,  witli- 

fifiiuiMitly 
leis,  iliink- 


('( 


'  Ny »//(•;•'.<  Ciiif.  Aiifi:.  ]))•.  1IV2-,'<;  Sr/irrzrr's  Trtir.,  vol.  ii.,  ]r.  0.");  frf., 
l]'iiii(^iriiiii/rii,  p.  ,'?7I;  U'ii/i/>iiiif,  (liiiij.  I/.  S/ii/.,  ]i.  31(*;  Jlnrjurs  May., 
Vol.  \i\.,  J).  GIO,  witli  11  flit  III  tUi;  uia^todoii'.'s  tooth. 


72 


ANTIQI'ITIES  OF  IIONDIMtAS. 


Earthen  Vase  *)f  Yaniniela. 


Ill  INS  t>l'  TKNAMPI  A. 


(U'siLTii.  <>ii«' of  which  is  ri'|>r('sriitv'(l  in  tlio  rut,  to^vtluT 
with  st|tiiri.>"  111(1  riilarn«'(l  jMirtiniis  (»t'  its  <»rnaiiM'iita- 
tioii,  whiiii  is  hotli  carvL'tl  and  |tainti'(l.  Tliu  Hyiii,!^' 
(It'ity  |>aiiiti'(l  in  ouiliiit'  .m  oni'  (tt'  its  f'aci's  is  jdo- 
ndUiittd  hy  Mr  S(|ui(  r  identical  with  unu  of  tlic  char- 
acters (>r  the  Dresden  (  "odex.'* 

At  Tenainpna,  or  I'uehlo  N'iejo,  twenty  miles  south- 
east  til'  ( 'i>niavai;ua,   ni'ar  Flores,   is 


lill  of  white 

stratitieil  sandstone,  whose  sides  rise  j»r  i]>itously  to 
a  heiL;ht  ot"  sixteen  hundred  teet  ahove  th^  level  of  thu 
siuiouiidin^'  plain.  The  sununit  t'or'i  >  u  level  pi'uau 
(tne  hair  a  mile  wide  and  one  mile  and  a  lialt"  Ion:; 
tVmn  e.ist  to  west.      ( )n  the  east^'i'n  hall'  chietlv,  lait 


alMi 


irea( 


liuL,'" 


r  over 


tl 


le  whole   siirfiue  o 


>{'  this    loltv 


plateau,  is  the  most  exteiisi.e  yntup  of  ancient  M«»rk.s 
ill  the  whole  region,  and  in  fact  the  only  one  of  whi  h 
We  have  a  descrijition  at  all  in  «letail.  As  in  the  other 
localities  of  this  ]»art  of  the  state,  the  ij^rouj)  is  made 
|i  foi-  the  most  jiart  (tf  rectangular  orieiitetl  moiuils, 
f  stone,  hut  most  of  earth,  with  a  stone  facinu'. 


II 


some  o 


Th 


th 


le  smaller  mounds  ai'e  apparently  arran^etl  ini>roui;s 
accordiii'^'  to  some  system;  they  vary  in  size  from 
twt'uty  to  thirty  teet  in  height,  having-  from  two  to 
four  stam's.  'I'he  lai-yvr  pyramidal  tunudi  are  Irom 
sixty  to  one  hundred  feet  hnyj;  and  of  ])ro}»ortionate 
width  and  altitude,  with  in  manv  ca.ses  a  tli<;ht  of 
steps  in  the  centre  of  the  sitle  taciiii;-  the  west. 

The  sti'uctures  that  have  heen  desci'ihed  are  as  fol- 
lows, it  heiiiL;^  understood  that  they  are  hut  a  jiait  of 
the  wliole:  A  mound  located  on  the  very  ed^e  of  the 
soutliern  preei})ice  commanils  a  hroad  view  over  tl:e 
whole  plain  of  Comayav'ua,  and  its  position  suniic^t.-; 
its  possihle  ahorininal  use  as  a  station  for  Hre-si^'iials. 
.Just  Jioilh  of  this  is  an  excav;„ciun,  or  perha[)s  a  small 
natural  valley,  wlu)se  sides  arc  faced  with  stone  in 
steps  leading' up  the  slope  on  all  four  siiles.  In  tin.' 
centre  of  the   eastern  half  of   the   phiin,   and   conse- 

"^  IVv//  to  t/ir  Giinji'fiirrn  Tiiil.,  ill  Ihirpir's  ."^f"'/.,  vul.  xix.,  pji.  C08-11. 
Fur  Mi'ciiiMit  (if  tiiu  Dri'sili'ii  MS.,  see  vol.  ii.  of  tiiis  work. 


74 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  HONDURAS. 


(lUciitly  in  tlic  midst  of  the  i))'inci])iil  ruins,  is  wliat 
may  l>e  iv^'ai-dcd  as  tlie  cliief  .sti'ucturo  of  tliu  .U'roup, 
coiumaiidiii;;'  a  view  of  all  tliu  rest.      The  annexed  cut, 


1 

1             1              , 

1 

t3 

1     "^ 

1 



a          1 

' 

,  1 

! 



Eiiflosiiie  at  Ti'iianiima. 


made  up  from  tlie  deseri])ti(Mi,  uill  aid  in  i;ivinL;'  a  clear 
idea  of  tlie  ^vork.  Two  stone  Avails,  an  outei-  and  an 
inner,  aliout  ten  ieet  a])art,  eai-h  two  I'ei't  tlii(  k,  of 
wliich  only  a  lew  feet  in  liei_iL;ht  ri'inain  stand iiiL^',  en- 
( lose  a  rectanuular  area  of  one  hundred  and  eiijhtvhy 
three  hundred  feet.  ("ross-Avalls  at  renulai-  inteivals 
divide  the  space  between  the  two  into  rectangular 
apartments  now  tilled  with  earth  to  a  (U'j)tli  of  two 
ieet.  The  walls  terminate  on  the  western  side  in  two 
ohlonn'  terraced  mounds  between  which  is  the  only  en- 
trance to  the  enclosure;  while  on  the  opposite  side  in 
a  coi'ri>s])ondinL''  i»osition  on  the  eastern  wall  is  w  niovuid 
«M|ual    in   bulk    to   both   the  western   ( 


t;ies    comliint't 


Witl 


un 


th 


le  inclosiU'e   is  a  iarw  ])vi'aini(t;il   mound  m 


thrt'o  stages,  with  a  ilinht  of  steps  on  the  west,  situa- 
ted just  south  of  a  central  east  and  west  line.  From 
its  south-west  corner  a  line  of  ind)eddetl  stones  runs 
to  tlie  southern  wall;  and  between  the  jiyramid  and 
tlie  n'ateway  is  a  small  sijuare  oi'  stones.  A  similar 
mound,  also  pro\  idi'd  with  a  stairway,  is  found  in  the 
ii!»rtli-east  corner  of  the  enclosure.  The  stones  ol" 
wlTu-h  the  walls  and  facinus  are   made-,  indci'd  of  all 


i;i  INS  OF  TKNAMITA. 


75 


mouml  in 


lines  runs 


tlie  stoiR'  work  at  'rcniunjtua,  are  not  lu-wn,  luit  very 
carct'ully  laid,  no  nie'iitioii  licini;'  made  of  mortar.  All 
tliL'  structurrs  ai"i;  caivl'ully  oriiMiti'd.  At  the  south- 
cast  ('(H-iu'r  of  till'  jilatcau  is  a  second  enrlosuiv  wliicli 
lias  a  ,L;"ati'\\ay  in  tlie  reiiti'o  ol"  each  of  its  tour  cijual 
sides,  hut  whose  dimensions  are  not  L;i\'en.  This 
has  in  its  area  two  mounds,  each  with  a  .stairway. 
I''lsewliere,  its  location  on  the  ])lati'au  not  heiii;;'  stated, 
is  ;i  raised  terrace,  or  platlorm,  three  hundred  and  sixty 
I'ect  iou;^',  containinn'  one  of  the  most  remarkaltle  feat- 
ures of  the  place,  in  the  form  of  two  parallel  mounds 
one  hundri'd  and  foi'tv  feet  lou'.;",  tliiity-si\  leet  wide 
at  till!  hast',  ten  feet  hin'li,  and  i'orty  feet  a]iart  at  their 


I  I. 


inner  and  lower  e< 


.l- 


es. 


Tl 


le  outer  sK 


l.'S     I 


laN'e  ( 


louhli 


walls   like   tho.-e  of  the   chief  enclosure,  di\ided    into 


three  comi>artinents,  and  h  ivmi;'  st'i'ved  a|>|tareiitly  as 
the  ioundations  of  three  separate  huildin^s.  The 
inner  side  of  I'ach  mound  slopes  in  thi'ee  terraces,  the 
jiiwei- ones  heini;' faced  with    lar^'e  Hat  stones   set  up- 


ht. 


In  a  line  with  the  centre  hewi'cn  t 


lese 


l»aral 


le!>  and  at  a  distance  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  paces 
is  a  mound  with  a  stairway  on  its  soutlu'rn  slopi>,  and 
at  a  distance  of  tweiity-foiii"  ]iaces  on  the  same  line, 
hat  in  a  direction  not  stated,  are  two  \i\V'j;c  stones  care- 
1'iilly  |tlaced  with  a  s[)ai*e  of  one  foot  hetweeii  them. 
Tae  conjtn-tural  use  of  these  parallels,  like  that  of 
s  nil 'wliat  similar  ones  which  we  shall  niei'l  elsewhei'e, 
i-;  lor  the  accommodation  of  the  ancient  nohijity  or 
p'.'iesthood  in  their  i^ames  or  processions.  (  )n  the 
\\\'st  end  of  the  jdateau  are  two  perpendicular  excava- 
(;  ms  in  tin,  i'(»ck,  twenty  feet  s(piare  and  twel.e  feet 
d  '.'jt,  with  a  ^'allery  tliri'e  feet  s(|uare  leading'  north- 
\v  ird  from  the  hottom  of  each.  The  natives  have  au 
i  1  ':i  that  tJK.'se  passa^'es  K'ad  to  the  ruins  ol"  (  "liapu- 
Ii-t:i4iia,  hut  they  are  prohahly  of  natural  forni;ition 
with  artilicial  iiiipro\enients,  and  of  no  i^reat  extent. 
Till'  remains  of  a  j)yramid  are  found  in  the  vicinity  of 
t'h  holes.  Xeir  the  centre  of  the  plati'au,  in  a  s[)ot 
11  iturallv  low  and  marsliv,  arc  two  larw  sciuare  exou- 


Iw 


76 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  IIONDUKAS. 


vntions  which  may  liavo  been  reservoirs.  In  addition 
to  tlie  works  descrihed  are  over  three  liundred  mounds 
or  truncated  })yrami<ls  of  different  sizes,  scattered  over 
tlie  surface  of  the  })hiteau,  to  tiie  location  and  ai'rano^e- 
ment  of  wliich,  in  the  al)seiK'e  of  a  jilaii,  wo  liave  no 
<|^uide.  They  are  covered  with  a  heavy  i^rowth  t)f 
timher,  some  of  them  su|)[)oi'tin,i^'  pine-trees  two  feet 
in  diameter.  Only  one  was  opened  and  its  interior 
found  to  consist  simjtly  of  earth,  excejjt  the  upper  ter- 
race which  w;)s  aslies  and  burned  mattt-r,  containini^ 
fra^•ments  of  ])ottery  and  of  obsidian  knives.  The 
pottery  is  chielly  in  the  form  of  small  ffat  ])ans  and 
vases,  ail  decorated  with  simple  painted  tin'ures;  and 
one  small  !4'ourd-s]ia[)ed  vase,  nearly  entii'e,  was  tilled 
with  some  black  indurated  matter  so  hard  as  not  to 
be  removable.  As  to  the  original  purposes  to  which 
the  structures  of  Tenampua  were  devoted,  speculation 
points  with  mucn  plausibility  to  religious  ceremonies 
and  temples  in  the  case  of  the  enclosures  and  larger 
pyramids;  to  sepulchral  rites  in  tliat  of  tlie  smaller 
mounds;  while  the  strong  natural  position  of  the 
works  on  a  plateau  with  high,  precipitous,  and  at  nearly 
every  jtoint  inaccessible  sides,  indicates  that  defense 
was  an  im})ortant  consideration  with  the  builders.  The 
su})posed  reservoirs  favor  this  theory,  which  is  ren- 
dered a  certainty  by  the  fortilications  which  ]irotect  the 
ap})roach  to  the  j)lateau  at  the  only  ai'cessible  })oints, 
on  three  narrow  ridges  connecting  this  hill  with  others 
of  the  range.  These  fortifications  are  walls  of  rough 
stone,  from  six  to  fifteen  feet  high  and  ten  to  twenty 
feet  thick  at  the  base,  according  to  the  weakness  or 
strength  of  the  location,  (lullies  on  the  slopes  which 
might  afford  a  cover  for  a))i)roaching  foes  are  carefully 
filled  with  stones;  and  the  wjdls  themselves,  which  ali-o 
have  ti'accs  of  towers  at  inte'vals,  while  ])resenting  a 
]>erpendicular  exterior,  are  te:'raced  on  the  inside  fci- 
the  convenience  of  the  defenders.  Yet  the  j)oor  thin 
soil,  incapable  of  suj>porting  a  large  number  of  jieoj tie. 
indicates  that  it  was  not  probably  a  fortified  town,  but 


CLII  r-(  A!IVIXCS  OF  ARAMACINA. 


tliiit  it  must  1)0  rcijfardod  as  a  place  sacred  to  the  jjfod 


sacrea 

)ossi 


tt)  bo  dotbndod  to  the  last,  and  i)ossil)ly  a  rotiino  tor 
the  people  of  the  towns  below  in  cases  of  extreme 
danii-or." 

Southward  from  Comayao-ua,  toward  the  Pacific 
shore,  we  tiiul  relics  of  former  times  near  Aramacina, 
in  the  ( Joascorau  region.  ITore  the  smooth  vertical 
face  of  a  sandstone  ledge  forms  one  side  of  a  natural 
ampliitheatre,  and  is  covered,  for  a  sj)ace  of  one  hun- 
dred bv  tifteen  feet,  with  enuraved  finiires  cut  to  a 
depth  of  two  and  a  half  inches,  the  incisions  sorvinu^ 
as  convenient  steps  by  which  to  mount  the  cliif.  Some 
of  the  enj^'ravinns  have  been  destroyed  by  modern 
(|uarry-men;  of  those  romainino'  some  seem 


to  1 


)e  or- 


namental and  arbitrary,  while  in  others  the  forms  of 
men  and  animals  may  bo  distin_sj;uislied.  'I'liey  are 
jiroiiounced  by  the  observer  identical  in  style  with 
the  inscriptions  of  Nicara^-ua  and  Salvador,  of  wIkjso 
existence  in  the  latter  state  we  have  no  other  intiiua- 


tion 


10 


])ut  one  QToup  of  anti(piities  in  ITondui'as  remains 
to  be  described, — ( 'opan,  the  most  wonderful  of  all, 
and  one  of  the  most  famous  of  American  ruins.  The 
location  is  in  a  most  fertile  tobacco-jiroducin^-  re^'ion 
near  the  tJuatemalan  boundary,  on  the  eastern  bank 
of  the  Uio  Copan,  which  flows  northward  to  join  the 
MotaLjua  some  fifty  miles  below  the  ruins,  at  a  ])oint 
soniethini:;'  more  than  one  hundred  miles  aliovo  its 
ith  in  the  bay  of  Honduras.'^ 


lliolil 


^  S'piirr\'i  f'liif.   Aiiirr.,  pp.    134-0;   Srlir/'^n's  Tnn\,   vid.    li.,    pp.   05; 

/'/.,  i\'iiii(/i'riiiiifrii,  1).  :{7i ;  ii'(ij)/i(iii.f,  (ii'iiij.  n.  Sfiii.,  ]>,  ma. 

'"  Alliiiilir  Miihtlihf,  vi)l.  vi.,  p.  40.  1-as  ( 'asas  has  tlic  followiii;,'  on  flio 
|>ii)viii(('  of  lldiuluras  at  tlu'  time  of  tlie  cniKnicst :  'Teiiiu  I'uclilos  iiinii- 
im'i'alilcs,  V  una  vci^a  dc  tninta  lt';;iias  y  mas,  toda  iiniy  ]iiilila<la . . . .  In 
riiuliid  (li>  N'ai'o  ([uc  tenia  sohve  ilos  eiontas  mil  animas,  y  miiclins  editicios 
ill'  iiicdia,  en  e.-^pecial  los  teniplos  en  que  udorahan.'  Hist.  AjinloijiHrii, 
.'/.V,  cai..  lii. 

"  Oil  tlie  nortli  liank  of  the  f'opan,  in  lafitmle  \A^  4.V,  loiif^itude  00''  5'J', 
I  Mir  li'a;rueH  east  of  tiic  ( iuatemaian  line,  twenty  leaj^ues  ahove  tlie  junction 
ii  the  .\lota;;ua,  »vlii'h  issLxty-liveleajrues  from  the  hay.  (lnliiiiln.m  Aimi: 
Aitii'i.  Soi:.,  Tniitmvf,,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  T'lT-TH).     Latitude  14' 39,  lonyitudc  01" 


78  11UIX8  or  corAN. 

Sonio  ii»]U(ls  ocnir  in  tlic  Coj^nn  Kivor  l)olow  tlio 
ruins,  hut  in  the  season  of"  liii^ii  water  it  is  navin'aMc 
tor  canoes  tor  a  greater  }»art  of  its  eourse.  'I'lie  name 
Coj)an,  so  tar  as  can  lie  known,  was  ajtjdied  to  the 
ruins  simply  from  their  vieinity  to  an  adjacent  hamlet 
or  Inchan  puehlo  so  named,  which  is  located  at  the 
mouth  of  a  small  stream,  called  Sesesmil  hy  Col.  ( Ja- 
lindo,  which  empties  into  the  (\tj)an  a  little  higher 
uj).  'i'llis  j)uehlo  has  oi'eatly  deto'iorated  in  later 
times;  fornii'rly  hoth  town  and  pro\  iiice  were  rich 
and  [)ros|K'i'ous.      Indeeil,  in  the  sixteenth  century,  in 


tl 


le  re\olt   whicii 


hi'oke  o 


ut 


on  afte]"  the  first  con 


(piest,  the  caci(j,ue  of  ( 'o]»an  resisted  tlu;  Spanish  fore 


h 


on>4-  alter  the  neiu;'liltoiMn^'  provmces  Jiad  i)een  su!)- 
diU'd.  I)riven  eve.itually  to  his  chief  town,  he  (]>- 
posed  hari'icades  and  ditches  to  the  advancini;'  foe,  l»i;t 
was  at  last  forced  after  a  desjterate  struL;L;le  to  yield 
to  Jlernaiido  do  ('haves  in    LkjO.      It   was   foi'nierlv 


SUl)l)osr( 


1    that    the    1>1 


]>lace  u 


liere  he  made    his  hra\"' 


stand  a;^aiii.->t  ( 'haves  was  identit-al  with  the  ancient 
city  since  (•■•illed  ( 'o])an,  its  ruin  dating'  from  its  fall  in 
1 .");!().  It  is  now  helievi'd,  lutwever,  that  there  w;is 
no  c(»niie(ti;»ii  wliatever  hetween  the  two,  and  that,  so 
far  as  the  ruined  i-ity  of  antiijuity  is  concerned,  history 


rs  ahsolutelv  sili-nt. 


his  conclusion  is  hased  on 


d 


tl 


le 


facts  that  ( 'ortjs  in  his  famous  march  through  Jlondu- 
ras  in  I.VJt,  altlioui^'h  jtassinu-  within  a  few  leai^ues  of 
this  place,  heard  nothing'  of  so  wonderful  a  city,  as  h" 
could  hardly  have  failed  to  do  had  it  hi'eii  inhahitetl 
at  the  time;  thiit  there    is  not   the  slightest   resem- 


13'  west  „i  V 


in 


SI 


\    llMlnllCll    illul    foltV   llli'lll 


iilpovc  llu' 


a  li'Vi'l;  fortv- 


live  1. 


iiics  ii'iiiii  Sail  Sahailiir,  littv-ci 


;lit  I 


ca'nu's  tiKiii  ( iiiatcniala. 


/./., 


A II  till.  -'^'  '  ■•  toiii.  i..  (!iv.  ii,  |i.  7(>.     '  Tliiity  miles  cast  ol  <  'liiiiiiiiiiiila.'  Ci/ch 
J  till  In 
stream 


'I'liicc  liiiiidn'il  miles  fnnii  the  sea, 


).      I 


>v   reasiiii  ul  aciH 


hv  tl 


u'  \vmiliiiL:s  III  tl 


leiital   iiijiirv  to  the  iiistnimeiits  tl 


lal:!i^le 


iiiil  loii^iliiile  eiiiilil   not   lie  (ilitaiueil.     Sitiialeil  on  tlie  easf   liaiik  of  tin 


treani  aeeoidin^'  to  plan.    >il<i 


i//r 


it.  A, 


latel 


V  eridiieous 


Iv  localeil  in  ( iiuil 


.1'. 


V.Vl 


'fntil 


emala,  are 


IV  miles  willlill  til 


e  iioiiiH 


of  Honduras,  and   liul  a  few  ila\s"  tr.ivel   from  the 


oriLrinal  landinu 


t. 


idaee  of  the  Spanish  iliseoverers."    Wilis'  h'.r/ilnr.,  Jluinl.,  p.  ."),"):•.     Not 
1)0  eonfoiindeil  with  Cohan,  metropolis  of  \'era    l*a/.,  one  hiindrecl  and  fifty 
miles  west  of  Copaii.     (Idlluliii,  in  Aimr.  Etiinul.  Sw.,  Traii.siiil.,  vol.  i.. 


KXPLOIIATION  or  THE  111' INS. 


)elo\V  the 
iuiviy'!il)lo 
rhc  iiiuuo 
•d  to  the 

lit   llilllllct 

A  at  tlio 
Col.  (Jii- 
le  liiulav 
I   in   iator 
^V(■l•c   rich 
ciituiy,  in 
first  foii- 
lish  fori'es 
hecn  sul)- 
,n,  he  op- 
\tf  i'oe,  hi;t 
lo  to  yield 
^   formerly 
his  hrave 
ic  aiu'ieiit 
i  its  tall  in 
there  was 
ml  that,  so 
c'd,  history 
I'd  on  thi- 
di  lloiulu- 
Ira^-iies  of 
city,  as  h" 
iiihahited 
st   resei'.i- 

i.;i  level;  fortv- 
[eiiiala.    /•/..  '•!> 
Irmniiii."  <'i/'/'i- 
\,h\t\\\f^s  (it  till' 
.s  the   latitmli' 
<f   Icmk  nf  tlie 
\:V2.     'lutil 
lliiii  llie  Ixpiiii'l- 
tuiiiiil  lanilinv 
■).VJ.     Ni't  t" 
li.lred  ami  fifty 
min«i'i-,  vol.  !•, 


1.1; 


III 


Hire 


Let 


\Veen 


the  mined  structures  to  he  descrihed 


tl 


lese 


|iam'S  and   the  town  hesieu'ed  hy  (liaxe! 


as 


iciKirted  in  the  chronicles  of  the  ])eriod  ;  and  ahove  all 
that  the  ruins  are  desci-ihed  hy  ^^dacio  as  hfin^-  vtrv 
nearlv  in  their  jireseiit  state,  with  nothing;'  hut  the 
\auuest   traditions  respectiiiin'  their  origin,  only  ahout 


e  cacKjlle,  tin 


at- 


Initv  years  after  the  I'all  of  the  hrav 
ter  fact,  however,  not  having'  heeu  known  to  those 
authors  who  have  stated  that  Cojiau  was  inhahited  at 
the  coiKiucst.'-' 


T 


lis  region   lias  never  i)een  really  i'\})lore( 


dh 


d  witl 


I  a 


\ir\v  to  the  discoverv  of  ancient  ivlii-s.      TIk.-  few  vis- 


itor: 


o 


f  wl 


lose    exi) 


lorat 


ions 


I  ,ui 


ive    the    hi>torv    aia 


liihliography  in  full  in  the  uune.ved  note,''  lia\'e  found 


'-'  '('ii]iMii  M;i>i  a  eii'miy  of  Tiiltecds.'      'Tin 
lialiilecl,  mill  ill  llie  siiimiiit  of  its  iiertectimi. 


iiania 


i;ii// 


Ills   foilinl    ('ii|i;ill    lll- 


.1- 


.1/-// 


Tl 


;iir/,,  viil.    ii 


see  .!/<! 
pi..  ■!.■)  . 

Miir/i/r,  (It 

,/n 


V 


.")4(J,  .')41l.     On  til 


SI  rtiiriiiiK s,  toill.  I.,  ]!]) 


•_'().•{ 


qieilit 


loll  (it    (  iiltis  nleirei 


I  t( 


(  'iHliill mill,  llisl.    \  iinithiii 


II.   f. 


Ilist.  ^' 


"I- 


Ml 


to 


-M..   74; 


lih, 


U.S.   ].|».   :{'.»(;- 1 '.»•_';   ^•^ 
lee.  iii.,  lil).  vii.,  call.  \iii..  to  liti.  viii..  caii.  \ii.:  /'i 


/', 


ifr.s  Ml 


Mil 


]>]>.  -JTs-iiit;    7 


i,ri/iii  iiiii- 


'/.  Jill/.,  tdlii.  i.,  |i.  r^SS;  \'i//iii/ii/ii  rri\  llisl.  t'lnnj.  Il:.ii.  ]i|>. 
IV.t-.'id;  llrljis  Sjiini.  I'lili'i.,  Vdl.  iii.,  Ii]i.  ;{;{-."i7.  Stejiliclis  seems  t(i  lie  ill 
Millie  (Idiitit  as  td  tlie  iileiitity  (if  ancient  and  nidiieiii  ('d|iaii.  tiiere  lieiii;,' 
'ciiciimsl.inces  wliidi  seem  t(i  indicate  tliat  the  city  nfern d  to  was  iiiferinr 
ill  >lreML;lli  and  sulidity  (if  cdiistiiiclidii,  and  dt  nidie  niddciii  oiiijiii.'  ''<//'. 
Jimr..  Vdl.  i.,   pii.  '.I'.I-KH.      'The  ruins  df  the  citv  dt   thai  name  am)  their 


|Mi-ilidii  dii  not  at   all   a:.;ree  with  the  hicalil 


It  th 


scMTe  liatlie  w  hn  li 


1    .,>: 

(iilllillli 


lied   tlie  cdiitest.'       'i'lieie   is  every  ap|iearance  (if  tiie~e   place>  (('dpai 


:iiii 


iinunal  liav 


in;,'  lieeii  aliaiiihiiied   hni;,'  liefure  the  Spiini-h  cdni|ii 


/•;/// 


' III iisiirt.,    Vd 


■Whiii 


e-t, 
e\er 


ildiihis  iiiav  have  esisteil  on  the  Snliiect.  and  as  regards  the  liiuli  aiiliuiiitv 


nf  the  liiiins  dt  ( 'diia 


n 


.  tliev  art'  set  at    ilest   liv  tiii~    Vccdiinl  ct    I'ai 


The;,  were  e\ident!\-  very  nearly  in  their  pie^eiit  ('dmiilien.  at  tin 
Idle,  tliice   hundred    ^'ears  a.'n.'  Siiiii'ii's  I'lif,   to   I'ulnrii,,   in. 


^ijii 
'Certain  it  is  that  tlie  latter  was  a  ruin  Imi 


I'-  '•'• 
Idle  the  arri\al  ot   llie  .Sii.in- 


lanl 


^^h 


'i/rr  .1 


('nil.  A, 


V 


SI."). 


iceiiriiidi)  1 'ieiTd  (iarcia  dc  I'alacid.  ( lidur  (.liistice,  imt  .Viidiior) 


(if  the  Ileal  .\iiilieiiiia  (if  ( liiaiemala,  in  aci  (irdnnce  with  tiie  duties  df 


dllice.  tiilMJed  e\leli>i\  elv  in  ( luatemalii 


aiK 


1  ad 


iiii:  the  resiilis  cif  his  <iliserv;i!idiis  on  cdiiii tries  and 


Idiiiinur  iirdxiiice-,  em 


I II  id  \ 


il( 


\lsiteii  III  a  1( 


tiiia  to  KiiiL;  i'elipe  {{.of  Spjiin,  dated  .Manli  s.  I."i7r>.  w  hirli  dm  iiniciit  is 
priscived  in  the  celeluated  .Miirio/.  collect  imi  of  .MSS.  It  cdnlaiii-  a  desii  ip- 
liiiii  df  the  ruins  df  ('ii]ian  which  exists  in  print  asfollnws;  I'nhiri,,^  HJn- 


I 


•'(,  <  'ill.   l)ii'\   Iiii  iI.,  tolll.  \' 


'■■  I'l' 


:{7  '.':  /'('/'. 


[■Ill  ill 


I  />'■'/,  .\Uiiiny,  ISiUl.  pp.  SS-'iCi.  including;- an   l',n-iisli  traiislal 


Sipiicr;  I'lil, 
•1 


iiriii.t, 


III.' 


.srri/iliiiii,  in  '/'i'i'iiiiii.i-<'i/iii/iiiii^ 


"  liicli  is  a  somewhat  faiilt\  I'reiich  traiislation;  .\i 


IM:t,  1 


mil.  .\c\ii 


p.  .•{S-l(»;  .S'/" 


mr  ,v  I  I II 


I.  A, 


]']' 


iv  K.  <;. 

lp,..>.l. 

'V    I    (///., 

-I;  and  it  is  men- 


,/ilr  l>,., 

I  Ihs  A  ini'ili 


liiiiicd  liySi  nor.l.  I!,  Miinn/  in  a  report  dii  .\merican  aiitii|iiities.  written  a.s 


early  iw  17.S'>,  of  which  a  traiislatiuii 


;i\eii  ill  IJr(i.s.u  iir  ik  Loiii/iiinrij, 


I: 


80 


RUINS  OF  COPAN. 


OTioiio'li  of  tlic  wondoifiil  in  the  inominients  known  to 
exist  since  tlie  sixteenth  centniy,  witliont  pnsliinjj;-  tlieir 
investin<iti<jns  hack  into  tlie  dense  and  almost  ini])ene- 
tiaMe  forest  away  from  tlie  innnediate  l)aid<s  of  the 
river.  The  dittieulty  attending-  anticpiarian  research 
in  a  conntry  where  the  whole  surface  is  covered  Avith 
so  dense  a  i^rowth  that  j)roi>^ress  in  any  direction  is 
}>ossii)le  only  foot  by  foot  with  the  aid  of  the  native 

I'<i/ini/n<\  |(|).  7-S;  llorrcrii,  Hint.  Gin.,  <|ii(it<'s,  (ir  ratlicr  fakes  fmin,  Ta- 
liU'iii's  rclatiiiii  cxtfiisivflv,  luit  omits  the  iHiitictii  tdiicliiii^'  ('ii|iaii.  This 
tirst  ac'cuiiiit  of  the  ruins  is  hy  no  means  tlie  worst  that  has  jpcen  written. 
Aithciuuh  naturally  ineomplete,  it  is  evidently  a  iMtna-lide  tleseri|ilion  hy  an 
aetual  visitor,  written  at  a  time  when  the  ruins  were  very  nearly  in  their 
jiresent  condition,  and  their  ori;,'in  wrapped  in  mystery,  aItlM)u;_di  the  stir- 
ring; events  of  l.'i.'iO  were  yet  comparatively  fresh  in  the  memory  4if  the 
natives.  The  next  account  is  that  in  Fiinitis  i/  <! nziiinii,  Rii niiiUirinji  Flii- 
rt'i/ii  ilr  III  llisliifiii  ilil  III  inn  i/r  (IhiiIiiikiIii,  J/N.,  IdSll.  'i'liis  work  was 
never  printecl,  althou^di  said  to  he  in  ]ire|)aration  for  the  |iress  in  IS,"i(!.  AV- 
iiHiiis,  llisl.  lull,  tliiiit.,  |i.  vii.  Fuentes'  descri]itioii  of  ('o|ian  was,  how- 
ever, ;iiven  to  the  puldic  in  1S((8,  in  J inirrns,  Cniiijninliii  ili  In  lli.-<t.  ilr  In 
('iniliiil  ill-  (I iiiiliiiinhi,  A  \\>>vV.  translateil  into  l'".nj:Iish  in  iSi'.'t,  under  the 
title  of  ./  Sliilis/inil  mill  CiHiiiinriiiil  Jli.tl.  nf  tin'  Kiinliliiiii  iif  ( 1  iiiihiiinlii. 
From  .Iuarro>  the  account  is  taken  l»y  many  writers,  none,  so  far  as  I  kintw, 
liavin;,' <|Uoted  Kiientes  in  the  ori^final.  Where  the  latter  ohtained  his  in- 
formation is  not  known.  His  account  is  hrief,  and  justly  termed  liy  Uras- 
scur  de  liourliour;.',  I'lihininc,  ]).  14.,  'la  description  menteuse  de  l'"uen- 
tes,"  since  notliin;,'  like  the  relics  therein  mentioned  have  heen  found  in 
Liter  times.  Vi-t  it  is  ])ossilik'  that  the  orijrinal  was  mutilated  in  passin;^ 
tlirouiih  .luarros' liands.  This  description,  j;iven  in  full  in  my  text,  is  re- 
|icatecl  nnire  or  less  fully  in  Sh/ilirii.s'  ('int.  Anirr.,  vol.  i.,  ]i.  1,'il  ;  U'linlni, 
Jt'ii-/iirr/ii:s,  ]>.  71;  I'llnilir'a  Mr.r.  (Iniil.,  vol.  ii.,  ]ip.  'J'.t'.)-;iO(l  ;  Mnlli- 
Urnn,  l'rrri\'  ilr  In  (t'loi/.,  toni.  vi.,  jiji.  470-1;  lliiinhiililt,  in  .Xniinllr.'i 
Annolis  ilr.s  Villi.,  1S"J7,  torn,  xxxv.,  )i.  .H'2!);  Jfn.^.iil,  Mi.i\  lliinl.,  pp.  ;W.")4i; 
i'lirlis.  Ailriiihiiiis,  p.  .S'JI,  and  in  many  other  works  mentioned  in  coni.ee- 
lion  with  matter  from  later  sources.  Next  we  have  the  exploration  of 
< 'olonid  .luan  (ialindo,  an  otlieer  in  the  Central  American  service,  sometime 
jrovernor  of  the  province  of  I'eten,  made  in  April,  1S;{,").  An  account  of  his 
ol)ser\ations  was  forwarded  to  tlie  Societe  (h;  ( ieo;,frapliie  of  Paris,  and  )uil)- 
lislied  in  the  llnlh  tin  of  that  Society,  and  also  in  the  l.ili-tnrii  Unzitli-  of 
London.  A  coniniunication  on  thosuhject  was  al.so  |)uhlished  in  Ann  r.  A nfii/. 
Siir.,  Trnii.sinl.,  vol.  ii.,  ]ip.  ot.V.^O;  and  the  information  furnished  to  the 
French  (!eoi;rapliical  .Society  was  ]iiil>lislied  en  resume  in  Anliij.  Mi.r.,  foiii. 
i..  div.  ii.,  pp.  7;^,  7i>.  'I'eii  ilrawinjis  accompanii>d  (Jalindo's  rcjiort,  hut 
liave  never  heen  piihlished,  althou;.rh  the  author  announced  the  intention  of 
the  Central  .\nierican  u'overnnient  to  ]mhlish  his  report  in  full  with  plates. 
He  s;iys,  '  jesuis  le  seiil  (jiii  ait  examine  les  mines  de  Copan,  et  oni  en  ait 
fait  la  relation,'  hut  he  knew  nothing,'  of  Palacio's  visit.  "Not  lieinj;  an 
artist,  his  .iccount  is  necessarily  unsatisfactory  and  imjicrfeet,  hut  it  is  not 
exa.i:,u'erateil.'  Slrjilinis''  i'lnl.  Ainn:,  vol.  i.,  p.  I.'i2.  'Mad  an  eiM|uirinL,' 
mind,  hut  a  very  siiperticial  Kdueation.'  Si/iiiir\'<  J'nf.  \it  J'nlitrin,  f  'nr/n.  p.  S. 
Most  of  (ialiiido's  ac>,.unt  is  also  j,'iven  with  that  of  Juarros,  in  Ihinlfnrirs 
Ainiv.  An/ii/..  ]ip.  !M')-!) ;  also  some  information  from  the  same  source  in 
liriiirnrH's  /ml.  /t'ni'is,  \i.  ."I'J,  and  in  Lnrrninn/ii'rr,  .}fi,f.  if  limit.,  p.  •Jti7. 
Ill  1S;{'.»  -Messrs   Stephens   and   Catlierwoud  visited  Copan.     Mr  Stephens, 


■:-ff 
1 

i 


t 


KXl'LOUATIOXS  OF  CO  PAN. 


81 


in:u'ht'to,  may  be  inia,i>-inod.  A  liot  climito,  a  moist 
and  malarious  atmosphere,  venomous  serpents  and  rep- 
tiles, myriads  of  diminutive  demons  in  tlie  form  of 
insects,  all  do  most  vi^J-orous  battle  against  the  ad- 
vances of  the  foreign  explorer,  while  the  aj)atheti(^ 
natives,  whether  t)f  American  or  Spanish  hlood,  feel 
not  the  slightest  enthusiasm  to  unveil  the  mysterious 
works  of  the  antiiufuos. 

For  what  is  known  of  Co])an  the  world  is  indebted 
almost  entirely  to  the  woi'ks  of  the  American  traveler, 
Mr.Iohn  L.  Stephens,  and  of  his  most  skilful  artist- 


ii>  I  liiiillpvii  ciircfiil  cxjiiiiiiiatioii  of  liis  book,  spoilt  tliirtccii  ilays  in  liis  siir- 
vfv.  nimu'lv,   fioiii   Niivoiiilici-   17  to  :t();  while   Mr  Ciitlicrwooil    spent    tlie 


l.ir;ri 


ut  of  anotlier  inontii  in  eoin|iictin^'  liis  (lni\vin;.'s.     'I'lie  results  of 


tlieir  lalnirs  ji|>|ieure(l  in  IS41  ami  ISU  uuiler  tlie  titles:  -  S/i/i/nns'  /mii/nifs 
Tninl  ill    Ciii/ni/  A  iiirrini,  \it\.  i.,  |)ii.  it.VKitt,  with  twenty-one  ]ilates 


i:i(l  seven  (Mlts  ; 


( 'iilh 


<,rs  I 


/  A, 


it   Miiniiiiiiiit.t    ill    ('ill trill 


Aiiiirii-ii,  in  folio,  with  lar^re  litlio;;ra|ihie  plates.    Sli;;lit  tieseriptions  of  the 
[lie  U])  ehietly  from  Steidiens,  may   he  foniitl    as  follows  :     //c/y;. " 


r  ims 


.1. 


I'P 


^l 


\'il/,soii\s  Aiiirr.  J/i.sf.    ])p.  7(i-!t,  with  |ilan 


anient;  Sniinllis  Aiiiinlrs  (/r.s   I'oi/.,  1S4I,  toin.  xeii.,  pp.  ()4-74,  57,  with 
]i'nn  anil  plates;  Joins'  Hist,   Aiir.  Aiinr.,  |il>,    ")7-f)!(,    1  l(i  ;  Iliiris'  Aiitii/ 


'/•.,  Pl».  4-.");  /fA.d'.d.  lS47,)p.  30;  /)i(//i/ 


t 


liiiliil.,  pi>.  Vl-VM   Hull). 


i'-iii\i  Aiir.  A  nil  I.,  pp.  1 1 1-14,  with  eut  ;  il'inijiiiiis,  (liiii).  ii.  Slut,,  )>.  ',\{)H 
Tiiifi miiiiii,  llriiliHi,  Ydlirli.,  1>S.")I,  ji.  85;  hi(rniiniilinr,  Mi-.r.  ft  (iiiat., 
]il.  it-l'J,  the  text  lieinj:  from  (ialintlo  and  .luarros;  Jirir/mri/t,  Cnit.  Anirr., 
jiu.  '.M-'J;  Aiinri'/iir  Ci'iilni/r,  Voloiiiziitioii,  jit  ii.,  p.  (iS  ;  Miillrr,  A iiivri- 
I,  iiiisr/ir  I'rrrliiiiiiiiiii,  pp.  4(i2-4,  4SU  ;  Miirijrii/nr.t  J'ri/ifrrss  oj'  Aiiiir.,  ]>j>. 
N77-S;  Frost's  (!ri  nf  t'ilirs  of  tlir  Wiirhl,  pp.  'J7!>-H'2,  with  eut.  Dr  Seher/er 
ill  1S.')I(  started  to  explore  ("opau,  hut,  owinj,'  to  the  ])o]itical  state  of  the 
r.iantry  at  the  time,  was  unahle  to  j,'et  nearer  than  Santa  I!osa,  Mhere  the 
piiilre  said  nioreo\er  that  reeeut  land-slides  had  Jniich  injured  the  etl'ect  of 
the  ruins.  This  author  ;;ives,  hoivcjver,  a  lirief  account  made  up  front 
Sii'pheiis,  (lalindo,  a. id  .Juarros.  Srhrrzrr's  Trnr.,  vtd.  ii.,  ]f\>.  41,  .S(i-7,  lt4-5. 
//..  U'liiii/iriniifiii,  lip.  :W"2,  3(1(1,  ;i7l.  In  Sejitemlier,  1S.')(1,  tlie.lesuit  I'ailre 
('(iiiictte  is  said  to  have  visited  the  ruins;  .M.  Cesar  ]  )aly,  at  a  ilate  nut 
niriitioiieil,  ]irepared  on  th(  -not  jilans  and  drawiii;;s  of  the  (lillereiit  strnc- 
tiiics  wliirh  he  intended  to  ]inl(lish  in  the  llrriir  (Uinrolr  ilr  I'.l  rr/iifi  rliirr, 
hat  wheliier  or  not  they  have  ever  appeared,  I  know  not  ;  the  Ahlie  IJias- 
siiM- de  Itonrliour^inade  two  visits  to  Co]ian  in  ISd.'!  and  1S(>(1;  some  sli;,'lit 
aijilitiipiial  information  on  the  suhject  was  couniiunicatecl  hy  Mr  Center,  on 
aiitlniiity  not  ^tiveii,  at  a  meetinjx  of  the  American  I-hhno!o;;ical  Society 
ill  l-cliniarv,  18(10;  and  Mr  Hardcastle,  who  had  spent  several  weeks  in 
I  \|iiipriii;,' tlie  ruins,  furnished  some  farther  iiote.s  at  a  meetin;.M»f  the  same 
>  'licty  in  .\pril,  IS(>-J  ;  and.  tinally,  plioto^jraji^M  wt'ro  made  of  tin;  ruins  hy 
M  .  r.llcriy,  clirectorof  the  Aloteiieiiue  silver-mines.  JJut  those  later  exjilora- 
t  nils  have  not  as  yet  alVorded  tlio  pnhlic  niiieli  information,  except  that  the 
]iiiotojriaplis  mentioned,  when  eompared  hy  Drasseur  de  Hoiirltourj,'  with 
(  aliiorwood's  plates,  she  v  the  latter  a«  well  as  Stejihous'  des<'riptions  to  he 
-  liitiy  aci'urato.  Urassriir  dr  J'liiir/ioiirif,  Hist.  Snt.  Cir.,  toiii.  i.,  ]).  SMI, 
I'i'ii.  ii. 
\i  .  p.  l.'it 


p.  4;t;{;  /(/.,  I'alriiijin;  pp.  8,  17;  Hint.  Miiij.,  vol.  v.,  p.   114,  vol. 


ViiL.  IV. 


82 


KUINS  OF  COPAX. 


I 


C'()ni])anl(tii,  ^Fr  F.  Catherwood ;"  and  from  the  works 
( f  tliL'se  ountleinen,  with  the  slij^lit  notes  to  he  gleaned 
from  other  sources,  1  proceed  to  ^ive  all  that  is  known 
of  what  is  commonly  termed  the  oldest  city  on  the 
American  continent.  1  will-he^in  hy  <^ivini*'  Juarros' 
description  in  full,  since  few  or  none  of  the  ohjects 
mentioned  hy  him  can  he  identified  with  any  of  those 
met  in  the  h)llowini,'  ])ages.  "In  the  y^'ar  1700,  the 
Great  Circus  of  Coi»an,  still  remained  entire.  This 
was  a  circular  sj)ace,  surrounded  hy  stone  ])yramids 
ahout  six  yards  hi,u;h,  and  very  well  constructed  ;  at 
the  hases  'tf  these  pyramids  were  figures,  hotli  male 
and  female,  of  very  excellent  sculpture,  which  then 
retained  the  coltmrs  they  had  heen  enamelled  with; 
and,  what  was  not  less  remarkahle,  the  whole  of  them 
were  hahited  in  the  Castilian  costume.  In  the  mid- 
dle of  this  area,  elevated  ai)ove  a  flight  of  stei)s,  was  the 
j)lace  of  sacrifice.  The  same  author  (Fuentes)  relates 
that,  at  a  slu)rt  distance  from  the  Circus,  there  was  a 
j)ortal  constructed  of  stone,  on  the  columns  of  Avhich 
were  the  tiyures  of  men,  likewise  re})resented  in  Span- 
ish hahits,  with  hose,  ruff  round  the  neck,  sword,  cap, 
and  short  cloak.  On  enterini(  the  jj^ateway  there  ixw. 
two  fine  stone  pyramids,  mtiderately  laroe  and  lofty, 
from  which  is  suspended  a  hammock  that  contains  two 
human  fii;'ures,  one  of  each  sex,  clothed  in  the  Indian 
stvle.  Astonishment  is  forcil>lv  excited  on  viewinu' 
this  structure,  hecause,  larg'e  as  it  is,  there  is  no  ap- 
pearance of  the  com}H)nent  parts  heing  joined  to^i^ether; 
and,  althouii;h  entirely  of  stone,  and  of  an  enormous 
weight,  it  may  he  i)ut  in  motion  hy  the  sliojitest  im- 
pulse of  the  hand.  Not  far  from  this  luunmock  is  thu 
cave  of  Tibulca;  this  appears  like  a  temple  of  great 

11  The  only  unfavoraMo  criticism  iif  Mr  Stcplioiis'  work  M-itliin  my 
kiio\vli'(lj;o,  is  tliat  'the  Soul  of  Ilistoiv  i«  waiitiii<; !'  '  TIk'  I'roiiietlu'iiii 
8i)iirkli.v  wliicli  till!  tlanie  of  historic  tnitli  should  illuminate  his  work,  aii'l 
be  viewed  as  a  ;,'leaniin<,'  Iteaeon  from  afar,  to  direet  wanderers  thntugh  tin- 
dark  ni;,'lit  of  wonders,  has  found  no  spot  forest  upon  and  to  vivify  !'  Joiii  ••' 
Nisf.  A  lie.  AiiiiT.,  p.  .")">.  And  we  may  thank  heaven  for  the  fault  win  ii 
we  consider  the  ellects  of  the  said  'Promethean  spark'  in  the  work  of  the 
iuuuurtul  Jonet). 


exti:nt  of  Till-:  iiriNs. 


83 


size,  liollowc'd  out  of  tl»o  l){ise  of  a  liill,  and  adonicd 
with  coliiiiins  liiiviii<»-  liases,  ]>c'dostjils,  capitals  and 
crowns,  all  accuratuly  adjusted  accoi-dini;'  to  archi- 
tectural principles;  at  the  sides  are  numerous  windows 
faced  with  stone  exijuisitely  wrouj^ht.  All  these  cir- 
cumstances lead  to  a  helief  that  there  nuist  haxe  liccn 
s(»me  inteivourse  between  the  inhal>itants  of  the  old 
and  new  world  at  very  remote  periods."*' 

'I'he  ruins  are  always  s})oken  of  as  extending'  two 
miles  alono'  the  hank  of  the  river;  yet  all  the  struc- 
tures desci'ihed  or  definitely  located  hy  any  visitoi'.  are 
included  in  tlie  nuich  smaller  area  shown  on  Mr 
»Ste[»hens'  plan,  Avith,  however,  the  following-  exccji- 
tions:  "A  stone  wall  with  a  circular  huildin^-  aiid  a 
])it,  api)arently  for  a  reservoir,"  is  fi>und  ahout  a  mile 
up  the  river;  the  (piarry  which  supplied  material  for 
all  the  structures  and  statues,  -a  sot't  ^rit  intei'spersed 
with  hard  Hinty  lumps, — is  in  a  ranne  of  hills  two  miles 
north  of  the  river,  where  are  scattered  many  blocks 
rejected  hy  the  ancient  workers,  one  heini^'  seen  on  the 
very  top  of  the  ran_ne,  and  another,  the  largest  noted, 
lialf-wav  between  the  (luarrv  and  its  destination  at 
the  ruins;  Fuentes'  wonderful  cave  of  Tibulca  is  in 
the  same  rany-e  of  hills,  and  nuiv  be  identical  with 
the  (juarry,  or,  as  Col.  (ialindo  thiid\s,  with  a  natural 
cave  in  a  mountain  two  leagues  distant;  one  monu- 
ment is  mentiinied  at  a  distance  of  a  mile  across  the 
river  on  the  sunnnit  of  a  mountain  two  thousand  feet 
liinh,  but  this  d(jes  not  ap])ear  to  haw  been  visited; 
and  finally,  the  natives  re[>orte(l  to  Mr  liardcastle  a 
causeway  in  the  forest,  several  leagues  in  length. 
Vet  althoun'h  so  very  little  is  known  of  outside  monu- 
ments, there  can  be  no  doulit  that  such  exist,  not  im- 
pi'obably  of  great  extent  and  interest;  since,  although 
hua})s  of  ruins  and  fragments  are  vaguely  reported    ii 


'i  Jiiiirriix''  ffisf.  Gunf.,  pp.  50-7.  That  any  such  .'itnioturo  a'^  tlip  rncki  ly 
liaiiiiiKick  f\fr  t'xisti'd  hen;  is  hi  the  liij^lit'st  dcfiirc  iiii])i<»lp!ihh' ;  yet  t  'c 
)ia(hc  lit  (iiialiiii  tohl  Stetihcns  that  he  luul  sci-ii  it,  ami  an  Indian  liad  hua  d 
it  ^iMikun  of  hy  hisgiaiiufuther.  ^tiphcim'  Cent.  Aincr.,  vol.  i.,  p.  144. 


81 


UriNS  OF  coPAN. 


I'vory  (liivctioii,  no  atti^nijit  at  a  tlioi'oiioli  cxaiiiiiintlon 
lias  vvvv  liccii  made  or  iiidi'cd  could  lie,  i-xccpt  liv  ro- 
jiiovins''  the  wholu  ioivst  by  a  couHaijratit)!!  diiriiiii"  the 
dry  season.^" 

'I'lio  ]»lan  on  tlio  o)>])osito  ]>'V!4't'  sliows  tlio  iniins  in 
their  actual  state,  accordini;'  to  Mr  Stephens'  siiivey, 
together  with  a  restoration  to  what  seems  t*)  iia\e  heen 
soniethinL;'  like  their  original  condition.  The  union  of 
the  two  effects  ip  ,)ne  jilate  is,  1  helieve,  a  suthcient 
I'eason   lor  in<lulL»in,i;'  to  this  extent  in  a  I'ancv  lor  iis- 


toration.  Justly  condennied  l»y  anti(|uarians  as  a  rule. 

lu'turninLf  then  to  the  limits  of"  the  jtlan,  \ve  find 
]»ortions  of  ji  wall,  <i,  a,  a,  which  when  entire,  as  indi- 
cated hy  the  dotted  lines,  seems  to  have  enclosed  a 
nearly  rectangular  area,  nieasurinir  in  j^eneral  terms 
1)00  i»y  1(»00  feet.  Whatever  treasures  of  antiiiuity 
may  he  hid  in  the  depths  of  the  forest,  thert'  can  he 
hut  little  douht  that  this  enclosure  emhraced  the  lead- 
iiii;  >tructures  or  sacred  edifices  of  the  ancient  town. 
Tliese  walls  would  seem  at  least  twenty-five  feet  thit-k 
at  the  hase,  and  are  huilt,  like  all  the  Copan  stiuc- 
tures,  of  laru^e  hlocks  of  cut  stone,  of  varying-  hut  not 
exjiressly  stated  dimensions.     They  are  built,  in  parts 


'•'  ''I'lic  cxlciit  nloiijx  tlio  rivor,  nscprtninctl  liy  nimiuinonts  still  foiiiiil.  is 
iiKiic  llimi  two  miles.'  'Pfvoiiil  tlic  wail  of  t'liciosiirc  \\v)v  Wiill^,  Iciiiici's, 
iiiicl  |i\riiiiiiii!il  cii'Viilions  nmriiii;j:<)ll' into  tilt' forest.'  S/r/i/irn.s'  Ciul.  .Iimr.. 
vol.  I..  |i|i.  l:{l!.  IS'.I,  1  t()-7.  'KxtelHUMJ  iiloii;,'  the  liiiiik  of  its  river  :i  leri;:tli 
of  two  miles,  as  evitleiieeil  l)y  the  remains  of  its  fallen  eililii-es.'  'Mounts 
of  stotie,  formed  hy  fallen  eililices,  are  found  tlirou;:hont  the  nei^^lilioniin;; 
country.'  (Inlimlu.  in  Anirr.  .Infii/.  Snr..  Trim  surf .,  vol.  ii.,  ]i|i.  .")I7,  .">  t".l-."(l. 
'Pa  carriere. .  .  .est  a  •_'(»(»(»  nii'tres  aii  nord.'  '  l.,a  se  tnuive  lieain'oup  de  hois 
desa|iin  |i(''trili(''.'  /'/, ,  in  An  I  in.  Mi  \r.,  toni.  i.,div.  ii.,  p.  7<>.  ''riie;jround,  lie- 
in;;  eovered  with  ruins  for  many  si|nare  niile>,  ami  much  ov(-r^'rown  hy  a  rank 
ve;;('tation,  woidd  reiniire  months  for  a  thorough  examination.'  "No  re- 
mains whatever  on  the  opjiosite  side  of  the  river.'  Ilnrilrnstlr,  in  llisl.  Mini.. 
vol.  vi.,  ]).  I.")4.  'Pes  plaines  de  Chapnleo  s'etendent  entre  t'opanet  le  \i'w\ 
<les  monta;,'ues  de('lii(|nimula.  Piles  sont  eonvertes  de  ma;:nilii[Ues  mines. ' 
JSrn.ssi  nr  i/r  /liinrlii>iirif,  lli.st.  Xiit.  dr.,  tom.  ii.,  |i.  H)."). 

'"  Plan  in  ^ifi/i/inis'  Cmt.  Aiiirr.,  vol.  i.,  ]).  \'.V.\.  renrodneed  in  Xniirillrs 
Aiiiiii/is  lirs  Villi.,  iS4l,  tom.  xeii.,  ]>.  57;  and  in  ]\'ii/.fiiii'.i  Aim r.  lli.st.,  \\. 
7(>.  (lalindo's  drawings  also  inclinled  a  plan.  I'y  reason  of  (he  disa^jrei- 
meiil  iietweeu  Stephens'  plan  and  text  in  the  matter  of  dimensions.  I  lia\e 
oiuilled  the  scale  as  useless.  The  southern  wall  of  the  emdosure,  to  accmn- 
modale  the  si/e  of  mv  pa;;e,  I  have  olaeed  .some  two  hundred  feet  noiili  nl' 
its  true  position.  'I'liost'  ]iortions  of  the  temple  shaded  liy  cross-lines  aic 
the  portions  still  standiny  according  to  the  survey. 


lination 
t  l.y  IV- 
liiiM-  the 

ruins  in 

union  of 
^utHcit-nt 
r  for  ns- 
;  a  nil.'.'^ 
,  \vi'  find 
•,  as  indi- 
iicloscd  ii 
lid  tt-nns 
iinti«iuity 
re  ran  !>»-! 

i\\v  lead- 
tnt  town. 
iVct  thiik 
»an  stvuc- 
!..■  liut  ni>t 

,  in  parts 

Istill  foiiml.  i^ 

[\\\s,  tcrnici's, 

( '.  ///.  .  I  nil  r.. 

river  ;i  Ifii^'lli 

„ci-lili<niriiiji 

...  r.  IT,  ."'  l'.i-"'<.' 
uuiiiiiitlc  l»ii- 
llic  ;;'niini(l,  lii'- 
jdwii  l>.v  a  iMiik 
lion."  "N"  ''■- 
|in  lllsl.  M"iJ-- 
iliiiin't  If  I'lt"! 
liliiiucs  niiiies- 

Jil  ill  Siini-i!h-= 

liiin  .  Ill'^l-^  !'• 

111.'  <lisii^,'n'i- 

hisiolis,  1  llilN'' 
lull',  to  aci'iiiii- 
[l  fcot  ii'iitli  "' 
Icvoss-liiK''*  arc 


M  RUINS  OF  COPAN. 

at  lenst,  in  terraces  or  steps,  ami  painted.     Only  one 
autliority  sjteaks  of  the  use  of  mortar.'" 

In  the  nortli-west  corner  of  the  enclosure,  nearly 
fillinj^  its  northern  half,  is  the  chief  structure  wliich 
has  been  called  the  Temple.  Its  dimensions  are  (524 
feet   north   and    south    by  809  feet  east   and  west.*' 


_.#**t^-"^'   .—^ 


Temple  of  Cojian. 

From  the  remains  the  Temple  in  its  original  state  is 
seen  to  liave  heen  an  immense  terrace,  with  sides 
slo})ed  toward  the  land  but  ])erpendicular  on  the 
river,  on  the  ])latform  of  which  were  both  pyramidal 
elevation  '  and  sunken  courts  of  regular  rectangular 
outlines.     The  river  wall,  h,  c,  rises  perpendicularly  to  a 

1"  The  H»  liorn  wall  in  one  jiliicp  riso«  30  or  40  foet  in  stops.  Sfcfi/ini.s' 
Cnit.  A  inn:,  ol.  i.,  j).  134.  'One  wall  ei;,'iitv  feet  hi^fli  anil  lilty  fct't  thiik 
for  Inilf  its  li  ',lit,  or  more,  and  then  slo]>in;4  lil<o  a  roof,  was  fornicil  of  stones 
often  six  feet  >•  three  or  four,  with  mortar  in  tlie  interstices.'  J/an/ctis/lc,  in 
7//.s7.  ^frll).,  V  .  vi.,  p.  I.'>4.  MrCenter  'mentioned  a  Cyiiopean  wall. . .  .nn- 
ilescriluMl  in  r    y  i>nl>lication,  lint  reported  to  him  by  most  eredilile  witnes.ses, 

alxint  800  ft  et  lonjf,  40  feet  hi^xh, feet  thiek,  formed  of  immense  hewn 

stone.'  Jfisf.  M(i<i.,  vol.  v.,  p.  114.  Stones  'eut  into  liloeks.'  doliiiilo,  in 
Aimr.  Aiitiii.  Sor.,  Tniiisnrf.,  vol.  ii.,  j».  .54!>.  llefore  reacliinj:  the  ruins 
'estiv  senal  ue  paredes  yruesus.'  J'uluciu,  in  J'uchcro,  Col.  Doc.  Jiit'if.,  toni. 
vi.,  p.  .37. 

'»  .\ecordin<j;  to  Ste])hens'  text,  which  states  that  the  river  or  west  side  is 
('.J4  feet,  and  the  whole  line  of  snrvey,  which  cannot  in  this  ca.se  mean  any- 
tliinu'  hnt  the  circnmfereme,  is  I'.S)^)  feet,  thus  leavin;;  SOU  feet  eifch  for  tlic 
northern  ami  sonthern  sides.  His  jihin,  and  eonse<mently  my  own,  makes 
tl:-  diniensicms  ahont  7!M»  feet  north  and  south  hy  000  east  and  west,  tiic 
circuit  bfiny  thus  I'TSO  feet.     'Not  .so  larye  as  the  bii.se  of  the  great  Pyramid 


THE  (iUEAT  TEMPLE. 


a 


lu'iLflit,  in  its  present  mined  state,  of  from  sixty  to  nine- 
ty feet,  luul  the  uiniexed  cut  ^ives  its  ajjpearance  from 
the  opposite  side  of  the  river;  hut  the  orij^-inal  eleva- 
tion of  tiie  terrace  overlooking'  tlie  river,  judi^Miii,'  from 
portions  still  intact,  was  al out  a  hundred  feet,  some 
t  wenty-Hve  or  thirty  feet  of  this  elevation,  at  least  at  the 
northern  ei»d,  hein*,*-,  how'ver,  the  heijufht  of  the  ori<,nnal 
Itjink  ahove  tiie  water;  so  that  the  terrace-platform  of 
the  whole  Temple,  d,  d,  d,  must  have  been  ahout  sev- 
Liity  fei't  ahove  the  surface  of  the  ji^round.  The  whole 
is  l)uilt  of  ('ut  stone  in  hlocks  a  f<x)t  and  a  half  wide  hy 
tlireu  to  six  feet  Ion**-,  and,  without  takinjj^  into  account 
tlie  excess  of  superimposed  ])yramids  over  sunken 
coints,  must  have  recpiired  in  round  numhers  over  twen- 
ty-six million  cubic  feet  of  stone  in  its  construction.'^ 
Tlie  land  sides  on  the  north,  east,  and  south,  slope  by 
steps  of  ahout  ei^diteen  inches  each  to  a  heijj^ht  of  from 
tliirty  to  140  feet  accordiuff  as  they  are  more  or  less  fall- 
en, extendini^  also  in  some  parts  to  the  general  level 
of  the  terrace-])latform,  and  in  others  reaching  in 
one  incline  to  the  top  of  the  upper  i)yramids,  E,  E.^* 


iif  (iliizcli.'  Sfrphrns'  Cntt.  Amrr.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  133.  (lalindn,  Amrr  Antiq. 
Snr.,  TniiisovL,  vol.  ii.,  p.  547,  nmkt!K  the  (liiiieii.'^ions  7.")0  ft'et  ea«t  and  went 
(llcciills  it  north  iiml  Houtli,  lint  on  the  Hnp|M>sition  thiit  the  rn ins  are  on 
till*  iioi'tli  hank  of  the  river  instead  of  the  east)  by  (>(N)  feet  north  and  sonth, 
II  rirciMiifcreiH'e  of  'I'iM  feet;  or  if  his  nieasnrenients  he  nnderstood  to  Ihj 
Siiaiiisli,  their  Kn},'lisli  ennivalent  woidd  Ikj  alKtnt  WM)  hy  .").')2  feet,  eireuit 
■Jisi  fret.  The  same  antnor,  Aiitiij.  Mcr.,  toni.  i.,  div.  ii..  p.  7(),  ;^ives  (553 
liy  WIA,  and  'I'XiX  feet;  or  if  Freneh  ineasnre  he  nnderstood,  its  eipiivulent  is 
WWW  hy  .'tSS,  and  •J.'ilJS  feet.  As  larye  as  Saint  Peter's  at  Konie.  JJari.s'  Antiq. 
(if  Anil  r.,  ]ii».  4-,"). 

>"'  'Itroad  terra-e  one  hundred  feet  hijjii,  overlooking;  the  river,  and  siip- 
|Mirtf(l  hy  the  wall  which  we  had  .seen  from  tlieopjiosite  liiink,'  t'nl  showing 
:i  view  of  this  wall  from  aeross  the  river.  Str/)/inis'  Cent.  Aiiivr.,  vol.  i.,  pp. 
lot,  !•.')-(;,  last.  Same  ent  in  lialdirin's  Am:  Aiiirr.,  ]t.  \]'l.  'Ihiiit  iierjien- 
dii'idiirly  from  the  hank  of  the  river,  to  a  hei;;ht,  as  it  at  present  e.xists,  of 
iiime  tiiaii  forty  yards.'  (hiUtnlo,  in  Amrr.  Aiifiq.  Soc,  Tnni.sm/.,  vol.  ii.,  p. 
■"il7.  M'ria  torre  o  terrai)leno  alto,  que  enc  scdire  el  rio  (|ne  por  aile  pasa.' 
'iluviiria  esealera  one  haja  hasta  el  rio  por  niuehas  f;radas.'  J'altirio,  in 
J'lir/iiiii,  Ciil,  /tor.  Iiied.,  tom.  vi.,  j).  .18.  'The  eity-wall  on  the  river-side, 
witii  its  raised  hank, . . .  .must  then  have  ranged  from  one  hundred  and  thirty 
tiMiuf  himdretl  and  fifty  feet  in  heij^ht'  in  inutation  of  ancient  'i'yre,  the 
only  city  of  antiquitv  with  so  high  a  wall  on  u  river-hank.  Jours'  Hist.  Anc. 
AiiHi:.  pp.  (;:{.  Kll-ii. 

'f^  .\t  the  .south-west  corner  a  recess  is  mentioned  which  Mr  Stephens 
htlicvcs  to  hii  e  heen  occupied  hy  some  large  luonument  now  fallen  and 
wushod  away.  Cent.  Amer.,  vol.  i.,  p.  13-L 


88 


RUINS  OF  COP  AX. 


On  the  main  platform  are  two  sunken  rectangular 
courts,  marked  on  the  plan  A  and  B,  whose  floors 
or  pavements  seem  to  be  about  forty  feet  abt)ve  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  and  thirty  feet  l)elow  the  level  of 
the  terrace.  The  court  A  is  ninety  by  144  feet,  and 
ascends  on  all  sides  in  regular  steps  like  a  Koman  am- 
phitheatre. The  west  side  ascends  in  two  flights  each 
of  fifteen  steps,  separated  by  a  terrace  twelve  feet  wide, 
to  the  platform  overlooking  the  river,  on  which,  at  /,  are 
tlie  ruins  of  what  were  apparently  two  circular  towers. 
From  a  point  half-way  up  the  steps  a  passage  or  gal- 
lery 111,  II,  just  large  enough  to  afford  passage  to  a 
crawling  man,  leads  horizontally' through  to  the  face 
of  the  rivor-wall,  the  opening  in  which,  visible  from 
the  opi)osite  bank,  has  given  to  the  ruins  the  name 
among  the  natives  oi  Las  Ventanas,  Just  below  the 
entrance  to  this  gallery,  at  o,  is  a  pit  five  feet  square,  and 
seventeen  feet  deep,  from  the  bottom  of  which  a  passage 
leads  inl;0  a  vault  five  feet  wide,  ten  feet  long,  and  four 
feet  high,  which,  according  to  Col.  Galindo's  measure- 
ment, is  twelve  feet  below  the  pavement  of  the  court ; 
the  opening  into  this  pit,  at  o,  seems  however  to  have 
been  made  by  Galindo  by  excavation.  The  entrance 
to  the  court  A  is  by  the  passage-way,  C,  C,  from  the 
north,  the  floor  of  wliicli  is  on  a  level  with  that  of  the 
court.  Similar  steps  lead  up  to  the  river-terrace  on 
the  west,  while  the  pyramid  D  on  the  east  rises  to  a 
height  of  122  feet  on  the  slope  in  steps  or  stages  each 
six  feet  high  and  nine  feet  wide.  The  passage-way  is 
thirty  feet  wide  and  over  300  feet  long,  and  it  seems 
probable  that  a  flight  of  steps  originally  led  up  to  iho 
level  of  its  entrance  at  p.  The  Court  B  is  larger, 
but  its  steps  are  nearly  all  fallen,  and  it  is  now  onl}" 
reniarkable  for  its  altar,  which  will  be  described  else- 
where.^^ 

22Tliiis  court  may  linvo  Itecn  FuontcH'  firpiis,  altlioujili  the  ItTttcr  is  rcp- 
rcHontod  as  liaviii!^  hocii  circular.  The  ternvce  lietwceii  it  and  tlic  river 
is  stated  l>y  Stephens  to  l)e  only  '20  feet  wide ;  accordiii<;  to  the  plan  it  is  at 
least .')()  feet.  S/rp/ieii.i'  Vent.  Join:,  vol.  i.,  p|).  14i'-4,  ]Xi,  140.  The  pave- 
ment of  the  court  is  20  yards  ahove  the  river;  the  yallcry  throuyli  the  ter- 


PYIIAMIDS  AT  COPAN. 


89 


As  I  have  said,  all  the  steps  and  sides  bear  evident 
tiaces  of  havin_<^  been  originally  painted.  The  whole 
structure  is  envelo})ed  in  a  dense  <>ro'Ath  of  shrubs  and 
trees,  \vliicli  have  been  the  chief  agents  in  its  ruin, 
penetrating  every  crevice  with  their  roots  and  thus 
forcing  a})art  the  carefully  laid  superficial  stones.  Two 
immense  ceiba-trees  over  six  feet  in  diameter,  with 
roots  s}»reading  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet,  are 
found  on  the  summit  of  the  lofty  pyramid  ]). 

Besides  the  temple,  there  are  three  small  detached 
jwraniids,  I,  F,  G,  the  former  fifty  feet  square  and  thirty 
feet  higli,  between  the  last  two  of  which  there  seems 
to  have  l)een  a  gateway,  or  entrance,  to  the  enelosjre. 
There  are  moreover  the  terraced  walls  v,  v,  of  the 
])lun,  which  require  no  additional  descri})tion,  l)ut 
wliicli  extend  for  an  unknown  distance  <!ast\vard  into 
the  ibvest.  There  are  also  shapeless  heaps  of  fallen 
ruins  scattered  in  every  direction.^^ 

Next  to  the  ruined  Tenqjle  in  importance,  or  even 
before  it  as  an  indication  of  the  artistic  skill  of  its  build- 
ers, are  the  carved  obelisks,  statues,  or  idols,  which  are 

rac(!  is  4  feet  hi;,'li  ami  21  feet  wide ;  the  vault  lielow  tlie  court  is  5^  liy 
10  l»y  (!  ft'i't,  its  ieiiuth  riiiinin;,'  uoitii  and  Miutli  with  D'  variatiiui  of  tlie 
tiimpass.  (Idliiidu,  ill  Aiiirr.  Aiifi'/.  Sor.,  Trini-srirf.,  vol.  ii.,  \i.  .")17.  'riia 
jiliiza  limy  liii'ii  f«'c!ia,  coii  hiis  {,'radas  a  la  forma  que  escrilicii  del  ( 'oiisco 
iiiiiiaiio,  y  |mi-  alffiiiias  partes  tieiie  oclienta  j;radas,  eiilosaila,  y  laliiada 
i">r  <'i('ito  cii  ](artes  de  iiiuy  luieiia  piedra  e  eou  liarto  ])riiiior.'  'I'lie  river- 
wall  'liiiso  caido  y  ilerniiiiUado  uii  t^ra!'  pedazo,  y  eii  lo  caido  se  des- 
iiiliiienui  dos  ciicvas  dchajo  dul  diclio  edilicio,'  a  statement  tliat  may 
possilily  rel'er  to  tlie  i^alleiy  and  vault.  I'ahirio,  in  J'i(r/in't/,  Vol.  JJtir. 
Iiiid.,  toiii.  vi.,  jip.  :\7-S. 

2'  'TJieic  was  no  entire  pyramid,  hut,  at  most,  two  or  three  |(yramidal 
sides,  and  these  joined  on  to  terraces  or  other  structures  of  tiie  same  kind.' 
Sti'iiiii-Ds  ('ill/.  Aiinr.,  vol.  i.,  ]i.  |;}!1.  The  author  intends  to  speaU  perhaps 
of  tile 'rempleoiily,  hut  Mr  .Jones  applies  the  words  to  ( 'opan  in  jiciieial, 
and  (iinsideis  tliem  a  Hat  contradiction  of  the  statement  respect  in;,' the  tiiit-e 
detached  pyianiids.  ///.,/.  Am',  .l/zc/-.,  ]>.  (;;{.  '  Les  cililices  soiit  tons  tomh.'s 
et  lie  niont rent  plus  ([ik-  des  monceaux  de  picrres.'  (Idlinilu.  in  Aii/i>/.  Mf.i\, 
tiiiii.  i.,  d'-    •■         - 1  I  Ml      .1  •  .         ......•,•   1  .         I 


> •  i.,  div.  ii,,  p,  7;{.      'Several  hills,  thiityor  forty  feet  in  hei-lit,  and  snp- 

portiii;;  ruins,  aiipeared  to  have  heeii  themselves  "entirely  Iniilt  of  stone.' 
Il'ii-ilriisllr,  \\\]iisl.  .U'li/.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  l.")J.  T  lias  niinasy  vest  i;.'iosde  j;raii 
|"ihla/(Pii,  y  de  solterl  '  »s  edili<'ios.'  '  Ilav  moiites  (|Ue  pareceii  halier  siilo 
IciliiKii  niaiios.'  J'li/iiriii,  in  J'ur/irro,  Col.  Diir.  Iiiifl.,  torn,  vi,,  p.  .'iT.  'i'lie 
latter  sentence  is  incorrectly  translated  hy  M, 'l'eriianx-( 'oiiipans,  'il  y  a  des 
arlpicsniic  pii;;iissent  avoir  etc  plant.'s  de'main  triio'.nme,'  ll'<-iiiil  ili  Jinr., 
]>  IJ.  .Mr  Sjiiicr  makes  the  same  error:  'Trees  which  appear  to  have  hecii 
planted  hy  the  hand!*  of  men.'  Transhitiou  of  I'ltfano,  t'lirhi,  p,  '.tl. 


90 


RUINS  OF  COPAN. 


peculiar  to  this  region,  but  remarkably  similar  to  each 
other.  Fourteen  of  these  are  more  or  less  fully  described, 
most  of  them  standing  and  in  good  preservation,  but 
several  of  this  number,  and  probably  many  besides, 
fallen  and  broken.  Their  jjositicms  are  shown  on  the 
plan  by  the  numbers  1  to  14.  It  will  be  noticed  that 
only  one  is  actually  within  the  structure  known  as 
the  Temple,  three  standing  at  the  foot  of  its  outer  ter- 
race within  the  quadrangle  H,  and  the  remainder  in  a 
group  at  the  southern  })art  of  the  enclosure,  two  of  the 
latter  l^einof  at  the  foot  of  terraced  walls.  These 
statues  are  remarkable  for  their  size  and  for  their  com- 
plicated and  well-executed  sculpture.  Of  the  eight 
Avhose  dimensions  are  given,  the  smallest.  No.  13,  is 
eleven  feet  eight  inches  high,  three  feet  four  inches 
wide  and  thick;  and  the  largest,  Nos.  2  and  3,  are 
thirteen  feet  high,  four  feet  wide,  and  three  feet  thick. 
The  material  is  the  same  soft  stone  taken  from  the 
quarry  which  furnished  the  blocks  for  building  the 
walls.  As  to  their  position,  Nos.  3,  11,  and  13  face 
toward  the  east;  Nos.  1,  5,  and  9,  toward  the  west; 
and  No.  10  toward  the  nortli;  the  others  are  either 
fallen  or  their  position  is  not  given.  No.  1  is  smaller 
at  the  bottom  than  at  the  top,  and  Col.  Galindo  men- 
tions two  otiiers,  on  hills  east  and  west  of  the  city, 
which  have  a  similar  form;  all  the  rest  are  of  nearly 
uniform  dimensions  thrvMiijliout  their  lemjfth.  Several 
rest  on  i)edostals  from  six  to  seven  feet  sf[uare,  and 
No.  13  has  also  a  circular  stone  foundation  sixteen  feet 
in  diameter.  In  each  a  human  face  occupies  a  central 
position  on  the  front,  having  in  some  instances  some- 
thing that  may  be  intended  to  represeiit  a  beard  and 
moustache.  The  fiices  are  remarkably  uniform  in  the 
expression  of  their  features,  generally  calm  and  pleas- 
ant; but  in  the  case  of  No.  11  the  ])artially  open 
lips,  and  eye-balls  starting  from  their  sockets,  indicate 
a  design  on  the  part  of  the  artist  to  ins})ire  terror  in 
the  beholder  of  his  work.  The  hands  rest  in  nearly 
every  instance  back  to  back  on  the  breast.     The  dress 


STATUES  OR  IDOLS 


91 


and  decoration  seem  to  indicate  that  some  were  in- 
tended for  males,  others  for  females;  this  and  the 
presence  or  absence  of  beard  are  the  only  indications 
of  sex  observable.  The  feet  are  mostly  dressed  in 
sandals,  as  shown  clearly   in   the   cut  from   No.    7. 


Sandaled  feet  at  Copan. 


Above  and  round  the  head  is  a  complicated  mass  of 
tlie  most  elaborate  ornamentation,  which  utterly  defies 
vcibal  duscrii)tion.  Mr  Stei)hens  notes  something 
bke  an  elephant's  trunk  among  the  decorations  of  No. 
8.  The  sides  and  usually  the  l)acks  are  covered  with 
hieroglyj)liics  arranged  in  S(piare  tablets,  which  prob- 
alily  contain,  as  all  observers  are  impelled  to  believe, 
the  names,  titles,  and  })erhaps  history  of  the  beings 
wliose  images  in  stone  they  serve  to  decorate.  The 
backs  of  several,  however,  have  other  figures  in  addi- 
tion to  the  sui)posed  hieroglyphics,  as  in  No.  8,  where 
is  a  human  form  sitting  cross-legged;  and  in  No.  10, 
ill  which  the  charactei's  seem  to  be  human  in  a  variety 
of  strange  contortions,  altliough  arranged  in  tablets 
like  the  rest;  and  No.  l:J  has  a  human  face  in  the 
coutre  of  the  back  as  well  as  front.  The  sculpture  is 
all  in  high  relief,  and  was  originally  painted  red,  traces 


02 


RUINS  OF  COPAN. 


SCULPTrnED  OBELISK. 


03 


Copnn  Statues. — No.  0, 


H 


RU  NS  OF  COPAN. 


of  the  color  being  well  preserved  in  places  protected 
from  the  action  of  the  weather.  I  give  cuts  of  two 
of  tliese  carved  obelisks,  Nos,  3,  and  G,  to  illustrate  as 
fully  as  j)ossil)le  the  general  appearance  of  these  most 
wonderful  creations  of  American  art,  the  details  and 
full  beauties  of  which  can  only  be  api)reciatcd  in  the 
large  and  finely  engraved  plates  of  Catherwood. 

Standing  from  six  to  twelve  feet  in  front  of  nine  of 
the  fourteen  statues,  and  probably  of  all  in  their  j)rim- 
itive  state,  are  found  blocks  of  stone  which,  apparently, 
can  only  have  been  employed  for  making  oA'erings  or 
sacrifices  in  honor  of  the  statues,  whose  use  as  idols 
is  rendered  nearly  certain  by  the  uniform  proximity  of 
the  altars.  The  altars  are  six  or  se .  en  feet  square 
and  four  feet  high,  taking  a  variety  of  forms,  and 
being  covered  with  sculpture  somewhat  less  elaborate 
than  tlie  statues  themselves,  often  buried  and  much 
defaced.  Two  of  them,  belonging  to  Nos.  10  and  7, 
are  shown  in  the  accompanying  cuts.     The  former  is 


Copan  Altar 


five  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter,  and  three  feet  high, 
with  two  grooves  in  the  top;  the  latter  seven  feet  square 
and  four  feet  high,  supposed  to  represent  a  death's 
head.  The  top  of  the  altar  accompanying  No.  9  is 
carved  to  represent  the  back  of  a  tortoise;  that  of 
No.   13    consists   of  three  heads   strangely  grouped. 


SACRIFICIAL  ALTARS. 


95 


The  o-rooves  cut  in  the  altars'  upper  surface  are 
struiio-lv  sui(<''estive  of  tlovvmg  blood,  and  of  slaughter- 
ed victims."* 


Copan  Altar. — No.  7. 

T  will  next  mention  the  miscellaneous  relics  found 
in  connection  with  the  ruins,  beofinning  with  the  court 
A.  The  vault  already  spoken  of,  whose  entrarice  is  at 
o,  was  undoubtedly  intended  for  burial  pur})oses.   Both 


ii  Hw  Sfr/i/iriis'' Cnif.  Amr,-.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  140,  l.-^S,  13fi-7,  l.'?4,  140,  l.W. 
ir>7,  l"i<>,  l.V),  l.").*?,  l.")2,  l.")0,  l."»1,  for  (k'seiiplioiiof  tlio  stiitties  ill  tlu'ir  onier 
from  I  to  14,  with  i)liites  of  all  Init  4,  0,  aii<l  12,  showiii;:  tlu'  altars  of  7,  Ht, 
and  I.S.  I'latt's  of  'A,  ."),  ]0,  and  1.1  are  (•(t]iit'd  from  Sti'iilit'iis  in  I.nmifni- 
(/i\ri\  ^fl\l•.  rl  (luat.,  \A.  ix-xi.;  and  of  No.  1,'?,  from  tlic  same  source,  in 
Noiivi'llrs  Aiiiiiih'n  (Irs  I'oi/.,  1841,  toni.  xeii.,  p.  57.  Wf  liavc  already  . seen 
till'  idea  of  Fiicntcs  rcspertiuf;  these  statues,  clad  in  Sjianisii  hahils;  that  of 
tlif  I.iicnciado  I'alitcio  is  as  follows:  '  Ciia  estatiiafirande.  dt>  mas(|tiei|iiatro 
vanis  df  alto,  lahrada  eomo  iiii  ohispo  vestido  de  pontilirial,  con  sii  niitra 
liicn  lalirada  y  anilios  on  las  maiios.  In  the  plaza,  which  woidd  seem  to  he 
the  court  A,  wiiere  no  statues  were  found  hy  Stephens,  were  'seis  esti'itnas 
trrandisinias,  las  tres  de  homltres  iirmados  a  lo  mosaico,  con  li^'a  jjamlias,  e 
seniliradas  niuchas  lahores  p(U-  las  annas;  y  las  otras  dos  de  mu  jeres  con 
hnen  ropaje  larj^o  y  tocaduras  A  lo  roinano;  la  otra,  cs  de  ohispo,  (juc  jiarece 
teller  en  las  manos  iin  bulto,  coino  cofrecito;  deciaii  ser  de  idolos,  iionpic 
delaiite  cU'  cada  una  dellas  liiihia  utia  piedra  ;;rande,  tjue  tenia  feclia  una 
jiileta  eon  sii  sumidero,  donde  de<;o1lahan  hissacrilieados  y  corria  la  san;;re.' 
I'liliidn,  in  Par/icro,  Col.  Jhc.  Inet/.,  toni.  vi.,  ])p.  37-S.  (ialindt)  says 
'there  are  seven  obelisks  still  standiu<j;  and  entire,  in  tlie  temple  and  its 
ininiediate  vicinity;  and  there  are  numerous  others,  fallen  and  destroyed, 
tlirou;,'hout  the  ruins  of  the  city.     These  atuue  columns  arc  ten  or  eleven 


RUINS  OF  COPAN. 


on  the  floor  of  the  vault  and  in  two  small  niches  at 
its  sides  were  found  human  hones,  chiefly  in  vessels  of 
red  pottery,  which  were  over  fifty  in  numher.  Lime 
was  found  spread  over  the  floor  and  mixed  witli  human 
remains  in  the  hurial  vases;  also  scattered  on  the  floor 
were  oyster  and  periwinkle  shells,  cave  stalactites, 
sliarp-ed<^ed  and  pointed  knives  of  chaya  stone,  and 
tliree  heads,  one  of  them  "apparently  represcntinj^ 
death,  its  eyes  })eing  nearly  shut,  and  the  lower  fea- 
tures distorted;  the  back  of  the  head  symmetrically 
l>erforated  by  holes;  the  whole  of  most  exquisite  work- 
manshi]),  and  cut  out  or  cast  from  a  fine  stone  covered 
with  green  enamel."  Another  head,  very  likely  one 
of  the  other  two  found  in  this  vault,  its  locality, 
not,  however,  being  specified,  is  two  inches  high,  cut 
from  green  and  white  jade,  hollow  behind,  and  pierced 
in  several  places,  probably  for  the  introduction  of  a 
cord  for  its  suspension.  Its  individual  character  and 
artistic  workmanship  created  in  Col.  Galindo's  mind 
the  imi)ression  that  it  was  customary  with  this  peo- 
jde  to  wear  as  ornaments  the  portraits  of  deceased 
friends.'*' 


,1 


i? 


foot  liij,'li,  anil  .•jhoiit  tlirco  liroad,  with  a  lci5.s  tliioknoss;  on  ono  side  wore 
Avorivod,  in  lidSKn-ri/iiro,  (Stojilions  states,  on  tlie  contrary,  tliat  all  are  cut  in 
(i/fn-tr/irro)  litinian  fij^urcs,  stanilin<;  s(inare  to  the  front,  witii  their  hands 
restiiij;  on  tiieir  breast;  they  are  dressed  with  ('a[)s  on  their  lieads,  and  san- 
«lals  on  their  feet,  and  eh)tiied  in  lii{,dily  adorned  <,'arnicnts,  {generally  reaeii- 
in;,'  lialf  way  down  the  tiiigh,  but  sometimes  in  lon;;^  pantaloons.  Opposite 
this  titjnre,  at  a  distanre  of  three  or  f(»iir  yards,  was  eomnioidy  placed  a 
stone  table  or  altar.  The  back  and  sides  of  the  obelisk  generally  contain 
jdionetic  hieroglyphics  in  sijuares.  Hard  and  line  stiMies  are  inserted  (nat- 
urally?) in  many  obelisks,  as  they,  as  well  as  the  rest  of  the  M-orks  in  the 
ruins,  are  of  a  sjieciesof  soft  stone,  which  is  found  in  a  neighbt»uringand  most 
'extensive  (juarry.'  (Itt/iinfo  in  Aiiivr.  Antiq.  Sor.,  'I'rmisnrf.,  vol.  i^.,  p. 
fitS;  and  in  liriiilfiirir.s  Anier.  Antiq.,  p.  97.  A  bust  r"-,()tS  high,  lielong- 
iiig  to  a  statue  tit'teen  to  twenty  feet  high.  Goliiitto,  in  Aiifiq.  Mix.,  tom.  i., 
tliv.  ii.,  p.  7<>.  I'illars  so  loade(l  with  attributes  that  some  scrutiny  is  required 
io  discover  from  the  head  in  the  centre  that  they  represent  a  human  form. 
\\\  altar  not  infremieutly  found  beside  them  would,  if  necessary,  show  their 
use.  They  are  sun-pillars,  such  as  are  found  everywhere  in  connection  with 
an  ancient  sun-religmn.  Miillrr,  Ameri^rnii.srhi:  i'nr/iifioiini,  p.  4(14. 

*i  Gnliiulo,  in  A  inn:  Antiq.  Soc,  Trdn.trirt.,  \o\.  ii.,  pp.  r)47-S;  I<1.,  in 
^•1;/^/V/.  il/cr.,  tom.i.,  div.  ii.,  p.  73,  su|)plemeutary  nl.  vii.,  (ig.  14.  'I'hishead 
liears  a  remarkable  resemblance  to  one  given  by  Ilumboldt  as  coming  from 
New  Granada,  shown  in  fig.  1,3,  of  the  same  i»late.  Stei)hens,  ('int.  Anirr., 
V(d.  i.,  J).  144,  gives  the  dimensions  of  the  two  niches  aN  1  foot  S  in.  by  1 
foot  9  in.  by  2  feet  5  in.;  the  relicis  having  been  removed  before  his  visit. 


ALTAR  OF  THE  TEMPLE. 


97 


Two  tliirds  of  tlio  distance  up 
tlie  fiistcni  stuj)S  at  \i,  is  tlie  co- 
lossal head  of  the  cut,  whicli  is 
ill M tut  six  feet  hi_i;h.  Two  otiier 
iiiiMiense  heads  are  overturned  at 
the  foot  of  the  same  slope;  an- 
other is  half-way  uj)  the  scnitheru 
steps  at  11",  while  numerous  frauf- 
iiients  of  scul[)ture  are  scattered 
over  the  steps  and  pavement  in 
every  direction.  There  are  no 
idols  or  altars  here,  but  six  circular 
stones  from  one  foot  and  a  half  to  three  feet  in  diameter, 
I'ound  at  the  foot  of  the  western  stairway  of  the  jjassaye 
( ',(',  may  have  su])ported  idols  or  cohunns  t  ri^inally.-" 

In  the  court  B,  the  only  relic  heside  the  statue  No. 
1  is  a  remarkable  stone  monument,  generally  termed 


Colossal  Ili'iid. 


-Vltiir  in  tlic  Tcinplu  of  Copan. 

an  altar,  at  x.     This  is  a  solid  block  of  stone  six  feet 
si|Uiue  and  four  feet  high,   resting  on  four  globular 

»'  .s7<7//////.v'  Cnif^  Aiiirr.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  10;{-4,  14'2-3,  with  cut.     Cut  also  in 
-   nrmtiiiliirr,  Mix.  cf  Gin'L,  pi.  x. 
Vol.  IV.    7 


98 


IIUINS  OF  L'OrAN. 


stones,  one  untlur  each  corner.  ( )n  tlic  sides  are  carved 
sixteen  luinian  tij^ures  in  i)rofile,  four  on  each  siile. 
Each  tii^ure  is  seated  cr()ss-lei(<»'ed  on  a  kind  of  cushion 
wliicli  is  apparently  a  hieroglyphic,  anionif  whose  char- 
acters in  two  or  three  cases  the  serpent  is  t)l)serval)k'. 
Each  wears  a  hreastplate,  a  head-dress  like  a  turhan, — 
no  two  being,  however,  exactly  alike — and  holds  in  one 
hand  some  object  of  uriknown  sijj^nificance.  The  cut 
shows  the  north  front  of  the  altar.  The  two  central 
ti»^ures  on  this  side  sit  facin*^  each  other,  with  a  tablet 
of  hiero_iL;ly})hics  between  thoni,  and  may  readily  be 
imajji-ined  to  repi'c.sent  two  kings  or  cliiel's  engaged  in 
a  consultation  on  important  matters  of  state.  Accord- 
ing to  Mr  Stephens'  text  the  other  fourteen  tigurts 
are  divided  into  two  equal  parties,  each  follov.ing  its 


Hieroslyiihics  on  the  Copan  Altar. 


MISCELLANEOrs  IlELICS. 


00 


leader.  But  tlie  jilatcs  reprcKcnt  all  those  on  the  east 
and  west  as  f'aein*,''  the  south,  while  those  on  the  south 
look  toward  the  west.  The  top  is  covered  with  hiero- 
j^dyphics  in  thirty-six  sc|uares,  as  shown  the  cut  on  the 
pi'ecedins.;"  }>age.  A  peculiarity  of  this  altar  is  that 
its  sculi)ture,  unlike  that  of  all  the  other  monuments 
uf  Copan,  is  in  low  relief."' 


'27 


''S 


Decorated  Head  at  Cuiiiui. 

The  liead  shown  in  the  cut  is  one  of  the  frao^cnts 
lyiiiiiC  *>•!  ^-•^*  ground  at  the  foot  of  the  terraces  tliat 
inclose  the  quadrangle    H.     On  the  slopes  of  these 

^T  S/r/)fir)is^  Cnit.  Amer.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  140-2,  with  plates;  NouvcUfx  An- 
vdh'xdcs  V()]i.,  1841,  toin.  xeii.,  pp.  57,  (>7-.S.  Plate.  Mention  of  the  alt.ar 
with  a  ('oiii|iai'isoii  of  tiie  eross-Iej;j;ed  ehiefs  to  eertain  ornaments  of  Xoclii- 
cttlcii.  Ti/lor's  And/ninr,  j).  litfl.  The  altar  is  descrihed  l»y  Ualindoas  a  very 
r(iniirkal>lc  stone  tahie  in  the  teinide,  'two  feet  four  inches  hi;;h,  and  four 
ffi't  ten  inches  square;  its  top  contains  forty-Tiiiie  square  tahlets  of  hiero- 
^'lyphics;  and  its  four  sides  are  occupied  1»y  sixteen  lunnan  (i;;ures  in  basso- 
niiico,  sitting  oross-leygedwa  cushions  curved  in  the  stone,  and  beariug  cuch 


100 


nrixs  OF  ropAX. 


tcrmc'CH.  particijlaily  of  tlu;  onstcrn  slope  of  tlio  i>ym- 
ii)i<l  f,  liiilt-wji}'  {Voiii  to}»  to  l)ottoin,  are  roww  of  death's 
heads  in  stone.  It  is  su<jcjj^ested  that  they  n'l>i'<-'S^'"t 
the  skulls  of  apes  rather  tlian  of  hunian  heings,  and 


Death's  Haul  at  ("ninin. 

tliat  tills  animal,  ahundant  in  the  country,  may  have 
been  an  ohjeet  oi'  venei'ation  anioni^  the  ancient  peo- 
ple. ( )ne  of  the  skulls  is  shown  in  the  cut.  The 
next  cut  i>ictures  the  head  of  an  alli,i*'ator  carved  in 
stone,  found  amon<jf  the  ij^roup  of  idols  towards  the 
south.  Another  is  mentioned  hy  Col.  (Jalindo,  as 
holding  in  its  open  jaws  a  iinure,  half  human,  half 
l)east.     A  gigantic  to;  1,  stamling  erect,  with  human 


4 


1 1  ii 


ill  tlu'ir  liands  soinctlii'vir  )i\o  a  fan  or  flapper.'  Awrr.  Anfi'q.  Snr.,  Tmii- 
siii-t.,  vul.  ii.,  I).  r>48.  To  Mr  Jones,  ))(>s.sesse(l  as  tliat  •gentleman  is  with 
tlie  'Soul  of  llistory,'  tliis  altar  is  tlic  '  liosetta-stonc'  of  Anii'rican  an- 
tii|nity.  'I'iu^  four  support inj,'  stones  are  e;,'^'s;  serpents  occur  in  tlie  orii;i- 
nieiits;  the  ohjeets  hel«l  in  tlie  liaiiils  of  tiie  lesser  ]persona;,'es<  of  the  sides 
lire  spiral  siiclls;  the  ti;,'iiies  are  seateil  cross-le;;j,'e(l,  or  in  tiie  oriental  style; 
one  I'hief  holds  a  sce])tre,  the  otiier  none.  Now  these  interjiretations  are 
important  to  the  autiior,  since  he  claims  that  the  .v/y^'^Mvas  the  ;;oo(l  demon 
of  the  TyriaiiH;  a  serpent  entwiniiij,'  an  '■'/.'/  is  seen  on  Tyrian  coins;  tin' 
xpirtil  slirll  was  also  put  on  'J'yriaii  medals  in  iioiior  of  the  discovery  of  the 
famous  purple;  the  style  of  sittinj;  is  one  practiced  in  'I'vre;  the  chief  rep- 
resenting; Tyre  holds  no  scciitre,  hecaiise  'lyre  had  ceased  to  he  a  iiati«»n  at 
tiie  time  of  the  event  ilesi<;iie(l  to  comineniorate.  The  conclusion  is  clear: 
tiie  altar  was  l>uilt  in  eoinmemorafioii  of  an  act  of  friendship  between  Tyre 
and  Sidon,  h,  vliich  act  the  jieople  of  the  former  nation  were  enahled  In 
iiii^'rate  to  America  I  Juiirs'  Hist.  Am\  Aiiicr.,  jip.  Go-G,  150-02.  More  of 
thi.s  in  a  future  treatise  on  origin. 


MIS('KLL.\NK(»rs  .SCrLrTlKKS. 


101 


,'iniiH  niid  ti'^'-cr's  claws,  was  aiiotlicr  of  the  n-lics  dis- 
roVLicil   \>y  tlio  Huinc   explorer,  toguthur  with  round 


Alligator's  llcucl  iit  Copan. 


may  have 
ciunt  peo- 
cut.  The 
carved  in 
Iwards  the 
tlalindo,  as 
|iinan,  halt 
ith  human 


\'rj.  Snr.,  Trnii- 
ticiiian  is  with 
AiMfiii'iUi  an- 
u-  in  the  oiiia- 
|>s  of  tlio  sides 
oriental  style; 
h>retations  are 
lie  iioud  demon 
lian  eoins;  llie 
Iseovcry  of  the 
the  eiiiof  re]'- 
he  a  nation  at 
liision  is  elear: 
between  Tyre 
re  enahlctl  to 
-02.     More  ef 


jtlaiu  stones  pierced  hy  a  liole  in  the  centre.  ^Ir  Da- 
vis talks  of  an  architrave  of  hlack  «>ranite  finely  cut; 
and  ^r.  Waldeck  corrects  a  sttitenient,  in  a  work  hy 
Balhi,  that  niarhle  heds  are  to  he  found  liere.  The 
portrait  in  the  cut  is  from  the  fragments  found  at  the 
north-west  corner  of  the  temple  near  6.^ 


Copan  Portrait. 

"8  Stc/ifi:is'  Cent.  Anin:,  vol.  i.,  pp.  134-9,  150;  Gnlindo,  inAmer.  Antiq. 
Sill'.,  TriiiiMirf.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  54.S-1);  J(t.,  in  Aiitii/.  Mtj;.,  toni.  i.,  div.  ii.,  jt. 
7i>;  hm-is'  Aiiti'/.  Aimr.,  pp.  4-");  W'ulihrk,  Vn//.  J'itf.,  ])\t.  (JS-it.  I'alaeio's 
Miisiuilaiieous  relies  are,  a  i,irj,'e  stone  in  the  form  of  an  eaj,'le  with  a  tahlet 
(it  liiercp;,'lyphies  a  vara  loll-  (111  its  breast;  a  stone  eross  three  jialms  lii;:h, 
witii  a  luiiken  arm;  and  a  supposed  haplisnial  font  in  the  plaza,  lidacion, 
ill  J'i(i:/iixu,  L'ul.  Doc.  //«•(/., tola,  vi.,  p.  :W. 


102 


KUINS  OF  COPAN. 


ii:.;;  ;> 


Most  of  the  i^eiieral  reflections  and  speculations  on 
Copan  indulged  in  by  oljservors  and  students  refer  to 
otlier  ruined  cities  in  connection  with  this,  and  will  be 
noted  in  a  future  chapter.  It  is  to  be  remarked  that 
l)esides  pyramids  and  terraced  walls,  no  traces  what- 
ever of  buildinf»'s,  public  or  i)rivate,  remain  to  guide 
us  in  determining  the  material  or  style  of  architecture 
affected  by  the  former  people  of  this  region.  The  ab- 
sence of  ftll  traces  of  private  dwellings  we  shall  find 
universal  througliout  America,  such  structures  having 
evidently  been  constructed  of  perishable  materials; 
but  among  tlie  more  notable  ruins  of  the  Pacific 
States,  Copan  stands  almost  alone  in  its  total  lack 
of  covered  edifices.  There  would  seem  to  he  much 
reason  for  the  belief  that  here  grand  teni})les  of  wood 
once  covered  these  mighty  mounds,  which,  decaying, 
have  left  no  trace  of  their  former  grandeur. 

Col.  Galindo  states  that  the  Uiothod  of  forming  a 
roof  here  was  by  means  of  large  inclined  stones.  If 
this  be  a  ffict,  it  must  have  been  ascertained  from  the 
sepulchral  vault  in  the  temple  court,  concei'ning  the 
construction  of  wliich  both  he  and  Stej>liens  ai'e  silent. 
The  top  of  the  gallery  leading  through  tlie  river-wall 
would  indicate  a  metliod  of  construction  by  means  of 
over-lapping  blocks,  which  we  shall  find  em})loyed  ex- 
clusively in  Yucatan  and  Chiapas.  No  article  of  any 
metal  whatever  has  been  found;  yet  as  only  one  burial 
de{)osit  has  been  opened,  it  is  by  no  means  certain  that 
gold  or  copper  ornaments  were  not  employed.  Tliat 
iron  and  steel  were  not  used  for  cutting  implements,  is 
clearly  i)roved  by  the  ftict  that  hard  flinty  spots  in 
the  soft  stone  of  the  statues  are  left  uncut,  in  sonic 
instances  where  they  interfere  with  tlie  details  of  the 
scul})ture.  Indeed,  the  chay-stone  points  found  among 
the  ruins  are  sufiftciently  hard  to  work  the  soft  mate- 
rial, and  although  in  some  cases  they  seem  to  have 
re(|uircd  the  use  of  metal  in  their  own  making,  yet 


ler  th 


le  weli-known  sUill  ot   even 


when  we  c(msi( 

most  savage  tribes  in  the  manufacture  of  flint  weapons 


I'll 


C;  EX  ERA  L  CONCLl'S  IONS. 


103 


and  implements,  tlio  difficulty  becomes  of  little  weight. 
How  the  immense  blocks  of  stone  of  wliicli  the  ol)e- 
lisks  were  formed,  were  transported  from  the  fpiarry, 
suvei'al  miles  distant,  without  the  mechanical  aids  that 
would  not  be  likely  to  exist  j»rior  to  the  U!-,e  of  iron, 
can  oidy  be  conjectured. 

The  absence  of  all  implements  of  a  warlike  nature, 
exteiidinu;'  even  to  the  scul})tured  decorations  of  idol 
and  altar,  would  seem  to  indicate  a  j>opulation  quiet 
and  ])eat'eable  rather  than  warlike  and  aggressive;  i'or 
though  it  has  been  suggested  that  inn)lements  of  war 
aie  ni>t  found  here  simply  because  it  is  a  place  sacred 
til  religion,  yet  it  does  nt)t  appear  that  any  ancient 
people  lias  ever  di-awn  so  closely  the  line  between  the 
gods  of  war  and  the  other  divinities  of  the  pantheon.'*'* 

( )!'  the  great  artistic  merit  of  the  scul})ture,  par- 
ticularly if  executed  without  tools  of  metal,  there  can 
he  no  (juestion.  j\[r  Stephens,  well  qualitied  \)y  per- 
sonal ol»sei-vation  to  make  the  comparison,  ])i<)nounces 
some  of  the  sjiecimens  "e(pial  to  the  finest  Kgyj>tian 
sculpture.''^^  My  Foster  believes  the  flattened  fore- 
licad  of  tlie  human  profile  on  the  altar-sides  to  indi- 
cate a  similar  cranial  conformation  in  the  builders  of 


tl 


le  citv, 


With  res])ect  to  the  hieroglyphics  all  that  can  be 
said  is  mere  conjecture,  since  no  living  )>i'rson  even 
claims  the  ability  to  decipher  their  meaning.     They 


ave    i-othmg    m    common 


with    the  Azt 


ec 


\\ritnii 


w 


hicl 


Jilct 


ure- 


1,  con 


(Uentlv,  affords  no  aid  in  their 


ludy.    The  characters  do,  hosvever,  appear  similar  to, 


->  .hiiiis'  //i\/.  Aiir,  Aiiiir.,  ]).  07;  Stcphciis'  Cent.  Amir.,  vol.  i.,  p.  14'2; 
/■'(>■/-/••,•  I'rr-llist.  Jiiirr.f,  j,.   1<)7. 

'"  '■(//.  Aiinr.,  vi)l.  1.,  |i|i.  l()'2-.3,  1.")!,  ■  Lii  s('iil|)tmv  iiHuimiiciitalt' dc.-* 
I  .  '  .If  ( 'ii|piiM  |p('iit  rixaliser  ave  ([iu'liim'<  inoiliiits  siniilaiir--  dc  !'( )rii'iit 
«'!  di' i'Occidi'iil  i'uri»|i('ciis,  Mais  la  conci'ii'ioii  dc  ccs  iiiiiiiiihuiils.  l"<iii;;i- 
ii.diti'ili'  li'iiiiiiin'ini'litaiidli  siillit  iij)lil.s  d'-iil  i's|irit  |Miiir  i'Iim;^ih  'tiiitc  iili  c 

dlJliLrillC  ^•(HIMMUllC.'     I>  llhl.    liillTH    tllltilf.,    ]).    l.'v 

"  'Wr  liavc  tins  t\jii'  of  skull  delineated  tiy  .irt'sts  \\!io  li m>1  ill"  skill  to 
iMiitrav  the  tVatiifo  of  ; heir  race.  These  artists  would  !ioi  -eleei  she  most 
lioly  of  plaies  as  the  ;.''idiiiid work  of  their  <'aricatmes.  I  liis  form,  then,  ]ier- 
tniii'd  to  the  iiiosl  exalted  pei.soiia'a-B.'  toi>t'rs  I'rc-llnii.  Ititri.t,  jiii.  'MYl, 

;;:;s.-'.(, 


il! 


Ilii  i 


'i""9 


ir'! 


lilliiii 


lil!  1 


104 


itriNs  OF  corAX. 


if  not  identical  witli,  some  of  tliose  found  at  Palenque, 
in  ifueatan,  in  tlie  Dresden  Codex,  and  in  the  Manu- 
script Troano.  When  the  discijiles  of  Brasseur  de 
Bourbourg  shall  succeed  in  realizing  his  expectations 
resjtecting  tlie  latter  document,  by  means  of  the  Landa 
alpliabet,  we  may  ex])ect  the  mystery  to  be  ])artially 
lifted  from  Coi)an.  It  is  hard  to  resist  tlie  belief  that 
tliese  tablets  hold  locked  up  in  their  mystic  characters 
the  history  of  the  ruined  city  and  its  people,  or  the 
hope  that  the  key  to  their  significance  may  yet  be 
brought  to  light;  still,  in  the  absence  of  a  contempo- 
rary written  language,  the  hc^po  nuist  be  allowed  i\^ 
rest  on  a  very  unsubstantial  basis.^'^ 

Concerning  the  age  and  origin  of  the  Copan  momi- 
ments,  as  distinguished  from  other  American  antiipii- 
ties,  there  are  few  or  no  facts  on  which  to  base  an 
opinion.  The  growth  of  trees  on  the  works,  and  the 
accumulation  of  vegetal)le  material  can  in  tliis  tropical 
climate  yield  but  very  unsatisfactory  results  in  this 
direction.  Co})an  is,  however,  genei'ally  considered 
the  old(,'st  of  American  cities;  l)ut  I  leave  for  the 
]>resent  t'  e  matter  of  com})arison  with  more  norchern 
I'clics.  ]*alacio  claims  to  have  found  among  the  j)eo- 
j)le  a  tradition  of  a  great  lord  who  came  from  Yucatan, 
built  the  city  of  Copan,  and  after  some  years  returned 
and  left  the  newly  built  fawn  desolate;  a  tradition 
which  he  inclines  to  believe,  because  he  says  the  same 
language  is  undci, stood  in  both  regions,  and  he  had 

32  'Till'  liicro^^'lyiiliics  (lisiilayi'd  upon  the  walls  of  ("diiiiii,  in  hori/ontal  or 
lier]H'ii(liciilai'  rows,  would  inilicatc  a  wiittt-n  ian;,'iiaj;t'  in  wliicii  tlic  jiicto- 
rial  sijinitlcancc  had  lar;j;('Iy  disapiicari'd,  and  a  kind  of  word-writinjz-  had 
hfconit'  iircdoniinant .  Int('nniii;il('(l  with  the  |ii('torial  devices  arc  apiiai- 
cntly  |iurely  ailtitrary  characteis  which  may  he  alphahetic.'  Fo.'ifrr's  /'/••- 
J/i'sf.  Kdirs,  11.  ;{•_'•_>.  They  are  conjectured  to  recount  the  adventures  of  'J'e- 
liiltzin-AcxitI,  a  Toltec  kin;;  «ho  came  from  Amihuac  and  founded  an 
empire  in  Honduras,  or  'riajiallan,  at  the  end  of  t''"  ■leventli  century.  I'rn^- 
yriir  tlv  litiiirliiHinj,  Jlist.  Xiif.  dr.,  tom.  ii.,  ])p.  101-J.  Like  those  of  i'a- 
Icmjue,  and  sonic  characters  of  the  Dresden  MS.  Si/iiicr's  /'yv/'.  to  I'd/min, 
( '(irfii,  |).  10.  'No  he  liallatio  liliros  d<'  sus  ant ij,'iici hides,  ni  creoi(ue  en  toilo 
este  distrito  hay  niiis  <|ue  uno,  que  yotenjio.'  I'li/unn,  in  I'lir/irrn,  Cu/.  J)nr, 

/iii'il.,  tom.  vi.,  |).  ;{',•.     1  have  no  ideawliat  this  one  1 k  spoken  of  niav 

have  lieen.  Tiic  characters  are  a])iiarently  Iiicio^lv  phics,  'lint  to  us  t!ic;> 
arc  altoi;('thi'r  uiiintLdligililc'  (Udhttiit,  iu  Antcr,  KIIiiki.  Sor.,  '.ly.iisdtl., 
\ol.  i.,  p|i.  ,"),")-(!,  ('((5. 


OKIGLN  OF  THE  RUINS. 


Pal  en  que, 
the  Manu- 
rasseur  de 
'cpectations 
the  Laiida 
0  i)artially 
behef  that 
characters 
)le,  or  the 
lay  yet  be 
coiitempc;- 
allowed  U' 


105 


lioard  of  suiular  monuments  in  Yucatan  and  Tabasco 
Anion.u-  tlie  mhalutaiits  of  the  re,<.io]i  in  later  times' 
there  IS  no  (hff'erence  of  opinion  whatever  with  i-espect 
to  tlie  ono-in  of  the  ruins  or  their  builders;  they  are 
unainuious  m  tlieir  adherence  to  the  'quien  sabe' 
theory.  ^ 


m 


pan  monu- 
in  anti(|ui- 
to  base  an 
s,  and  tlio 
liis  tr(Ji)ical 
Its  in  this 
considered 
re  for  tlie 
e  norcheru 
o;'  the  peo- 
11  Yucatan, 
ca  returned 
ii  tradition 
s  the  same 
nd  he  had 

in  Iiiiri>;<iiita]  ni- 
liicli  the  pictii- 
ril-writiii;j'  liiui 
ices  !ur  a])i>:ir- 
'  Fosfrr'.s  J'rr- 
rciitmvs  of  'J'c- 
1(1  fdiiiidcil  ail 
I'Ctitmy.  Jiri'^- 
ke  those  of  I'a- 
rf.  to  I'li/iirii'. 
Ii'otnic  ("11  toilii 
•/iri'i),  I  'ill .  Jill'-. 
ipokcii  of  may 
'l)iit  to  us  t!ii> 
I'l/r.,   i  r'.KSar/., 


IJ 


CHAPTEK  IV. 


ANTIQUITIES    OF    GUATEMALA   AND    BELIZE. 


Tun  State  of  Ouatkmala— A  Land  of  Mystery— "NVondekful  Re- 
pouts  —  I )iscovEKii:.s  Com pakatively  Unimportant  —  PiLiNS  of 
QuiRiGiA— History  a.ni»  I'.uiMOGRAPHY— Pyramid,  Altars,  and 
Staties— Comparison  with  Copan  — Pyramid  of  Chapulco — 
l{Ei,i(s  AT  CiiiNAMiTA— Temples  of  Micla— Cinaca-Mecallo— 
Cave  of  Penol— Cyclopean  Debris  at  Carrizal  -Copper  Med- 
als   AT    (JlATEMALA  — Es(.iriMATHA  —  FoiniFKATION   OF    ]\IlXrO— 

Pancacoya  CoLi  mns— Cave  of  Santa  MARfA— Mammoth  Bones 

AT  PeTAPA— PiOSARIO  Agl'FUICT— RlINS  OF  PATINAMIT,  OK  TECPAN 
(jIIATEMAL.'  -  (^lEZALTENANGO,    OR    XELAHUM  —  UtATLAN,    NEAR 

Santa  Cimz  del  (.^iiciie-Zakileu  near  HiEinETENANtiO— Cak- 

CHKa'EL  KlINS   IN   THE   IiEOION   OF  RABINAL— CAWINAL  — MARVEL- 

ois  UriNs  IvEPoRTED— Stephens'  Inhabited  City— Antiquities 
OF  Peten— Fi.oiiEs-  San  Jose— Casas  Crandes— ToViER  of  Yax- 
HAA— Tikal  Palaies  and  Statues— Dolores— Antiquities  of 
Belize. 

Above  tlic  isthmus  of  Honduras  tho  continent 
widens  abruptly,  tbnning  between  the  Rio  Motao'ua 
and  Laouna  de  Terniinos  on  the  Atlantic,  the  Kio 
]?aza  and  bar  of  Ayutla  on  tlie  Pacific  a  territory 
Avliich  stretches  some  tive  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from 
nortli  to  south,  ^vith  a  nearly  uniform  width  of  two 
hundred  miles  from  east  to  west.  Dividing-  this  terri- 
tory into  two  neai'ly  c(iual  portions  by  a  line  drawn 
near  the  eighteenth  ]«arallel  of  latitude,  the  northern 
])art,  between  the  bay  of  Chetumal  and  Lacuna  de 
Terminos,    is  the   peninsula   of  Yucatan;  while   that 

(lUC.) 


GUATEMALA. 


107 


portion  lyincf  south  of  the  clividini>'  lino  constitutes  the 
rrpuhlic  of  Guatemala  and  the  Euij^lisli  provineo  of 
Jk'lizo,  which  latter  occupies  a  strij)  along  the  Atlan- 
tic fi(»ni  the  gulf  of  Aniatique  northward.  The  Pacific 
coast  of  (Uiateniala  for  an  average  width  of  seventy 
units  is  low  and  unhealthy,  with  few  inhabitants  in 
juodcrn,  as,  judging  from  the  absence  of  material 
ivlics,  in  aiicieiit  times.  Then  comes  a  highland  tract 
whii-h  contains  tlie  chief  towns  and  most  of  the  white 
])oj»ulation  of  :be  modern  republic;  succeeded  by  the 
yet  wilder  and  more  mountainous  regions  of  Totonica- 
]ian  and  Vera  l*az,  cliieHy  inhabited  by  comparatively 
savage  and  unsubdued  aboriginal  tribes;  from  which 
we  descend,  istill  going  northward  towaras  Yucatan, 
into  the  little-explored  lake  region  of  Peten.  At  the 
time  of  its  ctnKjuest  by  the  Spaniards,  CJuatemala  was 
the  seat  of  several  i)owerful  aboriginal  kingdoms,  chief 
among  which  were  those  of  the  Quiches  and  C'akchi- 
(jiR'ls.  'i'hey  fought  long  and  desperately  in  defence 
of  their  homes  and  liberty,  and  when  forced  to  yield 
before  Spanish  discipline  and  arms,  the  few  survivors 
of  the  struggle  eitlier  retired  to  the  inaccessible  fast- 
nesses of  the  northern  highlands,  or  remained  in  sullen 
forced  submission  to  their  conquerors  in  the  homes  of 
theii'  past  greatness — the  aboriginal  s])irit  still  un- 
I)roken,  and  the  native  superstitious  faith  yielding 
only  nominally  to  Catholic  power  and  ])ersuasi()n. 
Here  and  in  the  adjoining  state  of  Cliiai)as  the  natives 
prohably  retain  to  the  present  day  their  oi'iginal  char- 
acter with  fewer  moditications  than  elsewhere  in  the 
Pacitic  States. 

Py  reason  of  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  country,  the 
grandeur  of  its  mountain  scenery,  the  existence  of 
large  tracts  alnust  unknown  to  wliite  men,  the  des- 
]terate  struggles  of  its  peo})le  for  independence,  their 
wild  and  liaughty  disposition,  and  their  strange  and 
superstitions  traditions,  Guatemala  has  always  been  a 
laud  of  mystery,  ])articularly  to  those  who  delight  in 
aiiti(|uurian  speculations.     A  residence  at  liabinal  in 


I 


108 


AN'TUiUITIES  OF  GUATEMALA. 


close  contact  with  the  native  character  in  its  ])urest 
state  first  started  in  the  mind  of  the  Al)l)e  Brasseiir 
de  liourhouri''  the  train  of  thought  that  has  since  de- 
vek)ped  into  his  most  starthng*  and  comi)Hcated  theo- 
ries resj)ecting  American  anticjuity;  and  GuateniaUi 
has  fui'iiished  also  many  of  the  documents  on  which 
these  theories  rest.  Few  visitors  have  resisted  the 
temptation  to  indulge  in  speculative  fancies  or  to  IVame 
far-reacliing  tlieories  respecting  ancient  ruins  or  possi- 
hly  flourishing  cities  hidden  from  the  explorer's  gaze 
in  tlie  de})ths  of  Guatemalan  forests  and  mountains. 

j^  nd  yet  this  mysterious  land,  i)romising  so  much, 
has  yielded  to  actual  ex})loration  only  com])aratively 
trifling  results  in  the  form  of  material  relics  of  an- 
ti(|uity.  The  ruins  scattered  throughout  the  country 
are  indeed  numerous,  but  with  very  few  exce])tions, 
besides  being  in  nn  advanced  state  of  dila})itlation, 
they  are  manifestly  the  remains  of  structures  destroyed 
during  the  S})anish  conquest.  Important  as  ])roving 
the  accuracy  of  the  reported  power  and  civilization  of 
the  Quiclx's  and  Cakchiquels,  and  indirectly  of  the 
Aztecs  in  Anahuac,  where  few  traces  of  alK)riginal 
structures  remain  for  our  study,  they  are  still  unsatis- 
factory to  the  student  who  desires  to  i)ush  his  re- 
searches back  into  the  more  remote  American  ])ast. 

Beginning  with  the  province  of  Chiquimula,  border- 
ing on  Honduras  and  composed  for  tlie  most  ]>art  of 
the  valley  of  the  IMotagua  and  its  tributaries,  the 
first  ruin  of  importance,  one  of  the  exceptions  notcil 
above  to  the  general  character  of  Guatemalan  anticpii- 
ties,  is  found  at  Quirigua,  fifty  miles  north-east  of 
Coi)an,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Motagua,  about  sixty 
miles  above  its  nioutli,  and  ten  miles  below  P^ncuen- 
tros  where  the  roval  road,  so  called,  from  Yzabal  to 
Guatemala  crosses  the  river.  The  stream  is  navigable 
for  small  lioats  to  a  point  opposite  the  ruins,  which  are 
in  a  cedar-forest  on  low  moist  ground  nearly  a  mile 

:nowled<»e 


'ly 


'P 


'  Aliout  live  mill's  down  the  river  from  El  Puzd  de  los  Aniates  on  tl 


RUINS  OF  Ql'IRIGUA. 


109 


ancient  city  comes  throiii^h  Mr  Catlicrwoofl  and  I)r 
Sclierzer.  The  t'onnor,  travolini*-  with  ^NFr  Stej)liens, 
visited  tlie  locality  in  1840  in  company  Avitli  the  Se- 
Hores  Paves,  ]»roprietors  of  the  estate  on  wliich  the 
ruins  stand,  and  hy  his  description  Quirio-ua  first  was 
nia<le  known  to  the  world.  Mr  Stephens,  on  heariiii^ 
( 'atlierwood's  report,  entered  into  negotiations  with 
the  ownei's  of  the  land  for  its  purchase,  with  a  view  to 
•>lii|)|(inn'  the  monuments  to  New  York,  their  location 
(HI  tlie  hanks  of  a  navigal)le  stream  heing  favorahle  for 
the  execution  of  such  a  purpose;  hut  the  interference 
(if  a  European  official  so  raised  the  market  value  of 
ancient  real  estate  that  it  was  found  necessary  to 
iihaiidon  the  scheme.  Dr  Karl  Scherzer's  visit  was 
ill  1854,  and  his  account,  published  in  tlie  Ti'ansac- 
tions  of  the  Royal  Austrian  Academy  of  Science,  and 
also  reprinted  in  pamphlet  form,  is  the  most  extensive 
and  complete  extant.'*     Nothing  like  a  thorough  ex- 


main  mail  from  fiuatoniala  to  Yz.alial,  in  a  forest  of  rcdar  nml  nialio^fany, 
aliiiiit  a  mile  from  tlic  left  liank  of  flie  tImt,  on  tlit'  estate  of  tlie  Sefioies 
l'aye>.  Slijilinis  Cciil.  Aiiicr.,  vol.  ii.,  ])]i.  llS-'23.  Steiilien's  map  locates 
(,iiiiri;.nia,  liowever,  on  the  south  liankof  the  river.  H^'uiri^riia,  villa;,'e  jj:ua- 
t  nialieii,  sitm''  snr  la  ronte  et  a  liuit  lienes  environ  du  ]M'rt  ile  Tlsalial;  les 
raiiie-.  i|iii  en  portent  le  noiii  existent  a  deux  lienes  de  la  sur  la  rive  ;.  melie 
(III  lleiive  .Mota;,'ua.'  Ilrnssinf  dv  lionrliiiiirf/,  rulciit/iir,  introd.,  p.  '2'2. 
'Sur  la  rive  ^^auche  de  la  riviere  d(?  Mota<;tia,  a  rnilles  vares  environ  de 
cette  riviJ're.'  Xninr///:'!  AuikiU's  dcs  Vni/.,  1S4(),  toni.  l.xxxviii.,  |>p.  .HTti-T. 
'  Lie;,'en  in  der  Njilie  des  kleinen  Dorfes  Los  Aniates,  '2  Stuiideii  unterliall> 
jjii'ueiitros,  am  linken  I'fer  des  Motajj:ua,  'i'  Stiinde  vom  l'lus.--e  entfernf, 
mitten  iiii  Walde.  i)er  We;;  von  Vzahal  fiilirt  in  einer  F.ntfernun;.'  von  .'{ 
Stuiicieii  an  deni  Orte  vorliei.'  Jliir/ii/ri/f.  diil.  Aimr.,  ]i.  ti'.l.  'Iline  der 
uiiliekaMutesten  unil  merkwiirdi^'steu  Uiiineiistiitten  rentialAmerika"s, 
iialie  deiii  See  von  Isalial,  in  einer  sehwer  zuj,'iin^diflien  Wilcjniss.'  ll'iii/iiir 
mill  Si'/ii  r::ri\  Ciisln  llini,  |).  x.  '(^hiirijiiia.  e'est  le  nom  d'liiie  ville  eon- 
>id(''ral>le,  liatie  ]iar  les  .\zt('([Ues  h  repo(|ne  oii  tloris>ait  la  ma;:iiitii|ue  .Ana- 
liiiac.  Ses  mines  nivstL-rieuses  sont  aujounriiui  eiisevidies  ii  environ  troi.s 
lii'iies  ilu  tiiste  viilai^e  (ini  ]iorte  son  nom."  Siii\  l/inri  le  ('luiiiri lii  r,  |i]). 
llO  II.  Nearly  two  knjjlish  miles  from  the  river-liaiik.  Srhrrzi-r,  (,hiiri;/iiii, 
]>.  .').  Mention  in  W'aiijHUis,  Gcog.  ii.  Staf.,  p.  •JTti;  //i.vv,  in  Sims,  Mit- 
tiliiiiii  lulii,   p.   i2,")(). 

■>  S/r/i/ini'\  (^'iil.  Aiiirr.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  118-24,  vith  two  jilates.  An 
fecouiil  made  tip  from  ("atlierwood's  notes  was,  however,  inserted  in  the 
(liialemalaii  news])aper  K/  Tiriiij)o)ty  t\w  proprietors  of  the  <,luiiij.''iia  estate, 
ami  translated  into  French  in  Le  Mniiitritr  I'arinini,  from  which  it  was 
rr|irintcd  \nXiiiirr//rs  Ainia!es  (/i;i  I"'*//.,  18K),  toni.  lxxx\iii..  pp.  HTd-T;  and 
ill  Annri'/iir  Criif.,  pt  ii.,  j)p.  ()8-'.),  hotli  French  and  Spanish  text  i.s 
i;'vcii.  Tlie  same  description  is  also  jjiveu  in  Vulois,  Mi-ri'iif,  ](p.  "JO'J-S. 
Slicrzcr's  pamphlet  on  the  suhject  hears  the  title  Ein  )i'si(f/i  /iri  drii 
liuiinu  roil  Qitiriijud  iin  Slaatc  Guatemala  in  t'cntral-Aiiuritii,  (Wien, 


110 


ANTUiUrriES  OF  GUATEMALA. 


ploration  lias  boon  made  even  in  comparison  with  those 
of  C/opan  and  other  Central  American  ruins;  hut 
monuments  and  tVai,nnents  thus  far  hroui^lit  to  Hj^ht 
are  found  scattered  over  a  space  of  some  three  tliou- 
sand  s(|uare  feet,  on  the  banks  of  a  small  creek  which 
em]>ties  into  the  Motajjfua.  The  site  is  only  very 
sliiihtlv  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  river,  and  is 
conse(iuently  often  Hooded  in  times  of  hioh  water; 
indeed,  durinuf  a  more  than  ordinaiy  freshet  in  185'J, 
after  Mr  Catherwood's  visit,  several  idols  were  under- 
mined and  overthrown.  No  alioriyinal  name  is  known 
for  the  locality,  Quirii»'ua  beinjif  merely  that  of  a  small 
village  at  the  foot  of  Mount  ^lico,  not  far  distant. 
There  bein<if  no  plan  extant  by  which  to  locate  the  dif- 
ferent objects  to  be  mentioned  in  this  old  centre  of 
civilization,  I  will  i>ive  the  slight  descriptions  obtain- 
able, with  very  slin'ht  reference  to  their  arraniu^ement, 
l)e<(iimin<2f  witli  the  ])yramid  which  seems  to  occuj)y  a 
somewhat  central  position  round  which  the  other  relics 
are  gToui)ed.  Catherwood's  descrijition  of  this  struc- 
ture is  limited  to  the  statement  that  it  is  "like  those 
at  C\)pan,  with  the  steps  in  some  i)laces  perfect."  and 
twentv-tive  feet  hisjh.  Scherzer's  account  only  adds 
that  it  is  constructed  of  neatly  cut  sandstone  in  re<*'U- 
lar  oblouij^  blocks,  and  is  very  nuich  ruined,  hardly 
more,  in  fact,  than  a  confused  mass  of  fra,<»'ments, 
anionic  which  were  found  some  pieces  of  fine  white 
marble.  But  under  this  structure  there  is,  it  seems,  a 
foundation,  an  artificial  hill,  or  mound,  of  rough  stones 
witliout  mortar.  The  base  is  an  irregular  square,  the 
dimensions  of  which  are  not  stated,  with  a  sj)ur  ex- 
tending toward  the  south.      The  steps  which  lead  \\\) 


1 


s 


IS,")."),)  iuid  (  Ii;ivo  not  fdiind  it  ([untcd  clse\vlu>ro.  Ihuhi^s  Cnif.  Anirr.,  pp. 
G.")-l!.  also  I'liiitiiiiis  ii  luii't  ai't'ouut  from  a  sourco  not  stated,  and  this  is 
([uotod  lU'iirly  in  full  in  l/i/jm  S/ion.  t'tiiii].,  vol.  ii..  pp.  i;{S-'.>.  The  ruins 
ari'  sli^ditiy  nuMitioncd  in  }Iitvfiriijor\'i  I'nuiri.ss  of  Aniir.,  vol.  i.,  ])j).  cSTS  !•, 
and  in  lin/i/irui'.s  Aiic.  Aiiitr.,  ])p.  114-17,  wlicro  it  is  ini-orrwtly  stated 
that  Mr  Stejiiiens  jtersonally  visited  CJuirijjrua.  !?rasseur  do  liourhonr;:  say-: 
'Nous  li's  avons  vi.siteos  en  KStiS,  ot  nous  possedons  les  dessins  desj)lnsienis 
des  nionolithes  iju'on  y  voit,  faitsparM.  William  liaily,  il'lzabal.'  ralcnqm, 
iiitrod.,  ji.  'I'l.     See  also  the  additional  references  in  Note  1. 


IILINS  OF  (^rillKJrA. 


Ill 


tlie  sides  to  tlic  super-imposed  stiuicturo  are  onl}'  (jiylit 
(tr  nine  iiu'IiLs  liii^li  and  six  or  seven  inelies  in  width, 
reinaiiiini4'  intact  only  at  a  few  points.  In  tlie  upj>er 
iiart  of  the  luound  are  two  or  tliree  terraees,  on  the 
lirst  of  whicli  several  recesses,  or  niclies,  of  no  »jreat 
extent  are  noticed;  tliey  are  lined  with  small  rt)ni;h 
stones,  ])lastered,  and  in  a  t^ood  state  of  preservation, 
details  which  indicated  to  the  ohserver  that  these 
niches  niav  he  of  more  modern  ori<'in  than  the  rest  of 
the  ruin.  There  are  no  traces  ot  openm_i>s  to  show 
that  the  hill  contained  undersj;round  apartments; 
neither  are  there  any  scul})tures  on  the  hewn  stones  of 
the  j>yrami<l  itself,  nor  any  idols  oi-  carved  fragments 
found  on  the  surface  of  the  mound. 

Very  near  the  foot  of  the  mound  ^\r  Catherwood 
found  a  moss-covered  colossal  head  six  feet  in  diameter, 
and  alari^e  altar,  hoth  relics  hein*^*  within  an  enclosure.' 
Scherzei-  also  descrihes  several  monuments  near  the 
pyramid,  some  of  which  inay  he  identical  with  the 
oiu^s  mentionul  hy  Catherwood,  althoui>h  he  says 
iiotliiiiL;(»f  an  enclosure.  The  first  is  a  stone  ota  loni*- 
oval  tonn  like  a  human  head,  six  feet  hij^h  and  thirty- 
live  feet  in  circumference,  the  surface  heiuijc  *'oveied 
with  carved  ti^ures  in  demi-relief,  whicli  for  some  rea- 
son have  heen  hetter  ])reserved  and  j)resent  clearer  out- 
lines than  other  carvings  at  Quirigua.  ( )ne  of  the  most 
clearly  defined  of  these  scul]»tures  represents  a  sitting 
female,  whose  legs  and  hands  are  wanting,  hut  whose 
arms  hang  down  to  the  ground.  A  prominent  feature  is 
her  head-dress,  sixteen  inches  high,  the  u])])e;  part  of 
which  is  an  i(h)rs  head  crowned  with  a  diadem.  The 
forehead  is  descrihed  as  nari'ow,  dejiressed  ahove  aiu. 
pi-ojecting  helow.  The  features  are  indistinct,  hut  the 
fo'iii  of  the  head  is  of  what  iScherzer  teiins  the    In- 

■*  'I'lic  I'li'iicli  version  of  Catlicrwood's  notes  has  it,  'Au  rentroiln  ciniuc, 
ilaiis  lc(|iit'l  (III  (li'scend  jiar  dcs  (ii';;rL's  tii's-rtroils,  ji  y  a  niic  ^rrandc  ]iiciic 
anoiKlic,  lioiit  le  contour  jiroscnte  ln'aiicou|»  (I'll ieroi^dy plies  t-t  (i'inscrijitions; 
lifiix  tctcs  iriioirinic,  til'  iiroportion  plus  uraiidt'  ijuc  natun',  parraisM'ut 
sciiitciiir  ccttf  tat)k',  latiucllc  est  couvcrtt'  dc  vi';;(''tation  dans  la  plus  yrande 
liartic."  Sounllia  Aiiiiulcs  den  Voij.,  1840,  toni.  Ixxxviii.,  p.  377. 


112 


ANTKiUITIES  OF  (UATF.MALA. 


■  i! 


mm 


III  i 


i":ii 


i:l|! 


(li.'ui  ty|»(\  Oil  tlio  south  side  of  tliis  l)lo(lc,  or  altar, 
is  tho  ni(l(!  ti^airo  of  a  turtle  five  fuct  liiL>h.  Tin;  toj) 
is  covered  with  onuuuental  fii^ures  represeiitiuL,''  plants 
and  fruits,  all  the  varieties  there  delineated  heinn'such 
as  still  flourish  in  this  rei^non.  The  sides  hear  also 
faint  indications  of  hieroi^lyphics.  ])r  Sdierzer  ho- 
licves  that  the  stone  used  in  the  construction  of  this 
altar  must  have  heen  found  on  the  s})ot,  since  l»y  rea- 
son of  its  ii^reat  size  it  could  not  have  heen  In'ounht 
froju  a  distance  with  the  aid  of  any  mechanical  a})[>li 
ances  known  to  native  art,*  The  second  of  these 
monuments  is  like  a  mill-stone,  four  feet  in  diameter 
and  two  f«3et  thick,  cut  from  harder  material  than  the 
other  objects.  A  tiger's  head  nearly  covers  one  side 
of  the  disk,  and  the  rest  of  the  surface,  includino-  the 
rim,  is  covered  with  hieroi'-lyphics,  several  of  these 
mysterious  sit'-ns  apj)earin»^  on  the  animal's  forehead. 
The  third  of  the  relics  found  near  the  pyramid  is  a 
fraiji'ment  ei^'hteen  feet  lon^"  and  five  feet  wide,  the 
upper  portion  having  disappeared.  The  human  face 
ajipears  at  ditferent  i)oints  among-  its  liierogly[)hics  and 
ornaments. 

Three  or  four  hundred  yards  nortliward  fi'om  the 
mound,  and  at  the  foot  of  a  '})yramidal  wall,'  con- 
cerning Avhich  we  have  no  information  hcyond  the 
mention  of  its  existence,  is  a  group  of  sculptured  idols, 
])illars,  or  obelisks,  star^ding  in  the  forest  like  those  in 
the  sacred  enclosure  at  Coi>an.  Indeed,  they  hear  a 
strong  resend)lanco  to  the  latter,  except  in  their  greatei- 
height  and  less  elaborate  sculpture,  which  is  also  in 
h)wer  relief.  Twelve  of  them  are  detinitely  mentioned, 
the  smallest  of  which  is  nine  feet  high,  and  the  largest 
twenty-six  feet  al)ove  ground,  increasing  in  size  toward 
the  top,  leaning  twelve  feet  out  of  the  })er])endicular, 
and  reijuiring,  of  course,  some  six  or  eight  feet  below 

<  'VVahi'schcinlich  benutzton  die  Erhauor  einen  liier  srlion  voi'liandeiipu 
grosseu  Felsliloek  zu  iliieii  Zwockcii,  deiiii  der  Transjioit  i-iiii's  Sti'iiies  vim 
SDlchor  (iiosse  uiid  I'infaii;;  udt  den  l)e\ve<;endeii  Kriifteii  wek'lie  dioMU 
Vctlkorn  imitliiiiaMslicli  zu  Gebotc  staudeu,  wiire  sonst  kaiiiu  bogreitlicli' 
Schcrzer,  Quirigud,  p.  7. 


m 


STATII'.S  ol"  (,»lli;i(il\.  113 

tlio  surt'act'  to  sustain  its  wt'inlit  in  siicli  a  jmsition.'' 
Tlitv  all'  from  two  to  tlircu  i'oL't  thick  iiiul  four  to  six 
f'ot't  wide.  In  most  instances  a  luinian  face,  male  or 
female.  a{»|)ears  on  tin;  front  oc  iiack  orl>otli;  while 
the  sides  are  covered  lor  the  most  part  with  hiiro- 
!;lv|»hits,  \\hi<'h  are  also  seen  on  vaiious  pai'ts  of  tlu; 
dress  and  ornaments.  One  statue  is,  however,  uk  n- 
tiitiied,  which,  althoun'h  crowded  witli  ornaments,  lias 
no  character,  a|>i>arently,  of  hieroglyphic  natui'e.  ihn) 
of  the  idols,  twenty-three  I'eet  hi,L;h,  stands  on  a  stone 
foundation  projectini;'  some  fifteen  feet;  and  another, 
ciicular  instead  of  rectangular  in  foi-m,  rests  on  a 
Muall  mound,  within  a  wall  of  stones  onidosini;' a  small 
circular  ai'ea.*'  in  one  the  human  figure  has  a  head- 
di'ess  of  whi<h  an  animal's  head  forms  a  ]>rominent 
pait.  while  in  yet  anotlu'r  the  head  is  half  human  and 
lialf  animal.  In  hoth  cases  the  aim  of  the  artist 
Would  seem  to  have  heen  to  inspii-e  terror,  as  in  the 
case  of  some  Nicaran'uan  idols  ali'eady  noticed.  Mi- 
( "athiTwood  made  sketches  of  two  of  the  ohelisks, 
iiichidiii'^'  the  leaning'  one,  the  l-ir^vst  of  all;  hut  <'•■; 
lie  could  not  clean  them  of  moss  in  the  limited  tinu; 
at  his  disposal,  he  makes  no  attempt  to  ^ive  tlu'  de- 
tails of  sculpture,  and  a  re]iroduction  of  the  ]»lates  is 
therefore  not  deemed  lu'cessary.  The  two  monuments 
sketched  hy  him  could  not  he  found  at  all  hy  l)r 
Schcizcr.  The  Quirio-ua  i(h)ls  have  not,  like  those  at 
('opaii.  altars  in  Iront  of  them,  hut  several  altai's,  or 
aiipareiitiy  .such,  were  found  huried  in  moss  and  eartl 
and  not  cai'efully  exan)ined  hy  either  of  the  explore  . 
Tliey  are  usually  of  round  oi"  o\al  I'oi'in,  with  liii^'m- 
ulyphicaily  inscril>ed  sides;  and  one  of  them,  w  itliin 
till' circular  w:dl  with  stej»s,  ali'eady  iiRiUtioned  as  en 
cl(;sinn' one  of  the  statues,'  is   described   as   su]»j)orted 

^^^  '  '  I'hi^  iiicliiu'i"  (|ii(' la  tmir  (Ic  Pise'  Xnnrrlli  s  Annidi  s  ilcn  ]'iiii.,  ISIO, 

|on  vorli.anili'iiiMi         ^H         ti.ni.  l.wwiii.,  |i.  S7(i. 

Sti'iiiL's  vim         ^H  '' Str|iiiciis"    text,    Ciiit.    Aimr.,    vol.    ii.,   \).    I'J'J.    leaves    it    iinccitiiiii 

•fk'hi' tlii'^"^  ^^B  \\lM'tli('r  it  is  tiic  statue  or  flic  altar  at'leiw arils   iiieiitioneil  wliicli    nstsiiM 

|iim  hegreitUcu.  ^^^         the  i'le\,iiiim.     'riu>  Freiieli  text,  however,  imlieates  tiiat  it  is  the  foriiier. 

^  Sfi'  Niitcs  (!  ami  ',\. 
Vol.  IV.    s 


ill 


lU 


ANTKiirriHS  OK  (il  ATKMAI.A, 


l>y  two  colossal  heads.  Many  rra;j^iiic'iits  were  noticed 
which  Hi'e  not  desciihed ;  and  here  as  elsewheri!  mon- 
uments superior  to  any  seen  were  re|>oi-tcd  to  exist 
by  enthusiastic  guides  and  natives;  in  which  latter 
class  of  anti()iiities  are  eleven  s([uare  columns  hij^her 
than  those  mentioned,  an<l  also  a  female  holding'  a 
cliild,  and  an  alliui^atoi-'s  head  in  stone."  The  material 
oCal!  the  stone  workot'(.,)Mirinua  is  a  soft  coarse-^^i'ained 
sandst()ne,  not  ditferiuL"-  materially,  so  far  as  I  can 
judi^'e,  I'rom  that  employed  at  ("opaii.  It  is  the  pi'eva- 
lent  formation  at  Ixtth  localities,  and  may  he  (juari'lcd 
readily  at  almost  any  |)oint  in  the  \icinity. 

Ahsohitely  no  traditions  have  been  ju'esi-rved  w- 
HHVi-t']\]^^  QuiriL^'ua  in  the  days  when  its  monuments 
Avere  vet  intact,  when  i  lari>e  town,  which  has  Icl't  no 
traces,  must  have  stood  in  the  inunediate  vicii  "'v.' 
The  idols  scattered  over  the  surface  of  the  i>roui  i- 
stt^-id  of  heint;'  located  on  the  j)yranuds,  may  ihu.  ,.ir 
here  as  at  Coj)an  that  the  elevations  served  as  seats 
foi'  si)ectators  durin^'  the  religious  ceremonies,  rathci' 
than  as  temples  or  altars  on  whit-h  sacrifice  was  made. 
Both  ohseiAers  ai;i'ee  on  the  general  similarity  hetwcm 
the  monuments  of  Quii'iijjua  and  ( 'opan,'"  and  the 
hieroolyjjhics  are  ])i-onounced  identical.  Indeed,  it 
seems  altogether  prohahle  that  they  owe  their  exist- 


once 


t.)    tl 


le    same    era    an( 


1    tl 


le 


ame    peo|)K 
Ste])hens   notes,    besides   the   <>'reater  size 


Ml 


■^1' 


anc 


I  1 


owel' 


**  Baily,  ('i-)it.  Aimr.,  ])n.  fi.Vfi,  snniH  u])  all  the  rolics  -.'  Qiiiri;;ua  as 
folliiws:  seven  i|iia(liilat('ral  (■(iliiiiiiis,  twelve  to  twenty-live  fi-et  lii^^ii,  lliici' 
t(i  live  feci  at  liase;  fonr  |)ieees  of  an  iire^mlar  oval  shape,  twelve  liy  hn  m' 
e!e\('n  feet,  not  unlike  sareo]p|iaj.'i;  two  larj,'e  siiuaie  slabs  seven  and  a  liali 
liy  three  fi'et  and  over  three  feet  thick;  all  except  the  slalis  hein;;  covcliil 
on  all  sides  with  elahoiately  \vron;,dit  and  well-deline(l  sculptured  llj.'-nres  of 
nn'n.  wmnen,  animals,  folia;.;e,  and  fanciful  rejjresentations.  .Ml  the  chI- 
iinins  art!  moreover  of  a  sin;,'le  jjiece  of  stone. 

9  Net  Scherzer  thinks  that  'es  ist  niiht  ;:anz  unwahrscliciiilich.  dass  die 
Monunu'nte  von  (^uirij^Uii  noch  /nr  Zeit  der  sjcuiisclien  Invasion  ihnT  rcli- 
j,'ic>sen  IJestimmuiij,' dienten,  uml  dass  anch  cine  Stailt  in  der  Niihe  ninli 
hewohnt  war,'  (Jiu'rii/iid,  ]>.  IT),  althuii^h  there  is  no  record  of  such  a  jilaco 
in  the  annals  of  the  cotniuest. 

'"  Althou;;h  Haily,  Cnif.  Aiiirr..  p.  fifi,  says  'they  do  not  resenihlc  ia 
Hcul])ture  those  of  I'alenciue.  .  .  .nor  are  they  similar  to  those  of  Copan.  . .. 
They  sn^'<,'est  the  i<lea  of  having  been  designed  for  historical  records  rather 
than  mere  onuiment.' 


noticci 

•I'c  llioll- 

to  exist 
•h  luttrr 
IS  liiu'lu'i" 
old'mi;'  it, 
matcriitl 
vjxraimtl 
IS  1  can 
he  ])n'va- 
(juari'K'l 

'vwd  vv- 
oiiuiiionts 
as  li'I't  no 
vici)'^'." 
roui         »- 

V    llHi.     alt' 

;(l  as  s(.'ats 
H'S.  vatlit  r 
as  inadi'. 
ht'twcrll 
and  the 
i(k'cd,  it 
cir  L'xist- 
ple.  Mr 
nd  lower 


(JnirijriiM  '^^ 

..Ivc  liy  till  "i; 
veil  iiiul  a  liiil' 
hciii};  covcntl 
iii'd  ti}.'iin>  "' 
All    tllL-  -nl- 

ilicli.  tliiss  ilk' 
^idii  Hirer  rt Ti- 
r   Niilio  ii«"li 
such  a  lilait; 

it  n'sfuililf  ill 
l.if  Ciiiiaii.  •  ■ 
Irci'ords  ratlur 


fllAIMI.i  ()  AM)  (IIINAMirA. 


iir. 


nlii'f  of  tlic  <^)uiriL;'ua  nionunicnts,  tliat  tlicy  afc  ''Ic-^s 
I  jell  in  dt'sit^ii,  and  nioi'f  I'adrd  and  worn,  |»r<>l»al>ly  lu'iiii,' 
nt' a  mncli  older  date.  '  Dr  Sclici/cr  s|»i'aks  nt"  tliu 
vit  att  r  )»lnni|HK'ss  of  tlie  srnl|itni"c'd  fiyni'i's,  and  lias 
11(1  I'aitli  in  their  y-reat  anti(|nity,  hclii'vini;'  that  the 
|()U  rehet'  carvings  on  so  soj't  u  nmterial,  NMudd,  wlun 
t\|Miscd  in  an  atmosphere  so  moist,  huvu  heeii  utterly 
uhliterated  in  a  th<tnsand  years." 

\{  ( 'ha|Mdeo,  a  few  lea^iU's  helow  (,Jnirii;iia,  on  the 
(i|i|iosite  side  of  tlie  Mota^ua,  one  traxeler  speaks  of 
a  (|ua(h'ilatei-al  pyramid  witii  terraeed  sides,  u|>  wliith 
strps  lead   to   tlu!  summit   platform,  where  dehi'is  of 


Ili'U 


II  stone  are  envelo|)i'(l  in  a  «lense  vegetation.    .\I 


at  ('hinamita,  some  sixtei'U  miles  uhove  (.^)uiriniia  on 
the  same  sidi'  of  the  river,  the  same  authority  reports 
a  larne  arija  covered  with  uhorii^inal  I'elics,  in  tlio  form 
of  ruined  stone  structures,  vases  and  idols  of  hurned 
clay,  and  monoliths  huried  for  the  most  jiai't  in  the 
eaitli.  Of  course,  with  this  nieai^iv  information,  it  is 
iiiipossihle   to  form   any   di'tinite    idea    of  what  these 


liiis  really  are,  and  whether  tliey  should  he  classed 
with  (^)iiiri;4iia  and  ( 'opan,  or  with  a  more  modern  class 
of   (hiati'inalan   anti(piities.      The    same  remai'k   will 


alio 


ilv  also  to  manv  of  the   localities  of  this  state,  of 

lit  t,  ' 

uliose  relics  we  have  no  desciMption  in  detail.^- 

At  Micla,  or  Mimilla,  some  three  leao'ues  north   of 
lake  viiiijar,  or  l^xaca,  which  is  on  the  houndary  he- 


tweeu  (Guatemala   and    Salvador,    tn 


ices  ot  a   sac)'e( 


town  with  its  eiies  and  temples  are  spoken  of  as  vi.s- 
i'lle  in  la?*).  They  are  rejii'esented  as  of  the  class 
ejvctfd  hy  the  Pipiles  who  occupied  the  region  at  the 
tiiae  of  the  conquest.'* 

Still  farther  south-west  towards    the  coast,  a  few 

"  Tlio  s'Milpttiro  prpsont-i  no  oM-wDrM  afliiiitics  wliatover.  A  crrtaiii 
iii:iiM'ii('s-i  III  cxccniidii,  iiii|ilviii.Lr  iiitcriiir  tiiiils.  (listiii;.aiiNlies  tlictii  frniii  llic 
iiMi-i'-t  r,^y|iliaii  carN  iii;,'s.  ISntli  ;;niuiiiii.i;  and  (•xcciitiiiii  indicate  a  still 
li.iili.iric  state  iif  art,  wiili  no  advaneeil  idea  of  lieaiity,  the  patience  and 
iihlu>lry  (It  the  wnrUinen  lieiii;,'  more  renuirkahlu  than  their  ideas  or  skill. 
.S'/c /•:((•,  Qii/'riipiii,  p.  11-12. 

'-  //'.v.sr,  ill  S/nrs,  Millihniin-iha,  p.  2.J0. 

'■'  I'ahti-iv,  Coiid,  j)p.  Gl'. 


no 


ANTI<,»riTIi:s  OF  (H'ATKMAI.A, 


miles  soiitli  of  (.'oinapa,  arc  tlie  ruins  of  Ciuaca. 
MecalUt,  a  name  said  to  mean  'k]U)tti'(l  I'ojic'  The  Ivio 
Paza  liei'e  forms  the  honiulary  liiu^  hetweeii  tlie  two 
states,  and  from  its  noi'therii  1>aiik  I'ises  ahi-uptly  a 
iiiouiitaiu  eliain.  On  the  summit,  at  a  })oiiit  coin 
manding-  a  ])road  view  over  a  lai;<4'e  ])ortion  of  Sal\,i 
dor,  is  a  plain  of  considerable  extent,  watered  hy  sevei;il 
small  mountain  streams,  which  unite  and  fall  over  ;i 
]>recipice  on  the  way  to  the  river  helow.  On  tlic 
liij;!iest  ])ortion.  of  this  summit  jdain  interc.-^tint''  worlvs 
of  the  former  inhahitaiits  have  been  discovered  by  1 ). 
.bjsc  Antonio  Urrutia,  jiadn?  in  ''liarn'e  of  the  churdi 
at  Jutia})a.'*  The  remains  0+'  ( 'inaca-ATecallo  cover  an 
("al  area  formerly  surrounded  by  a  wall,  of  which 
lVa!>nients  vet  remain  sufficient  to  Uiark  the  line  oi'i" 
inally  followed.  Within  this  space  are  vestiges  of 
streets,  ruined  buildini^'s,  and  subterranean  passages. 
Padre  ITri'utia  makes  special  mention  of  four  moini- 
nuuits.  The  first  is  wliat  he  terms  a  temple  of  the 
sun,  an  excavation  in  the  solid  rock  ojicMiiuL;'  towards 
t\\c  rising-  sun,  and  having  at  its  entrance  an  ai'cliw.iy 
known  to  the  natives  as  'stone  of  the  sun,'  Ibriud! 
of  stone  slabs  (dosely  joined.  On  these  slabs  aiv' 
carved  in  low  I'elief  figures  of  the  sun  and  moon,  t>) 
which  are  added  hieroglyphics  painted  on  tlie  stoin' 
with  a  very  durable  kind  of  ivd  varnish.  There  arc 
also  some  sculjitured  hieroglyphic  signs  on  the  interinr 
walls  of  this  artiticial  cavern.  Tlie  second  monument 
is  a  gi'cat  slab  ct)vered  v.'ith  carved  inscriptions,  among 
wdiicli  Were  noted  a  tree  and  i  skull,  eiiiblcmatif, 
according  to  the  pa'Ire's  views,  of  life  and  death. 
Next  is  mentioned  the  rej)re.sentation  of  a  tigei"  ni' 
other  wild  animal  cut  on  the  side  of  a  large  rock. 
This  monument  is,  it  appears,  some  distance  from  tip' 

"  Pa  Iro  I'lTiiliii  iMililisl|('(I  an  accomit  of  liis  iii\osti;^atii>iis  at  riiiar.i- 
Moi'allo  ill  till'  (iiirrlii  ill'  i'l nnliiHiilii ,  aci'dicliii;;'  to  I'mxniiif  dr  Jliiiirii'>"i'i. 
Ilisl.  Nut.  f't'i'.,  toiii.  ii.,  ;..  .S!,  'I'lic  must  ('(iniplctc  dcsiTiiitioii,  liii\\i'\  rr. 
lu' <;uve  ill  a  letter  t(»  '.'i.  (J.  S(|iiier.  who  iniMislK'il  the  saMie  in  liis  '•  ' 
AiiK'r.,  pp.  .'M'J  1.  Till'  siihstaiii'e  uf  tlie  letter  may  lie  foiiinl  i  I  lidhli'-ni' • 
Alio.  AiiiiT.,  ]).  l'_M;  and  a  I''reneli  versiuii  in  Xniirrllr.s-  Aiiimlr.silis  I  •  /.  . 
lSo7,  tom.  eliii.,  |ip.  ISJ  (!. 


("INA('A-MKi'AI,Li>. 


117 


other  ruins,  nnd  is  coiijectiuvd  I)y  I'rriitia  to  1h>  a  coin- 
iiu'iiioratioii  of  some  liistorieal  event,  from  tlio  liu  t 
t!iat  t!ie  natives  still  eelel»i'at(^  jiast  (le»_(ls  of  valor  Ity 
(i,iiii(  s,  or  sec^nir  representations,  in  wliieli  they  dress 
iii  imitation  ot"  diileicnt  animals.  ^Ir  S(|uier  suLif.U'i'st.s 
fiither  that  the  event  tlnis  eommemoi-ated  may  have 
h.iii  a  eonllirt  ])et\veen  the  I'i[)iles  and  tlie  (  akchi- 
i|iiil>.  in  which  tlie  latter  were  driven  jiei'manently 
I'll  mi  this  district.  The  fourth  and  last  of  these  U'.on- 
iiiiii'iits  is  one  of  tlie  suhterranean  passaij;'es  which  tlie 
f\j>lirc|- penetrated  until  he  reached  a  kindofcham- 
hrr  wliere  were  some  sculptured  hlocks.  This  under- 
"Tiuud  apartment  is  celehrated  amoui''  the  natives  as 
liaviiii;-  heen  in  modern  tin>es  the  rt;s(trt  of  a  famous 
lohhcr  chief,  who  was  at  last  hroui^ht  to  hay  and  cap- 
tiiivd  here  in  his  strt)nnhold.  The  material  emj)lwy( d 
in  ail  the  Cinaca-^Fecallo  structures  is  a  slate-like 
>tone  in  thin  hlocks.  joinevl  hy  a  cement  whi(.'h  resem- 
h!(s  in  color  and  consistence  molten  lead.  Some  of 
ihc  car\'ed  hhn'ks  v,'er(  sent  hy  the  discoverer  as  speci- 
iiifiis  to  the  city  of  (hiat' mala.  Outside  the  walls 
;iiv  tinnuli  of  earth  and  small  stones,  with  no  sculp- 
tured fi'an'inents.  'i'h.ese  are  sup[iosed  to  he  hurial 
mounds.  ii!,d  to  vaiy  in  size  according;'  to  the  I'aidc  and 
iiiilioitance  of  the  personaL;'es  whose  restin!^'-j)laces 
tii(  V  1  lark. 

ridccedin^'  now  north-eastward  to  the  reoion  Jvimx 
witliiii  a  circle  of  iiftv  miles  ahout  the  city  of  (Juate- 
mala  as  a  centi'e,  we  lia\e  a  reported  cavt'  on  the 
liaritiida  of  I'enol,  jterhaps  twenty-live  miles  east  of 
<  hiatcniala,  which  is  said  to  have  heen  e\[il<»red  for  at 
ItMst  a  distance  of  one  mil",  and  is  lu'lieved  hy  the 
iTiduloiis  natives  to  extend  eleven  lea^'ues  tlii'oUL;h 
llii'  iiioiiiitain  to  the  Kio  de  los  Ksdavos.  In  this  cav- 
ern, or  at  least  on  the  same  hacienda,  if  we  may  credit 
I'miites,  human  hones  of  extraordinary  size  v.ere 
toiiiid,  includino-  shin-hones  ahout  five  feet  in  Kii'^th. 
Tlicsc  hum  in  relics  crumhled  on  hein^'  touc  led,  hut 
tiagineiits   were   carefully   gathered    up    and    sent   to 


lis 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  (JTATILMALA. 


m 


Gnatoniala,  since  wliicli  time  nothing  is  known  (»f 
thcni.'^  On  tlie  liucienda  of  Carrizal,  sonic  twenty 
miles  nortli  of  (Juatemala,  we  hear  of  cych)})ean  de- 
bris, or  masses  of  great  unhewn  stones  heaped  one  on 
another  witliout  cement,  and  forming  gigantic  walls, 
which  cover  a  considerable  extent  of  territory  on  the 
lofty  heights  that  guard  the  a}»})roaclies  to  the  Mota^ua 
Vailey.i« 

The  innnediate  vicinity  of  Guatemala  seems  not  to 
liave  yielded  any  anti(iuarian  relics  of  importance. 
]\r.  Valois  rej)orts  the  j)lain  to  he  studded  with  niouiiils 
Avhich  the  natives  -'jgai'd  as  the  tonihs  of  their  anccs- 
toi's,  which  others  i^ave  ,  earched  for  treasure,  hut 
which  he  helieves  to  he  ant-hills."  Ordonez  claini.s  to 
have  found  liere  two  pure  copper  metlals,  fac-simiks 
one  of  the  other,  two  inches  in  diameter  and  three 
lines  thick,  a  little  heavier  than  a  ^le.xican  peso  fueitt', 
engraved  on  both  sides,  as  shown  in  the  cut,  which   1 


('(ilHicr   Mcilal  iit    (illiltciiiala. 

give    hei'ewith    notwithstanding    the    fact    that    this 
must  \)e.  I'egarded  as  a  relic   of  douhtful  authenticity. 

\'>  Jiiiiri-'is'  lli.sl.  Ciiiit.,  |i|i.  I."),  :{(»S  <t.  Iiikiii;;  tlic  iiiforiiiatiiiii  fern 
F/ir,,/,:^,  Hrriijilhiridii  l-'/nn'i/n,  MS.,  loin,  ii,  lili.  iv.,  rii|i.  ii.  ( »f  cuuiX' no 
iiii]iiiilaiict'  is  to  lit'  attaclu'd  to  tlicsf  anil  similar  n'|iorts. 

iii  l',i-ii.ssrnr  <h-  ISiiiirliDiu'i/,  llixl.  Slit.  I'ir.,  tmii.  i.,  \>\k  -lIJ-1. 

"  I'aloi.s,  Mui'iitr,  lip.  '4;«»  1. 


I 


COl'lKIt  MKDALS  AND  FOKTIF K'ATIOXS. 


110 


iiriiiiitidii    fi""' 

Of  CilUl>v  II') 


^r.  T)iii>;iix  noticed  an  indication  of  tlio  nso  of  tliu 
c()inj)ass  in  tlio  centro  of  one  of  the  sides,  tlic  fiy- 
uivs  on  tlie  same  side  representiiiLC  a  kneelinL>',  liearded, 
turl>aned  man,  between  two  lierce  heads,  perhaps  of 
crocochK's,  whicli  a})pear  to  defend  the  entrance  to  a 
niountaiiious  and  wooded  conntiy.  Tlie  re\'ei'se  pre- 
sents a  serpent  coiled  ronnd  a  frnit-tree,  and  an  ea,<j;le 


— (luite  as  nuu 


]i  Ukt 


e  a  dove  or 


crow  or  other  l)ird — on 


a  liill.  'I'liere  are,  besides,  some  ornamental  figures 
on  the  lini,  said  to  resemble  those  of  Palen(ine,  and, 
indeed,  ( )i'donez  refers  the  origin  of  tliese  medals  to 
the  founders  of  tliat  city,  lie  kept  one  of  them  and 
sent  the  other  to  the  kiiiLi;'  of  Spain  in  171)4.^** 

About  IcSOO,  a  stone  idol  forty  inches  lunli  was  dujj; 
up  in  a  yard  of  the  city,  where  it  had  been  bui'ied 
littv  veai's  before,  bavin'''  been  bi'ouulit  bv  tlie  natives 
fioin  a  jioint  one  hundred  and  tifty  miles  distant.  Its 
discovery  was  mentioned  at  a  nieetino"  of  tlie  American 
Ktluioloiiical  Society  in  ]8()1,  l)y  ^Jr  Hick.s.  The 
same  gentleman  also  s[)okc  of  the  reported  discovery 
of  a  yreat  city  in  ruins  in  the  j)rovince  of  Es(juimatha, 
buiicd  in  a  dense  forest  about  tifty-six  miles  from  the 

citV.''' 


A    few   leasjfues  west  of  the   city  are   the   ruins  of 
a   fortihi'd  town   of  the   natives  down   to  the 


l.XCO, 


time  of  the  <'on<|Uest,   mentioned  l)y  several  authori- 


ti 


I'S 


u^ 


lescrihed    l)y    none. 


Fnentes,   however,   as 


"*  f)ii/ini.i\  Rrf.  .imr  Erjicil.,  ])  0.  ill  Aiifi'/.  .l^.i.,  tuiii.  i.  <ljv.  i  ,  tiuii. 
ii.,  ]il.  vii.,  IIl;.  I'2,  iiiid  in  Kiiiifs/inr'nifi/i's  Mir.  Aiilii/.,  vol.  v.,  p.  •_".•(!,  \iil. 
t.,  y.  47<>,  viil.  \y .,  |(1,  viii.,  ti;,'.  I'_'.  I<iii;^sli(ii()u;,fli"s  lr•,•lll^li^till^  iiiinirfctly 
)|ir('si'ii|-,  iliis  relic  as  lijiviii;;  ticcii  fciiind  at  I*m1('Iii|iii',  alllM>ii;^li  llic  ipii;^-- 
iiil  ri'ails  '1(1  ('iii'(tiitr('(  en  ( Jiialcniahi '  ami  tiif  I'li'iicli  '  l"a  tnpiivcc  a 
<lialciiiala."  M.  I.ciinir,  I'lirnlh  li\  \t.  7-,  tliiiiks  tlic  (■ii;^ia>(Ml  dcviii'  may 
i<p\v  MiMii'  aiiaiii^'v  will)  tlie  a>tniiii)iiii('al  liailitiniis  ul'  ilic  ancients,  the 
i|icnl  iif  tl  [Mile,  the  (lra;i(in,  tlie  e<tiislellatiini  (>|iliis.  the  a]i]ilc>  iif  the 
lt>|icri(lrs,  ic;  and  the  reverse  nia\-  he  the  Mexican  traditicni  uf  the  crea- 
lili,  the  I'vthon,  or  tlie  ser|icnt  killed  hy  ( 'ailimis  I  I  ( 'ahii'ia,  '/'  nhn  '  'n- 
'■V.  pp.  .■>;{-.").  jd.  i.,  who  was  the  hearer  of  one  of  the  nicdais  to  the  kin.;,' 
"tsp.iiii.  speaks  of  it  as  niaile  of  lirass,  and  pionoiinces  it  to  he  "a  concise 
liloiv  of  the  priniitivo  )io|inlatioii  of  this  part  of  North  .\inerica.'  'I"li(^ 
'ii|,  ill  his  opinion,  is  an  eajrle  with  a  serpent  in  its  heak  and  claws.  His 
iillication  of  this  ndie  to  history  will  he  mure  ap|pn>priate  when  1  come  to 
tiif  of  the  orij;in  of  the  Americans, 

I  yy/.v/.  Md'j.,  vol.  vi.,  pp.  57-8. 


IM  ' 


,  ii  1 


120 


ANTIQIITIKS  OF  (iUATEMALA. 


(lui)t'j(l  by  Juiirros,  spuiiks  of  a  cavern  on  a  small 
ridi;c!  hy  tlio  .si(l<3  oi'  the  ruins.  The  entrance  was  a 
J)()ric  portico  of  clay  ahout  three  feet  wide  and  liiu'li. 
A  tii^ht  of  t!iirty-six  stone  ste})s  leads  down  to  a  room 
one  hundi'ed  and  twenty  feet  S(juare,  followed  hy 
another  flight  still  leadiniif  downward.  This  latter 
stairway  no  one  has  had  the  courage  to  fidly  exj)lore, 
on  account  of  tlie  tremulous  and  insecure  condition,  of 
the  ^njund.  Eighteen  steps  down  this  second  flight, 
however,  is  an  arched  entrance  on  the  right  side,  to  a 
}»assat;e  which,  ai'ter  a  descent  of  six  stej)s,  has  been 
explored  for  a  distance  of  one  hundred  and  foi'ty  feet. 
Furtliermore,  the  autlujr  tells  us  there  are  some  ex- 
travagant (!)  accounts  not  W(»rtliy  of  in»pli<-it  Itelit-f, 
and  consequently  not  repeated  hy  him.  Hassel  states 
that  gigantic  hones  have  Ijceii  found  here,  and  that  the 
cave  is  natural,  without  any  artificial  improvements 
whatever.-" 

In  this  same  vallev,  where  the  Pancacova  l\iver 
enters  the  Xilote})ec,  Juarros  sjieaks  of  "a  I'ange  of 
cohuims  curiously  wrought,  with  ca])itals,  mouldiiigs, 
etc.;  and  a  little  farther  on  there  are  several  round  cis 
terns  Ibrmed  in  the  rock."  The  cisterns  are  about  I'our 
feet  in  diameter  and  three  feet  dee'i,   and  mnv  have 


served  onginallv,  as  tlie  autlior  remai 


th 


ith 


1 ' 


rks,  \ 


or  washinL> 


auriferous  earths  in  the  search  for  gold.'-'     'Hie  Santa 
AFaria   River,  near  its  junction  with  the   ^^(ltagua,  is 
said  to  How  foi' a  longtli^tance  underground,  and  at  tlu 
enti'ance  to  its  subterranean  channel  are  re[>oited  sonu 
(•ar\ings,   the  work  of  human   hands,  but  from  super 
stitious  lears  tlie   interior  of  tliis  bewitched  cave  ha 


never  heen  exi)loi'e(l 


iVta})a,  twelve  or  lifteen  miles  southward  IVom  ( 


xUi 


2"  .^/ 


('c)iiniianaiii 


til 


ffis/.  ditiit.,  j)|..    tSS-O 


Ti 


11"  riiiiis  iirc 


ii iiatcil  on  a  roi: 


If  iiiiK'tinii  III   till'  iMMTs  IMxi-ivall  anil    Miila.u;'aa.    Hn 


,lr  I 


tuH  rt'ttt  I't^ 


/,  llisl.  X<;l.  <'ii\,  liiiii.  ii  ,  ji.  'yl\.     liiiiiis  III"  till'  aiiriciit  I'i 


ital  of  till'  ('akcliii|iu'l  kiiv^'s.    Ihissil.  Mix.  limit.,  ii|i.   :{:i:{,   ;{."..' 
(iiialilc  liar  li's  ruiiit's  ilc  raiiriciuu'  furlcicsstMlii  iiu'iiir  iioiii.'  I.' 


Ii 


/ 


r7  Cintt. 


■-■1  ,// 


iiirlii 

1)   'JtiCi;  Miilti  -llriiii,  I'irri.\'  (/r  /ii  li'm;/..  toiii.  \i,.  ]i.  470. 
//.\7.  Ilii'il.,  pp.  4S7  S;   Ifiiswi/,  ^fr.c.  (liiiiL,  p.  W.Vi. 


jhs.sc,  ill  I'iicers,  Mittcluiinrika,  p.  '!",. 


PKTArA,  ItOSAKK),  AM)  PATINAMIT. 


1:11 


a  small 
e  was  a 
ul  hi.^li. 
»  a  room 
;)\vetl  by 
is   latter 

explore, 
i(litioi)  ot" 
1(1  Hioht, 
;i(le,  to  a 
has  been 
Drty  feet, 
■iome  ex- 
•it  belief, 
;si"l  states 
1  that  the 
oveiilelits 

ya  Hlver 

rau^'e  of 
u)ul(liii,us, 
)Uiul  eis- 
»out  four 
ay  have 
washiiri.'' 
le  Santa 
ta'jfua,  is 
1(1  at  the 
ted  somi 
111  siijx'r 
•ave   ha 

\)in  (!uj 

il  1)11  a  rov 

111,      /l(V(.'.'.V(  ■ 

aiK'ii'iit  <"- 
'  Ui'in  - 

..  \>.  170. 

v.vs. 


friiiala  on  Lake  Amatitlan  is  another  of  the  localities 
w  lui-f  the  old  authoi's  repoi't  the  (liscov(.'i'y  of  mani- 
iiintli  human  bones,  including'  a  tooth  jis  iar^c  as  a 
man's  two  tists.  Sueh  reports,  where  they  ha\e  any 
otht'i'  than  an  ima^'inary  foundation,  may  jji-obably 
n'>ult  iVoin  the  tin(lin^•  of  animal  hones,  by  whi(  h  tlie 
;;(i(iil  padies  W(;re  deceived  into  the  belief  that  they 
!i:id  come  U])on  traces  of  the  ancient  giants  iv]torted 
ill  all  the  native  ti'aditions,  which  did  not  seem  to 
ilieiii  unworthy  of  belief,  since  they  were  t(;l(l  else- 
w  liere  that  ''there  were  giuuts  on  the  earth  in  those 

I     ...  "-3 

(lays. 

At  llosario,  einht  or  ten  miles  south  of  the  same 
l.il^e,  we  have  a  bare  mention  of  a  beautiful  aipieduct 
ill  nilns.'-'  'I\venty-liV(>  or  thirty  miU's  west  of  the 
lake,  at  the  western  toot  of  the  volcano  of  Fue^'o,  ]  )on 
.hise  Mari'a  Asmitia,  a  Chiatenicdan  official  of  anti([ua- 
li.ni  tendencies,  reports  the  disco\'ery  on  his  I'state  of 
a  well-jireserved  acpU'duct,  constructed  of  hewn  stone 
and  mortar,  to,L;'etlier  with  nine  stone  idols  each  six 
feet  ill  height.  Jle  {)ro]»osed  to  make,  at  an  eai'ly 
(late,  more  thorough  explorations  in  that  vicinity. 
Like  other  ex[)loi'ers  he  had  his  theory,  althoULih  he 
h  id  not  jiersonally  seen  even  the  I'elics  on  liis  (Avn 
estate;  deriving;'  the  American  culture  from  a  ( 'ai'tha- 
i;iiiian  source.-"'  Farthei"  south  on  the  Lacitic  low- 
lands, at  a  j)oint  called  ( 'alche,  between  l^scuintla  and 
Sie  liiiieiieijues,  the  Abiie  iJrasseur  speaks  of  a  pyi'a- 


niii 


I   cut    from   solid   stone,  which  had   been 


seen    i»v 


many  ( luatemalans.-'' 

i*assiiit4'  now  north-westward  to  tlu-  re^'ion  lyin;^' 
ah.nit  Lake  Atitlan,  and  noting-  that  the  town  of  So- 
I'llii  oil  the  nortliern  lake-shore  is  said  to  bi;  built  <iii 
mills  of  the  aboriginal  Tecpan   Atitlan,'-'  we  come 


in 


'I  the  rums  o 


f  tl 


le  ancien 


t  J'at 


inann 


t.   'tl 


le  cit\- 


tl 


le 


■^'  Fnriilr 


■Jl    II 


il/l/lllll.l,    'rl'lllf 

ill  .sVccc.v, 


/lisf.  r, 
V 


II.  Slut. 
Milfihiii 


■lit.. 
.'SI. 


Wl\    Uil.tsil.    Mi.r.   CiKil. 


ril.it.  )i. 


'"  A'  i'liiiidt.  Villi.  A 


le  liiiiirliiiiiiii.  Hist.  Xi((.  ('ii\,  toiii.  ii.,  ]i 


.)(I7 


!'■ 


1;22 


ANTU^HITIKS  OF  ClATKMALA. 


iniii-.  1 


f'akchi()ULl  ca]»ital.  Tt  is  noar-*'  tlio  modern  town  of 
Tccpaii  ( lUatomala,  til'teen  miles  south-east  of  tlie  lake, 
and  forty  miles  north-west  of  (inatemala.  Theahorii;- 
inal  town,  to  which  Brasseur  do  Bourhoury-  would 
assiL,ni  a  very  aneient,  iirc-Toltec  oriLi'^i,  was  inha1)ite(l 
down  to  tlie  time  when  the  oon(|uistadores  came,  and 
was  hy  them  destroyed.  AVith  the  state  of  the  city 
as  found  and  desciihed  hy  them,  I  have,  of  course, 
nothiiiL*'  to  do  in  this  volume,  havin<j;-  sini]:)ly  to  record 
the  condition  of  tlio  ruins  as  ohserved  at  suhseijuent 
j)erio(ls,  although  in  the  descri2)tions  extant  tlie  two 
phases  of  the  city's  ondition  are  considerahly  con- 
founded. The  remains  are  found  on  a  level  i)lateau 
liaving'  an  area  of  several  s(}uare  miles,  and  surrounded 
l)y  a  ravine  from  one  hundred  to  four  lumdred  feet  in 
(le})th,  with  pi-ecijtitous  sides.  The  ])lateau  is  accessi- 
hle  at  one  jtoint  only  by  a  path  artiticially  cut  in  the 
side  of  the  harranca,  twenty  to  thirty  feet  deep,  and 
only  wide  enough  to  permit  the  passage  of  a  single 
horseman.  At  the  time  of  ^[r  Stephens'  visit  notliing 
was  visible  hut  confused  iri'egular  masses,  or  mounds, 
of  fallen  walls,  among  which,  however,  could  still  1 


>o 


made   out  the   foundations   of  two   buildings,   one   of 

lj)tured 


them  filty  by  one  hundred  feet.  Two  sen 
figures  were  ])ointed  out  by  the  natives,  lying  on  tli 
ground,  .on  one  of  which  the  nose  and  eyes  of  some 
animal  were  discernible.  Fuentes,  who  wrote  in  the 
century  following  the  coiKpiest,  observed,  during  his 
examination  of  the  city,  more  deiinite  ti'aces  of  its 
former  gi'andeur.  'J'wo  gates  of  chay-stone  afforded 
entrance  to  the  nai'i'ow  passage  which  led  up  to  the 

il  to 


i:j 


jilatt'au;  a  coatmg,  or  layer,  of  clay  covered  the  soi 
a  depth  of  two  feet;  and  a  trench  six  or  eiglit  feet 
dee[»,  faced  with  stone  and  having  also  a  breastwork 
of  masonry  three  feet  high,  running  north  and  south 
across  the  table,  divided  the  city's  site  into  two  pdi- 
tions,  iidiabited,  as  is  suggested,  respectively  l>y  tin' 


Tlic  (list 


nice  li 


stated  til  lu'  (ino  fourtli  of  a  iiiilc,  mw  iiiik'  aiul  a  half, 


one  R'airm.',  and  ont'  loa'^iie  and  a  half  liy  dillcrtMit  writers 


iik^ 


nUINS  OF  PATINAMIT, 


123 


1)V   til.' 


])lL'l)L'ian  and  aristocratic  classes  of  its  original  citizens, 
'J'lif  sti'eet-liiies,  crossing'  each  other  at  ri^lit  anvil's, 
Avere  traceahle,  indicatiii'jc  that  the  citv  was  renularly 
laid  out  in  hlocks.  One  of  tlie  structui'cs  whose 
fouiidations  were  then  to  be  seen  was  a  luuidred  yards 
s(|uare,  besides  wliicli  there  remained  tlie  I'uiiis  of 
what  is  described  as  a  i)ahice,  and  of  several  houses. 
West  of  the  citv,  on  a  mound  six  feet  hiyii,  was  "a 
])('destal    formed   of  a    sinning'  substance,   resemltlini;- 


^■las> 


13 


rasseur   also   mentions  'vastes  souterrams, 


whicli,  as  usual,  he  does  not  deinn  farther  to  describe. 
'I'he  modern  town  is  built  to  a  considerable  extent,  and 
its  streets  are  paved,  with  fragments  of  tlie  hewn  stone 
from  I'atinamit,  which  have  been  carried  jiiece  by 
])it'ce  on  the  backs  of  natives  up  and  down  the  sides 
of  the  barranca.  The  aborigines  still  look  with  feel- 
inu's  of  su})eistiti()us  respect  on  this  memorial  of  their 
am-estral  glory,  and  at  times  their  faithful  ears  detect 
the  chimes  of  bells  ])roceeding  from  beneath  the  hill. 
A  famous  black  stone  was,  in  the  days  of  abori-'inal 
independence,  an  object  of  great  venei'ation  in  the 
( 'akchi(piel  religious  rites  connected  with  the  fate  of 
jiiisoiiers,  its  shrine  being  in  the  de})ths  of  a  dark 
]a\ine  near  at  hand.  In  Fuentes'  time  it  had  been 
consecrated  by  the  Catholic  bishop  ami  i)laced  on  the 
altar  of  the  church.  He  describes  it  as  of  singular 
hcauty  and  about  eighteen  inches  stpiare.      Stephens 

I'olUU 


1   it  still  on  the  altar,  the  oliject  of  the  ])eo])l 


e  s 


jealous  veneration;  and  when  his  Sj)anish  comj>anioii 
liad,  with  sacrilegious  hand,  to  the  intiiiite  terror  of 
tile  [larish  [)riest,  ripped  open  the  cotton  sack  in  which 
tlie  relic  was  enveloped,  there  \[)eared  only  a  ]tlain 
piece  of  ordinary  slate  measuring  ten  by  fourteen 
iiiilies.  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  h(»wever,  believes 
that  the  former  visitors  were  both  in  error,  and  that 
tlie  original  black  stone  was  never  ])erniitte(l  to  i'all 
into  the  hands  of  the  Spanish  unbelievers.-''     At  Pat- 

-"'  ./  larnis'  Jlist.  (hint..  \\\i.  .SS'2-4;  liis  aiitliiirity  liciiij,'  Fiinitrs,    III  runl. 
liiriii.'.  Ms.,  tiiiii.  i.,  lil).  iii.,  cap.  i.,  and  HI).   \\.,  rap.  v.;  Siipli'ii-s    </i:/it. 


124 


ANTIQl  ITIE.S  OF  GUATEMALA. 


'11!  I! 


I  mil 


Ji, 


zun,  a  native  pueblo  near  Teopan  Cluatcinala,  two 
iiumiuls  were  noticed,  but  not  oj)ene(l.''" 

Quezalteiian_i>'o,  the  aborijji'inal  Xelaliuli,  is  some 
tweuty-tive  or  thirty  miles  westward  from  Lake  Atit- 
1  111.  Jn  the  days  ot*  Quiche  ])ower  this  city  Avas  0:10 
oi'  the  lari,*'est  and  most  })owerl'ul  in  the  land,  I  find 
n )  evidence  that  any  remains  of  the  town  itself  aie 
to  be  seen,  thoui^'h  Wap[)iius  speaks  of  such  remains, 
even  classing'  them  with  the  most  ancient  ty})e  of 
(jruatemalan  anti(iuities.  Two  fortresses  in  this  vicin- 
ity, however,  ()linte}»ec  and  Parrazcjuin,  sup})osed  to 
have  guarded  the  approaches  to  Xelahuh,  are  said  to 
have  left  some  traces  of  their  former  stren<i"th.^* 

Thirty  miles  farther  back  in  the  mountains  north- 
eastward from  QuezaltenauL^o,  towai'd  the  confines  of 
A'era  Paz,  was  Utatlan,  'road  of  the  waters,'  in  the 
native  lani^ua'ijfe  (lumarcaali,  the  Quiche  cai)ital  and 
stron^'hold,  at  the  modern  town  of  Santa  Cruz  del  (»)ui- 
che.  This  city  was  the  richest  and  most  magnilicent 
found  by  the  Si)aniards  south  of  Mexico,  and  at  the 
time  of  its  destruction  by  them  was,  unlike  most  aborin'- 
inal  American  towns,  in  its  highest  state  of  ])rosj)eritv. 
Slii:;'ht  as  are  the  luins  that  remain,  they  are  sufficient 
to  show  that  the  Spanish  accounts  of  the  city's  orig- 
inal s})lendor  were  not  greatly  exaggerated;  this,  witli 
the  contrasts  which  these  ruins  jtresent  in  the  absence 
of  statues,  sculpture,  and  hieroglyphics,  and  in  other 

Jiiirr.,  vol.  ii.,  ])]).  147,  lfO-.")'{.  .Tiiarros' accmuit  is  also  ^^ivcn  in  (.'<iii<lir'.f 
Mix.  Guilt  ,  vol.  ii.,  pji.  "JTO-I,  in  liniilfurirs  Aimr.  Anfi'i/.,  p.  iK),  and  in 
,s'''7(/(r/(.v'  ('ni/.  Anirr.,  loc.  cit.  it  is  also  nscd  with  that  of  St('|ihcns  to 
niako  nji  the  ilescription  lixSircrs,  Miffi'/tmnri/.n,  pp.  ll»!)-i!()l).  Sli.ulit  ni(Mi- 
tion  also  in  ]l'ii/ipiiii.s.  dniif.  ii.  Sf((/.,  p.  "281;  Ilriissiur  ilr  /lintrlHiuri/,  I'li- 
liir/nr,  p.  .'!;{;  Ii/.,  I[ist.  S'nf.  ('ii\,  toui.  ii.,  pp.  ]'r2,  VX\,  i>'2i>.  Acconlin;,' 
to  lirasscnr's  statiMiicnf,  M.  Daly  niailc  dniwing.s  at  Patinuiiiit,  seen  hy 
the  .Vhlu',  and  to  he  ]>nhlisliod. 

30  S/rji/iriis'  Crtif.  Aiiirr.,  vol.  ii.,  p.   140. 

3'  '  In  the  pioviiici'  of  (j>nozalt('nan;,'o,  thoro  arc  still  to  ho  mot  with  tho 
vcsti^jes  an(  foundations  of  many  lar;,'c  fortresses,  anion;;  which  is  the  cele- 
lirateil  one  of  I'arrazunin,  sitnateil  on  tho  conliiies  of  Totonieanan  and 
t^)  lezallenaii;,'!);  and  the  eitadel  of  ( )lintepeiine,  formed  with  all  tlu^  intri- 
c^ii'ies  of  ii  laltyrinth,  and  which  was  the  chief  defence  of  the  important 
cily  of  Xelalnh.'  Junvnts'  Hist,  (liint.,  pp.  4S;!,  .'{Tit.  Sliu'ht  m(;ntion  also, 
T):i)l)alily  rcstiTi;;;  (tu  no  otiier  anthority  than  the  jtaraLtranh  ahove  (pioted, 
i;i  Ji'djtjHius,  iliu'j.  II.  S.'ut.,  J).  "217;  Jfii^sc/,  Mr.r.  Uiuit.,  p.  1111. 


HUIXS  OF  I  TATLAN. 


125 


vi'Sjpects,  wlien  compared  ^vitll  tliose  of  Qulrii^iui  aiul 
( 'njian,  constitutes  their  cliiet'  importance  in  arclueo- 
l(»'^ical  investij^ations.      Like  Patinaniit,  IJtatlan  stood 
(III  a  plateau,  or  mesa,   bounded   l>y  a  deep  ravine  on 
(vcrv  side,  a  part  of  which  ravine  is  believed  to  be 
(if  artificial  construction.     The  barranca  can  only  be 
crossed  and  the  site  of  the  city  reached  at  one  })oiiit, 
(loin  the  south-east.     (Juardin^'  this  sin^h?  ajtproadi, 
Jit  the  distance  of  about  half  a  mile  irom  the  vilhiine 
ot"  Santa  Cruz,  are  the  ruins  of    a  lonijf  line  of  stiuu-- 
tures  of  carefully  laid  hewn  stone,  evidently  mtendcd 
as  Ibrtilications  and  connected  one  with  another  bv  a 
(litcli.     Within  this  line  and  more  inunediately  _i>uard- 
iiiH'  the  ))assage,  is  an  immense  fortress,  FA  llesnuardo, 
one  lumdred  and  twenty  feet  hi,uh,  in  the  form  of  a 
s;[tiare-based  pjTamidal  structure,  with  three  ranges 
i)f  terraces,  and  steps  leading  up  from  one  to  anothei-. 
A  stone  wall,  plastered  with  a  hard  cement,  incbjses 
the  area  of  the   sunnnit  platform,  in    the  centre  of 
wliich  rises  a  tower  furnished  with  steps,  A\hich  were 
also  oi-iginally   covered   with  cement.      Crossing  the 
liarranca  from  the  fv)rt  llesguardo,  we  find  the  tablo 
wliich  was  the  site  of  the  ancient  city  covered  throui-h- 
out  its  whole  extent  with  shapeless  masses  of  ruins, 
among  which  the  foundations  of  a  few  structures  o!ily 
can  l)e  definitely  made  out.     The  chief  editice,  known 
as  the  grand  castle,  or  palace,  of  the  Quiche  kings,  and 
said  to  have  been  in  round  imnd)ers  eleven  hundred 
hy  twenty-two  hundred  I'eet,  occu})ied  a  central  ])osi- 
tinii.      its  upi)er  portions  have  been  carried  away  and 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  modern  town,  but  in 
I  ^10,   if  we  may  trust  the    cura  of  the   jiarish,   the 
liuilding  was  still  entire.      The  floors  remain,  covered 
wiili  a  hard  and  durable  cement,  and  nlso  fragments 
nt'  the  i)artition  walls  sufficient  to  indicate  something 
of  the    original    ground    })lan.     A    plaster   of    finer 
(luality  than   that   employed  on  the  floors  and  pyra- 
mids, covers  the  inner  walls,  with   evident  traces  of 
having    been    colored    or    painted.      The    ruins    of    a 


12G 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  GUATEMALA. 


fouutiiiii  appear  in  an  open  court-yard,  also  pavid  with 
cement.  Another  structure,  El  SacriHcatorio,  still 
visihle,  is  a  pyraniicl  of  stone  sixty-six  feet  s(piare  at 
the  hase  and,  in  its  present  state,  thirty-three  feet 
hi_u;'h,  the  plan  and  elevation  of  wliich  are  shown  in 
the  cuts.      Each  side  except  the  western  is  ascended 


El  Sacrilicatorio  at  Utatlau. 


,!:i 


hy  a  fliii^ht  of  nineteen  steps,  each  step  eight  inches 
wide  and  seventeen  inches  high.  The  western  side  is 
covered  with  stucco,  laid  on,  as  is  ascertained  by  care- 
ful examination,  in  several  successive  coatings,  each 
painted  with  ornamental  figures,  among  which  the 
body  of  a  leopard  only  could  be  distinguished.  The 
l)yraniid  is  su])ported  by  a  buttress  in  each  of  the  four 
corners,  diminishing  in  size  toward  the  top.  The  sum- 
mit is  in  ruins,  but  our  knowledge  of  the  Quiche  relig- 
ious ceremonies,  as  set  forth  in  the  preceding  volume 
of  this  work,  leaves  little  doubt  that  this  was  a  place  of 
sacrifice  and  supported  an  altar.  No  sculpture  has 
been  found  in  comiection  with  the  ruins  of  Utatlan. 
Its  absence  is  certainly  remarkable;  but  it  is  to  l)c 
noted  that  the  natives  of  this  region  have  always  been 
of  a  hauglity,  unsubdued  sjiirit,  ardently  attached  to 
the  memory  of  their  ancestors;  and  the  destruction  or 
concealment  of  their  idols  with  a  view  to  keeji  them 
from  the  sacrilegious  touch  and  gaze  of  the  Avhite 
man,  would  be  in  accordance  with  their  well-known 
character.  They  have  the  greatest  respect  for  the 
holy  })yramid  on  the  plateau,  and  at  one  time  when 


(a'lt'Hi;  itKLirs  OF  ttatlax. 


197 


the  reported  discovcrv  of  a  iLj^oldeii  iniiiuco  proinjited  tlio 
di-'structioii  of  the  puhiee  iu  search  of  treasure,  tlio 
])i)jMilar  iiidiiifnatiou  on  tlie  j)art  of  the  natives  })re- 
sai^L'd  a  serious  revolt  and  eonijtelled  the  ahandonnient 
of  the  scheme,  not,  liowevur,  until  the  walls  had  been 
lazud.  Flint  arrow-heads  are  mentioned  as  of  fre- 
([Ueiit  occurrence  aniouiif  the  dehris  of  fortifications 
outside  the  harranca,  and  a  Spanish  explorer  in  IH.'U 
found  a  sittino'  li<>'ure  twelve  inches  hi,<;'h,  and  two 
lie  ids  of  terra  cotta  exceedingly  hard,  smooth,  and  of 
Ljood  workmanshiji.  One  of  the  heads  was  solid,  the 
other  and  the  idol   were  hollow.     The  annexed  cut 


s^ 


Ututlan  Terra  Cotta. 


sliows  the  sittinjTf  fiufure.  TTudor  one  of  the  buildinirs 
1-^  an  oj)enini^  to  Avliat  the  natives  re})resented  as  a  sub- 
ttirauean  ])assao-e  leading  by  an  hour's  journey  to 
Mijxico,  but  which  only  revealed  to  Mr  Stephens,  who 
entered  it,  the  ]>resence  of  a  roof  formed  by  overlap- 
ping stones.     This  form  of  arch  will  be  described  in 


128 


ANTIQriTIKS  OF  (il'ATKMAI.A. 


•  Ictail  >vli<'ii  I  come  to  speak  of  more  iiortlieiwi  ruins, 
w  hei'e  it  is  of  rreijueiit  oeciirreiiee.  That  ii  loiii;'  time 
j;inst  haA'e  |)assi!<l  hetweeii  the;  erection  of  (.V)|>aii  and 
l^tatiaii,  the  civihzatioii  of  tlio  builders  meantime  un 
<h'rL;()iii<4  i^reat  niodiMcations,  involviniic  |»i'ohul)ly  the 
iiitrochictioM  of  new  eh-ments  from  foreign  soui'ci's,  is 
a  theory  supported  l»y  a  careful  study  of  the  two 
classes  of  remains.  For  an  account  of  Utatlan  and 
othi;r  (luatemalan  cities  as  they  were  in  th(!  time  of 
their  ahori^inal  n'lory,  1  refer  the  reader  to  \'olume  11. 
of  this  woi'k.''-  The  cura  at  Santa  Cruz  del  Quicln! 
said  he  had  seen  human  skulls  of  more  than  natui-al 
size,  from  a  cave  in  a  nuii^hhorin;^  town." 

Xorth-westwai'd  from  Utatlan,  thirty  or  forty  miles 
distant,  in  the  province  of  Totonicapan,  is  the  town  (tf 
I  [uehuetenan^'o,  and  near  it,  located  like  Utatlan  on 
a  ra\ine-_i;iiarded  plain,  are  the  ruins  of  Zakuleu,  tlu; 
ancient  capital  of  the  Mams,  now  known  popularly 


I  111 


^i  S/r/i/,riis  Cnil.  Aimr.,  V(.l.  ii.,  iij).,  171,  18'2-.S.  Mr  Stt'iiliiMis  piv('<, 
licsidcs  tile  t'ii;;i-iivin<,'.s  I  liiive  (•(•])i(Ml,  ami  (itii-  of  the  otlicr  fcrrii-i'otla  licails 
iiifiilidiicil,  a  \  icw  of  Kl  SaciilicalKi'iii,  a  ;,'r(Hiii(l  |iian  sliox.  in;,'  tlic  iclatiM' 
|iiisiti(iiis  (if  till'  iilatcaii,  till-  liivrraiu'a,  ami  llic  pioji'i'tiii;;  foitrrss,  tii,\,'ctli(  r 
witii  a  view  (if  I'.l  Ivcsj^iianlt)  ami  tlie  otlicr  niiiis  in  tlic  (ii^tancc.  1  (In  nut 
r('|)r(Mim'('  tlicni  iiccaiisc  tiioy  sliow  no  details  not  inclndiMJ  in  tin-  (Icscriii- 
tion,  wliicli,  niorcovcr,  is  easily  ('ouiprtdicndcd  without  liic  aid  of  cuts.  A 
lliorouuli  cxiiloratioii  of  I'tatlan  was  nmde  liv  Don  .Mi;,'nfl  llivcra  y  Maes- 
tri', a  coniniissioni'r  sent  for  the  purpose  liy  tlie  <  Jnatenialan  j^overnnu'nt  in 
IH.'M.  Mis  MS.  report  to  the  state  authorities  was  seen  liy  Mr  Stephens 
and  is  descrilied  as  heiii;^  very  full  and  accurate,  lint  not  containin;^-  any 
details  outside  of  St(>phens'  account,  lie  does  not  state  that  his  plans  and 
views  were  olitaim'd  from  Itiveray  Maestro,  .luarros,  lllsf.  (liiKt.,  p]i.  SCi- 
N,  -IST,  follows  Fueutes,  who  descrilied  the  city  ehiclly  from  iiistorii:il 
accounts  of  its  ori;,'inal  condition,  althon;,'h  it  seems  that  he  also  \  lulled 
ruins,  f.as  Casas,  Ilint.  A/iofiif/rficn,  .SlS.,  cap.  Hi.,  sji'  'ksot  t'tiitlaii 
'maravillosos  edilicios  de  cal  y  canto,  (le  los  cnaies  yo  \  id'  iiWi..-..'  Bra--- 
seur  de  I'xiurlionr;.',  Ifisf.  X'if.  Cir.,  tom.  ii.,  p]i.   HtH.  '(.    i.,  p.  I'.M, 

speaks  of  i;i\i'ra  y  Maestre's  ]ilans  in  Stephens'  w> 
rejoices  in  the  ]irospect  that  M.  C'l'sar  I)aly  will  iiuhi 
'  In  lies  palais  dcs  rois  de  (jMiiche  a  T-'^  pas  ;r(''onictri<in( 
de  larj:;eui'."  lliiiiihiililt,  in  SHiinllni  Aiiiiitlr.i  ilrs  ]'(>>/.,  \>>-',,  to  .  .x.x.\\., 
\>.  'XIW.  '  Fn  I'tlatan  haliia  ninclms  y  nniv  ^aamles  nirs  otenip.iis  de  sii< 
Idolos,  de  maiavillosos  edilicios,  _\  yo  vi  ai^xumts  auni|ue  muy  avruinadu^.' 
/unfit,  in  I'liliirii),  Ciirlii,  \)\i.  ]'2^~4.  See  alsoacci'iintsof  these  ruins  mnili' 
up  from  Stephens  and  .luarros,  in  Wupjiinis,  (Inuf.  u.  Slut.,  \\.  •_'S(),  iind 
Riir/idi-i/f,  Crnf.  Anirr.,  ]i.  7-;  also  mention  in  Mdllc-Iinin,  /'nn's  i/i  /■' 
Hi'ii',1.,  tom.  vi.,  |i.  470;  L(iri)iitiiilii  ri\  .}frr.  rf  (liitit.,  pp.  •JCiC),  "^74;  (}itliiiil<', 
in  Aiifi'/.  M<.,\,  tom.  i.,  div.  ii.,  jip,  7.'?-S;  Rmir  Amrr.,  182G,  tom.  i.,  yy- 
.S.'i.'V  ."i;   Mii//ir,  .liiim/iiiiii.sr/ic  fi'ir/ii/iu./rn,  p.  402. 

'^'^  ^Iqi/iciiii'  Cent  .liner.,  vol.  ii.,  [>.   11)2. 


incorrect,  Imt 
rrect  drawinj;-. 
louj'ue      et  M7f) 


miXS  OF  lllKIIUETEVAXGO  Oil  ZAKULKU. 


129 


as  Las  Cuev.is,  These  remains  are  in  a»i  advanced 
stale  of  (lilai)idati()n,  liardly  more  than  eonfused  heaj»s 
{>{'  iiihhish  scattered  over  the  j)hiin,  and  over^^rown 
with  iiiass  and  sliruhs.  Two  ])vramidal  structures  of 
ritiioh  stones  in  mortar,  formerly  covered  witli  stucco, 
can,  however,  still  he  made  out.  One  of  them  is  one 
lmn<lred  and  two  feet  sijuare  and  twenty-ei^ht  iiij^h, 
with  ste|>s,  each  four  feet  in  hei>^ht  and  seven  leet 
wide.  The  top  is  small  and  scjuare,  and  a  lon^'  rou<,»'h 
slah  found  at  the  hase  may,  as  ^Ir  Stej)hens  su*;gests, 
liave  heen  the  .dtar  thrown  down  from  its  former  posi- 
tion on  tlie  j»latform.  There  are  also  several  small 
mounds,  su|)})osed  to  he  sepulchral,  one  of  whicli  was 
opened,  And  disclosed  Avithin  an  enclosure  of  rouj^h 
stones  and  lime  some  fraiiinents  of  bone  and  two 
vases  of  line  workmanship,  whoso  nuiterial  is  not 
stated  hut  is  j»iohahly  earthen  ware.  One  of  them 
is  .sliown  in  the  cut,  and  hears  a  striking"  resemhlanco 
to  some  of  the  burial  vases  of  Nicara^rua.**     Another 


Sepulchral  Urn  from  Iluehuctenaiigo. 

hurial  vault,  not  lonof  enough,  however,  to  contain  a 
linnian  being  at  full  length,  at  the  foot  of  one  of  tlie 
I  iiuids,  Avas  faced  with  cut  stone,  and  from  it  the 
liroprictor  of  the  estate  took  a  (piantity  of  bones  and 
till'  ttiia-cotta  tripod  shown  in  the  cut.      It  has  a  pol- 

•'^  S(.(.' ]i.  (y.\  iif  this  volume. 

VuL.  IV.     i) 


130 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  GUATEMALA. 


"1: 


Tril)()il  from  Iliu'liuetoiiiinyo 


ishod  surface  and  is  one  foot  in  dianioter.  At  a  point 
on  tlio  river  wliere  tlie  banks  had  been  wasliod  away 
at  the  time  of  h\<j;h  water,  some  animal  skeletons  of 
extraoahnarv  size  w'ere  hrouolit  to  h^'lit.  ^[r  Stejili- 
ens  saw  in  tlie  hank  tlie  im])rint  of  one  of  tliese  meas 
urin<>-  twentv-five  or  thirty  feet  in  len<»tli,  and  otliei^ 
were  said  to  he  yet  hiri^er.''^ 

Kxtendin^-  eastward  from  tlie  region  of  TTueluu'ti- 
naii^'o  to  that  of  Salania  in  the  provini'e  of  V  era  ]^i/, 
a  distaiioe  of  nearly  one  hundred  miles,  there  seems  to 
he  a.  line  of  ruins,  occnrrinij^  at  freijuent  intervals,  ])ar- 
tioularly  in  the  valley  of  the  IJahinal  and  ahout  tlio 
town  of  that  name.  A  nia])  of  (jiuatemala  nowhofdiv 
me  locates  seventeen  of  tlicsu  ruins,  and  ^[.  Brasscui- 
de  IJourhouru;'  incidentally  mentions  many  of  them  ly 
name,  iu)ne  of  them,  however,  heinn"  anywhere  dc- 
scrihed  in  detail,  it  is  much  to  he  regretted  that  tlio 
last-named  author,  duriiiL;'  a  residence  at  IJahinal,  diil 
not  moi'e  fully  improve  his  ojtpoitunitii's  for  the  exam- 
ination of  these  reuiains,  or,  at  least,  that  he  has  iieMV 
made  known  to  the  world  the  lesult  of  his  investiLja- 
tions.      All   the  ruins  aloni;'  this  line  would  seem  tn 

3''  S/r/iIirii.s'  Criif.  Aiifi.,  vol.  ii.,  ]>]).  '2'JS  ^2.  witli  n;jrur('s  of  two  -va-^i'-i 
foiiiiilat  llm'liiii'tt'iitmjro  ill  addition  to  tii<isf  it'iircsciitccl  jihovc.    '(tntrnini' 


nil  piaii  dcs  |p|iis  iiifoirccts  daiiH  It 


MS.    d.-   !• 


llcntc; 


/, 


inissrin'  >lr   iinin-- 


buiirif.  //is/.  \n(.  Cir.,  toiii.  ii.,  ))|),  lilt,  r>('4.      .Mention  of  the 


rub 


IHIIir 


]».  :M.     Ilui'lint'tcna 


in  J.at.    1")   'JS'  ).-)",  1/ 


rnins  in 

111  :«; 


/'A, 


]]'(i/i/iiiiif,   I.  iitf.    II.   S/iit.,   |i.   '2SS.      Kiij;raviii^'s  of  fonr  xascs  cojiied  iVniii 


St. 


I'lilu'iis,  III  j.iireiKiutdcir, 


Mi 


VI'.  cl  diidt.,  [).  :{70,  jil.  I  J. 


in" INS  IX  RAP.IXAL  VALLEY, 


IM 


liclonuf  to  tlio  class  of  those  occupied  l)y  the  natives, 
cliictlv  Cakclii(|iiels,  at  the  time  of  the  coiKpiest,  most 
1)1'  tliciu  neiiii^  the  I'emaiiis  of  fortresses  or  fortiHed 
tn\\n>  huih  on  stroMi*-  natural  ]H)sitions  at  the  river- 
niciitlis,  nucrding  the  entrance  to  fertile  valleys. 

()j)posito  the  mouth  of  the  Kiver  Kahinal,  where 
the  Pacalah  emj)ties  into  the  Cliixoy,  or  Usumacinta, 
a;c  the  ruins  of  Cawinal,  visited  hv  the  Ahhe  Bras- 
scur  in  1850,  and  by  him  pronounced  the  finest  in 
\'cra  Paz.  They  are  situated  on  both  sides  of  the 
sti'eam  in  a  fine  mountain-girt  valley,  the  ap})roach  to 
uliirh  was  guarded  by  a  long  line  oi'  forcilit anions, 
|i\  raniidal  mounds,  and  watch-towers,  whose  remains 
luav  vet  l)c  seen.      Amoni*-  these  structures  is  a  itvra- 

I       «  t^  It, 

niid  of  two  terraces,  ibrty  feet  high,  ascended  by  a 
ritairway  of  three  tlights,  with  the  ruined  walls  of 
three  small  i)uildings  on  its  summit.  Near  many  of 
the  old  towns,  especially  in  the  Rabinal  district, 
tumuli  c"///'^//,  'red  houses' — very  like  in  form  and 
material  to  those  of  the  Mississippi  A'alley  are  said  to 
he  numerous.'"' 

besides  the  ruins  actually  seen  ajid  vaguely  de- 
si  iil)ed,  there  ai'c  rejtorts  of  others.  The  province  is 
large  and  com])aratively  unexj)lored,  its  ])e(»p]e  wild 
and  independent,  and  l)oth  have  ever  l)een  to  travelers 
the  ohject  of  much  mvsterious  conii'cture,  increasinu' 
in  intensity  as  tin,'  northei'n  region  of  I'eteii  is  ap- 
|ii'(iached.  in  llSoO  ^fr  Sipiiei-  wi-ote,  "tliere  has 
lately  been  discovered,   in  the  province  of  Xwa  J*a/, 

'  -I":!!  iiiiii-iiir'inc  visit(' Ics  niiiics  (I'nn  "rraiiilc  iiniulirc  >]o  cosviilcs  I't 
I  li;iiiau\,  (liiiit  Ics  |)i(sitiiiiis  Mint  MiliniiMlilciiiciit  clniisics  |)iiiir  la  di't'i'iisc; 
il  I'll  i'\i>li'  siir  iircsiiuc  tonics  Ics  liaiitciiis  i|iii  cii\  iiiiiniciit  la  |ilaiiio 
ill'  Italiiiial.  Llics  smit,  ilu  rcstc,  ticsiioiiilircnscs  il;iii->  toiitcs  Ics  |iii)\  inccs 
;:niili iiialicnncs  ct  sunt  line  prcnvc  dc  rctcndiic  dc  Icnr  anlii|Uc  ipiijiula- 
li'iii.'  Tlic  cliicf  one  is  one  Icaj^ue  west  of  Ualiinal.  lli-nsm  ki-  ilf  I'tuiir- 
/".'iri/.  Hist.  \,il.  dr..  toni.  ii..  |).  l-J").  Itnins  of  ( 'aw  inal,  /-/.,  p.  II'.). 
McMiiiiii  of  tumuli,  Id.,  toni.  i..  p.  1.").  Mention  of  ruins  of 'I'/niiiya,  'I'/n- 
liiiii,  NiHi|ii)lMini,  ('akyn;,',  /anianch,  and  Salania.  /'/.,  toni.  ii.,  pp.  t7!>, 
.'lO  1  (i.  .^n•nlionof  Neliali,  rsjiantau,  Italiinal,  < 'a\inal.  Xeocok,  unil  Nini- 
|"ikiiiii,    \l'ii/i/)inis,  (!>i>:f.  II.  Slut.,  pp,  -iSS,  •_»!l|.      'J'lic  ruins  located  iiy  Sou- 


lii'ii-lirii,  MniKiilr  tiuiil.,  |sr>!l. 


.\. 


dinji  from  west  t 


o  eiist,  art'  as  follow 


ii'iil,  Ncliak,  llal/al.  Sui/ul.   I'.alliitz,    t'avinal,    I'acalav,    Xokoc,  itelcii 


I'ilvck,  Xo/iiuti 
AiiUaUiil. 


Trak  I'ocom.  ,   C'akx  ny,   (.'liocotoy,  Clioluioy,   '1 


a- 


132 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  GUATEMALA. 


'  i:. 


150  miles  nortlicast  of  Guatoinala,  Imried  in  a  deiisG 
forest,  and  f;ir  from  an}'  settlejnoiits,  a  ruined  city,  sui'- 
passini^'  Copan  or  Palencjue  in  extent  and  magnitieenee, 
and  di.s})lavinLr  a  detrree  of  art  to  wliieh  none  of  the 
structures  of  Yucatan  can  lay  claim,"""  The  eura  of 
Santa  Cruz  had  once  lived  in  Cohan,  some  forty  miles 
north  of  Ral)inal,  and  four  leauues  from  there  lie 
<'.laimed  to  have  seen  an  ancient  city  as  larcfo  as  Utat- 
la,n,  its  palace  l)eing  still  entire  at  the  time  of  his 
visit.''**  One  Leon  do  Pontelli  claims  to  have  traveled 
extensively  in  these  parts  in  1859,  and  to  have  discov- 
ered many  ancient  and  remarkahle  ruins  of  great 
cities,  at  })oints  inqxissihle  to  locate,  somewhere  aliout 
the  confines  of  Vera  l*az  and  l\iten.  Pontelli  is  nut 
regarded  as  a  trust woi-thy  explorei",  and  no  ]»ositive 
information  whatever  is  to  he  ohtained  from  his 
account.'"' 

Not  only  are  cities  in  ruins  reported  to  exist,  hut 
jilso  somewhere  in  tliis  rc'ion,  four  davs'  iournev  from 
lUatlan  towards  Mexico,  an  inhaV)ited  city  in  all  its 
Sil)original  magniticence  is  said  to  he  visihle,  far  out  on 
the  plain,  from  the  summit  of  a  lofty  sieri'a.  The  cuia 
of  Santa  Cruz  hefore  mentioned  had  gazed  u})on  its 
glittering  tui-rets  and  had  heard  fi'om  the  natives  tra- 
ditions of  its  s})lendor,  and  the  failure  of  all  attemj)ts 
on  the  part  of  white  men  to  a])proach  its  walls  for  the 
jmrpose  of  a  closer  examination.  One  other  man  had 
the  coura<i"e  to  climh  the  sierra,  hut  on  the  day  chosen 
for  tlie  ascent  the  city  was  rendered  invisihleh>  mists. 
T\\o  intelligence  and  general  reliahility  of  the  good 
cura  inclined  Mr  .Stei)hens  to  i)ut  some  faith  in  tlie 
acviuracy  of  his  re})oi't;  others,  howevei',  not  without 
reason,  are  sceptical  al)out  the  matter.^'' 

"•7  .iinniii/  Sririi.  Dt'smr.,  1850,  [i]).  .Wl^-t. 

''*  Sf('/i/i('ii-s'  Ciiit.  Aiiin:,  vol.  ii.,  p.  \\)'A. 

^^  riintflli's  tiri'Duiit  with  sonic  pliitcs  was  ]iii1)lislic(l  in  the  Corno  '''' 
Vllrdiiiitr,  I'liris,  |S(i(t.  1  have  nut  seen  Ihf  <>ii;^inal,  hut  what  ]iurii(iit'.  t" 
1(1'  a.  iiaiishitidii  of  it  in  tlic  i'iijifi)vniii  Funin'r,  Nov.  7,  IStii.',  is  the  vcnr-t 
Itasli,  I'oniaininj;  nolliinj;:  (h'linitf  ii'spcctin^^Mhc  location  or  (hscriplinii  nt 
i\w  jirt  tciiilcd  discoveries. 

^"  Sirphenn'  L'tiit.  Aincr.,  vol.   ii,,  \^]}.  I'J")  7;  /(/•,  Yuc,  vol.   ii.,  p.  -01. 


PIIOVINCE  OF  TETEN. 


133 


Leaving  tlio  lofty  highlands  of  Vera  Paz,  wc  do- 
siciul  northward  to  the  province  of  Peten,  a  coni}>ara- 
tivuly  low  region  whose  central  i)ortion  is  occu2)ied  by 
several  large  lakes.  It  is  in  this  lake  region  chieHy 
tiiat  aiitifjuities  have  been  brought  to  light  by  the  few 
^i.»elers  who  have  penetrated  thi<  far-off  country, 
less  known,  perliaps,  than  any  other  portion  of  Cen- 
tral America.  The  Spaniards  found  the  Itzas,  a  ]\Iaya 
branch  from  Yucatan,  established  here,  their  ca])ital, 
Tayasal,  a  city  of  no  small  ])retensions  to  magniti- 
cciice,  being  on  an  island  now  known  as  Reniedios,  in 
Lake  Itza,  or  Peten,  where  the  town  of  Flores  is  now 
situated.  Flores  is  built  indeed  on  the  ruins  of  the 
aboriginal  city,  wliich,  however,  has  lei't  no  relics  of 
sculjiture  or  architecture  to  substantiate  the  Spanish 
accounts  of  its  magniHcent  structures,  which  included 
twenty-one  adoratorios.  Rude  earthen  figures  and 
vi-isrls  are,  however,  occasionally  exhumed ;  and  M. 
M.iiclct  lieard  of  one  vase  of  some  hard  transparent 
material,  veiy  Iteautifully  formed  and  ornamented. 
Tills  relic  had  j)assed  into  the  hands  of  a  Tabascan 
nil nliaiit.  Sr  Fajardo,  commissioner  to  establish  the 
indaiy  1)et\veen  Mexico  anil  (Juateniala,  furnished 
Sr  I.  II.  (Jondra  drawings  of  some  iKtcds,  or  small 
Is,  Ibund  in  tlie  ]^eten  gi-aves.  Sr  CJondra  pro- 
iiHis  them  similar  to  those  of  Yucatan  as  repre- 
>eiitf(.l  l»y  Stephens." 


hoi 


llol 


'Qii.itit  ;i  l'('\i><t('iio(>  il'iiiio  c'iti'  itiysfi'TiiMiso.  luiliiti'c  jxir  drs  iii(li;.'-i'ncs,   (|Mi 
viMjiriil   iiii  cciilrc  till    I'ficii  (liiiis  Ics  mcmi's  fdiidil  iiiiis  irinilrcl'ois,  I'cst 

mil'  iTiiv 

I'lllllc    M 


nine  i|ii'il   flint    l('l(';.'iiil- |iailiii  li's  f;uit;ii.'-it'-  di'  riiiia;;iiiati(ili.     Co 


i>\[ 


I   di 


Ills  iiai>-iiiiii'  ail  1  IK  ataii,   ct   It's  \o\a"ciirs  v\\  lo  it'ciii'illaiit,  liii 


mill'  t 


io|i  iriiii|Hiilaiir('.'  Miiiilit.   \'(ii/i(i/i\   tiiiii.   ii.,  II.  (is.      .MrOliw 
"II  till' .iiilliiiiil y  iif  a  late    I-',ii;,'li>li  cxiilorcr,  Iu'licM's  tlio  city  lo  lie  a  !iiiic- 
Miiiii'  fiiriiiiiiioii  wliirli  lias  misled.    //,,</.  Maf/.,  \„\.  vi.,  ji.  120.     'We  must 
I'li'it  till'  iiuiinii  (It  ;;rt'at  filit.'s  cNistiiij;  here.'  Si/i(itr,  in  /(/.,  vol.  iv.,  |>.  (i 


1'  vi-iciiii'  not  jiM|M'olia1i 


iiiil'iiinnlfil.   Urn 


.V, 


</(■  J. 


'!/<■■ 
iiiirliiiiiri/ 


Mi-.r.  IIS  if  ini.s,  ]).  •Jti.'i.    Silfli  re|Mirt.s 


Ilisf.  Xiif.  C'ir.,  toiii. 


1..  37 


^'  Miinlit,    ]'<iii(i<ii\   tom.   ii.,   ini.   (i,">-S,  "JC).     M.  Morelet,  liy  reason  of 


>ii  Uiii'ss.  was  mialile  to  make  any  |iersonaI  e\]iliiiat 


Ti'teii  1i 


the 


islaiiil.     He  lias  |)i-eserved,  iiowt'ver,  some  native  reports  res|ieetin;:'  tli« 


;itii|iiilir>  of  the  reuii 


'On  ti'oiive  dans  tout   ce 
liriis  I'dilicfs,  comiiie  dans  le  Vncathan,  et  des  idoies' 


en   pien 


niiiies  ii  aii- 
Xitiiri  lira 


ilix  ilrs   ]'i)ii..    |,si.'{.   tom.   xevii.,    |i.  .51.     'i'or  a(|nellos   monies   ay 
iiiiijios  edilieio.'i  anlii,'iius  grandiusus  (eonio  lo  (jiie  oy  se  ven  en  Vueailiiin) 


134 


AXTIQI'ITrKS  OF  (iUATI'MALA. 


Oil  tliu  nortli  side  of  tlie  lake  is  tlio  small  town  of 
San  JosL',  and  a  s})()t  twi)  days'  journe}'  south-eastwaid 
from  here  -altlioui;li  tliis  would,  accoi'dini^  to  tlio 
maps,  carry  us  back  across  tlic  lake — is  _L;iveii  as  tlie 
locality  of  three  lar^e  ediHces  l)Ui'ied  in  the  forest, 
called  hy  the  natives  Casas  Grandes.  All  y,ve  know 
«>f  them  rests  on  the  re]>ort  of  an  Indian  chief,  who 
Avas  induced  hy  M.  ^[orelet  to  depai't  from  the  c-har- 
aeteristic  reserve  and  secrecy  of  his  race  respecting-  the 
Works  of  the  antiguos;  consecjUently  the  statement 
that  the  huildin^-s  are  covered  with  sculptures  in  hiuli 
lelief,  closely  analogous  to  those  of  l*alen(|ue,  mu>t 
be  acce})ted  with  some  allowance/^ 

Two  days  eastward  of  Lake  Peten,  on  the  ronte  to 
Belize,  is  the  lake  of  Yaxliaa,  Yacha,  or  Yasja,  one 
of  the  isles  in  which  is  said  to  be  covered  with  debris 
<tf  former  structures.  Col.  Calindo,  who  visited  the 
locality  in  18;J1,  is  the  only  one  who  has  written  of 
the  ruins  from  personal  observation,  and  he  only  de- 
scribes one  structure,  which  he  terms  the  most  remark- 
able of  all.  'J'his  is  a  tower  of  five  stories,  each  nine 
feet  hin'h,  each  of  less  length  and  breadth  than  the  one 
below  it,  and  the  lower  one  sixty-six  feet  square.  No 
doors  or  windows  appear  in  the  four  lower  stoi'ies, 
altiiouu'li  Galindo,  from  the  hollow  sound  emitted 
under  blows,  supposed  them  not  to  be  solid.  A  staii- 
way  seven  feet  wide,  of  ste})s  each  four  inches  hiL;li, 
leads  u})  to  the  base  of  the  fifth  story  on  the  west,  at 


y  en  t'llos  inny  fininilcs  Tdolos  <1(>  iiicdra,'  ('oiiolIitiJn,  Ifi.tf.  Yiir.,  p.  Tl'il. 
Mt  is  (li)iiliifiil  if  liny  iiioniiiiicnts  df  note  exist  in  tlic  distrii't,  i'\(C|pt 
on  tlic  islands,  or  in  the  innni'diato  ni'i^^lilwriuHid  of  tlio  laUi's.'  S'/iii'/.< 
Ciiii.  Anil  r.,  |iji,  r)|;{-,">.  Mciitinii  in  Wn/i/itnis,  (i'm/.  ii.  Slut.,  ji.  "2!).");  lln.ii- 
hnlih,  in  Xiiiiril/is  Aiii'iiirs  ilrs  Vii'/.,  \S-1~ .  tiini.  xxxv.,  |i.  ;?•_'!>.  '  II  n'c\i-ti! 
4laMs  ccttf  ill'  an. •Ill's  vt'sti^jcs  d'idolfs  ni  dc  tfiiiiilcs.'  Wiihlirl:,  I'oi/.  I'llt., 
lUi.  (I',)-70.  Many  iclics  i\iid  rciiiaiiis  of  idols  still  to  lie  found  on  llu' 
Inland,  llnssrl.  Mr.r.  (SiuiL,  ]i.  .''.">•.(;  Malh-Drnn,  I'firia  ((>•  In  (liiiil.,  tdiii, 
vi.,  |),  470;  Mon/ii's  Tnir.,  |)|).  lI4(>-i;;  (iciidni,  in  I'risia/f,  Mi\f.,  foiii.  iii.. 

*i  '  r,ps  Indicns,  on  If  sait.  so  niontront  tl•^s  n'scrvi's  snr  (out  <•(>  (|iii 
tiMiclic  h  Icnr  aiicicii'ic  natioiialili"  i|iiiii([ii('  ccs  iiiincs  fiissuiit  conniit's  iTiiii 
f;iaiid  noinln'c  d'ciitn'  (Mix,  |ias  iiii  n'avait  tralii  Ic  secret  de  lenr  cxisteiiic.' 
Jlori/il,  ]'inffii/i\  ifim.  ii.,  |i|i.  titi-T;  /</ .  Tmr.,  ]i|i.  •Jll-'J;  Sqiiirr,  in  //(>•■'. 
Jiliiij.,  vol.  iv.,  i>.  (jG;    U'lqijMiix,  Uiinj.  it.  Stat.,  p.  'Jit.'). 


ttnvn  of 
eastAvaril 
r  to  tlic 
dn  as  tlie 
ic   forest, 

\ve  know 
hief,  ^vllo 
the  cliar- 
jcting  tlio 
.statement 
es  in  hi.u'li 
lue, 


unu 


c  route  to 
rasja,  one 
•ith  (leliris 
risited  the 
^v^itten  of 

0  only  tle- 
)st  remark - 

1  each  nine 
in  the  otu; 


j^nare. 


Nc 


er  stones, 
d  emitted 
A  statf- 
ii'lies  hi-li, 
ic  west,  at 


Ilistrict,  o\i<'l|! 
ilkos.'  .s'7"."-.v 
1.  11.  '-W;  //""'■ 
\\)     '  11  n'cNi^t" 

[,■/-,    Vol/.   I''"' 

fiimiil   on  till' 

b/c.r.,  ttiiu.  iii , 

Lr  tout  I'c  'j"' 
■it  ciiiinuo  'I'liJ 
Iciir  cxislii:' 


lijHur,  111 


//,x 


1 


RUINS  OF  TIKAL. 


135 


wliieh  ])oiiit,  as  on  the  o[)|)osite  eastern  side,  is  an  en- 
tiaiu'u  only  lii^h  enouoii  I'ur  a  man  to  crawl  thr(.)U<^h 
(111  hands  and  knues.  This  u|>[)er  story  is  divided  ijito 
tline  apartments  communicatini;'  witli  eacli  other  hy 
iiicaiis  of  low  doors,  and  now  rootless,  hut  prL'scntin*;" 
.si^iis  of  having'  heen  originally  covered  with  the 
i)\nla|<]iing  arcli.  The  whole  structure  is  of  hewn 
stone  laid  in  mortar,  and  no  traces  of  wood  remain. 
it  is  evident  that  this  huildin;*-  is  entirely  ditl'erent 
fioni  any  other  monuments  whic-h  we  have  thus  far 
nut  in  our  ])rooress  northward,  and  further  north  we 
shall  meet  few  if  any  of  a  similar  nature.  !So  far  as 
thr  data  are  sutHcient  to  iustifv  conclusions,  this 


y 


safely  he  classed  with  the  older  remains  at  Cojiaii  and 
C^uiri'^ua,  latlier  than  with  the  more  modei'U  Quii-he- 
('akrhiijinl  structures.  There  are  no  means  of  deter- 
iiiiiiiiiu'  with  any  denree  of  accurai-y   whether    these 


Iniil(nni4's  o 


f  Yaxhaa  were  the  work  of  the  itzas  or  of 


4:1 


a  more  ancient  branch  of  the  ]\Iaya  })eo[)le, 

Ahout  forty  miles  north-east  from  the  eastern  end 
111'  hake  IV'ten,  in  the  foothills  of  the  mountains,  hut 
III  a  locality  inaccessible  from  the  direction  of  the 
lake  e\.ee|)t  ill  the  diy  season,  from  January  to  June, 
aiv  the  ruins  of  'J'ikal,  a  name  sis>nifvinn'  in  the  ^laya 
laiin'ua'je  'destroyed  i>alaces.'  80  dry  is  the  locality, 
liiAvever,  during-  this  dry  seast)n,  that  water  nnist  be 
(•allied  in  casks,  or  thirst  ([Uenched  with  th»j  juice  of  a 
]Hriiliar  variety  of  reed  that  »^rows  in  the  legion.  A 
iiiiiic  thoroui^h  seaivh  minht  reveal  natui'al  wells, 
which  snj>[)lied  water  to  the  ancient  inhabitants,  as 
was  the  case  further  nortli  in  Yucatan.  The  ruined 
structures  of  Tikal  are  rej)orted  to  extend  over  a 
it  least  a  league,  and  they  were  discoxeri'd, 
lull  their  existence  had  been  previously  imported 


>  lire  ()| 


iKl 


vol. 


*'  I'ldliiiih,  ill  Anil 


|i.  Iil> 


III    --     lilrcs  as 


Mr  S 
Cal 


Mr. 


torn.  !.,  (liv.  ii.,  j) 


08;  ,S' 


i/iiiir 


iiiiicr  savs  tlu' tiiwcr  is  •_'•_' ffi-t  s<|iiar('at  (lie  1 


ill  I/i.tf.  MiK/. 


lasc,   III: 


iiKlii  ;iivi's  1 


t.      llo  <1. 


not  ^^tato  the  aiitlniiitv  uii   w 


lii- ili-r,i|i|itiii  it.st>;  it  seems,    li(i\ve\er,    ill   otliel'  n'spei' 


Is  to  1 


(C 


lii'iiiPM  uf  (JaliiiiloV  ari'oiiiit,  \\ 


.lii.'li 


1  IS  also  reliea 


le.l 


.tea.l 
I  liii'li 


-iiji|ily  a 


111   ,'^i/iinr  ■•< 


.".n- 


Slii'lil  lueiilioii  ill  Miinlil,  ]' 


(\ 


1>.  -10;    W'lqijxiH.i,  Uiuij.  ii.  Slut.,  \).  L".)3. 


ijiiji-,  Una.  II.,  \> 


OU;  /'/., 


1B6 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  GUATEMALA. 


ifn 


i;l 


by  the  natives,  in  1848,  by  Governor  Anihrosio  Tut 
and  Colonel  Modesto  Mendez.  From  the  pen  of  tiu; 
latter  we  have  a  written  description  acconii)anied  hy 
drawings."  Unfortunately  I  have  not  been  able  to 
examine  the  drawings  made  by  Sr  Mendez,  whose  text 
is  brief  and,  in  some  respects,  unsatisfactory. 

The  chief  feature  at  Tikal  is  the  occurrence  of  many 
palaces  or  temples  of  hewn  stone  in  mortar,  on  tlio 
summit  of  hills  usually  of  slight  elevation.  Five  of 
these  are  specially  mentioned,  of  which  three  are  to 
some  extent  described.  The  first  is  on  a  hill  about 
one  hundred  and  forty  feet  high,  natural  like  all  tlio 
rest  so  far  as  knov/n,  but  covered  in  many  places  with 
masonry.  A  stairway  about  seventy  feet  wide  leads 
up  to  the  summit,  on  wdiich  stands  a  lofty  stone  pal- 
ace, or  tower,  seventy-two  by  twenty-four  feet  at  the 
l)ase  and  eighty-six  feet  high,  facing  the  cast.  Tlio 
walls  of  the  lower  portion,  or  what  may  be  regarded 
as  the  first  story,  are  plain  and  coated  with  a  hard 
cement.  There  is  a  niche  five  or  six  feet  deep  in  the 
front,  covered  on  the  interior  w4th  paintings  and  hiero- 
glyjihics,  and  furnished  witli  wooden  rings  at  the  top, 
as  if  for  the  suspension  of  curtains.  At  this  jioint  an 
attempt  to  penetrate  to  the  interior  of  the  structui't; 
showed  the  lower  story  to  be  solid,  filled  with  earth 
and  stones.  The  upper  story  has  an  ornamented  and 
sculj)tured  front,  and  there  are  ruins  of  a  falleii  bal- 
cony, or  more  probably  a  staircase  which  formerly  led 


<'  ('ill.  Mc'iidoz,  wlinin  (Jov.  Tut  prerodiMl  at  Tikiil  In-  a  <Iay  or  two  on 
visitt'il  till-  ruins  iis  (•(iiiiniissiimcr  of  tlic  (Jiiatt'iiialaii  ^'ovi'miiiciit,  to  wliii 
iiftcr  a  stay  of  four  davs,  ho  made  a  ri'iiort.    This  n-jjort,   so  far  as  I  kim 
was   never   pulilishe.'.   ill   tlie  ori;;'iiial    Sjiaiiisli;  hut  the   MS.    fidl    ilitci  I 
hands   of    .Sir    Hesse,    Prussian  envoy  to  the  ("eiitral    Anieriean    j;ii\i  r 
iiients,   ami  was  liy  him  transhited   into  (German  and  ])uhlished  with  I 
])hiles  ill  tiie  /.I  itsrhrifl  fill-  A//i/niiriiii'  KidLiiiHlr,  lS5:{,  tmii.  i.,    ]it  iii..  |' 
Hi'J-S.     Tliis  translation,  without  the  plates,   and  witii  some  sli^ilit  om 
sions  of  uiiini|iorlaiit  (.letails  res|)eetiii<,Mlie  journey,  was  also  |)iil)lisheil 
Slr<rs,  Mitti'hiiiicriLii,  ]•]>.  "ilTot,  .'^ai-S,  with   notes  hy  Messrs   Hesse  ,ii 
Sivers.     "i\,\:  i"  tlie  source  of  my  information.      Mendez  revisited  '["iUal 
IS.'d',  without  ohtaiiiiii;^  any  additional    information    of  value  so  far  m^ 
know.     The  ruins  are  mentioiieil  and  more  or  less  fully  descrihed.  aiw.i 
from  tlie  same  source,    in  Miillrr,  Amirihinisrhv  I'l  riliifiniini,   pp.  4(Iii- 
Jjii-icliiiKitui,    (h-lmiiiiiini,   p]).    1 1  ."i- 1 7 ;  /i!/^/( /•,   ill  Guiiijitrc/if,   toiii.   i.,  I' 
W'apixtus,  (rcoij.  u.  .'57((^,  pj),  217,  -'.to. 


V, 

■ll, 

w, 
II- 


TIKAL  PALACES. 


137 


Dsio  Tut 
11  of  the 
^l^e(l  by 
al)l€)  to 
lose  text 

of  many 
,  on  tlie 
Five  (»f 
le  are  to 
till  about 
3  all  the 
leos  with 
ide  leads 
.tone  i)al- 
et  at  the 
LSt.      Th.^ 
regarded 
li   a  hard 
ep  ill  the 
id  hiero- 
the  top, 
])oiut  ail 
truetui'c 
1  earth 
\ted  and 
dlen  hal- 
uerly  led 

,11-  two  (inly, 

It,   tl)   wlllill, 

as  I  know, 
■  11   into  ill'' 

[.JIM       ^nVt'lM- 

am!  with  llu! 
.,  I't  iii..  ir- 
slio-tit  iiiiii- 
pulilislicil  ill 

S     IIOSM'    ilU.l 

led  Tikjil  ill 
so  fill-  a-  1 
IiimI,  ill\\:i)^ 
,    1>1).    -It'"-';; 

oni.   i.,  1'  "''> 


Up  to  tlie  entrance.  Notliin*^  is  said  of  tlic  interior  of 
the  iijii)er  portion.  Tlie  seeond  structure  is  of  the; 
same  dimensions  as  the  first,  and  is  huilt  on  a  hill  oj)- 
iiosite,  or  eastward,  Avhieh  seems,  however,  to  have  no 
sups  upon  its  sides.  It  is  nuich  damaged  and  fallen, 
l)ut  several  of  its  rooms  are  well  preserved,  having 
tlie  triangular-arched  roof  of  overlapping  stones,  walls 
decorated  with  iiaintings  an<l  hieroglyi>hics,  and  corri- 
dors six  and  a  half  feet  wide  and  over  one  hundred 
icet  long,  with  windows,  or  air-holes,  two  and  a  half 
hv  four  feet.  The  walls  are  nearly  seven  feet  thick, 
and  the  top  of  the  doorway  at  the  entrance  is  of 
rough  za{)ote  beams.  The  third  palace  (litters  in  no 
n'sjtect  from  the  others,  excei)t  that  the  zajiote  archi- 
trave of  the  chief  entrance  is  carved  in  ornamental 
and  hieroulvphic  fi<>'ures.  In  a  kind  of  a  court  at  the 
foi)t  of  the  hill  in  front  of  the  first  palace  were  found 
eleven  stone  idols  fr.<m  five  to  six  feet  high.  Three 
of  the  number  stood  on  largo  round  stone  disks,  or 
jiedestals.  About  twenty  of  these  disks,  without 
idols,  were  also  found,  seven  or  eight  of  which  bore 
indistinct  medallion  figures  sculptured  in  low  relief, 
and  the  rest  were  rough  and  ap]»arently  unfinished. 
Three  oval  stone  disks  were  also  dug  out,  as  imjdied 
hy  Meiidez'  text,  from  the  excavation  under  the  first 
]ialace,  although  it  is  difficult  to  explain  the  presence 
of  sculptured  relics  in  such  a  situation.  One  t>f  the 
stones  measured  five  and  a  half  by  four  by  five  and  a 


li.ilt"  I'cet,  and  bore  on  one  side  the  figure  of  a  woman 
with  decorated  robe.  The  second  bore  the  outlines 
of  a  su])posed  god,  and  the  third  a  figui'e  which  the 
rer  profoundly  concludes  to  have  represented  an 
or  a  snake,  but  which  may  perha})s  be  taken  for 
soiiu'  other  insect.  On  the  i-oad,  just  before  ri'aching 
the  ruins,  fragments  of  jiottery  were  noticed,  and  ( Jov- 
cnior  Tut  had  also  seen  the  figure  of  a  bull  well   cut 


cXjilo 

ca''it' 


tVoni  stone  lying  on  the  bank   of  a  la_  _ 
iiiilis  distant.       It  is  evident   that  at 


iroon  some  ei'. 


'^ht 


or   near 


\va.- 


lorniei 


Iv  a  L 


ii'<>e  citv,  ant 


I  wl 


len  we  consid 


Til 
ler  tl 


i<al 


le 


138 


ANTKiirriKs  or  ci atemala. 


extent  Jiiid  ini})oi't;iiR'e  of  tlie  ruins,  the  })r(je(j<lln^'  de- 
Sfri[>ti()n  un.icconipiinied  hy  ]»liitc.s  may  socni  nit'iiL;itj 
and  uiisati.sl'actory.  Uut  alter  a  perusal  of  the  f(jllo\\- 
in<^' cliajtter  on  the  ruins  of  Yucatan,  the  reader  will 
not  fail  to  form  a  rlcar  idea  of  those  at  Tikal ;  since 
all  tliat  we  know  of  the  latter  indicates  clearly  theii* 
identity  in  style  and  in  hiei'oglyphics  with  numerous 
momuneiits  of  the  peninsula  iurther  north.  it  is 
therefore  very  j»rol)ahIe  that  hoth  <^rou]»s  are  tlio 
AVork  of  the  same  people,  executed  at  approximately 
the  same  epoch. 

Colonel  ]\[endez,  while  on  his  way  to  visit  Tikal 
fertile  second  time  in  \H')'2,  accidentally  discoveied 
two  other  j.>'rou})s  of  ruins  in  the  nein'id)orhood  of 
Dolores,  south-eastward  i'rom  Lake  l\'ten  and  at 
ahout  the  same  d'-^tance  from  the  lake  as  Tikal.  ( )iie 
j^roup  is  south-east  and  eight  miles  distant  from  ])o- 
lores,  and  the  other  the  same  distance  north-we^t. 
T'iie  i'ornier  is  called  hy  the  natives  Yxtut/,  and  tlie 
latter  Yxcum.  There  seem  to  have  heen  made  a  de- 
,scri[)tion  and  some  drawinjjcs  of  the  Dolores  remains, 
Avhich  1  liave  not  seen.  Traces  of  walls  are  men- 
tioned and  monolitlis  sculptured  in  liin'h  relief,  with 
liL^ures  resenil)linL>'  those  at  Copan  and  Quiri^ua  rather 
t  lan  those  at  Tikal,  although  tlie  hiei'oulviihicsare  i)ro- 
liounced  identical  with  those  of  the  latter  monuments. 
()t!ier  rehcs  are  the  figure  of  a  woman  dressed  in  a 
slioi't  nagua  of  feathers  ahout  the  waist,  fitting  closely 
and  showing  the  form  of  the  leg;  and  a  collection  of 
sculptmvd  blocks  upon  a  round  disk,  on  which  aio 
carved  hierogly})hics  and  figures  of  the  sun  and  moun 
■with  a  prostrate  human  form  hefore  them. 

Near  hy  on  the  Belize  Kiver  is  a  cave  in  whicli 
several  i(U)ls  were  discovered,  ])rol)ahly  brought  heic 
by  the  natives  for  concealment.''^  'I'here  are  found  in 
the  early  Spanish  annals  of  this  region  some  accounts 

1'  //^i .«(',  ill  S/rrrs,  Miltrhi mrn'kd,  \>y.  i.")!-.'),  .^^'^-0;  riKirhiiifnni,  f)rl^- 
ii'iiii'ii.  ]i|i.  1  l.VId;  Wdjiptiii.s,  (uo(j.  II.  :itat.,  ji.  'l\)'i;  Miilli  r,  AmirUatiiis'liC 
L  m /iijioiiiii,  [>.  liH). 


HKLICS  IN  niaizE. 


139 


11   lilL'ilL;l(J 


o(  IiihiiliitLil  towns  in  tliis  vicinity  \\]\vu  tliu  coiujuer- 
urs  lii'st  came,  of  uliicli  tliesc  ruins  iiiav  be  tlio 
ivmains,  I  dose  the  cliapter  on  ( luateinalaii  anti- 
(jiiities  with  two  short  <|Uotations,  enihodyino-  all  I 
liave  been  ahle  to  find  resjiectin<4'  tlie  ancient  inoini- 
iiiciits  of  the  English  iiroviiice  of  Belize,  on  the  At- 
lantic coast  eastward  from  Peten.  "Ahout  tliirty 
miles  u[)  the  Balize  Jtiver,  contiguous  to  its  haid-cs  are 
i'liiniil,  what  in  this  country  are  denominated  the  Indian- 
liills.  These  are  small  eminences,  which  are  suj)])ose(l 
to  have  heen  raised  hy  the  ahorij^ir.es  over  their  dead; 
human  hones,  and  fi'aonieiits  of  a  coai'se  kind  of  earth- 
en-ware, hein^"  fre(|Uently  du^' from  them.  These  In- 
dian-hills are  seldom  discovered  hut  in  the  immediate 


vicmitv  ot  rivers  or  creeks, 


an* 


1  were  theref 


ore,  ])er- 


liajis,  huilt  for  refu^'e  in  time  (»f  Hoods.  "The  foot  of 
these  hills  is  regularly  i)lanted  round  with  lar^e  stones, 
and  the  whole  may  j)erhai)s  he  thought  to  hear  a  veiy 
stroui^'  resemblance  to  the  ancient  barrows,  or  tumuli, 
so  connnoidy  found  in  vai'ious    })arts   of  England. 


[    K 


earned  from    a  youiu 


rencliman 


that 


on 


tl 


us 


]ilantation  (New  Boston)  are  Indian  ruins  of  the  same 
cliaracter  as  tlK)se  of  Yucatan,  and  that  idols  and  other 
antiquities  have  often  been  found  tliere."*^ 


*'■•  If'iitln\t»ii'sIfo)ifhfras,  pp.  52-3;  Tcpcatcdin Squicr's Cent.  Amcr.,  \^i>. 

5',)C>-7.  ^ 

*'  FriKuii'a  Cent.  Aincr.,  v.  1C7. 


CHAPTER  V. 


ANTIQUITIES    OF    YUCATAX. 

Yucatan,  the  Toixtuy  and  thk  Pkoplk— AnixnANrE  of  RrrxEn 
Cities  — ANTKiiAiMAN    Kxploijation  ok   the  State— Ce.nthal 

(iUOLP— IXMAE— IIlSTOliY  ANP  l>lliLIO(iItAI'II V— WaEUECK,  .STEI'II- 
ENS,  CaTHEUWOOII,  NoUMAX,  riUEDEKICHSTHAL,  AXl)  ClIAliNAV 
— CASA  DEI,  (loliEIiNADOI!,  LaS  MoX.IAS,  Ki,  ADIVIXO,  PvilAMlK, 
AXD  OYMXASHM  -KAIiAII,  NollPAT,  I.AIIXA,  AXD  NIXETEEX  dTIIIl! 
lilIXED  ("ITIES— EASTEliX  (JlIOII';  C'lIK  HEX  ITZA  AXl)  VICIXITV  - 
N()I!THEI!X  (iliOlP;  MaVAI'AX,  MeIMDA,  AXD  IZA.M AE— SoiTIIEHN 
(JltOl  T;  LAIirHAK,  iTfUlMDE,  AXD  .M A( OliA— KasTEKX  CoAST;  Ti  - 
LOOM  AXD  COZIMEE-  WeSTE1!X  ("oAST;  MaXCAXT,  JaIXA,  AXD  Ca.M- 
I'ECHE-OeXEHAE  FEATI'liES   OK   THE    ViCATAX    IjEEICS— PvRAMlIiS 

AXD  Stone  r.rii.Dixris— Limestoxe,  Moutai:,  i'^Ttcro,  axd  Womi 
— The  TiaAX(;iEAK    AifCH-Sc'iEiTrKE,   Paixtixg,   axd    IIiEitn- 

OEVI'IIRS— UOADS  AXD  WeLLS — CO-Ml'AKISONS— ANTIQUITY  OK  TIIK 
MOXUMEXT.S— CUXCIASIUXS. 


North  of  the  hay  of  Chotumal  on  the  Athmtic,  the 
Lai^una  de  Teriniuos  on  tliu  i^uH"  of  ]\[exic'o,  and  lati- 
tude 17°  50'  in  the  interior,  Hes  the  peninsuhi  df 
Yucatan,  one  of  the  few  exceptions  to  the  oeneinl 
direi'tiou  of  tlie  world's  peninsulas,  jjrojectint^-  iK)rtli- 
eastwardly  from  the  continent,  its  foi'ni  a]iiiroxiniatcly 
a  ])arallelo_i;Tam  whose  sides  measure  two  hundred  and 
fifty  miles  from  north  to  south  and  two  hundred  from 
east   to  west.      Its  whole  surface,  so  far  as  known  lo 


!J'( 


'(v^raphei's,  may  he  termed  practically  a   level  plain 


o:ilv  sliLihtlv  elevated  ahove  the  level  of  the  sea.     'I' 
LOix.A  lor  the  most  part,  and  especially  in  the  north, 

(UO) 


le 


»    I 


PirVS!C.\L  FKATIIIKS  oF  Yl'CATAX. 


HI 


OK  RflNKIl 
;— C'KNTHAIi 
IKCK,  Si-Kni- 

l)    I'llAlINAY 
),     I'VUA.Mlli, 

;ti;i:n  <>t  111.11 

i)  vicinity— 

.— South  KUN 

Coast;  Ti  - 

;A,  ANl)CAM- 
— I'YHAMllW 
AN1>  W(M)I> 
\N1)     IllKl!!'- 

;ity  of  Tin; 


jantic,  tlie 

and  lati- 

iiinsula  n\' 

lio-  iK)rtli- 

I     •  1 

bximatciy 

lulrctl  and 

iivd  fVuiu 

Iknown  to 

•vel  l>l;ila 

isea.    '\'hc 

uurtli,  is 


low,  sandy,  and  l)aiTeM,  witli  few  indentations  aflTordini; 
harliois,   and  coiiLspoiidinLily  lew  towns  und  cities  vt' 
iiiiv   iiiij»ortanee.      Crossing   tlie   nai'i'ow  coast  region, 
]i(iwe\cT,    we    find    tlio    interior    fertile    and     heavily 
wooded.     While  there  are  nt)  mountains  that  di-serve 
the  iiaint',  yet  there  are  not  entii'ely  -wantinf,^  lan^es  of 
hills   to  hreak  up  and  diversify  hy  their  elevation  of 
I'linii  two  hundred  to  live  hundred  feet  the  monotony 
of  a  dead  level.      Chief  amoUL"'  these  is  the  Sierra  de 
^'ll(•atan,  so  called,  an  oftshoot  of  the  southern  Peteii 
liiiLjhts,  hranchii  ^  out  from  the  jj^reat  central  Cordil- 
Icia.      It  stretclijs  north-eastward  nearly  i)arallel  with 
the  eastei'n  coast  to  within   some  twenty-five  miles  of 
('a|)e  ('att)clie.     Atiother  line  of  hills  on  the  op])osite 
oulf  coast    extends    from   the    mouth    of    the    Kiver 
( 'hanipoton,  also  north-eastward,  toward  ^lerida,  the 
cajiital  of  the  state,  ahout  thirty  miles  south-wtst  of 
which   place  it  deflects  al)ru})tly  at  riu;ht  angles  from 
its    former    direction,   and    with  one   or  two    pai'allel 
minor  ranj.^es  extends  south-eastward  at  least  half-way 
across  the  state.      At  some  ])eriod  c»'eolooically  recent 
the  waves  of  ocean   and  joulf  dou])tless  beat  against 
this  elhow-shaped  sierra,  then  the  coast  harrier  of  the 
]icninsula;  since  the  countiy  lyins;'  to  the  north  and 
west  })resents  everywhere  in  its  limestone  formation 
traces  of  its  comparatively   late  emerj^ence  from  he- 
inath  tlie  sea.     The  lack  of  water  on  the  surface  is  a 
rcmaikahle  feature  in  the  })hysical  i;eoL;'i'aphy  of  Yuca- 
tan.    There  are  no  rivers,  and  the  few  small  streams 
aluiiL>-  the  coast  extend  l)ut  few  miles  inland  and  dis- 
appear as  a  rule  in  the  dry  season.     One  small  lake, 
whose  waters   are   strongly   impregnated  with  salt,  is 
till'  only  hody  of  water  in  the  hroad  interior,  which 
is  ahsolutely    destitute   of   streams.      From    June   to 
Octoher  of  each  year  rain  falls  in  torrents,  and  the 
sandy,  calcareous  soil  seems  to  possess  a  wonderful 
liroperty  of  retaining'  the  stored-uj)  moisture,  since  the 
ardent  lays  of  the  tro])ical  sun  heating-  down  through 
tlie  \[)Ug  rainless  summer  months,  rarely  succeed  in 


142 


ANTI(,>riTIKS  or  VfCATAN. 


jiarcliiiiii^  any  ])(>rti()M  of  tins  smfiico  into  jiny  iij)|)rofi('li 
to  the  sti'i'ilify  of"  ;i  (Icst'i't.  'I'lic  .siiiiiiiu'r  ti'iiiju'ra- 
tiiro,  aUhoiiuli  1hl;1i,  is  iiioditicd  hy  sca-ltivezt's  IVoiii 
tlio  oast  and  west;  ('oiisev|iiuiitly  tliu  lioat  is  less  op- 
])ivssivo  and  tliu  cliinattj  ou  the  wliolo  more  liealthl'iil 
tlian  in  any  other  stat(,'  of  tlie  American  tieiTacalieiitr. 
'J'iie  inhahitants,  soniethinn' over  lialf  a  million  in  num- 
ber, of  whom  a  very  lar^e  propoi'tion  aie  full-hlooded 
natives  of  the  ^[aya  race,  are  a  (juiet  and  jieacel'ul 
though  hrave  ])eoj»le,  livini^  simply  on  the  jiroducts  of 
the  soil  and  of  tlie  forest,  and  each  connnunity  takiii'^ 
hnt  little  intei-est  in  the  alfaii's  of  the  world  away  from 
their  own  immediate  neighhoihood.  They  made;  a 
hi'ave  hnt  vain  resistance  to  the  proufress  of  foreign 
con(jnerors,  and  liave  since  lived  for  the  most  part  in 
(|niet  suhjection  to  tlie  power  of  a  do)ninant  race  and 
the  ])riests  of  a  foreii-n  I'aith,  havino-  lost  almost  com- 
]>letely  the  an.d)itious  and  lianniity  spii-it  for  which 
they  wei'e  once  noted,  and  forgotten  ])racticalh^  the 
•greatness  of  their  civilized  ancestors.  Since  throwing;' 
olf  the  j)ower  of  S])ain,  they  have  ])assed  throu,L;h 
i'our  or  li\e  I'evohitions,  a  noteworthy  record  when 
conipai'ed  with  that  t)f  other  S})anisli  Aniei'ican  states 
— hv  which  Yncatan  has  i)assed  successively  to  and 
iVo  from  tlie  condition  of  an  independent  repuhlic  to 
that  of  a  state  in  the  ^Ti'xican  Uepuhlic,  to  whii-h  it 
now  helon^s.  Except  the  northern  central  ])ortion, 
which  contains  the  caj)ital  and  princii)al  towns,  and 
which  itself,  outside  of  ^ferida  and  the  route  to  tlic 
coast,  is  oidy  comparativcdy  Avell  known  through  tlic 
writing's  of  a  few  travelers,  and  exce])t  also  some  (if 
the  ports  alon^;'  the  coast  visited  occasionally  hy  trad- 
inn,^  vessels  of  various  nations,  Yucatan  is  still  essen- 
tially a  terra  inco^iuta.  It  was  more  thoroughly 
cx})lored  hy  the  S})anisli  soldiers  and  priests  in  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  than  at  au}^  suli- 
se([uent  time.  T\\c  eastern  interior  and  the  southern 
borileriiii^  on  the  (Guatemalan  province  of  Peten  arc 
esijecially  unexjjlored,  little   or  nothing  being  known 


A  ItlCir  ANTIi.UAKF.W   I'lKM). 


143 


pproMcii 

,('S  iVoiii 
less  op- 
U'Jiltliful 
caru'iitt". 
ill  iiiiMi- 
-1)1(kk1('iI 

JK'JU'l'lul 

ulucts  of 
y  tiikiii"4 
Ajiy  iVoiii 

iwadv  ;i 
f  foreign 
t  part  in 
nifo  and 
lost  coni- 
or  Nvli it'll 
icallv  tlif 
tlii'(»\vinL;' 

tliroii.uU 
)id  will  n 
an  statis 

y  to  and 
piildic  to 

wliii'li   it 
portion, 

,vns,  and 

to  to    till' 

nio'li  tilt" 
some  ot 
Ity  trad- 
ill  CSSl'U- 

oroii.u'lily 
s  in  tilt-' 
any  snl»- 
soutlu'vu 
jVtcu  arc 
|<r  known 


of  tlio  latter  (iistrict  away  from  the  trails  that  lead 
Miiitliwai'd,  one  to  J'ai-alar,  the  otlior  t(»  Lake  IN'toii, 
tfoddtii  l»y  the  i'l'L't  of  lew  lait  iiativt'S  duriiiL;'  the  last 
two  (•(•ntiiries. 

N'ucataii  presents  a  rich  lield  for  anti(|uarian  ex])lo- 
ration,  fiirnisliini^  jKjrliaps  tiiu'r,  and  ci-rtainly  nioit! 
niinifi'ous,  speeiniens  of  aneii'iit  a  1  (original  architeetiire, 
scnlptiire,  and  painting'  than  havi'  l»een  discovered  in 
aiiv  other  section  of  America.  TIu?  state  is  literally 
dotteil,  at  least  in  the  northern  central,  or  liest  known, 
|iiiitioiis  with  ruined  edifices  and  cities.  I  sliall  liavo 
(iccasion  tt)  intention,  and  di'scrihe  more  oi*  less  fully, 
in  this  chapter,  such  ruins  in  hetweeii  fifty  an<l  sixty 
ditlerelit  localities.'  While  thest;  niomiinelits,  how- 
f\ci'.  are  the  most  extensive  and  ainoiiL;'  tlu'  hcst  )ire- 
scrvfd  within  the  limits  of  the  Pacific  States,  they 
\vt  ic  yet  ainoiiL,'  the  last  to  he  hron^ht  to  the  know  1 
"(l'4i'  of  the  niodi-rn  Avorld.  In  the  vovau'es.  made 
cMily  in  tilt-' ;ixteentli  century,  which  immediatt  ly  jire- 
ciiled  the  con([Ucst  of  ^fexico  hy  tht!  Spaniards,  ( '('(r- 
(liijalva,  and  Cortes  touched  at  various  jioints 
the  Yucatan  coast,  and  weri'  amazed  tt»  find 
there  on  the  borders  of  a  new  world  which  tliev  liatl 
siippdsi'd  to  l»e  occu[»ied  excliisi\ely  hy  harltariaiis,  a 
civili/,cd  people  who  si'i'ved  their  ydds  and  kept  their 
iduls  in  lofty  stone  temples.  lUit  their  stay  Avas 
hiii f  juid  tliev  pursued  their  wav  northward,  hint  on 

'  'l.r  sdj  lie  rViiciitaii  est  ciifoiv,  aiijoiinriiiii,  iiarscnu'  iriimniuliralilcs 
iiiiiu>,  iliiiit    III  liiii'Miirn'ciice  ft    ri'tclidiu'   flaiilicnl    (i'llniiiiciiiciil   Ics  \(>v- 


ilnva, 

aloiiL;' 


■r.'.iiii. 


Iiiutcs   parts,   (■<■ 


smit  (lUi'  !•( 


•Hi 


i-i  Mint  mil 


■.ii|ii'rlics,  lies  villi's  (ioiit   la  ^;aii<lt'iir  cliloiiit   I  iiiia;.'iiialiiiii,   t.iiit 


p\  laiiiiilalc^ 


-iiniicpiitccs 


itipl 


ifC's  ct  sc  toiu 


IllMit 


rlii'liiilis    iiiilili(>:  ciiliii 


111!  lie  ^amait  taiic  itri  pas  sans  ri'in'oiilitT  ilcs  di'lms  (|iii  attcstclit  a  la  lois 
If  (Ic  la  ]i(i])iilatiiiii  aiiti([iii' (In  Maya  ft  la  Idii'^nic  |iinsptiiif  ildiitr 


I  niniii'ii~i 

iftli'  iiiiitli'f  jipllit  sdUs  SfS  ml; 


j'i:i:<l  liiii  nil  flianip  si  tfconi 


'Niillf  tfiTf  an   iiiiiiicif  uf   piTMiitf  aii- 


l  aiix   n-clif rclifs  dc  I'arfli 


fdliii'iif  ft  (In  vova- 


l',riis\riir  ilf  l',iiitrliiiin<i.   llisf.   Xaf.    dc,   toiii.   ii.,   |i]i.  "JO,  •_'♦. 


I'ciiic  y  a 


til  dans  j"\'ufataii  in 


ill 


lie  villf,  line 


Im 


'adf,  uiif  iiiaison  dc  cain 


':i.:n(' i|ui  ii'dll'i'f  dans  SfS  ('(nistrnftidns  (If s  ifstfs  df   piciics  scnlptcfs  (|ni 


(Hit   ill-  flllf\( 


lf\(''fs  d'liii  aiif ifii  (.'•diliff .     (hi  iifiit  ((iniptfr  pins  dc  dimzf  fi 


I'l.i'ciiifiits  cdiivfrts  df  vastfs  iiiiiu 


hsllml,   ill  X( 


rllfs  .  I , 


h.^ilrs  Villi.,  1S4I,  tdin.  xcii.,  ])p.  ,'?(l(l-l.    'I'MIc est,  ]Mini-aiiisi  dire,  j()iicli('f 


I'ai'tdiit,  dansffttf  partu- 


YM\ 


a  riina''iiiati()n.'  L 


arciKdtilnri 


Ml'. 


vt  Una/.,  p.  ;{i!0. 


I  jidfsif  dfs  souvenirs 


144 


ANTIQl'ITIKS  OF  YUCATAN. 


i;i( 


tlie  fonquGst  of  tlio  riclicr  realms  of  Montezuma.  The 
t;xcit  Jineiit  of  tlie  (•oii([Uest  and  tlie  new  \von(lers  l)e^ 
lield  in  An;iliiiac  Itlotted  praetieally  from  tlie  }»o]»ulai' 
mind  id!  memory  of  the  .soutlierii  tower-temjiles,  al- 
tliouj^li  tlieir  discovery  m'ms  recorded  in  the  diaries  of 
i\\c  expeditions,  from  wliicli  and  from  verbal  (lescri[)- 
tioiis  accounts  were  inseiled  in  the  works  of  the 
standard  liistorians  of  the  Indies.  Later,  in  tlie  mid- 
dle of  the  (century,  when  the  turn  came  for  Yucatan 
to  he  oveirun  with  soldiers,  stone  temples  had  become 
tdo  familiar  siL>hts  to  excite  nnich  attention;  yet  the 
chi'oniclei's  of  the  time  included  in  their  annals  some 
l)i'ief  descriptions  of  the  heathen  tem])les  destroyed 
\)y  the  Spanish  invaders;  and  the  Yucatan  histo- 
rians of  the  following  century,  Landa,  Cogolludo,  and 
Villagutierre  Soto-Mayor,  described  and  personally 
visited  some  of  the  ruins.  'JMiese  eai'lier  accounts 
liave  been  utilized  in  delineating  the  state  of  archi- 
tectural art  among  the  ^NTayas  in  a  preceding  volume, 
and  they  will  ;dso  be  used  somewhat  extensively  as 
illustrative  material  in  the  following  pages.  Since 
these  early  times  the  ruins,  slu'ouded  by  a  dense  trop 
ical  vegetati(»n,  have  lain  untenanted  and  uidvuowii, 
save  to  the  peaceful  inhabitants  of  the  northern  and 
more  thickly  setthd  |)(iitions  of  the  state,  who  have 
from  time  to  time  i)i.'come  aware  of  tlu'ir  existenri 
accidentally  while  in  search  of  \\ater  or  a  favorable 
locality  Ibr  a  miljia,  or  cornfield.  ( )nly  a  few  oi'  the 
forty-lbui"  ruined  towns  ex])lored  1)_\  \lr  Stephens  weiv 
known  to  exist  by  the  })eople  <»f  Merida,  the  state 
caj)ital. 


Since    I8M()  the  veil  has  been   lil  ^ed   from  the  pii 


11- 


'1' 


ci])al  I'uiiis  ot   ancieii 


t   ]\I; 


rl. 


iva  works   oy  tlie   restart'ius 


iii'.ii, 


of  Zasala,  Wahleck,  Stephens,  ('atherwood,  Xori 
Fi'iederichsthal,  and  Charnay.      A  <>'eiui-al  account  of 


IfSC 


the   anti(piarian  ex|)l()ratIoiis    and    writings    of  tl 
gentlemen  is  giwn  in  the  ap]»entled.  note,"  details  ;iiiil 

■^  'I'lio  oarlicsf  iinMlt'in  account  nf  ^'llcatlm  Aiiti'initii'-*  willi  wliicli  I  :nii 


'4 


ijuaiulcil  is  that  u  littcii  li\ 


Sil, 


ileZii 


Aiiil.i 


)afi>a(li)r  ot  Ihu 


KXI'I.UKATIOX  OF  MAYA  ItUINS. 


115 


..     The 
U'S    1)0- 

)()pular 

Ics,  al- 
rles  of 
iescrip- 
<>f  the 
10  mid- 
^K-ataii 
hoc-oil  10 
v^t  tlio 

Is   SOllU' 

stroyod 
I   liisto- 
ido,  and 
rsoiially 
iccoiuits 
if  airhi- 
volumo, 
ivoly  as 
Shioo 
ISO  trop- 
dvuowii. 
11  and 
()  have 
istoiK'f 
voralili-' 

of    t',..' 

IS  wciv 
u  state 

If  j.iln- 

seairlies 

VoniK'H. 

tunt  et 

>f  these 

ads  ;in(l 

whi.'h  !  iiiii 
(.1  lUi'  M'^ 


iiuticcs  of  ad(hti<>iial  visitors  to  jmrticular  localities 
heiliy'  fese)'\ed  until  I  eoino  to  s|)cak  of  those  loeali- 
ties.  It  will  he  notieed  that  all  the  authors  men- 
tioned who  write  iVoin  aetual  ohservatioii,  liavo  eoiil'ned 
tlieir  ohsL'i'\ations  to  tVoiii  oiu'  to  foui'  of  the  ])rinei|)a] 
ruins,  whose  existt-neo  was  known  previous  to  their 
visits,  exeeptiiiL;'  ^Fessrs  Stephens  a  id  Cathei'wood. 
These  <;vntleiueii  holdly  lott  the  hi  Mteii  track  and 
hroii'^'ht  to  the  knowlody-o  of  tli'.  world  ahout  lorty 
ruined  cities  whose  very  existence  ^lad  been  previously 
unknown  e\en   to   tlio  residents  of  the   larger   cities 


ii'Mii  (Iiivormnent  in  I'l.incc,  anil  puldi^luMl  in  Anfi'/iiitrs  Mr.rli'nliu's,  torn, 
i..  (liv.  ii,,  \>\t.  ;{;!  •">.  Sr  /;i\aia  visitcil  T  ;Mial  scMTal  yoars  ticfuic  IS.'U. 
Iii>  riiiiiiiiuiiirai  iiiii  ;ii\cs  a  riilcialily  ^iHni  mineral  iilca  nt  tlu'  ruins,  hut  it 
i>  liiii'f.  iinai  ri.iM|iani('(l  li\  .Ir.iwinus,  and  relates  only  to  one  eity.  It  is, 
I'licretiire,  ipf  little  value  v\lien  cuniiiareil  wilii  later  ami  imdic  csteiisive 
Works  nil  the  salijeet,  and  is  nientinned  in  this  note  nnly  as  Ixinu'  I  he  earli- 
<•>(  iiccniiiit  extant.  \  i\  Ion;,'  !'"ti(re  Za\ala"s  \  i^it,  i'ad'';  'I'lnnias  de  Snza, 
!i  rraiiriscjiii  friar  lit'  tli.- cii.ivcnt  nf  Mi  rida,  had  uliserved  Ihi  iiins  diirin;,' 
Ills  fr(-|iieiit  trijis  thriiiiuh  the  [iiii\  im-e,  and  he  ^fiiM)  a  sli;;ht  aceuiint  of 
til' 111  til  Aiil'iiiii>  del  Kill,  \v  hi)  nieiitiiiiied  it  in  \\\s  Iji srriji.  af  it .i  .[iu'lutt 
'      '.  |i|i.  Ii  ■», 

M.  i'l'  d'-ri'  lie  Waldeik,  a  Freiieh  artist,  visited  I'xnial  in  IS;{.')  durin;,; 
a  >lii(rt  tiiiir  in  the  |ieninsiila,  and  ]iiililished  the  resnlt  of  his  lalxirs  in  hi.s 

\  iiiliiil>    I'lihiri  sijilf   cf    .lrr/iiii/ii;/i'/lir    i/nii.s/u    I'ruriiirr    if  )' iirnlii  ii,     i'aris, 

lv{"i,  lar-i-  t'liliit,  with  11  steel  idates  and  lithiio|vi](|iii>  illustratiuns.  M.  de 
Wiilileik  iMi'iiiiie  in  suiue  way  idmnNious  tii  the  Mexican  ( iii\ermiient, 
v.iiirlji  Threw  le  (i!i-<iaeles  in   his  wav,  and   tinallv  em.tiseateil  his  draw- 


i:e„'s,   I'T   whieji 


had   fiirtn  latelv  mad 


'iiiM'^  rile  ;rii\eri,  'leiit 


;i"ilv  i-ririei 


sell.      Hi 


1(1 


e    eii|iles, 
I 


Waldeek   in    his   turn 


1  (lie  iieitplo,  and  has  eiinseiinentlv  linn  iiiilavnr 


It  lat 


er  visitoi  (  iiiid 


is  (ira'.inMs  and    ilesi  ii|rtiiiiis,   lidweM'r,    ti-led   liy  the 


heiter  aiispiees,  are  remarkaMe  I'm   their  aee 


i.n'y  Ml  tai- as  llie\   ,,  iaie  to  anlii|iiit ies.     The  tew  eriiirs  diseiixeiahle  in  hi- 
Uirihnieil   In  till'  dilliiii'ly  ut'  eN|iliirin;-  a  I  me  and  unaided 


W  "fii    111  IV  lie 


imlitjieil  in  a   deiisi'   trii|iii'al   I' 


>y  a  iiimiilii-eiit   and   I 


nest. 


earnt'il    in 


'  'Siij'i'lied  '.\  ilii  I 


leiiiiiiarv  an 


/.'■'•..  Mil.   wiii.,   |i.  •J.")l,      'Waldei'k,  aninenta 
iutiijaili/a  .\  ra]irii'hiisameiite  siis  ohras,  las  haee  |iaitieijiar.  en 


ll.ls,   ll 


•er.'  (Lerd   Kili;;sliiil-iiuuh  i   J-'ui'ii/, 
mill  I'l  di-niini'yen'lii 

IS   .st'Iirfi- 


tint 


e  las  nil  niiiv  a'-ieditadas  eualiila.iles  de  veri 


ilieii,  imiiareial  v  (vnieipw- 


/iiilii  ipie  ai[ui  lu  eiiiiiieieion.'  Jf.  F.  J'.,   hi  li>^/i.s/rn  i'licoh';,,   tmii.   i,   p. 


:j<u 


.M 


r.  .inllll 


I,.  St, 


|iliens,  aei'iiiii|ianied 


Fred,  ("atlieri 


ll.  artist,  at  ilr 


etnl  ut  an  aiitii|iiarian  e\|ieditii,ii  thriiii;:h  Central   .\nieiiia.  arrived  at   I'x- 


iiial  III  IS4II.  and  In 


-Mr  Ciitli 


II  the  wiir 


III 


k  .if. 


•viii;.;-  the  eitv.  lint  tlie  siekiu" 


eiiiii|iellei|   tliein   to  iiliati.iiiii  the  snrvev  when   lint    litt 


|iin|;ri'~>  liad  lieen  made  and  return  aliiii|it 
t'liir    i,iriiiii|)|,.Ie    \\iir 


Iv  to  Xew  '\'ork,     Tl 


results  of 


IMI, 


11. 


\N    re  |iuli|isheil  in  Sit  phi  ks"  Cent.  Ain<  r.,    X.    \' 


/'/' 


Mr  It.    M.   X 

iiatan  from  Deeeinher  to  .M; 


orinaii,  a  resnleti 


t  of  X. 


w  Orleans,  iiiiide  a  flviiiL'  visit  ti 


III    )  llril 


1.S41-2,  and  |iulilislieil  as  a  result  Rm 


coliliii.'   to  tlie    /.'i 


'"/',  X.  V,,  ISi:{.   illustiatid  with  euts  and  lit 


Vol.  IV.    ll, 


iiislrij   Yidnttiv,   X 


0111.     1..     [l 


87-',  tiiirt  t 


.V. 


riji  wa:i  merely  a 


J;-    ■   ■-■t* 


IK! 


ANTK^liTII'S  OF   VrCATAX. 


..I 

ll 


i'j: 


of  tlie  vorv  state  in  wlioso  tcrritorv  thoy  lie.  With 
a  foi'ct'  of  natives  to  aid  in  eleariiin'  away  the  forest, 
]\[r  St«'i>li('iis  s])ent  ten  iiioiitlis  in  siii-veyinL;;',  and  Mr 
( 'atlifi'Wiiod  in  sketelunL"  nitli  tlic  aid  dt"  a  danuerrean 
canKT;!.  the  various  Li'iMUps  of  ruined  stiiicturt's.  TIio 
aceiiracy  of  hoth  siu'vey  and  (h'awinns  is  un(|uestioned. 
Tlic  visit  of  these  exj)!(»rei\s  was  tlie  lii'st,  and  lias  thus 
far  ])roV('d  in  most  casus  tlie  last,  i'lie  wrecks  of  M;iv,i 
ai'chiti'cturc  have  heen  hit  to  shunhcr  inidistiirl)ed  in 
their  forest  win(hn_o'-sheet.  *' L-'oi'  a  l.'ief  sj)ace  the 
stilhiess  that  reigned   around   them   was    Ijroken,  and 


successful  s]ioculMtiim  on  thr  part  nf  Xnniiini,  wlio  cullcctci]  liis  niatcri;il 
ill  lia.--Ic  Irmn  mII  a\;iilalil('  •,<(iirc('>,  in  ordii-  t"  take  aihiiiit.ip'  of  tlic  piii.'i.' 
iiiten-l  c\(ilcil  hy  Stc[iliciis'  travels.  Unwi'vcr  tlii>  ma.,  lie.  tlio  svdi'k  i- 
nut  witliDiit  value  in  cDiiiicctioii  witii  the  olliei- aiilhnrities.      '  Tlie  result  i.f 


a  hasty  \i-it.'  Mm/rr's  Mi.r.    Azt-f, 


Mil.    II..    Y 


172.     'I'll 


.rk 


mi'uiie  eoiniiilatiiiii  .sans  nierite  et  sans  inti'iet."  Mm-'lil.  I'////'//'',  tiiiii.  i.. 
]>.  \'Al  '  \  \alualile  wtirk.'  Iliiris'  An'i'/.  Aimr.  |i.  Ti.  "Uy  which  the 
|)-;l»lic  were  aiiain  asttiiiislieil  and  deli.^'hted."  f'r'i.sl's  I'ul.  Jfist  .lA  ,., 
]i.  77.  Ndiiiiairs  work  is  veiy  lii;.dily  s|iukeii  i\i  and  reviewed  at  leii;;iii. 
with  nuiih  liiiis  ((notations  and  two  plates,  in  the  Ih  ,,i(i<  nilic  lo  rii  ii\  \i,|. 
xi.,  |ip.  .")'2',<  :{S. 

.Mr  .Stephens  arrived  in  \ow  "S'nrk  on  V\>  return  from  his  Central  .Ann  r- 
lean  tour  in  duly,  iS|(l,  having,'  left  ^'neatan  in  .liine.     •.\liont  a  year"  after 
his  return  he  apiiii  sailed  for  Viicatau  on  ((cto'hcr  !l(li  and  I'einaincd  imril 
the  f<dlowin'.:-  .(iiiiiv     This  is  all    thi'    inforinatioii    the  autluir  vouch-ni'  - 
toiicliiii;^-  the  date  \A  his  voyage,  «hieh  was   pioliaMy  in    I.S41   V?,  Stcpl 
iukI  Norman    hein;.'  th<refin'e  in   the   eoiintrv  at   tlie  .siinio  tiiii(>:  the  I. 
states,  indeed,  that  llu'.v  were  onify  a  month  ajiart  at  /ayi.     Steidicns'  \'     \ 
is  called  tiiriilriils  i,f  ftm-i'l   in    Ynrnhdi.    N.   \ ..     I.S*|   {''.)   ( K(l.  iilloto!    :i 
this  work,  N.  v.,  JS,')8  i     '/he  drawiii;;s  of  this  and  (A  th<'  juwions  exi  i 
dition  were  piihli.slKM'l,  with  .i  descriptive  te.x,t  hy  Steiihen,!i,  undi V  flic  til  ■  ■  t 
{'ntlii'i'ii''iifl'.t    Viiii'-t  of  Ainiiiil  ^Jiiii II iiii'iil <  ill   Ciiihii/  Aiiiitii't,    N.   \  . 
lSt4,  hir;r<'   folio.  witFi  •!')  ytAtt^i^A   litlio;.'ruuhie   pl.ites,     .Stepliena>'  ttccou'.' 
was   notiierl.  \Aiih  >|Uotaf)/rtis,  hy  f/,early  jifl    rhe   re\ie\vsat  the  tiffliii*  of  ;•- 
ap]iearau<e.  :iiid  ha-  hcci/ «lie  cfdef  source  Unn\  wlii(di  all  snl>se(uuot 
rrs,    iii(dudiii>f  iny.«'W.  have  driiwii   their    iiiforixatioii.      ^is   <ollectii- 
ino\ahle    V'ucafan    rcdicM   was    iiii^c>j'fiiiiately   di'sfroyitl    liv    lire    v\itli      . 
<'atlierwood\  panorama   in   New  /ovk      /'ritics  are  al/if^'st  iinariini' 
praise  of  the  woi'k.      '  .Vfaljfr/'  <jiiidipie*  iiTi^ivfectioiis.   fcf  fivr<''  rester.i   '    . 
^;t.M's  nri  ou\ra/e  I'll'  j,.reirtier  ordf  pour  |o^  \..y,igiur-  e<  f/^s  savants,'  /.' 

n'lif    ill-     liiiiiilfiiiii'f.      E  ■••■'/ II  iniri,     if.     7-       '  St('pl|in~-     y     /  ;if  lierw 1.     I    ' 

f-jeiiiplo.  sin  MfKirnfrU'  di-  la  \  (  rd  cf /♦/•  los  ovi/i'iiales.  los  j/ipii,  (4  mno.  \  '  ■ 
/lesirlhe  el  i»tro  con  e.Ka<fihid.  CI  .terio  V  hiieiia   /■    "    V     /'     /'.,   irii  //'■'■ 


do  tal'eni 


yilr/ltirii.     UiUi.     i.,     p    :j»V/        •/>  (Jlle    .Sf.    Ste)! 

Xfioiice ,rt  c|<'  iiHiilcHtie  Hans  srs  Narrations  cs* 
rioii.'  I)iill/     flniix  liiilnj  .    p.     r/      Jones,    ///.*/ 
Sf('j/hcn>"  conclusions,  and  hin  criticisuis  wiH  he  sot/i' 
Ylityct  \^.\'-^\      Si.    also  p.  HJ,  ii«»f<    It.  of  this  viduiu*', 

tSw   f>-iroii    voli    (■'i-.id<  rii  h.4(hjl.  an  iiltacfw.  of  the    4>«j<ri»i"    l*,c" 
■■j^'H  tu-   '  '.I'tli-.,  iiina»)<Mi  of  Viicatfiiri  ruins. 

(i-UPil^.-     ■  .,  .  ,ri  .i.,  -  -    ,..,4\.     Hi- )».*'l  With  l/iia  uda„  .   .,.,.,^,,.. 


STKIMIKNS  AM)  ('ATIIi:i:\V(  m  M). 


117 


Wit' 


f 


lu  torcst, 


iUK 


1  Ml 


i^'UciTfau 


L'S. 


'J' 


lias  till! 


() 


IV;t 


III 


tlU"l>r(l 


l)aeo  till 


ken, 


ana 


tlirv  wei'i'  a,L;'aiu  left  to  s()litu(k'  and  silfiicc  Time 
;iii(i  tliL-  L'lenients  arc  liastcnino-  tliuni  to  utter  cU'Struc- 
tiiin.  It  lias  ItLTii  the  iortune  of  the  author  to  ste[> 
hi'twceii  them  and  the'  entire  desti-uetii)n  to  which 
tlit'V  arv  destined;  and  it  is  his  hope  to  snatdi  tVoni 
(iMivion  these  jierishinu;',  hut  still  ^'i^'antie  nieinoi'ials 
nj' a  mysterious  people."  His  jiope  lias  heeii  i'ully  real- 
i/,i(l,  and  his  hook  niay  he  regarded  as  a  model,  hoth 
as  a  juui'iial  of  travel  and  }>ersonal  adventure  and  a> 
a  i>i'ni-(l  of  anti(juarian  resean-h.  ^[r  Steplu'ns  is  one 
lit'  the  vei'v  lew  travelers  w!io  have  iieen  ahle  to  ^aze 


liis  niiilt  rial 

of  till'  ])\ii:i' 

tli(>  svork  ;- 

rill'  ivsiili  "i 


\V( 


.ik 


'/iii/i\  tciin.  1 
V  wliicii   li 

7^.^■/.  .1/' 

I'll  at  I 


oiiuiii. 


iMitral  All!'  I- 

a  year"  .i"i'V 

iiiaiiu'il   iri:;i 

ir  vimcli-atV- 

•2,  Stc]!'      - 

tlicl:       i 

cpllflis'  \'  .V 
'',(1.  ([lliitr.!    '1 

r<'\  iiiiis  ('\]n  ■ 

lytlu'lilir.'I 

////A  N .  ^' . 
U'1U<'  tii'i'tiii':" 
II'  tiiii^  111  •- 
>(iiiii)»t 

llccti..      ' 
re    witli     ■'« 
inatiilli''  : 


\aiit? 


stClM 


.il.    I" 


II  /!■■' 

lalViii 

,■  aj'i'i 

4  ijfi  i 


,>v^ 


laiiMi  inaiivran 


fill 


Irawiii;.'^. 


A^  to  til 


IMtll-.  Mil'!  witll    lis    Mill    |irr]i; 

III    lii-i   visit    ii    prolialilv  iirci-ciU'il    those  of  Noiinan   ami   SicipIiciis, 
irtiiT  liy  him,  writti'ii  whiicoii  his  ii'turii   to    I'.iiioin',    is  ilati 


itc 


jsU,      'I'iiis  Irttcr  is  |iiillli'(l  ill  the    Unjislro   Y m-nlrni.  tolii.   ii 


Apri 


ami    HI    till 


r 


tolll.     X.,      |lp 


no  ."{.      It  coiiiaiiis  a    \t'iy   sli^iht 


rciii'ia!  ai'i-oiiiii  of  the  ruins,  whii-li  air  s]ioUi'u  of  as  'liasta  hoy  (U'.scoiki- 
riilas,' \\  ith  iiiiii'h  laiiililiii^' spcriiiatioii  on  thi'ir  ori;^'iii.  On  liisani\al  in 
Kiniipi-  I'licilriiriisthal  was  inlioilincil  liy  HiliiilHiMt  to  tln' Arailrliiio  lioy- 
ali'li's  lii^iaiplioiis  ft  I'ulh's-Lcttivs,  lii'foii-  whiih  sociity  hi-  icail  a  pa  pel  on 
Ihs  (|isi'iiM'rii.'s  on  Octolicr  I,  1S41,  whiili  paper  was  fiirnisheil  hy  the  author 
fur  the  Xniirrllis  Aiiiiiilc.'i  ilrs  I'ui/.,   1S41,  tolll.    Xeii..  lip.  'J.'M   '.U  I,  where   it 


;i-  iHilih-heil  iinili  r  the  title  of  Lcs  Mit 


tfstfr  /'  Yiiiiilu 


Tl 


le  author 


piMiritleil  Id  X'ieiiiia  where  he  inteiidetl  to   |iiil>lish   a   hirj^c  work  ^\itl 


1     IDS 


iii;,'>.  a  work   that   so  far  as   I    know   lias  never  seen  the  li;,'lit.      'M. 


IVieik 


rjili^tiial  a  soiivent  I'ti    im[uiete  ilans  ses  reehenht 


-ilpervtilieiix,    les   niais    les   i 


anlaient  eoiiiii 


;lioraiit- 


le  iiaiiiiereiises  an    |iu> 


S'l'irrlhi    Ihii'i/>m/i:s  I'm/.,    I.S4I.   toin.   Xi'li..   p.  'MVi. 


Ill  is;.s  M.  Desire  CI 


lariiav  visi 


te.l    b 


lal,  Chi.h 


It 


leii    It/a,   am 


1    (■ 


\liial 


taki 


1^'  with    iiiui   a   |»lio!o;,'iapliie   apparatus.      He   siitieedeil    in  olitaiiiiiijj 


pirleit   views  lit  inan')  ol   tlie 


hllili 


IIILIS,     w 


hiel 


1  were  iiii 


ililisheil    niii 


er  the 


title  t'ili.'iil   Itniiiis  A  (II' ririiiiiis,  i'aiis,  ls(i;{,  in  lar;:o  folio.     The  text   of 
ilie  work  i.s  ill  oitavo  form  anil  ineiiiih's  a  loii^'  iiitroilneiiuii  hy  M.  X'ioliet- 
h  ( iiiveriiiueiit   .Vrehited,   oeeiipied  ehiellv    with  speeiilation 
riptiiius.    Cliariiav  s  part  of  the  text,  althoiejli 


II 


iir. 


rent 


ll 


leiirii-  tatlii  '  than 


a  iiinst  iiiter('.>linj;    |ouriial  of  traNcIs,  is  very  lirirf  in   it>  ilesri  iptioiis,   tli 
aiilliiir  widely  rel'cniii;^  the  reader  to  the  ]ilioto;ira| 


lis.  w  liii'li  are  iiiNaliiaMi 


Ml 


a-  t'.'-lsiif  ll 


t.iii  iiid  elsew  ll 


de  I 


e  eorreetuess  (if  di.iwin''s  made  •/    other  art  i-t-  Imili  iii   \  ma- 


ere. 


See  aKo  a  general  iiotiee  of  the  mil 


IS  in  (', 


ilhiiln,  lli<t.  Y 


I'l' 


I7i: 


id   ill   ilun/riiill,    S'lirr    ]\',H,  p.    (ill;  full   aeeoiint  ill  I'mhlirin's  A  in 
Aimi'.,  pp,  I •_'."), "ill,  fioiii  Steplieii.s;  and  hrief  a'loiints,    made   up   from  tin 


liiitileril   e\p 


lorer 


i>f  ai    idol  from  ('atli 


.lA 


ii/i  r  s 


Mr 


,1:7- 


Y'"\'''-  i 


(1;    I'lii/iiin/'s  III 


\ol.  II..  !> 
iinhrx.    vo 


.171 


'/"//'■,  tolll.  i..  pp.  147,  l!H   ■"    '2()'.>  7-;  luillij.    I! 


14  |."i;   Wiiiilrii,   Rn-liirrlos,    p|i.   (IS-       .V 


);! 


f..i 

r,r./i 

It.r 


rllr 


I  ilinlli  .1  I 


With    I  Ut 
.■!1(1-S; 

■.'/■•  I'l'- 
iM;t, 


III/. 


■/: 


vii,  pp.  ;{()  ."i(»,  from  old  .Spani-li  .iiitlioiitiis;  Mnlhr.  A  m-  ri/./iniufi 


M 


pp.   4()(l.    H;-.';   Miihh  niilnnll,    Mrjlvn,  toiii.    ii..   pt   i.,    p.    I'. 
/.,  p.  'J(i7;    ]\'ii/i/iiiis,  (t'liii/.  Ii.  ,<liil..  Jill.  111.  ■_'47;  li'nil. 


.ih-:ilt;   / 


ll'tt.S.St  III'    I 


t*y.  -i'l  ijlJ,  f/iins  Aiiti'i.  .1, 


/(■    lliilirliinii  If,     lli\t.     .\(i/ 


'  'll\,     tolll.    II 


vv  HI  u'l  7,  ;t(>;i-4 


i»  /.  1 1 


•R 


■>lL'  3(1;  /'/.,  i;d.  I.S47.  |>.  :U;  I.tin 


IdiKit.,  pj).  320-S;  M>:x.  in  US',  J,  p.  7">;  Siirrs,  Mllli  tium  rihit, 


148 


ANTK^UITIES  OF  VrCATAX. 


ii]»on  tlio  iioltlc  inonmiiGiits  of  a  past  civilization  Avitli- 
oiit  Ix'iiiL;'  tlniwii  into  a  iiiazo  of  absurd  reasoniii<:,^  and 
I'onjccturo  res])L'C'tiiii;'  their  l)iiildei's.  His  fonclusioiis, 
if  sometimes  incoi'rect  iu  tlic  o])mion  of  other  anti- 
(jiuirians  entitled  to  a  hearing  in  the  matter,  are  never 
liroundless  or  rashlv  formed. 

Not  withstanding'  the  extent  of  ^Ir  Stephens'  ex- 
plorations, a  very  larL>o  ])art  of  Yucatan  remains  yet 
untrodden  hy  the  anti(juary's  foot.  'J'his  is  especially 
true  in  the  east,  exce})t  on  the  inunediate  coast, 
and  in  the  south  toward  Guatemala.  That  extensive 
ruins  yet  lie  hidden  in  these  unex})lore(l  i-egions,  can 
hardly  he  douhted;  indeed,  it  is  by  no  means  certain 
that  the  grandest  cities,  even  in  the  settled  and  ])ar- 
tially  ex]»lored  jtart  of  the  peninsula,  have  yet  heeii 
described;  but  the  \niiformity  of  such  as  have  been 
l)rouglit  to  our  knowledge  does  not  lead  us  to  expect 
new  develo])ments  with  respect  to  the  nature,  wliat- 
ever  may  l)e  proved  of  the  extent,  of  the  ^laya  aii- 
ti(]uities. 

J)V  reason  of  the  level  surface  of  the  peninsula, 
uncut  by  rivers,  and  uid)rokeu  by  nuiuntain  I'angcs. 
the  determination  of  the  geogra])liical  ]>osition  of  its 
ruins  is  reduced  to  a  statement  of  distances  and  bear- 
ings. The  location  of  the  chief  cities  is  moreoxcr 
indicated  on  the  map  which  accompanies  this  volunir.' 
AVith  respect  to  the  order  in  which  they  are  to  be  (h - 
scribed  there  W(juld  be  little  ground  for  ])reference  in 
favor  of  any  i)articular  arrangement,  were  they  all 
ecpially  \vv]\  known.  But  this  is  not  the  i*ase.  Two 
or  three  of  the  princijial  cities  ha\e  been  carefully  ex- 
amined, described,  and  sketclu'd,  and  as  for  the  rest, 
o.ily  their  j)oints  of  contrast  with  the  jireceding  ha\c 
been  pointed  out.  All  that  is  kncAvn  of  most  of  the 
ruins  would  be  wholly  unintelligible  at  the  cDinmen*  c- 

5  TIio  lirsf  Iilil]!  of  Yiir.itMll.  sliowiii;,''  luit  (Uilv  tllO  iiMllltlv"s  ;,'C(i;;l;i|'li- 
iciil  ffiitiircs,  tint  (lie  liicatiuii  of  all  it>  niiii^,  i>*  t\w  ( 'tn/c  i/ii  ]'iicithiii  i  i  '/'■■i 
yi'liuiii  rnlsliirs,  coiiiimIciI  liy  M .  Malti'- itiilil  from  the  Works  of  Owen,  11. il- 
iii'tl,  l.iiwn'iii'c,  Ki('|K'rt.  (Jiircia  y  Ciilias,  Slciilicns.  ami  Walilcch.  ninl 
pul)li>lii'd  ill  Lirutiscttr  iU  Ijuiirboiinj,  I'uliiiqiic,  I'aris,  l.sOG,  [t\.  i.,  ii. 


GROUPS  OF  RUINS. 


IIJ 


iifj  and 
•lusioiis, 
or  anti- 
re  never 

ens'  ox- 
iiins  ytt 
■;pe(;ially 
,e    coast, 
xtensivc 
ions,  can 
s  certain 
and  ]>ar- 
yet   l)een 
ive   l)eeu 
to  expert 
re,  Avlmt- 
daya  an- 

)en  insula, 
n  ranges, 
on  ot"  its 


[UK 


U 


)ear 


inoreovt  r 


\m 


\\r 


»e  (I 


vo 
It.)  1 

i'ence  in 

they   all 

j  wo 

■fully  eX- 

Itlie  ri'st, 


l'",U" 


laVL' 


st  ot  the 
Ininieiue- 


[ii'iifiiii  I 
I  (well, 

i.,  ii. 


■h- 


/'/. 


iiKiit  of  my  descri]ition,  but  will  he  found  <'oni]»ai-a- 
tivelv  satisfactory  further  on.  Thus  J  am  not  only 
()l)li,Hed  to  descril)e  the  best-known  ruins  tii'st,  but  for- 
tunatelv  these  ai'e  also  amoii;:;"  the  ^randesi  and  most 
tvpical  of  the  wlude,  bein^',  in  fact,  the  veiy  ones  tiiat 
A\()ul(l  he  selected  for  the  ])ur})ose.  To  i'ully  desciMbi' 
;i  few  and  jioint  out  contrasts  in  the  rest  is  tlu-  oidy 
iin'thiid  of  avoiding;"  a  very  tiresome  monotony  in 
aitiMnptini;'  to  make  known  some  hundreds  of  struc- 
tuics  \(i-y  like  one  to  another  in  most  of  their  details 
;is  well  as  in  their  general  features.  The  siuiilai'ity 
el'xTvd  among  the  different  moniunents  is  a  veiy 
L;iv,it  advantage  to  the  anti(|uarian  student,  since  it 
will  enable  me,  if  I  mistake  not,  to  give  the  reader 
ill  this  rhajiter  as  clear  an  idea  of  the  antiijuities  of 
Viicataii,  notwithstanding  their  great  munber,  as  of 
any  portion  of  the  Pucitic  States. 

For  conxenience  in  deserij)tion,  then,  1  di^■ide  the 
ruins  in  tiie  interior  of  the  state  into  four  groups;  the 
ceiiti'al  grou[),  —  jilaced  first  that  I  may  begin  my 
account  with  Uxmal — which,  besidc's  the  extensive 
iiiiiis  of  I'xnial,  Kabah,  and  Labna,  end)races  ivlics 
ef  till' [last  in  at  least  nineteen  other  localities;  the 
eastein    group,    including    little    besides   the   famous 


IHll 


lis  at  (hiclien  Itza;  the  northern  gvou]),  in  which 
1  iihiiti')!!  l/.amal,  Ake.  ^NTerida,  ;ui(l  Mayapaii :  and 
the  soiitliei'ii  group,  comprising  five  or  six  ruined  towns 
ill  the  legion  of  Iturbide.  I  shall  finally  treat  of  the 
aiiti(|uities  diseo\-ered  Jit  various  ])oints  on  the  eastern 
ami  western  coasts. 

rile  paiallel  ranges  of  hills  ali'eady  s])oken  of  as 
extending  half-way  across  the  ])eiunsula  fioni  north- 
west to  south-east  contain  within  tlu'ir  enclosed  \al- 
I'vs  t! 


niin>  of  the  first  group,  more  niinienais  than 

I  any  other  section   of  the   state,  ami  ail  conipi'ised 

within    a  j>aralk'K)e-nini    whose  sides   Mould  measure 


11 


:ii'eiit  lliirtv  ntn 


I  f.M-t 


V  mUes  res 


1  \iiial  is  the  >iiost   north-west 


])ecti 


velv 


ern  ot  the  '^rou]),  m 
;i» '.  thirtv-rive  miles  south  ot   Merida, 


1.7) 


ANTKil'ITIES  OF  YrCATAN. 


on  !i  luicituflu  beloiii^inii;',  l)y  a  docd  running  back  oiio 
liundi'fd  and  forty  yeui's,  tliirty-tive  years  ago,— aiitl 
verv  likely  still,  as  real  estate  rarely  changes  hands 
in  Spanisli  American  countries, — to  tho  Peon  faiuiiy, 
and  at  one  time  cultivated  1)V  its  owners  as  a  corn- 

ft. 

tield.^     'J'he  derivation  and  nieaninu'  of  the  name  Ux- 


iV  ■! 


lii'-i'^:    f^- 


:;f  & 


*  I'liiV  DicLio  T^fijifZ  r'o;.'ollii(lo  visited  rxiiiivl  at  pomo  timo  lictoro  ilic 
iiiiilillc  (il  liic  >c\i'iili'ciitli  cfiitiirv,  and  (iL'scrilics  tin-  luiiis  to  soiiu'  cxhiit 
ill  lii>  Il/.s/orni  ilr  ]'>,:■»//,, III,  Mail..  HiSS,  ])|i.  ITti  7,  l'.U-4,  lOT-S.  I'inJiv 
']'li<ima.'i  <!(' Sox.a,  about  17H(>,  rt'iun'tiMl  to  Aiitoiiiu  di-l  llio  stone  <'dilic('s  lov- 
ered  with  simco  oiiiaiiii'nis,  iinown  liy  file  iiativesas  Oxiniitai,  v,\\\\  statins 
o!  iiK'ii  licatii.L;  diiiiiis  and  daiiciiij,'  witii  jialins  in  tiieir  liands,  a\  liieli  In-  Iki'I 
siTii  in  lnstia\('ls  ill  \'uiatan,  and  wliicli  are  tiion^rlit  to  lie  iieiliajis  ideiitiriil 
witli  I'.Miial,  allliiiu;:li  the  nionninents  are  re|iorted  asliein;;-  located  twenty 
lea;iiiessonlli  ot  .M-'iida  and  may  be  (jiiite  as  reasonalily  identitied  w  itli  sunn; 
oilier  i^ioiii'.,  /I'/f/.v  J.h .srriji/iijii,  pp.  0-7.  Zaxalas  visit  to  I  xnial  at  sunn' 
date  previous  to  IS.'U  lias  already  liee;i  sjiokeii  of  in  note  "_'.  His  aecoiiiit  i^ 
(•ailed  Xulirr  si'r  Irs  .\liiii iiiiiiiits  i/' I'.s/iiiiii/,  ill  Aiitirj.  Mi.r.,  toiii.  i.,  div.  il.. 
jip.  .Sit-.").  M.  de  ^^■aldl•ek  left  Merid)!  for  L'.Miial  on  May  (i,  IS.T),  arri\i'd;it 
till'  ruins  on  M:iy  \'2,  where  lie  spent  sonii'  ei^d't  days,  and  was  iiiternipli  il 
ill  his  \\ork  1)V  tlie  rainy  season.  U'lili/rr/,-,  I'ln/.  I'ill.,  \\\\.  (>7~74,  IW-ldt, 
and  pi. lies.  Nir  Stephens  liad  Waldeek's  work  with  him  at  the  time  of  his 
.NiToiid  visit.  I!e  says,  Vinii/ini.  vol.  i.,  p.  •J!t7,  'It  will  he  found  that  our 
]ilaiis  and  draw  inj^s  ditl'er  inalerially  from  liis,  lint  Mr  \\  alderk  was  not  ;iii 
anhiteetiiral  drau,ulil>niaii;'  vet  the  diti'erem'i' is  only  to  he  noted  in  a  tVw 
]dali's,  ii'id  is  not  mi  material  as  Mr  Stephens'  wdids  would  imply.  Still, 
\\  here  diil'erciues  e.sist,  1  ;.;ive  .Mr  Ste]iheiis  the  prei'ereme,  Ipeiiiuse,  liii\  in:: 
hi~  predi'(e->oi's  draw  ii!;js.  his  ittentioii  wduld  naturally  lie  railed  to  all  tin' 
jioiins  of  Waldeek's  ^iiixcy.  .Mr  Stephens  says  fiiiilier,  'It  is  proper  \» 
.•.-ay,  moreo\er,  thai  Mr  \\  aldeik  had  much  j;reater  diltimlties  to  eiii  oiinlcr 
than  we, .  .  .  .  he-id<'s.  he  is  justly  entitled  lo  tln'  full  credit  of  heiiii:  tlif 
first  stran^ier  who  visited  these  ruins  and  hrou^ht  them  to  the  notice  of  the 


ilili 


M 


r  SI 


llei 


tl 


epiielis 


iirst  \lsit  Wii.- 


le  ruins  lioiii 


the  1 


laiielK 


la  th 


dune,  IS  10,   d 
.1 


iiiiiil;  w  liii 


h  1 


iree  li'iies,  on  .luii>^  '.'tl.  "Jl.  and  'Jl',  wlnh 


le  Ms 
li 


Mr  Call 


lerwiiod  spent  one  i 


lav,  tl 


n.st,  il 


I  ma 


kiiiL; 


•lehi 


It 


was  iiiiliir 


tiinate  thai  he  wiis  f<irced  hv  .Mr  Caliierwdod's  illiie»  lo  leave  I'xmal,  f" 


at  this  time  the  ';r<iuiid 


lail  lieei 


1  cleared  of  the  forest  and 


w  a  - 


tl 


le   occasion    was   therelore   niii--l    taMua 


hie    f 


laiili 


\\i\U 


ilion.   ,'>/! 


,h, 


<ir  a   tiiuiom.;!!  ex:iia- 
.Mr 


'rut.    Aiiirr.,    vol.    ii.,    pp.   4l.'i-Sr),    willi   :{  plati 


Norman,  accoidinji  to  his  i(nirnal,  reached  the  ruins,  where  he  took  up  li 
{'"ehrnarv  "J."),  iSl'2,  and  remained   until   March  4,  dexoiini;  tli 


ahoite,  on 
seven  ilays  or 
f^ext'ial  lithoLi 


iherealiouls  to  his  siir\cy. 
lauhic  ilhislralions.  A 


Hi 


aceouni   is  acetimiianK 


ornioii  .V 


llllllllH    III 


) 


lir. 


-Messrs  Steiilieiis  and  ( 'iitlierwood  arrived  on  their  second  visit  mi  No\ 


•1   In 

pii.   I.M  >,■ 

N. 


1.'),  1S41,  and  reiiiaiiied  until  d; 


iiiua 


rv  I,  ISPJ,  .Mr  Sie 


in;:  two  short  trips  away,  one  in  scan 


h  of 


piielis  mealiw  I 


llllls 


the  other  lo  "et  rid  ol  Icvi 


and  ajiiie      It  is  lemarkahle  thai    tliev  found  no  traces  of  Mr   I'l 


leilciiili- 


Ihal' 
was  pro 


isit.  i.Vi 


III  s  Aiiiiiiirs  ilis  fill/.,  lS4t,  torn,  xiii.pp.  H<Wi-',i. 


1)1\  in  the  same  year.  S/r/Jiins    Yiintiiii,  \ol.  i.,  ]ip.  I();{-|{'J     m'1 


II..  pp.  •-'(it-,:!,  w  itli  many  p 
I ».  N'iceiite  ( iari  ia  Iteiou,  an 


lalesaiiil  c  Ills.     I'adre  Carrillo 


if  Til 


III     VVIII 


I),    d, 


.Ml 


1'' 


ilai'i>v>  \  isi 


led  the  ri;.  ■>  in 


.March,  IS|,"i,  and  aw  account  of  the  \isil,  emhudviui;  Viil  little  inform. itiei, 


x.M's   piihlished    hy    I..    (!.,    in    J!  i/is/io    )'iir..  loin.  i.    pp 


I  (Hint  ot  a   M-it   in  Hit 


iiliie   vear  was   iiiili 


di-li 


;{t;i  -7(».      Mr   Carl    liaithol 


oliiuen- 


1' 
Heller   spent 


1/.     /■'.    /' 


Aii.iiliii 


\pril  (i  lu  ',t,  1617.    Hi-?  a^'cuuiit  is  found  in 


//./A,-,  h' 


liriNS  OF  rXMAL 


hack  Olio 
u'o,- — and 
;es  hands 
n  fainiiv, 
IS  a  coni- 
liiinu  Ux- 

no  lictoro  tlio 

^(|||R•   CXli'lit 

itT-s.     Viuliv 
f  ('(litii'cs  ciix- 
,  w  itli  statur- 
A\liioli  lii^  li;iil 
liaps  iilciiiK'wl 
Kiilt'il  twenty 
ill!  witli  Miiiii' 
xiiiiil  at  Miiiii' 
His  a('ii)\iiit  N 
nil.  i.,  <liv.  i:., 
S.'{r>,  arrivi'il  :il 
as  iiiliTiuiiii'l 
i7-74,   '.W-i(il. 
lie  tiiiK'  <il  111' 
louiid  tlial  i>ni 
•k  was  imt   iiii 
uli'd  ill  a   ii« 
imply.     M.ll. 
iUisi',  liaviii.^ 
fil  ti)all  till' 
t    is  |>i(i|M'r  t" 
to  fiiicunitir 
i)f  lifiiiL'  till' 
niitii'f  III  till' 
w  lii<li   iu'  vi>- 
1(1  •-'•_'.  NvliiW 
it  was  luitiii- 
•  VMiiul,  t'-i 
plaiiti'il  N\iili 

!llll,l.:ll    I'NilKl- 

i  jiiiiti  -    yu- 

totik  lip  ill- 
Irvi.lill-    lllll- 

ipiiipaiiii  1  ''.^ 

,  pp.  1.-.;  •: 

(III    .'N(l\  ■■  '   ■  '>  ■ 

aiiw  liilc  iii'ik' 
;cl   rid  111'  Ic^'" 

I'iM'lll   lii  ll-- 

:'.;h ;-<».;  ■.  li''l! 

iti:»-:vj    \"l- 

ot'ri.iii  '^iiii 

1    tllC    II       «   ill 

iiii'drii!.'!.'  ' 
.■,-<.).     .\i-ili' 
/■■.    /'..    i'     /' 
•lirt'c  li  >~ 

;^r„,    p, .,•.'.'" 


'  -'t 


liial.''  liki-  tliat  of  so  many  American  cities  of  tlie  past, 
i-  unknown;  it  is  even  nncei'tain  wlietliei'  this  was  the 
nanit'  of  tlie  city  at  all  in  the  days  of  its  ()rii.;inal 
'..ivjitiies-;,  or  only  an  ap[)ellati(Mi  derived  iVom  that  of 
t!ie  hacienda  on  which  it  stands,  in  comi)aratively 
iiiidcni  limes.  Waldeck  and  some  other  writei's  take 
t^e  latter  view,  identifying"  the  ruins  themselves  with 
l!ie  city  of  It/.ilane,  ancient  capital  of  the  Itzas,  al- 
tliou'di  tlie  Jiuthorities  indicate  only  verv  vai4'Uelv  that 
a  citv  named  It/alane  ever  existed.  ihasseur  de 
r)o;nl)our<.;',  on  the  contrary,  believes  it  to  ha\e  heen, 
under  lis  present  name  of  ("xnial,  the  ca})ital  of  the 
TutuI  Xius  in  the  ninth  century;  ]\rr  Stejihcns  also 
111  lieves  tliat  L'xmal  \vas  an  inhahited  city  down  to 
the  days  of  the  conipiest."     The  ruins  are  ^ituated  iu 

(■'i.  -M.  (liaiiiav's  \  i-.it  was  in  1,S.")S,  ami  liisefroi'ts  to  tilitaiii  jilidtdirrapliii' 
III -ativcs  and  lo  liiilit  the  insects  which  tiiially  (Irove  him  away,  lasted  ei;4iit 
il,i\>  I'liKriiiiii.  Uidiiis  Aiiiir.,  |ip.  ;<(('J-S(),  pi.  xx,\v-\li.\.  .M.  Itias.^'iir 
(ii  iMiiirhimiu  was  at  Txiiial  in  ISti.'),  aixl  made  a  veprnt,  aecimipaiiietl 
li.  a  plan,  which  was  piihlislied  in  the  Arfhirrs  tir  In  Cuiii.  Sfii  n.  iln  Mi.r., 
t  lai.  li  ,  pp.  -'.'M,  'l'v\,  as  till'  aiithiir  states  in  his  I'liliiniiir,  hitrod.,  ]>.  "24. 
Src  fiirtlier  (111  Ixnial:  I)escii|itiiin  (|iiiited  fniiii  Stephens  with  iiiilimiteil 
( riticisiiis.  italics,  capitals,  and  exclamation  iioints,  in  .luins  Hist.  Aiir. 
Aiiiir..  pp.  xi-ltl."),  I'Jd;  (lescii|ition  t'niiii  Waldeck  and  Stephens,  with  I'lv 
iii.irUs  nil  tin-  city's  (ii'i;^iiial  state,  in  Jlni.s.sruri/c  ISiiiirliinir//,  Hist.  .\<(t.  <'ii\, 
I.i;ii.  ii.,  pp.  •Jl-."?,  ."iS.'i;  and  also  sli;^lit  accounts  made  uji  fidiii  one  or  more 
cI  the  aiitliorities  already  citiMJ  as  follows:  Miii/cr,  A  iiu  ril.inu.s<  lir  I'rn/i- 
yiiii'i).  pp.  Hi'J,  -JSli;  /!ri'</Ji,n/'.s  Ancr.  Aiiti'i.,  ]i]i.  <.i'.*-i(i;t.  from  Waldeck; 
I'liril.  M't-i'iii'-,  pji.  CJ'.l-ISa,  fiiini  l)el  Itio;  Sirrr.s,  Mitlilininril.ii.  pp.  'J.'iy- 
41;  Mm-i/rt,  I'liifiij',  toni.  i.,  pp.  14!t  .'id,  1!»:{;  frust's  limit  (',/,is,  pp. 
5>.S  .SI;  /</.,  /'/.'.  Jli.sf.  .l/c.r.,  |).  S(»;  Af'>ii„i,  M'.r.,  torn,  i.,  jip.  •_'<!;{-  I,  the 
i.i-l  tlircc  iiiclnihn;,'a  niooiiliLrht  view  of  the  iiiins,  from  Noriii.iii;  /.nnniiii- 
iHir-.  1/.  . .  (I  (liiiit.,  pp.  .'{lM-S,  with  jilates  from  Waldeik;  linlil  "in's  Aiir. 
.!■'(•/■,  pp.  LSI  7,  witii  cuts,  fnim  Stephens;  Fusti  r's  I'fi  -II  isl.  /.'"v  v,  pji. 
•J  IS  •Jp.>^|:{,  :{(»J.  :{:}(».  IS'.K  ;».  iVoni  Stephens;  iVillsiiii's  A,„n\  Hist.,  pp. 
'^.'  (1,  with  cuts,  from  Mepliens;  Aniiin,  Jtas  llr,iti</r  .Mi.r.,  jiji.  iH-tl,  with 
(Its,  fidiii  NU'piloOx;  /./.,  Itii.s  A/tr  Mi.r.,  p.  117,  ]i'ii/i/iiiii.\;  tiiui/.  ii.  ,'>>iit., 
p     lit:   MiihliHfKttifilt,     Mijirn.    toDl    ii.,    lit    i.,    |i.     I"J;    I  hiiiiiiii  ili'f    I'isirt.'i, 

\  i' ,  i..  p.  .M ;  llrninsii,   Kuriil,,/!,  liiu,   I'aris,   IS,"i7.   pp.    I7t''  7;  I'risn  ill's 

''   •■  ,    Mil.   iil.,   pp.    Ilj-l;i;   Xniiri  Ill's  .[iniiilia  ihs    I'ml..    lSi:{,    tola.    Xc\ii., 

>  ,'.  »il-7.  If. 

*  IV'iiumnced  unshiiiuiil. 

•<  .ijiilliido  sonietiiiies  writes  the  name  I'xnmiial.  '11  iiini>  a  etc  im- 
p.1,.1  „c  ,|c  tidiiNer  line  etymolo;;ie  raisonnahle  I'l  ee  iioiii.'  Hihsm  nr  ile 
/.  ,1/, >/,„„,•„,  Hi.st.  X,,l.  I'ir..  toin.  ii.,  ]i.  "Jl.  Aa'  non-  iV  I '.rnnil  si;rnilie  i/il 
I  'i/ii  fi'i\:\-i':  11  ne  s"appli(|iie  aiiv  niinesiiue  pane  irte  ('(dles-ci  sniit  sitiieeH 
^  r  Ir  tcrniii  (h' la  hacienda  d'TMiial."  U'ulilirk,  \  iiif.  I'iH..  p.  (IS;  .sV.-./<, 
M H'hiiihi'il.ii,  p.  •J:{7.  I'ossihly  derived  from  (i.c  and  uinl,  nieanin;^  'llirei' 
I  ssjiu'c-' in  .Maya.  Ilillir,  Hiism,  p.  •J."i."t,  'It  was  an  exi^liiiu  inhahiti  I 
iri.;iii,il  town"  ill  I.mC.   SIi /ilim.s'  Viicnlnn,  vol.  ii.,  ji.  'I'-l.    I'alled  Ujiinihit 


l'.'  Sd^a,  ill  / 


U> 


arrqinuil,    ]l. 


152 


ANTKiurriKs  or  yicatax. 


,ll     1 


tlu!  f'ootliills  of  Olio  of  tlie  I'iUiiifes  iiu'iitioiied,  notwitli- 
.staiidiiiL;'  which  fart  thu  locahty  scciiis  to  he  one  of 
the  most  uiilicalthv  iu  tlio  .state.  FeNer  and  asj'Ue, 
esi»0('ia]ly  (hiriniL!^  the  rainy  season,  and  lavenous  iiios- 
(juitos  ha\e  ever  l)een  the  cliief  olistacles  encountered 
by  travelers.  The  vegetation,  altliou^h  dense  and  of 
tlie  usual  ra})i(l  i^'rowth,  has  heen  a  lesser  hindrance 
hei'e  than  in  many  other  localities,  hy  ivason  ol'  the 
ruins'  j)i'o\imity  to  a  luicieuda  and  the  ireijuent  clear- 
ings made.^ 

The  exact  extent  of  the  ruins  it  is  of  course  inipossi- 
l)le  to  determine,  since  the  \vhole  region  ahounds  Avitli 
mounds  and  heaps  of  dehris  scattered  in  every  direc- 
tion tlirou^h  the  adjoininLC  forest,**  and  heloiininy- ori.;- 
iiially  to  l^xmal  or  to  some  city  in  its  inimediato 
vicinity.  A  rectani^'ular  sj)ace,  Jiowever,  measurini;'  in 
Lfeneial  terms  soniethiiiL;' ovei'  one  tliii'd  of  a^  mile  from 
north  to  south  and  one  i'ourth  of  a  mik:  from  east  to 
west  would  include  all  the  })rincipal  sti'uctures.  Tlie 
annexed  j)lan  will  show  their  arrangement  within  tlio 
rectangle,  as  well  as  their  ji^'round  forms  and  dimen- 
sions moi'e  clearly  than  many  })aL;es  of  desci'ipti\c 
text.  I'iXcept  in  a  few  instances  I  ha\-e  not  attempted 
on  the  ]»lan  to  i-epresent  the  ,i>'rades  of  the  various  ter- 
races, which  will  he  made  clear  in  the  ti'Xt,  hut  ha\r 
indicated  the  extent  of  their  bases  by  dotted  lines  and 
by  the  omission  of  the  foliage  which  cos'ers  their  sidi  - 
and  platl'orms  as  well  as  the  surrounding  country.''    It 

7  Lilt.  .W  ^-l'  Sfi"  C),  Loiij.'.  4'  33"  west  of  MiTiilii.  Tiie  coiiclu-  tiv  - 
iiiiiicc  (riiiic  fcirc  tVnii,i;iiK'ii>('  iviMiiivro  Ic  tm],  mais  (lispiirait  dans  Ics  iii- 
viniiiM  oil  Pciii  ira|i('rcciit  iiuc  dii  salilc'  Frl( di  rich.slliiil,  in  Xniinlhi 
Ainidlrs  lies  I'm/.,  18H,  ti)ni.  xcii..  [i.  IliMi.  :'.  miles  ((ItTiiianl  west  of  .lal.i- 
(.'lio,  w  liii'li  lies  near  Maxcanii,  on  tlic  idad  fron  Mi'iida  In  ( 'ainin'rlic.  Won. 
p(i)i.-i,  diiiif.  It.  S/(il.,  |i.  144.  "id  Ica^^iifs  from  . 'ciida.  orriipv  in;,'  an  extiiit 
(if  several  leagues.  Mitlilinpfunll,  .Sfcjlrn,  toni.  'i..  |it  l.,  p.  1-'.  'A  Imit 
lieues  de  Mava|pan  ....dansune  jilainc  lejieii  inc  it  onilulee.'  J'rd.-^.sriir  ■'; 
J!iiiir/)()iirif,  Hist.  Xiif.  Ci'r.,  tom.  ii.,  ]>.  '_'l.  '  Le  tei'aiii  d'l  \;nal  est  ]il.it 
dans  tonle  I'l'tendne  dn  platean.'  '  Snr  ie  plateau  d'ui'e  liaiite  mciiitaL:iM'.' 
Wuhln-h-,  Villi.  I'ill.,   pp.   (is,   70. 

^''  'Snr  iin  cliametre  (Tniie  liene.  le  sol  e-.t  coiimiI  de  didiil  dont  iiiul. 
qiies-nns  reeonvrent  des  interieiiis  fort  l>ien  eon-ei\es.'  ('/inriiiiii,  liidn'S 
.liiiir.,  p.   'M')'.]. 

S  In  the  plan  I  lia\f  followed  Stephens,  Vitrn/iin,  V(d.  i.,  ]i.  It!."),  wtio  i!  •• 
leriniiR'd  tlie  position  of  all  the  stiuetures  by  aitual  measnieineiit,  enliii  .; 


■'%■ 


H'} 


■% 


PLAN  (JF  IXMAL. 


153 


otwitli- 

(I    ilgUU, 

us  inos- 

untuivd 

and  *it' 

lulraiico 

II  ot"  tlio 
it  clcar- 

iin]»ossi- 
ids  ^vitll 
ly  dii'uc- 
ino-  ()rij,'- 
niiL'diuto 
>uriiij4'  in 
uile  iVoiii 
I  uast  to 

L-S.        The 


ho 


itliin  t 

diincii- 

si-riptivc 

ti.'mi»trd 

oils  tcr- 

ut  liav.' 

lU's  at.d 

r  sidi  - 

itvy.'-'    It 

ourhi'  III'  - 
laiis  Ifs  t;i- 
Xoiinll.  >• 
•si  ul'  .lal.i- 

,,.h,,,  ir„,,. 

iS  all  fxtiiit 
'A  li'iit 

/;/v^s■,^7■H/•  ■'■; 
im1  I'st  plat 
iiiiiiita^:iii'.' 

(Imit  ipiol- 

mill,    liiliniS 


()."),  will)  '!'•• 
(■Ill,  ciiUiii:-! 


/yr--\  V 


I? 


9 


(it    wl 


;:li  tl 


IC   lllKlCl'Ll'niW 


til  fur  tlii^  ('\i 


ire— (  imriKi^i^,   aiK 


iii^i'  Miivi'v  caiiiiul  he  calk'il  m  (|iic-|i(iii 


llls 


.lali 


1  the  acciirarv" 
rciiidiluccil  (111 


>  ivdu.  (■(!  >c,il(.  ill  ir, //.•mil's  Anil  r.  Ilist.,   ii.  s:\.      IMaiis  arc  also  ;ji\cii  ill 


ir„/./. 
(■/„ 


'/.  I. 


I/"//.  I'ilt.,  1 


viil.;  JSnrniKii'.s  lidiiililis  in 


\. 


1.1 ;   .1 


ml 


very    lii.itcri:il|y  Imtli  troill  that  of  Slc|i|i 


trod    l.y  Vi.illct-lc-I»iic.  11.  ti'J.     'I'licsi' all  dill' 


il  t'i'dll 


h  (dl 


Id  ;  ilit'v  ma 


iii'ircuxcc  \|.|v  iiu  (iiiiiilcic,  ami  licar  marks  of  liaxiii;.'  licfii   cari'lcssly  or 


lia-til 

nil- 


y  iiri'|iar' 
Ics  aiilrc 


1, 


1) 


ispdsi'c  I'll  ccliinuici',  mi 

llais    C't    ll'S    tUI:l[pIos."    li 


•|il(iyai('iit,  a  la 


-mil'  k'S 


russi  iir  I 


/,'  1! 


itu-iionrj, 


lli.st. 


T 


ir)4 


ANTK^irnKs  or  yicatan. 


Avill  Ix!  sm-ii  at  a  ^Ifinoo  \)y  tlie  readci'  tliat  none  (if 
tlie  stiiK'tiircs  f'at'ij  exactly  the  cai'diiial  ])(»iiits,  and 
that  IK)  two  of  tlu'iii  i'aco  exactly  in  the  same  dii'ec- 
tioM.  It  is  custoniaiy  lor  writers  on  Aiiu'rican  anti(|- 
iiities  to  speak  of  all  the  ])rinci])al  ruined  palaces  and 
temples  as  exactly  oriented,  and  all  the  visitors  to 
Uxmal,  exce))t  Stephens,  make  the  same  statement 
i'espectin<_;-  its  structures,  oi'  so  I'epresent  them  on  their 
])lans.  iJut  in  this  case  we  are  K-t't  in  no  uncertainty 
in  the  matter,  lor  a  jihoto^raiijnc  view  of"  the  southeiii 
ruins  IVom  the  courtyard  (>!'  the  huildin^'  ( ',  agrees 
exactly  with  Stephens'  ])lan,  and  proves  heyond  <jues- 
tion  that  the  structures  A  and  C,  at  least,  camiot  liu 
ill  the  same  direction.^"  'I'o  ])rove  that  any  ot"  them 
face  the  cardinal  points  will  rcipiire  more  caieful  ex- 
amination than  has  yet  been  made. 

In  the  southern  central  ])ortion  of  the  sjiace  coni- 
])rised  in  the  |)laii  is  the  edifice  at  A,  known  as  tlic 
( *asa  (hi  (ilohernador,  or  (Jovernor's  llousi*.  It  may 
he  remarked  here  that  the  names  hy  which  the  difUr- 
eiit  structures  are  known  have  been  tifiven  them,  gen- 
erally hy  the  natives,  but  sometimes  by  visitors,  in 
accordance  with  what  they  have  fancied  to  liave  been 
their  oriuinal  use.  There  is  only  a  very  slight  pml)- 
ability  that  in  a  few  cases  they  may  have  hit  u})(in  ;i 
correct  designation,  although  many  of  the  names,  like 
that  of  this  building,  ai"e  certaiidy  sutHciently  a})[)i'()- 
])riate."     The  terraced  mound  that  su}>}>orts  the  (iov- 

,V"/.  fir.,  tcwii.  ii..  ]i.  'Jl.  Iii'siclcs  tin,' jilaiis,  jjciicnil  views  of  the  luiii^ 
ficdii  iii'iiily  tlic  siiiiic  piiiiit  (1/  on  tlio  ]iliiii  looking'  soiitliwjird)  iiii'  ;:i\iii 
]i\  St('|ilu'iis,  Yiifiitini,  vol.  1.,  p.  .Sd.'),  mill  liy  (liimiay,  Uiiiins  Aimr., 
jiiiot.  4'.t.  Noniiiiii,  li'iiiililis  in  yni'..  fioiilisiiit'cc,  <_m\cs  u  ^ciicral  \  ii".v 
ot'  till'  ruins  Ky  niooTili.ulit  from  a  ])oint  and  in  a  diicction  iniiii>sr>ili!c  to  tix, 
^\lli(•ll  is  coiiicil  in  tlio  Alhiuii  Mix.,  toni.  i.,  p.  "JOIi,  in  /•V(/.sV'.v  (imtt 
('/'/.  .s\  i>.  ■_'(!;•,  anil  in  A/.,  J'iff.  Hist.  Mr.r.,  j).  ,S().  It  niakcn  u  very  \iyiU\ 
fronlisiiicce,  wliicli  is  alumt  all  that  can  lie  saiil  in  its  fa.oi',  cxocpl  tliat 
it  Mii;.;lit  serve  ei|Mally  well  to  illustrate  any  other  j;ronp  of  American  or 
olilworlil  antiipiities. 

^^'  ('.'iiiniiiff,  UnincH  Aiiu'r.,  ])liot.  40. 

"  'No  haiiiemlo  traiiieion  al;;umi  que  testifiqno  Ioh  nomhres  ]iro])iiPS,  ipic 
on  un  prinii]iio  tnvieron  los  diferentes  edilieios  i|ue  ilenuniiaM  estas  iiiiuiis, 
es  iireeiso  ereer  line  Ills  que  liov  llevan,   sou  enteranieiite 'Malnitos.'   /    ''.. 


Ill 


I!: 


iflSll'l) 


y 


tom.   I.,    i>.  L'T"). 


Ml 


is  positive?  tins  must 


licen  a  lemiile  rather  than  a  palaee.      '.Mr  Sti'idieiis  appears  to  bo  so  ^init 


rXMAF,     ('ASA  DHL  (iOnKItNAOOIt. 


155 


none  nf 
its,  aiul 
\v  dircc- 
11  aiitiij- 

ICL'S    illld 

utt)l's    to 

.utc'iiu'tit 

on  tlifii' 

•crtaiiity 

SOlltlKlll 
',  ai^'l'LH'S 
11(1    (JUCS- 

uinot  li'' 

of  tlitiu 

luful  o.\- 

acu  coiii- 
II   as  till' 
It  iiiav 
he  (litl'rr- 
iclii,  ,U'('ii- 
sitors,  in 
tve  l)ftn 
it    pl'uli- 
\i]»i)ii  ii 
lies,  like 
y  ai)l>V()- 
lio  ( iov- 

(.1  till'  viiin- 
(1)  1110  };i\L" 
lilies  >l )/';'"•, 
.•(•iicriil   vio'.v 

iN.-iiilc  tn  lix. 
', list's     (.il-'ld 

;i  very  Jin'ttv 
Aiiiuni;'"'"' 


cstas  ii;:ii;iS 

litus.'   /..  ''■• 

<  luiisl  lia'i' 

bo  so  >tii'-^ 


ciiKir's  lioiisf  (IfiiiaiHls  our  tirst  atteuti(.)ii.  Its  Kaso, 
with  its  iiTc^iilaritit'S  in  Ibnii  on  the  west  and  south, 
is  shi'Wii  on  thi'  jdan  liy  the  dotted  lines  (t,  h,  r,  </: 
!i:id  lilt  asiii'es  on  its  pet't'eet  sides,  ah,  and  In',  ahont 
six  hiiii(h-t'il  teet.  At  a  heiylit  of  three  feet  from  tlio 
i^iiiuiid  a  terrace.  (»r  promenade,  mostly  destroyed  at 
tlir  time  of  ohservation  and  not  indii-ated  on  the  plan, 
exti'iids  round  tlie  mouiid.  From  this  rises  the  suc- 
niid  trrrace  to  a  hei^'ht  of  twenty  feet,  sup|tortin,!^  a 
piatforiii  wliose  sides  measure  tive  hundred  and  forty- 
ii\r  fret.  S(tme\v]iat  west  of  tliu  centre  of  this  plat- 
f'lnii  rises  tlie  third  terrace,  nineteen  I'eet  hii;h  and 
Mijiportinn'  the  summit  })latform  c,  J,  ;/,  li,  whoso 
(hineiisioiis  are  ahout  one  hundred  hy  tliret.'  hundred 
!i;id  sixty  feet,  and  wliose  hei<4ht  ahove  the  original 
surface  of  t!ie  L;'round  is  something-  over  I'oity  feet.'^ 
The  material  of  the  hodyof  this  mound  is  rou^li  frag- 
im  iits  of  limestone  thrown  toL(ether  without  any  order; 
t!h'  triraces  are  supported,  howevei',  at  the  siiKs  hy 
Mihd  walls  hiiilt  of  re^'ular  hlocks  of  hewn  limestone 
caretully  laid  in  mortar  nearly  as  hard  as  the  roek. 
So  far  as  can  he  determined  from  the  drawings,  these 
w.iIUare  not  })erpend;cular,  hut  incline  sliLjIitly  inward 
towards  the  to]),  and  the  corners  are  not  s([uare  hut 
carei'ully  rounded.     It  is  not  impi'ohahle  that  the  plat- 

a  S|i;irlMii  Ilciiiililiriiii,  tliiit  cvorv  lavf^c,  fir  iiiiiu'iiilii'i'iit  Imililiii;,'  in  the 
llaili''il  Citic--,  lie  ciiilsidiTs  tn  lie  a  I'lilurr,-  lie  si'fiiis  to  lia\('  tllniiL;llt  less 
oi  laiiiil,  tliail  (if  iiialtcr.'  Ilisl.  Anr.  Amrr.,  |i.  ".Hi;  \\'alilc<k,  loy.  I'itl., 
Y   'J7,  falls  it  the  Tfiiiplc  nf  Fiiv. 

'-'  III  ^tatiii^r  tlif  ilinu'ii.siiiiis  (if  tliis  inninKJ,  jis  I  shall  ;^('iicrally  dn  in 
(K'^i'iilii,  ^'  IMiial,    I   have   f(ill(i\v('(l  Stcjilu'iis'  text.     His   jilaii    and   Imth 

MS  and  text  nf  all  the  other  \isitors  \arv  more  or  ]e-.s  resiiectiiiLr  each 


1 

(hlilelisioil. 


I  I 


lad  iireiia 


re(i  tallies  of  dinieiisiiiiis  t'or  eai  li  Imildini;' from  all 


;i' aiithiirities,  hut  ii|ioii  retlectioii  have  thou.uht    it    not  wdilli  while  to   in- 
■rt  tlii'iii.     Such  tallies  would  not  eiiahle  the  reader  to  ascertain   the  exact- 


in  a^iireliieilt- 


111(1  mol'eiiNer  dillerelices  of  a  few  feet  eaillKit 


le  eiiiis|(|ere( 


1  r,;cii,'al|y  i 


in|ioitaiit  III   this  and  similar  eases 


.Ml   II 


le  autli(inties  a,L'reu 
1.      .Most   of  tlieiii, 


I  ilic  Mciierai  t(irm  and  extent  ot  this  ]iyiamidal   inoun 

iiucMT,  refer  only  to  the  eastern  front,  and  no  one  hut  Ste|ihens  leites  the 

f  the  res|ie(li\i'  terraces 


'■c-teni  lireL;iilaritle' 


II  ;,'1viii.l;  the  diiueiisioiis  o 


'ilni'  ;i 


lii;ni. 


Nil  refer  to  their  liases,  and  others  ]irohahly  to  their  siiminits 


ihl. 


Ill  hi  IS  III    )  III 


arc  c.irh  thirty  feet  lii>;h,  while  ( 'h 
the  -aiiie  lifleeii  and  ten  feet  res 
baiiiui;t  j.iail'iirni  ahmit   •Jill  feet  Ion, 


Ni.r- 
l.')(i-7,  states  that  the   second   and   third  terraces 


/.' 


,1  iik'i 


I'l' 


Trl  W.  niak( 


•lively.     Wuldeek's  plan   iiuiUes  the 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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t    li£    1 2.0 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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160 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


forms  were  also  paved  orij^inally  with  square  blocks, 
as  M.  Ciiarnay  believes,  although  now  covered  witli 
Boil  and  vegetation.  By  means  of  an  excavation,  solid 
stone  was  found  in  the  interior  above  tlie  surtiuo 
level,  sliowing  that  the  builders  had  taken  advantago 
of  a  natural  elevation  as  a  labor-saving  expedient  iu 
heaping  u[)  this  massive  artificial  stone  mound.  There 
are  no  traces  of  stairways  by  which  access  was  had  to 
tlie  second  j)latform,"  but  a  long  inclined  plane  with- 
out steps,  one  hundred  feet  wide,  on  the  southern  side, 
apparently  furnislied  the  only  means  of  ascent.  From 
the  second  platform,  however,  a  regular  sta  rway  of 
thirty-Kve  steps,  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  wide, 
leads  up  to  the  summit  at  /,  being  in  the  centre  of  the 
eastern  siile,  or  front. 

The  up{>or  platform  supports,  and  forms  a  prom- 
enade thirty  feet  wide  round  the  Casa  dt.'l  Goberna- 
dor,  which  is  a  building  three  hundred  and  twenty -two 
feet  long,  thirty-nine  feet  wide,  and  twenty-six  feet 
high,^*  built  of  stone  and  mortar.  A  central  wall 
divides  the  interior  longitudinallv  into  two  nearly 
etpial  corridors,  which,  divided  again  by  transverse 
partition  walls,  form  two  parallel  rows  of  rooms  ex- 
tcndin'jf  the  wliole  length  of  the  buildini>f.  Tlic 
arrangement  of  tliese  rooms  will  be  best  understood  by 
a  reference  to  tlie  accompanying  ground  plan  from  ^Ir 
Stephens.^*     The  two  central  apartments  are    about 

Croiuul  Plan  of  tlic  Casa  tlcl  (iolteniatlor. 


"  Joiu's,  Ifi'sf.  Aiir.  A  inn:,  p.  120,  Hnys  there  was  a  stairway  in  tlic 
centre  of  eat'li  siile. 

'»  Nonnan's  <liniousioiis  are  30  x  27*2  feet;  Heller's,  40  x  320  feet;  Trie  '- 
criehstliars,  3H  x  407  fci-t;  ami  Waldeek's,  abont  (i.")  x  105  feet. 

'■>  ,s7'7//(''//.«'  Yiiriitiin,  vol.  i.,  |).  175,  rejtrodiieed  in  llnfifiriii's  Ai"'. 
Aiiift'.,  |>.  1.S2,  and  ]l'i/l.w)i\i  A  inn:  Hint.,  p.  84.  Tlie  aiitlior  speaks  of  tliu 
number  of  rooms  as  licin;,'  IS,  allliou;;li  the  jdan  sliows  24.  He  i>rol»al»ly  il^i  s 
not  eoinit  the  four  small  rooms  eorrespoiidiii;,'  with  the  reeesses  on  tlio 
front  and  rear,  as  lie  alio  Joes  not  include  their  doors  iu  his  count,     lluw 


rXMAL-CASA  DEL  GOBERXADOR. 


157 


are  blocks, 
vered  with 
ration,  si>litl 
tl'ic   surtiu'o 
I  advantano 
xpodieiit  ill 
und.    There 
1  was  had  to 

plane  with- 
mthern  side, 
•ent.     From 

sta.nvay  of 
;y  feet  wido, 
centre  of  the 

irms  a  prom- 
del  Goherna- 
d  twenty -two 
'enty-six  feet 
central    ^vaU 
)  two   nearly 
y   transverse 
of  rooms  ex- 
ldin,i,^       The 
understood  hv 


)lan  from 


^h 


ts  are 


about 


la  stairway  i" 


tlio 


X  :V20fL'ot;  Vr'n 

f.'ft. 

liiildin'n 
tl„.r  siH-uks  of  the 
,1.al>lv  •I'"'' 

till! 


A I 


\\o  ]iro\ia 
ic   vc'fcssi's  nil 


e-ixtv  feet  lon_2^  and  twelve  feet  wide;  the  others,  cx- 
(•(•|»t  the  two  in  the  recesses,  are  twelve  hy  tw«3nty-tivo 
It  it.     Those  of  the  front  corridor  are  twenty-three 
fti't  liiyli,  wliile  in  the  rear  they  are  only  twenty-two, 
.'uithorities  ditferini^  somewhat,  however,  on  this  point. 
There  are  two  doorways  in  the  rear,  one  on  each  end, 
and  thirteen  on  the  front;  with  nine  interior  doorways 
(  xaetly  opposite  the  same  nund)er  on   the  exterior. 
The  rear,  or  western  wall,  excei)t  for  a  short  distance 
at  each  end,  is  nine  feet  thick  and  perfectly  solid,  as 
was  jtrovc'il  by  an  excavation;  the    transverse  walls 
((irres|i(>iulln^"  with  the  two  recesses  are  of  alnmt  the 
same  thickness;  and  all  the  other  walls  are  between 
\\\i>  and  three  feet  thick.     The  stone  for  tlie  facings 
(4'  the  wliole  buildin«>'  is  cut  in   smooth  blocks  nearly 
cuhic   in   iorm  and   of  varying  but  nowhere  exactly 
stated  dimensions;  but  the  mass  of  the  structure,  as 
i>  jiiovcu  hy  yi.  Charnay's  jdiotograph,  is  an  ayglom- 
(lation  of  rough,  irregular  fragments  of  stone  in  mor- 
tar.     The  construction  of  the  whole  will  be   under- 
stood l)y  a  glance  at  the  cut,  which  represents  a  section 


his  toll 


ut.     11-J^^ 


Section  of  the  Casa  del  Goltorimdor. 

Ill'  t.'i'l>  rill  of  tlic  otlicr  two  does  not  appear.    Nominn  says  24  rooms,  Hinr- 
iiiivJI,  and  Stc'iiiieiiM  indicates  2)1  in  the  plan  in  Cent.  Anur.,  vol.  ii.,  p. 


153 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


of  tlie  l)uil(lini(  nt  tlie  central  doorway  in  very  noarlv 
its  true  |»ro[)ortions,  altlioujicli  tho  j)ro|)er  .size  and 
cubical  forni  of  the  blocks  are  not  observed.*"  At 
about  niid-iieight  of  each  r<M)ni  the  side  walls  beuin 
to  ai)])roach  each  other,  one  layer  of  stones  overlap- 
pinj,'  the  one  below  it,  until  tiiey  are  only  one  fiM.t 
apart,  wlien  a  number  of  blocks,  loniLcei"  tiian  usual,  iiic 
laid  across  the  top,  serving  by  means  of  the  m<>rt;ir 
which  h<>lds  them  in  place  and  the  weight  of  tlif 
sui>erini|ti)sed  masonry,  as  key-stones  to  this  anli 
of  the  tiiie  American  type.  The  j)rojecting  coniiis 
of  the  overlaj)[)ing  blocks  ju'e  beveled  oti'  so  that  tlit; 
ceiling  presents  two  plane  stone  surfaces  nearly  foiiii- 
ing  an  acute  angle  at  the  top.  Above  and  betwiiii 
those  arches  all  is  solid  masonry  to  the  Hat  1(mi;', 
giving  to  the  apartments  the  air  of  galleries  exca- 
vated in  the  solid  mass,  rather  than  enclosed  liy 
walls.  The  top  of  each  doorway  is  formed  by  a 
stout  beam  of  za])ote-wood  which  has  to  bear  the 
weight  of  the  st()ne-work  above.  One  (jf  these  lin- 
tels in  the  southern  aj)artnient,  ten  feet  long,  twenty- 
one  inches  Avide,  and  ten  inches  thick,  is  elaLorati^ly 
carved;  the  rest,  not  only  in  this  building,  but  in  all 
at  Uxmal,  are  plain."  Many  of  them  are  broken  and 
falhiu.  It  is  to  the  breakiuijf  of  these  wooden  lintrls 
that  is  to  be  attributed  nearly  all  the  dila])i(lation  oli- 
servable  about  this  ruin,  especially  over  the  ontir 
doorways.  Some  s})ecial  motive  nnist  have  intlurnci  il 
the  builders  to  use  wood  in  preference  to  the  nimv 
duralde  stone,  and  this  motive  may  be  su])j)(tse(l  h> 
have  bei'ii  the  rarity  and  value  of  the  zapote,  wliidi 
is  said  not  to  grow  in  this  part  of  the  state.  Tlif 
<inly  tiaces  preserved  of  the  means  by  which  tlnsr 
doorways  were  originally  closed  an;  tin;  I'emains,  nii 
the  inside  of  some  of  them  near  the  to]),  of  rings,  or 

">  rrit'dcriclistlial,  in  Xaiirii/cs  Aiiiiu/r.f  t/rs  ]'oi/.,  1841,  torn,  xiii.,  p. 
■100,  sju'iikiii^^of  till-  i'xnial  stnii'tiiri'H  ill  jiciicral,  saysilic  liloclxHarr  ii-n.illv 
5  x  I'i  iiiciu's;  Zavala,  in  Aiittii.  Mr.r.,  Idiii.  i,.  <liv.   ii.,  i».   ;{4,   iiroiKiiiiuf 


tlicni  from  •_».')  to  'J8  ri'iitiiiiMri'n  in  k'ii;,'tii,  wiillii,  ami  tliicknt-ss. 

"  TIiIh  beaiii  was  taken  to  N.  Y.,  where  it  Hliareti  tiie  fate  of  Sli'iil 
other  relies. 


rXMAL-CASA  DEL  GOnEItXADOR. 


159 


li'i(il<s,  wliicli  may  liave  served  as  hinjijos,  or  more 
]ir(»l)aMy  tor  tlie  support  of  a  bar  from  whiili  to  sus- 
jiiiid  turtaiiis.  The  dimensions  of  the  doorways  are 
ii.tt  stated,  l)ut  tliey  are  about  ten  feet  hij^di  and  seven 
ll'it  wide.  They  are  tlie  only  oj>enin«,^s  into  or  lie- 
tween  the  apartments,  there  bein<^  ahsohite'Iy  no  win- 
(li»\vs,  chinuieys,  or  air-lioles.  Aeross  the  ceihn<4s  from 
^ide  to  side  at  aluuit  mid-liei*j^ht  stretcli  small  »voo«len 
lif.iiiis,  w'iose  ends  are  huilt  into  the  stone- W( ok.  'J'lie 
oidy  sii^trestions  respecting  their  use  are  that  tluy 
served  to  support  the  ceilings  while  in  j)rocess  of  coi!- 
stnution,  and  that  they  served  for  the  suspension  df 
liaiiiiiiiKks.'"*  The  inner  surface  of  the  rooms  is  that 
(if  the  plain  smooth  stone  blocks,  except  in  one  or  two 
(if  them  wliere  a  very  thin  coating  of  fine  whit(,'  plas- 
ter is  noticed.  There  is  no  trace  of  painting,  sculp- 
ture, or  other  attempt  at  decoration.  The  Hoois  and 
roof  are  covered  with  a  hard  cement.  Nothing  fnithti" 
worthy  of  })articular  notice  den)ands  our  attention  in 
the  interior  of  the  Governor's  House,  except  the 
small  njiartments  correspt)nding  with  the  recesses  near 
tacli  end  of  the  buildiuijf.  In  these  the  sides  <»f  tli  • 
(•tiling  instead  of  beginning  to  approach  each  other  by 
lui^ans  of  overlapping  blocks  at  mid-height  of  the 
iiKini.  begin  at  or  near  the  tloor,  thus  leaving  no  ]ier- 
peiidieular  walls  whatever.  The  explanation  of  this 
seems  to  be,  SO  far  as  can  be  judged  from  ( 'atlier- 
wood's  drawing  and  Charnay's  }»hotograph,  that  orig- 
inally an  ojten  passage  about  twenty  feet  wide  at  th(! 
bottom,  narrowing  to  two  or  three  feet  at  the  to}>,  and 
twenty-four  feet  high,  extended  completely  through 
the  bnilding  fi-om  fi'ont  to  rear  at  each  of  the  recesses, 
and  that  afterwards  this  j>assage  was  dixided  into  two 
small  apartments  by  three  partition  walls,  a  small 
door  being  left  in  the  front  and  rear.*''' 

'"  Si(|, liens  favors  the  formor  tlii-orv,  Wiildock  mid  Clianiiiy  llio  I.itti  r, 
Mi-.i>tiiiu' iImi  the  liiiiiiiiiot'k  is  ooiist'iiiu'iitly  ail  Aiiii'ricaii  iii\<-iitiiiri.  Nnr- 
iiMii  ;j(ii.,  sii  tar  as  t(i  say  that  llu'  j;r<M»v('s  worn  liy  tlie  lia!iiiiio('k-i'o]ii'.H  a'u 
Htill  Id  III'  M'cn  on  soiiii'  of  tliesi-  tinilnTs, 

''^  NNaldueU,  Vvij.  I'id.,  [t.  1)7,  siicaks  of  real  or  false  doors  iiuidc  of  a 


160 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


It  now  only  remains  to  notice  tlie  exterior  of  tlio 
walls,  A  cornice  just  above  the  doorway,  at  sonic- 
thini!^  over  one  third  of  the  height  of  tJie  ImiMiii:;', 
surrounds  the  entire  structure,  and  .another  cornice  is 
found  near  the  to}).  Below  the  lower  corniie  the 
Mails  present  the  plain  surface  of  the  smoothly  cut 
cubes  of  limestone,  no  traces  of  plaster  or  paint  iijt- 
pearing.     Above  the  cornice  the  walls  are  covered 


South  End  of  the  Governor's  House. 


sinjrlc  stone  in  coniioction  with  this  huildinjr,  hut  his  cxaniiiiiition  of  it  wn* 
M-rv  sli;;iit.  ('o;.'olin(lo,  ///.s7.  Viir.,  ]>.  177,  spcalis  of  iiitt'iionlccoriitinii^  a^ 
fiiihtws :  'Ay  vn  lienvo  en  lo  interior  de  la  falirica,  ([Ue  |ann<|iie  i-s  iiiuv  dila- 
tado)  ii  ])0('o  mas  de  medio  estado  de  vn  iionihre,  eorre  ]>or  todo  M  vnii  inr- 
iiisii  de  iMe(h'a  muy  tersa,  one  haze  vnaesiinina  (h-lieadissima,  i^ruai,  >  mny 
jierfeetii,  don<h'  (me  ai-nerdo)  avia  saeaihi  de  hi  niisma  ]pie(h'a,  y  <|uedMilii  tii 
eila  vn  anillo  tan  delyado,  y  vistoso,  conio  puede  ser  vno  do  uro  oliratlo 
con  tudo  i>rimor.' 


IXMAL— (ASA  DKL  (lOUKKNAnoU. 


IGl 


■xtorior  of  tlio 
way,  iit  soiiiL'- 

tliu  biiildiii.,'', 
tliei'  coniict'  is 
ur  (.'ornice  tlio 

sinootlily  cut 
;v  or  paint  m]i- 
Is   arc   covciud 


xaiiiiiiiitiDU  (if  it  wns 
iti'tiiinlccKnitii'ii^as 

iniii(|iu'  fs  imi\  ilila- 
IMir  toili)  M  VIM  fiir- 
issiiiia,  i;:iiiil,  y  iiiiiy 
jiicdi'ii.  y  <|m'cla'lii  fii 

viio  lie  oro  dlirailo 


with  ( 1 '.;ant  and  coniidicated  sculpturo.  Tliu  preced- 
ing' cut  ■■"  ]»resL'iits  a  view  of  the  soutli  end,  and 
uivt  s  an  idea  of  tlie  sculptured  ]>ortion  of  the  wall, 
jihhuu^h  it  nnist  lie  remembered  that  Itoth  the  ends 
jiiid  i(  ar  are  nnich  less  elaborately  decorated  than  the 
lit  (lit.     Tlie  whole  surface   is  divided  into  S(piai"es,  or 


n.iii  Sfr/,fin,.t'  Yii.'uhni,  vol.  i.,  p.  174;  iihi>  m  lialif 


liai'iiii 


T•■^:t■J      ( 

V  •iiiiriii,,ii  witli  aiiiitliLT  liiiilt'liii 
N"l..  IV.     11 


"■///  .«  .1  iir.Aillfr., 


y's  iili(»t(t;ria|(li  4S  «liow.s  the  opjiositc  or  iioiIIhtii  eiiil 


rXMAL-r'ASA  T)FL  (iOnEItXADolt. 


S68 


j);int  Is,  filled  altcriiati'ly  witli  fivts,  or  ufivc<iiK's,  aiul 
(liaiiioiiil  lattifo-Mork,  with  sjxjcially  olalxn'ate  onia- 
iiniits  ovir  tacli  doorway,  in  coiiiu'ctioii  with  some  of 
\vlii(  h  arc  chaiacti'r.s  }>rc'>suinal)ly  hiiToylyphic.  'J'ho 
tliii't'  ( uts"^  show  tho  oniainentatioii  ovor  the  contial 
tVniit  do(»i\vay.  The  first  rui»ivsc'nts  wliat  Hot'ins  to 
have  heeii  a  hiiinaii  figure  seated  and  siirni<)unte<l  hy 
a  lofty  Illumed  liead-dress.  These  iiumaii  statues  (»«•- 
•  uiicd  ill  several  plaees  alonjj;'  the  f'ntnt,  prohahly  oxer 
carli  door,  hut  few  frayineiits  remained  to  he  seen  hy 
Kin()|ieaiis,  and  most  of  these  luive  k)n^^  since  entirely 
(lis;i|i|i(  aicd.  The  second  cut  rej)resents  that  j»art  of 
tlie  (Ifctiration  extendini';'  ahove  that  hefore  ]»ictuiv<l 
to  the  u]»]»er  cornice  aloiii^'  the  to}>  of  the  wall.  'J'he 
central  portion  of  this  ornament  is  a  curved  ]>rojec- 
tinii,  supposed,  hy  more  than  one  traveler,  to  he  mod- 
eled at'tei-  the  trunk  of  an  elephant,  of  which  a  ])i(»Hle 
view  is  shown  in  the  third  cut.  It  }>rojti'ts  nineti-en, 
inches  I'rtjm  tiie  surface  of  the  wall.     This  })rotl•udin^• 


Tlie  Elepliuut's  Trunk.— Fig.  3. 


ctirvo  occurs  more  frequently  on  this  and  other  huild- 
iiiL's  at  r.xmal  than  any  other  decoration,  and  usually 
with  the  same  or  similar  accompaniments,  which  may  he 

"  I'lmii  St(|ilii  us;  Olio  (if  tliciii  also  ill  Ihiidtrin's  Aiir.  Aiiiir. 


164 


ANTIQIITIKS  OF  YUCATAN. 


fjiuciud  to  r(!|U'est'!it  tluj  foaturos  of  a  inonstor,  of  wliidi 
this  foniis  tliu  nose.  It  oci-urs  es|nj(.'ijilly  on  tliu  onia 
muntc'd  and  rounded  eoiners;  heinjuf  HoinetiineH  ic- 
verssud  in  its  jjosltion,  and  liavintjf,  with  few  exeeptitms. 
tlie  jioint  Itrokeii  off,  jirohahly  hy  the  natives,  from 
su]»erstitious  motives,  to  prevent  the  h)nii;-nosed  mon- 
ster from  walkin*,^  ahroad  at  nii,dit.''^  Tlie  ornaments 
are  cut  on  scjuare  hloeks,  wliich  are  inserted  in  tin- 
wall,  one  hloek  containinjjf  only  a  part  of  the  orna- 
mental desiy-n.  Of  course,  a  verhal  description  fails 
utterly  in  conveyini''  any  j)roi)er  idea  of  this  front, 
\vhose  sculj>tured  decorations,  if  less  elalxjrate  and 
comjdicated  than  some  others  in  Yucatan,  are  sur- 
passed hy  none  in  elegant  Ljrandeur.  I  apj>end  how- 
ever, in  a  note,  some  (piotations  res])ectin<^  this  I'aradc, 
and  take  leave  of  the  C^asa  del  (lohernador  with  a 
mention  of  the  'red  hand,'  whose  imprint  is  found  on 
stones  in  .dl  parts  of  the  huildiiii;'.  Mr  Stephens  hc- 
lieves  that  it  was  made  hy  the  j>ressure  of  a  small  hu- 
man hand,  smeared  with  red  paint,  upon  the  surfate 
of  the  wall.-'^ 


■^-  A  cut  i»f  tills  liook  is  also  ;;ivcn  by  \<irman,  ami  by  Waldick,  wlnp. 
Villi-  I'ill.^  |).  74,  attciii|its  to  |iri)\x'  its  iiloiitity  with  an  t'k'pliaiil's  trunk, 
anil  that  it  was  not  niolih-il  from  a  tapir's  snout. 

■'!'  ("harnay,  Itiilnis  Annr.,  phot.  4(),  shows  tin-  whole  eastern  facaile.  I'lm- 
toj;rai)li  47  j;ives  a  view  on  a  larj^'er  scale  of  (he  )iortioii  over  the  prinii|i,il 
doorway.  Stejihens,  )'/^(7//f(/*,  vol.  i., frontispiece,  represents  the  same  front  in 
a  lav.u'e  plate,  and  in  his  Cnit.  Aiiirr.,  vol.  ii.,  |».  4.'{4,  isaplate  showin^rii  1i:mI 
of  tile  same.  Norman  j;ives  a  lithograph  of  the  front.  Jlmiih/if  in  yii':.  p. 
I.'iS.  His  enlar;,'ed  poition  of  the  front  from  Waldeck  does  not  Iteloii;,' in 
the  <iovernor's  ilouseat  all.  'Convert  de  has-reliefs,  e.\ccnt(''s  avec  iinc  raw 
])erfection,  formant  line  siiite  de  ineanilres  et  arahesc|ues  d'liii  tra\ail  imii 
iiioins  capricieux  ((iie  hizavre.'  Jlniixiitrt/r  Itniirliiiiini,  Hist.  \iil.  t'ir..  toni. 
ii.,  ]).  'i.'{.  Decorated  with  'j;ros  serpents  entrelaces  vt  d'anneaii.s  en  picrrc.' 
l-'fiiilirirhxlhnl,  in  Xmi  ■r//is  Aniiiifrs  (fis  !'<//•.  1S41,  toni.  xcii.,  p.  .'los. 
M'liielly  the  meander,  cr  the  (irecian  sipiare  holder,  used  in  the  emliroidiiv 
of  the  mantles  and  roles  of  Attica.'  Joins'  Hist.  Aiir.  Anin:,  p.  !tS.  "Tlic 
len^rth  of  the  upper  p'atform  (in  Knj^lish  feet  11)  is  .seen  tocorrespond  nciiily 
uitli  the  niimlier  of  d  lys  in  the  year,  and  the  mysterious  emhieiii  of  ticriiily. 
tlie  serpent,  is  foum'.  extendinj;  its  iiortentoiis  leii;4'th  around  the  huildiiiL'.' 
J'ro^f's  (irrni  Ci/ii'i,  p.  "271.  'I)ii  liaut  ilo  ses  trois  etai^es  de  pyramides,  il 
HI-  dresse  coninie  iia  roi,  dans  iiii  i.solement  jilein  de  inajestueiise  ;;raiiilciir.' 
'  I/oriiementation  se  compose  d'une  jtuirlandi-  en  forme  de  trajii'zes  r(';;iilicis, 
de  ces  cnormes  tetes  dt'ja  decrites,  courant  dii  liaiit  en  has  <h'  la  facade,  ct 
SL'rvant  de  li^'iie  envelo]ipanle  a  des  "jreciiues  d'nn  relief  tri's-saillaiit,  reiircs 
eiitre  (dies  par  line  lijrne  de  petites  pierres  en  carre  diversenieiit  scnlplii'-: 
le  tout  sur  nil  fond  plat  de  treilli»  de  pierre.     Le  de.ssu.s  des  ouvertures  cliiit 


1  X.MAI-     (ASA  1)K  TOKTlliAS. 


165 


tern  fiu-ailc.     I'lm- 
(ivcr  till'  iirimii'.il 
Is  tin'  saiiH'  I'roiit  ill 
itf  slii>\viii;rii  piiil 
iniih/'S  ill   )'ii''  .  I' 
liu'M  iiiit   Iti'l'iti;.'  Ill 
•Utt'savcc  line  l.iiv 
■s  iruii  travail  iioii 
l.if.  Xiil-  ''ii'-  '"I", 
niu'aiix  en  \>'\v\rr. 
oiii.    xcii.,   i>.   :!*!''■ 
in  till'  ciiiliitiiiiiiy 
inn:,  ]k  '.IS.      •  Tin' 
ii'(>rn's]»)iicl  iicailv 
iiildciniif  ctcriiiiv. 
mill  tlic  luiililiii-;" 
'M  (Ic  iivrainiil*'^-  i' 
stiii'iisf  p-aiiilinr. 
tia]»'/.f«  rcj;iili<i-. 
as  (it'  la  favailc.  « I 
li's-saillant,  ri'lii'-' 
rsiMiH'iit  sciilpi' '  •;'• 
OS  oiivort  lUX's  it'iit 


This  iiiaLjiiifK't'iit  pjilfico,  Nvlioso  tlt'sciiption  I  Tuivo 
'_;i\rii,  may  l>o  iv^anled  as  a  ivpivsoiitativt',  in  its  .i;'t'ii- 
( i,il  t'tatiiivs  and  many  of  its  «lotails,  of  tlio  iinrit'iit 
Mav.i  structuivs,  viiy  I'uw  of  vvliicli,  hoNVovur,  arc  so 
Will  |nvsL'rvt(l  as  this.  (JonseijUontly,  ovi-r  this  tyim 
ol'  niins  loMLf,  low,  narrow  l»uil(lin^s,  with  flat  rools, 
div  iih'd  into  a  doultlo  lino  of  small  rooms,  with  trian- 
milai-anhed  coilinos^  ]>laiii  interior  walls,  and  (vnu-iit 
Hours;  thi!  wholtj  siij>|»orted  hy  a  stono  mound,  as- 
cciidt'd  hy  a  hroad  stairway — I  shall  he  ahlc  in  futiiio 
to  |iass  nioic  hrii'Hy,  sim|>ly  notinjLj^  such  |>oints  <»f  con- 
trast with  the  ('asa  did  ( Johernador  as  may  orcur. 
Still  stmic  of  the  othei'  huildinjjfs  of  Txinal  haxc  I'e- 
crivcd  more  attention  from  visitors,  and  eonsecjuently 
will  all'oi'd  hettei'  illustrations  of  sctnie  of  the  common 
t'latiiri's  than  the  om;  ah'eady  d(.!S(  lihed. 

(Ml  the  north-West  corner  of  the  second  ]»latlorm  of 
till'  >aine  mound  that  su}>j)orts  the  Ciovernor's  House, 
and  lyiiii^'  in  a  direction  |»er|)endicular  to  that  huihlin^', 
is  the  small  sti'uctiire  marked  D  on  the  jdan,  and 
kii(»wii  as  the  C'asa  <le  Tortu^'as,  or  Tui'tle  House. 
It  is  ninety-four  feet  loiiy",  thirty-four  feet  wide,  and, 
as  iicirlv  as  can  he  estimated  hv  Charnav's  photograph, 
ahiiut  twenty  feet  hiyh.  The  roof,  in  an  insecure  con- 
dition at  the  time  of  ^Ir  Stcijdien's  tirst  visit,  had 
t'allcii  in  hefore  the  second,  Hlliii',,^  u}>  the  interior,  con- 

iMiii  111  lie  iiijTcs  im]iortantos.  que  divors  vnva^rctirs  (iiif  en  Ic  sciin  crcnlfvcr. 
\'naiif  iiiclics,  |iliii'ffs  r/'jiiilii'ifiiiciit,  coiiti'iiait'iit  dcs  statiu'^,  al»ciilts  aii- 
loiiiiriiiii,"  I '/mniiii/.  J'liiiKM  A  nil  r.,\t\>.'M'2-',\.  'ihw  sulid  mass  of  ricli,  cnin- 
iiliiiili'il  clMlKiiatcly  sculpt  mcil  oniainciits  f(ii-iiiiii;.'a  suit  of  aialtcsiiuc'  •  IVr- 
liap'-  it  iiiM\  wilii  |ii'o|)i°ifl\  iiccallcil  a  spt'cifsof  sciiiittiinMl  iimsait';  ami  I  liavi> 
111  mIi  111  lit  ili.it  all  tlu'scoriiaiiiciitsliavo  a  s\iiilioli<'al  nicaiiiii;.';  tliaf  t-ach  sloiio 
i- |i.irl  iif  a  liistorv,  alli';.'oi'v,  or  fa)>li'.' .S7(y///( //.v'  Yiiriitnii.  vol.  i..  pp.  Itid,  l7-"t. 
riiM  oMiaiiiciils  were  ('(HiiitK.si'd  of  small  square  pioccs  of  stone,  shaped  w  itli 
iiiliiiilc  slsili,  and  inserted  lietweeii  tlie  niortarand  stone  with  llie;:reatest  care 
iiinl  inrci-ion.  A  lion  t  two-tliirdsof  theornaiiientsare  still  remain  inj;  upon  the 
la',iiiic. ,  .  .The  ;,'roiiiid-\vorl<  of  the  ornanieiits  is  cliielly  eoni|iosed  of  raised 
liiieN,  iiiiiiiin;.'  dia;,'oiially,  forniiii};  diamond  or  lattice-work,  <iver  wliicji  aro 
Moetles  and  stars;  ami,  in  hold  relief,  the  lieautifiil  Chinese  horder.'  Xnr- 
imiii's  lidiiihlcK  ill  Yin:,  jip.  l.'iS-!).  '  A  travel's  ces  ;;rands  iiieandres  foriiii's 
par  laiipareil  so  nioiitreiit.  ici  enei.ro,  la  tradition  des  constructions  de  hois 
par  iiiipil,i;;es.  en  encorlielioment  et  le  treillis.  Cette  construction  est  line 
dts  phissoimices  parnii  celles  d't'.xuial.'  Violht-k-Dm:,  in  Clutnnnj,  liiinift 
Aiim:,  |i.  70. 


106 


ANTH/riTIKS  f)l'  YUCATAN. 


<: ' ,  ■ 


••urniiit;  which  (((iisecjueiitly  nothing;  is  known.  Tho 
cuutial  |»(»rtiini  of  tlic  sDuthcrii  wall,  i'(>rn.'S|K)n«hii;L,''Mith 
tho  thivu  doorways  on  tliat  .side,  luul  also  t'alii'M,  ami 
(»n  thc!  noitlu'in  sidu  was  ready  to  fall,  the  wo<mKii 
lintel  of  the  only  doorway  hein^^  hroken.  At  the  time 
<>r  C'harnay's  visit  neither  the  centre  nor  western  end 
of  the  northern  wall  remained  standin«^.  The  exterior 
Malls  helow  the  lower  corniee  are  ]»lain,  as  in  the  (.'as.i 
del  (Joheiiiador,  hut  hetweeii  the  eorniees,  instead  of 
the  complicated  sculpture  of  the  former  huildiny",  theie 
apj>ears  a  simple  and  ele<,'ant  line  of  round  cohinnis 
standinj^'  close  together  and  encirclin<jf  the  whole  edi- 
fice. Each  of  these  colunms  is  composed  of  two  or 
three  pieces  of  stone  one  ujKm  another,  and  althoutih 
presentin<;'  outwardly  a  half-round  surface,  they  are 
undouhtedly  S(juare  on  the  side  that  is  huilt  into  tlu' 
wall.  Ahove  the  upj)er  cornice  is  a  row  <»f  turtles, 
occurring'  at  regular  intervals,  sculptured  each  on  a 
s(juare  hlock  which  j)rojects  from  tl»e  wall;  hence  the 
mune  of  the  buildin_<:f.  It  is  noted  as  a  remarkahle 
circumstance  that  no  stairway  leads  up  the  terrace  to 
this  huildiui,''  from  tlie  surface  below,  or  from  it  to  the 
(Jovernor's  Ilouse  aljove.'" 

At  ditlerent  points  on  tho  second,  or  <ifrand,  ])latforni 
of  the  mound  su])portin<^  the  Casa  del  (Joheinadoi- 
are  traces  of  structures  which  once  stood  there,  hut 

case,   e 


•ery 


1' 


Tortu^'as,  to  jj^ive  any  idea  of  their  original  naturt'. 
Standini^  at  the  foot  of  one  of  these  old  foundatif!'. 
walls  three  hundred  feet  lon<^,  fifteen  feet  wide,  and 
three  feet  high,  on  the  south  side  of  the  j>latform,  at 
/,  is  a  ranji^o  of  hroken  round  columns,  each  five  feet 
hiyh  and  eighteen  inches  in  diameter, 

*3  '  Lii  tlc'cnraliim  dr.  imreiiient  do  rot  t'tlifu'c  nc  rmiwisto  (jii'cii  ime 
itiiitatiim  de  palissiule  fiiniiee  de  rDiidiiis  de  hois.  Siir  la  fiiw  Hii|KTi('iiic, 
di'M  tiirtiu's  saillaiitu.s  roiiiiient  seiiles  Ii's  lij^iit'slun-izoiitalfs.'  1 7o//'V-/'  -/''"', 
ill  Vhiiniini,  liiiini\s  Aincr.,  p.  (il).  IMidtiij^rajili  48 shows  tlie  north  froni  ui 
tho  Casa  <le  Tortii<ras.  Stephens,  Yuvtiinn,  v(d.  i.,  ii.  184,  };ivos  a  jiImIi' 
sliowing  the  southern  front.  Wahleek's  i)hiii  wouht  make  this  hiiililiiiL.''-< 
ihout  (iO  X  185  feet.     The  eoliinm  structure  will  he  illustiai'd 


21 


dill 


hy  eii;;raviii},'N  in  connection  with  the  ruins  of  Zayi  and  others. 


24 


Stvphvnii'  Yucatan,  vol.  i.,  p.  181;  N or  man'' s  Rumbles  in  Yuc.,  p.  I 


i(). 


rXMAL-lMC(»TK  AND  IDOL. 


101 


(Avn.  Tilt' 
nulin^'witli 
tallen,  iiiul 
tlio  \V(mmUii 
.\t  tlio  tinif 

riiu  L'Xtc'iitir 
ill  tlio  Cas;i 
I,  instciul  ot' 
ildiii.U',  tluiv 
ml  nilmiiiis 
i  wholi.'  ttli- 
l  of  two  or 
nd  tiUhoiijuli 
ce,  tlioy  arc 
milt  into  the 
V   of  turtles, 
il  each  «>n   a 
1;   hclU'e  the 
L  reinarkahle 


lo  ternice  to 
w  it  to  the 


•oi 


iiid,  ]»latforiii 
(Jol)ernad«»r 
1  there,  hut 
that  t»f  the 
inal  nature, 
foundati'.-n 
ct  wide,  and 
datfornu  at 
leh  tive   i'eet 


iiisiiste  qu'cn  "'n' 
I  frisi!  su|(iTU'iin', 
s.'  yi()lhl-l'-I>"'\, 
the  north  front  "t 
84,  Kivos  a  I'l.'K' 
,ko  thisliiul'liii.-'^ 
,vill  he  illustr;ii'il 

thlTH. 

;s  in  Yuc.,  i>.  l''*J' 


(111  tlie  s.iiue  platforni,  ahout  eighty  feet  eastwanl 


(,:'  tlir  ceiitr.il  stairway,  a 


t  /•.  is  a  r 


OIIIM 


I    St 


one 


<tand- 


i:i.,'  cii.'lit  feet  ahovc  thu  jjfroinu'  in  i  leaniiii,^  |tositioii. 
It  i-  rndily  formed,  has  no  Heuiptu  \.'  on  its  surface, 
,111(1  is  surrounded  hy  u  small  siiiiare  eiiel'isure  two 
st'iins  lii'^li.  Tin.'  natives  call  it  jtinitr,  'stone  of 
i.uiii-^liuient,'  or  '  whippini^'-post.'  its  |tromiiieiit  and 
(( iiti'.d  jiositioii  in  front  of  tho  ma^nitieeiit  palaee,  ii»- 
(liiiites  its  threat  importaneo  in  tho  eyes  of  the  ancient 
M,iv;is,  and  Mr  Stephens  thinks  it  may  he  a  phallus, 
II  A  without  reason,  since  apparent  traces  of  an  ancient 
jhallif  wor.sliip  will  ho  found  not  unfro(juontly  amono- 
ilir  Yucatan  ruins. '^' 


Sixtv   feet   further    jastward,  at  /,    was  a  circul; 


ir 


llinlllK 


I    of 


earth     aiai    stones 


ahout 


sixty 


feet 


III 


liriMlit,  Opel  '  hy  Mr  Sto}»hons,  who  hnwioht  to 
iJL^ht  ,1  (louhle-headed  stoiio  animal,  three  feet  loiiij^ 
and  two  feet  hii^h,  which  had  heeii  huriod  there,  very 
piolialily  for  the  pur})()so  of  concealment.  JJeiiit;"  too 
il  avy  for  convenient  removal,  it  was  left  standini^  in 
i!ii'  same  )>osition  as  when  huriod,  and  has  there  hooii 
noticed  l»y  several  suhsocjiioiit  ohservers.  its  scul]>- 
tnv  is  rude,  and  hut  sliirhtly  damaged  hy  time.  It  is 
iw  II  ill  the  cut  on  tho  next  i)a<jfo,  witli  the  picote,  tho 


V 


V 


n:|i 

stairway,  and  tho  front  of  tho  (xovernor's  H<iuso  in  tho 
(listaiicc.-''     Out'    hundrod  and  thirty  foot  from  this 

1  luiii  ilii,  r.ithir  iiiciitiro  informntion  Mr  .lonos  jirovcs,  in  a  mamuTeiitirelv 
».iii~t;iitiiiv  til  himself,  that  the  wliole  phitforni  wan  siirroiiinltMl  in  its  oi-i;,'i- 
ii.il  I'liiniiliiiii  hy  a  ihmhh;  row  of  eoliiniiis,  2.'ll)  in  nunilicr,  ]ilacci|  1((  feet 
iijiait,  (Mill  IS  iiiclii's  in  diameter  antl  J'2  feet  hi;.'h,  with  a  ;,'raiMl  eentral 
(.■liiiiMi.  r.  I'c't  in  iliauu'ter,  and  (iO  feet  hi;,'h.  Hist  Am'.  J„i<r.,  )i.  Iltl. 

^'  'A  shaft  of  ;;ray  liiiie.stoue  in  an  inelined  ]iosition,  measni'in>;  twelve 
frit  ill  riiruiiifiTcuce  and  eijilit  in  lieij.'iit;  iK-arin;;  npon  it.ssiirfaee  no  marks 
lit  fiirm  or  ornament  hy  which  it  ini;rlit  he  diHtiii;.Miislied  from  a  natnral 
jpiei'e  '  S'lruiiiii's  Riiiiihlis  ill  I'//'". ,  |(.  l,"))}.  '  I'lie  es|ieee  de  coloiine  ditey;/' /vr 
(/.'  i-luitiiiii  iif,  nil  h'seiiiipahles  devaient  recevoir  la  |innition  di;  leurs  fautes.' 
I'liiinnii/,  li'iiiiiis  Ann r.,  jt.  X7'2.  '  I'lia  eimnne  eoliimiiu  th'  piedra,  cnyii 
fiiniia  >iiiiiir)rii(a  le  da  el  aire  ile  un  ohelisco,  ann<iue  de  ha«c  cin  War  y  sin 
iiliinin>;  .1/.  /'.  /'.,  in  Uiifisiro  Yiii',  toin.  i.,  ]>.  ;<(i4. 

^''  '  I 'iiiilile  headed  cat  or  lynx,'  eiit  from  Sdji/ini.i'  Viirfifiiti,  vol.  i.,  p. 
\<i:  aii'l  llilihriii'.s  Aiir.  A  UK  I'.,  p.  l.'W.  '  I'll  atitel,  an  centre,  sontenait  nil 
tijrc  a  iliiix  tites.  dont  les  corpH  relien  mi  ventre  li;,'nient  line  doiilde  clii- 
in-:i\'  r/„iniiii/,l,'iiiiir.i  Aiiii'r.,  p.  .372.  'Undc  carvin;;  of  a  ti;j;er  with  two 
Kiad-.'  Xnriii'iii's  Iiniii/tli'.i  in  Yiii'.,  j).  LW.  'En  nil  iniwino  ciierpo  coiiticne 
u'ls  ia!ii/us  de  tigrc  de  tuiiiuuo  regular,  vueltus  liiiciu  fucru;  su  iictitiul  ca 


1G8 


ANTUil'ITIKS  OF  YUCATAN. 


l-*! 


,.■  villi?' ■:':::'"i^'^^|iS^lr'- r  ~''\:S'^,r'/^  '>■: 


'rwd-lifaik'tl   Mill  at   I'xiiial. 

t\vo-ho.i(leil  idol,  in  a  direction  not  stattMl,  Mi'  Stt- 
pliens  found  a  structure  twenty  feet  S(|uare  at  tlu 
base,  from  which  were  dug  out  two  sculjjtured  IhjkN, 
apparently  ])ortraits.  The  only  objects  of  iiitiiv-t 
which  remain  to  be  noticed  in  connection  with   tlii^ 

la  inisitia  qtic  la  en  quo  yfcncralmcnto  so  ropro«(-iita  la  esUiiiio  dc  la  fiilmli- 
y  si  Mil  I'xcavai'iim  iiu  fiicra  tan  rci'lt'iili',  iirohaliliMiiL'iiti'  lialiria  loiiiiln  li 
siii'rtc  lie  (itras  fstjiliias  y  oltji'los  |iri'cii»si>s,  (|ii(>  a  inR'sIra  vislu  y  ii.n'ii'iiii.i 
hail  siilii  sarailos  licl  pais  para  li;,Mirar  en  ins  mnsi'os  cxtraiijcrns.'  .1/  /■•  /'• 
in  Jiiiiis/ri)  )'iii:.  tnni,  i,,  pp.  ;{(j4-5.  Mr  HcUur,  liciseu,  i).  '250,  ciiiiiniiiMl- 
tliis  luuauiiicnt  with  thu  picutc. 


rXMAL-CrsTKIlNS  AND  PYRAMID. 


1C.9 


lilatfoi'in,  or  the  inonnd-Htructuru  of  wliidi  it  forms  a 
|i,irt.  are  two  excuvations,  sujjposcd  t()  Imvc  bet'ii  ori^- 


iiiallv  cisteriis. 


Tl 


\v  eiiti'iUK-e,  or  niou 


th,  t 


()  ouL'h  IS  a 


ciiviilar    (.|)(jMint>;',  eij 


fliteeii 


I    inciius   in  (liainetrr, 


linc'l 


itli  regular  hlocks  of  cut  stone,  and  (les('eiidin!4'  tlireL 
lirt,  vertically,  from  the  surface  of  the  phitlorm,  In;- 
t'die  it  i)e^iiis  to  widen  into  a  dome-shaped  chamhei', 
The  (linieiisions  of  the  chambers  could  not  he  ascer- 
tained    hecause    thev    Avere    nearly    tilled    with    I'uit 


liish,  hut  similar  chamhers  are  of  frecjuent  occuri'enti- 
tliniu^hout  the  city  of  Uxmal  and  vicinity,  several  of 
which  were  found  unencund)ered  with  dehris.  and  in 
Mcrt'cct  ] (reservation.  They  were  all  dome-shajied,  <!• 
lather  of  the  sha})e  of  a  well-formed  hay-stack,  as  Mr 
Ste\ens  exjtresses  it,  the  bottoms  heini;'  somewhr.t 
conti'acted.  The  walls  and  floor  were  carefully  ]»las- 
tcicd.  One  of  these  cisterns  measured  ten  .md  a  half 
feet  deep  and  seventeen  and  a  half  feet  in  diameter."' 
At  the  south-west  corner  of  the  Casa  del  (Joherna- 
(lor,  and  even  intrenching'  on  the  terraces  that  supp(»rt 
it,  is  tJR'  pyi-amid  E,  to  which  strauiicly  enough  no 


name 


has  1 


)een  i^iven. 


It   1 


las   m    fact   receive( 


1   but 


veiT  slight  attention;  one  short  visit  by  Mr  Stephens, 
duriiiL;'  which  he  moimted  to  the  sunnnit  Avith  a  force 
lit"  Indians,  bein<«'  the  only  one  recorded,  althoui>h   it 


is  harclv  mentioned  bv  othei': 


TI 


us  pyramid  meas- 


ures two  hundred  by  three  hundred  feet  at  the  base 
and  its  heii^'ht  is  sixty-live  feet.  At  the  top  is  a 
si|iiare  jtlatform,  whose  sides  are  each  seventy-fi\i' 
i'eet.  The  area  of  this  })latfiL)rm  is  flat,  com|tosed  of 
r.iunh  stones,  and  has  no  traces  whatever  of  e\er  ha\  - 


U'j;  siipjioi 


ted 


anv 


build 


m!"', 


its  sides,  h 


owevei' 


tl 


live 


I'eet  hinh  ])erpendicularly,  are  of  hewn  blocks  of  stone, 
and  simtoth  with  ornamented  corners.  i»elow  this  sum- 
Miit  |)latforin,  for  a  distance  of  ten  or  twelve  feet,  the 
sid(  s  of  the  pyramitl  are  faced  with  sculiitured  stone, 

>!>' p/inis'  Yiiriifini,  vol.  i.  ])]i.  "JJ!)  'A'2.     Sr  Pi'nii,  ])ro]iricti)r  of  I'xiiial, 


K'licMil  that  tlicsc  cxcavatiKiis  wcir  oni'iiiallv  used  as  "liuiarics. 


not  tit 


iii^Mlir  iilasifisiitliciciitly  1    ni  tti  rt'sisl  waler.     '  Kxfii\atiiiiis. . .  .with  lf\i  1 
<-■  ml  lilies  aail  .Himmllily  tiaislieil  iiisiilc'  Xoniuni'/i  Iiniiili/cn  in  l'«'.'.,  p.  loO. 


i 


I! 


'ili 


170 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


the  ornamcntft  being  chiefly  grecques,  Hkc  tliosc  on  tlie 
Govcrnoi''s  House,  having  one  of  the  ininioiise  facts 
■with  j)rojecting  ieeth  at  the  centre  of  the  western  side. 
At  this  ])oint  Mr  Stephens  attempted  an  excavation 
in  the  lioj)e  of  discovering  interior  apartments,  hut  the 
only  result  was  to  prostrate  himself  with  an  attack  of 
fever,  which  obliged  him  to  quit  Uxmal.  Just  below 
this  sculptured  upper  border,  some  fifteen  feet  below 
tlie  top,  a  narrow  terrace  extends  round  the  four  sides 
of  the  pyramid.  Concerning  the  surface  below  this 
terrace,  we  only  know  that  it  is  encased  in  stone,  and 
would  very  probably  reveal  additional  ornamentation 
if  subjected  to  a  more  minute  exainination.-**  The 
jiyramid  F,  still  farther  south-west,  is  two  hundred 
feet  lonj;  and  one  hundred  and  twentv  feet  wide  at 
the  base,  being  about  fifty  feet  high.  These  particu- 
lars, together  with  the  fact  that  a  stairway  leads  up 
the  northern  slope,  to  one  of  the  typical  Yucatan 
buildings,  twenty  by  one  hundred  feet  and  divided 
into  three  aj)artments,  are  absolutely  all  that  has 
been  recorded  of  this  structure,  which,  like  its  more 
inij)osing  companion  pyramid,  has  not  been  thought 
worthy  of  a  name.  The  reader  will  be  able  to  form  a 
more  consistent  conjecture  res2)ecting  its  original  ap- 
l)earance  after  reading  a  description  in  the  following 
pages  of  the  structure  at  D,  which  presents  some 
points  of  apparent  similarity  to  its  more  modest 
southern  neighl  )or.^'' 

Northward  from  the  last  pyramid,  and  connected 
with    it  by  a  courtyard  one  hundred    feet  long  and 

^'t  Stcn/icna'  Vitcafan,  vol.  i.,  pp.  2r)^-G,  with  a  view  in  the  frimtispici c 
Altli(mj.'li  Stcplu'iis  says  the  iiyrainid  i.s  only  sixty-llvo  feet  iii;;h,  it  is  no- 
tii'eaitlo  tiiat  in  I'athurwomrs  tlrawinj,'  it  towers  hi;,'h  aliove  the  roof  of  tlio 
I'asa  del  (iohernador,  whieh  is  at  least  si.xty-ei^ht  feet  in  hei;j;lit.  NorniMii. 
11  iiiihlis  ill  Viir.,  1).  l,")?,  ealls  this  a  pile  of  loose  .stones,  aliont  two  hundnil 
feet  s([uare  at  the  hase,  and  one  hundred  feet  hidi,  and  covered  on  the  siili  ■< 
aid  toji  with  dohris  of  edilices.  i'riederiehstnal,  Xoinrf/r  .liiiiu/rs  'Z' v 
I'd//.,  1841,  toni.  xcii.,  p.  308,  says  the  siininiit  platform  is  seveuty-seMii 
feet  snuare. 

w  Sli/i/i(ii.i'  Yiicatnn,  vol.  i.,  p.  319.  A  distant  view  of  this  ]ivraniiil  i-» 
ineliuled  in  Stephens'  jteneral  view,  p.  3(»r),  and  in  Cliarnay's  ]iiiolo;.'rii|  li 
4  t.  Nornian,  in  hoth  plan  and  te.xt,  unite.s  this  pvraniid  at  the  hase  viih 
that  at  K,  and  makes  its  height  eiylity  feet.  liambtcs  in  Ync.,  p.  157. 


UXMAL-CASA  DE  PALOMAS. 


171 


lose  oil  the 
Kjiisu  faces 
jsteni  side, 
oxcavatioii 
its,  but  the 
I  attack  of 
Just  below 
feet  l)elow 
3  four  sides 
beh)\v  this 

stone,  and 
aiiientatioii 
on.'"**  The 
ro  hundred 
set  ^vide  at 
so  particu- 
ly  leads  u[) 
il  Yucatan 
nd  divided 
[  that  has 
e  its  more 

u  thought 
to  form  a 
iginal  ap- 
followini;' 

lents  some 

re    modest 


connected 
long  and 

f^>lltis^^i('^l'. 
liij;li,  it  IS  un- 
lit' riiiif  of  tlic 
'lit.  Noniwiii. 
it  two  Uuiicln  .1 
(I  on  the  siili  •* 
,1  iiiitdis  ill  ■>■ 
8i'veuty-se\(U 

lis  ]>yraiiiiil  '■* 
:'s  ]iiioto;:iM!ili 
tiie  base  \miI' 
,  i>.  157. 


ci-luv  live  feet  wide,  with  ranges  of  undescribed  ruins 
(i:i  tlie  e:ist  and  west,  are  the  buildings  at  G,  built 
1  iimd   iuul    enclosing  a   courtyard  one  hundred  and 
I'i.'htv  feet  long  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  wide, 
(.iitiiid  througli    an  archway   in   the   centre  of  the 
u  iithern  and  southern  buildings.     Tliis  courtyard  has 
;;  pirote  in  the  centre,  like  that  before  the  Governor's 
Honso,  ])ut  fallen.     These  buildings  are   in   an  ad- 
vaiiifd  state  of  ruin  and  no  details  are  given  resjiect- 
i:ig  any  of  them  except  the  northern  one,  which  prc- 
sfiits  one  remarkable  feature.      Along  the  centre  of 
the  itiof  from  east  to  west  throughout  the  whole  length 
(>('  two  hundred  and  forty  feet,  is  a  peculiar  wall  rising 
iu  jieaks  like  saw-teeth.     These  are  nine  in  number, 
(.ach  about  twenty-seven  feet  long  at  the  base,  between 
tit'tei'ii  and  twenty  feet  high,   and  three  feet    thick. 
Kach  is  })ierced  with  many  oblong  oi^enings  arranged 
ill  tive  or  six  horizontal  rows,  one  above  another  like 
the  windows  in   the  successive  stories  of  a  modern 
liiiiMiiiLi',  or  like  those  of  a  i)igeon  lu)use,  or  Casa  do 
I'aliiiiias,  bv  which  name  it  is  known.     Traces  vet  re- 
main  which  show  that  originally  these  strange  eleva- 
tii)iis  were  covered  with  stucco  ornaments,  the  only  iii- 
i-tauce  of  stucco  decorations  in  Uxmal.     ( )f  this  group 
(if  stiiictures,  including  the  two  courtvards  and  the 
]iyraiiii(l  beyond,  notwithstanding  tiieir  ruined  condi- 
tion. MrStepliens  remarks  that  **  they  give  a,  stronger 
iiii|)ivssi(»n  of  departed  greatness  than  anything  else 
ill  this  (k'solate  city."  ^ 
Ivespecting  the  remains  marked  8,  9,  10,  11,  12,  13, 

'"  >'/'///((  »\'  Viiriifmi,  vol.  i.,  )ip.  318-19,  with  view  of  the  ( 'asa  do  Palonins; 
iiitiil-iMM  /./.,  I'nit.  Aiiirr.,  vol.  ii.,  ]>.  4'Jf>.  '  I'lic  nniiaillt'  ilcnti'lt'e  do 
I'iu'n.iii^  ii-sfz  I'lcvos,  iK'i'ct's  (rmio  luultitiulo  do  potilos  oiivt'rturos,  i|ui  doii- 
iii^'iit  ,1  ( liarmi  la  iilivsimioiiiio  d'liii  ooloiiihier.'  (.'/niinn/f,  Jiiiiiics  Aitiri\  ]ij). 
•"71--.  |iliipt.  I!t.  'A  wall  of  two  huudroi).  foot  roiiiaiiis  staiidiii;;  u])oii  a 
1 'lui'hiiinii  of  ton  fo(!t.  Its  width  is  twonty-tivo  foot;  liaviii;;  raii;.'cs  of 
iMiiiiis  ii;  liiitli  sides.  Diily  jiarts  of  whioli  remain.  This  wall  lias  an  aeiito- 
:imu'Iim1  ;inli  diiorwjiy  tiirou;,'h  tiie  centre ....  The  top  of  this  wall  ha.s 
iniiiiciiii|.<  -iiliiaro  aportiiros  thron;;h  it,  which  f^ivo  it  the  ap])oarance  of 
jii.'roiiliii|i'.i;  jiiid  its  od;,'o  is  formed  like  the  fialdo-oiid  of  a  liouso,  uniform- 
ly imtilnil."  \,,i,iitiii\s  llmnblvs  in  Yw:.,  p.  Kio,  with  plate  showing  one  of 
the  inMk>  lit'  the  wall. 


172 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


i 


!•'  I 


14,  and  1  5,  on  the  plan,  north  of  tlie  Pyramid  and  (  asa 
do  Palonias,  and  west  of  the  Casa  del  Gohernadof,  all 
that  can  he  said  is  enihodied  in  the  followinj^  (juota- 
tion:  **A  vast  ranjjce  of  hi^'h,  ruined  terraces,  faciiii;' 
east  and  west,  nearly  eight  hundred  feet  lon*^  at  tliu 
hase,  and  called  the  Campo  Santo.  On  one  of  tlnse 
is  a  building'  of  two  stories,  with  some  remains  of  sculp- 
ture, and  in  a  deep  and  over<*'rown  valley  at  the  fix  it, 
tlie  Indians  say,  was  the  hurial-place  of  this  anciiiit 
city;  hut,  tliou^di  searching  for  it  ourselves,  and  olHr- 
inii  a  reward  to  them  for  the  discovery,  we  never  ioiiiul 
in  it  a  se[)ulchre."^^ 

Crossing  over  now  to  the  eastward  of  the  Gover- 
nor's l[<>nso,  we  find  a  small  grou})  of  ruins  in  tlic 
south-eastern  corner  of  the  rectangle.  The  one  marked 
G  on  the  plan  is  known  as  the  Casa  de  la  Vieja,  or  ( )1(1 
Woman's  ILouse,  so  named  from  a  statue  that  \va> 
found  lying  near  its  front.  The  huilding  stands  en 
tlie  sumnii<^  o+' a  small  pyramid  and  its  walls  were  ji^t 
ready  to  fall  at  the  time  of  the  survey.  Of  the  other 
structures  of  the  grou}),  5  and  7,  no  further  infonna- 
tion  is  given  tlian  that  which  may  be  gathered  IVnin 
the  plan.  Along  the  line  marked  4,  4,  4,  are  sligiit 
traces  of  a  continuous  wall,  indicating  that  rxiiial 
may  have  been  a  walled  citv,  since  no  careful  search 
has  ever  been  made  for  such  traces  in  other  porti(tiis  et 
the  city's  circumference.^'^ 

To  go  from  the  Casa  del  Gobernador  northward  tn 
the  buildings  at  C  and  D,  yet  to  be  described,  we  |>a>> 
between  two  parallel  walls  at  H.  These  two  parallel 
structures  are  solid  masses  of  rough  stones  laced  eii 
all  four  sides  with  smoothly  cut  blocks,  and  were,  so 

^K'^'rp/i'ii.'i'  Viii;iffni,\o\.  \.,\<.'M0;  'SmUMlw,  litniihlrs  in  Yiir.,  p  lti'>. 
spcaUs  of  tliis  ])iiit  of  tint  ruin  as  'an  innnensf  court  or  sijuari',  cui'ln^i'il  !iy 
stone  walls,  k'adiuj;'  to  tin-  Nun's  Hcuisi','  ("of  flic  plan,  lie  says.  i\\>ii.  tliiii 
some  of  tlie  scaftereil  mounds  in  this  direction  have  lieen  excavatiil  ii:iil 
seem  to  have  heen  intemled  ori;;inally  for  .si']iulchreM. 

^-  Mr  Stephens,  )'iiri(fiiii,  vol.  i.,  p.  ,'WO,  refers  to  his  ajtpemlix  for  ;i  iihu- 
tion  of  some  of  the  ridics  fonml  in  this  f^rouj).  The  refereni'c  is  prolMlily  I'l 
a  note  on  vestii;es  of  the  ^ihallic  worship  on  p.  434,  whicii  from  in()ti\i.'>  "i 
modesty  the  author  gives  m  Lutiu, 


I'XMAL  GYMNASIUM. 


173 


f;ir  ,is  can  1)3  dctcrmiiicd  in  tlieir  present  condition, 
ex^iutly  alike.     Each  measures  thirty  by  one  hundred 
and  t\V(jiity-ei«jr]it  feet  on  the  ground,  and  they  are 
sivciity  t'oet  a}»art,  their  lieiglit  not  bein<^  given.     The 
Iroiits  whiih  face  each  other  were  covered  with  .sculp- 
tiiitd  decorations,  now  mostly  fallen,  including  two  en- 
twined serpents;  while  from  the  centre  of  each  of  these 
j;i(;;i(le.s  ])rqjeeted  originally  a  stone  ring  about  four 
lift  ill  (Hanieter,  fixed  in  the  wall  by  means  of  a  tenon. 
Both  are  broken,  and  the  fragments  for  the  most  j)art 
lost.     A  similar  building  in  a  better  state  of  preserva- 
tion will  lie  noticed  among  the  ruins  of  Chiclien  Itza, 
ill  ilrsi  libing  which  a  cut  of  one  of  the  stone  rings  will 
In;  oiven.      It  is  easy  to  imagine  that  the  grand  }H'om- 
iiiade  lietween  the  northern  and  southern  jialaces,  or 
tt  in] lies,  was  along  a  line  that  j)assed  between  these 
walls,  and  that  these  scadptured  fronts  and  I'iiigs  were 
iiiiportant  in  connection  with  religious  rites  and  pro- 
icssiiiiis  o\'  pi'iests.     The  chief  entrance  to  the  northern 
Imiliiings  is  in  a  line  with  this  j»assage,  and  it  seems 
!^t^all^•e  that  we  find  no  corresponding  stairway  lead- 
ing- up  tilt'  southern  terrace  to  the  front  of  the  Casa  de 
Tortuui'as/" 

ilrtween  two  and  three  hundred  yards  noi'th  from 
tlic  Casa  del  Gobernador,  is  the  Casa  de  Monjas,  or 
Nunni'iy,  marked  C  on  the  plan.  This  isperliaj>s  the 
most  wonderful  edifice,  or  collection  of  edilices,  in 
^  iicatan,  if  not  the  finest  s})ecimen  <>f  aboiiginal  archi- 
tirtuio  and  scul  '  "e  in  America.  The  suppoi'ting 
iiiound,  whose  b.ise  is  indicated  by  the  dotted  lin(js 
'",  ii,  ",  y),  is  in  general  terms  tliree  hundred  and 
titty  leet  sijuare,  and  nineteen  feet  high,  its  sides  very 
lunrly  t'acing  the  cardinal  jtoints.  'i'he  southern,  or 
ti'iiit,  slope  of  the  mound,  about  seventy  feet  wide,  rises 

Mr  Niiniiiui's  statcincllts.  J^nwhlrs  in  Viir.,  p.  lOH,  dllTiT  iriiifciiiilly 
fniiM  tliiis,.  uf  Stc|iliciis,  Yiicii'iiii,  viil.  i.,  jip.  '_".IS-<.».  Ilt'stati'>tlial  tlic  wall's 
iiiioiiily  t\\fl\c  tt'i't  apart,  tiiat  tlie  fastt-ni  faraiU'  only  lias  the  fiitwiiu'il 
f'r|"'iiis.  iliat  till'  wesli'i-ii  is  covi-ivd  with  liii'ni;j;lypliit's,  that  tin-  stiiittiin! 
i"iitaiiis  iiinins  (111  a  Icvul  with  tin-  <.'■'< iiiiid,  ami  iiiiplifs  that  ilic  wcsttTii 
linu'  \\:is  still  pcifci't  at  tlif  time  of  his  visit.  This  hniliiiii^  is  calhd  hy 
^liariMx  ihr  I'aivL'l,  or  I'lisun. 


174 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


in  three  grades,  or  terraces,  tliree,  twelve,  and  four 
feet  high,  and  twenty,  forty-five,  and  five  feet  \vi(k-, 
resi)ectively,  from  the  base.  There  aie  some  tiacrs  (jf 
a  wide  central  stairway  leading  np  to  the  second  ter- 
race on  this  side,  but  none  of  the  ste})s  remain  in  ]tla(e. 
On  this  platform  stand  four  of  the  tyjjical  Yucatan 
edifices  built  round  a  courtyard,  with  une(pial  iiitir- 
vals  between  them  at  the  corners.  The  soutlaiu 
building  is  two  hundred  and  seventy-nine  feet  ioiin-, 
twenty -eight  feet  wide,  and  eighteen  feet  high;  the 
northern  buildino-  two  hundred  and  sixtv-foui'  fitt 
long,  twenty-eight  feet  wide,  and  twenty-five  t'tet 
high;  the  eastern,  one  hundred  and  fifty-eight  by  thiit\ - 
five  feet,  and  twenty-two  feet  high;  the  western,  one 
hundred  and  seventy-three  by  thirty-five  i\;vt,  ami 
twenty  feet  high.^*     The  northern  building  stands  on  ,i 


31  Tu  tlieso  tlimensioiis  I  have  fctUowod  Mr  Stoplions'  text,  ns  u>nal 


Uxnial,  jis  fiiriis  [k 


in 


Altlioiij,'li  tlm  Casii  (k-  Mdiijas  has  ivceivcd  m 


atti'iitiou  tliaii  any  <>l  tho  other  struftiuvs,  yet,  straiij;eiy  I'lunijili,  no  \i>iiiir 
}j;ives  all  tho  (limciisions  of  the  huihlin<;H  and  terraces;  hardly  any  two 
authin-s  a;^ree  on  anyone  dimension;  and  no  author's  text  ajrrees  fxartly 
with  his  jilans.  Vet  the  lij;nres  of  my  text  nniy  lie  considered  a|i|iiii\i- 
mately  correct.  I  ajiiiend,  liowover,  ii»  this  instance  a  table  of  vaii:iiiiiii:< 
as  a  curiosity. 

Tr.iaiACK 


Stephens,  Text 
"    Lst  IMau 


Wahlcck,  Text 
"    1st  Phiu 


Chi 


irnay 


Text 
riau 


jNorniaii 


Heller 


Soi 

•Til  1 

NoiiTII 

E 

VST 

'  W 

r.sT 

Cot 

•I!T 

1 

NH 

K 

iT 

i5 

k 

q; 

i 

5= 

•_'71t 

~ 

~ 

•2(!4 

2.-) 

158 

~ 

173 

258 

214 

:iiH) 

30 

.S()0 

•2.') 

102 

35 

105 

.35; 

24(» 

185 

•JT'.i 

■_'.") 

•-'()(» 

•2.") 

100 

.35 

1 

105 

1 
35 

220 

I'l.- 

2-21 

•27 

•22T 

27 

170  34 

1 
170 

1 
34 

227 

172 

2X) 

21 

2^^r^ 

2.-) 

21U40 

210 

40 

222 

205 

2M 

L'S 

•22.') 

27 

1 

174  34 

1 

174 

•■<-» 

234 

ISO 

351 

210 

1 

2(i2 

21)2 

•MM) 

:{;? 

.3!)3 

33 

1 

2(:2 

33 

2()2 

33 

202 

205 

•JOII 

•-».■) 

10 

24(i 
2G() 

2.-1 
21 

2(; 

•  ;o 

150 

34 

25 

140 
170 

34  25 
34  25 

I'.l 


\0) 


taut 


\m 


Is   jKNN) 


UXMAL— CVSA  I)E  MUNJAS. 


175 


ami  fnur 
jut  \vi(K', 

tnicrs  (jf 
coiul  tcr- 
i  in  ]»la('L'. 

Yucatan 
ual  iutir- 

SOUtlllTU 

fuet  l(»)iii', 
hi_oh;  the 
-four  iV'L't 
^'-tive  tVt't 
,  by  tliii'ty- 
.'stern.  ()ii«' 
itjct,  ami 
itaiitlsou  ;i 


xt,  ns  ii>uiil  iu 

IS  ivft'ivi'il  mm.' 

i.ii^:li,  III"  \i'-il"r 

iriUy  any  tw  i 

ilj^rri't'S  fMUlly 

U'lvtl  ii|>|>ni\!- 
e  of  vaii:ititiii> 


nnlTi.iaiAiK 


." 

F 



__      — • 

•_>u 

,    ^•'  ! 

isr) 

i       'i:i-2ii 

i 

in.-'           Hr.i) 

17-2      !."•    Ill'' 

•20,-)            I'l''" 

ISO 

!  -JtVi 

!  -JC).-) 

1,-,   llixi 

i.> 

:1(K»I 

tuiraco  of  its  own,  which  rises  about  twenty  feet  above 
tlij  i;viieral  level  of  the  main  i»latibnii  on  wliich  tlie 
dtlu'is  staiul.  The  court  formed  by  the  four  edifices 
iiuasurcs  two  hurdred  and  fifty-eii^ht  l)y  two  hundred 
aiid  fourteen  feet.  It  is  two  feet  and  a  half  lower 
than  the  foundations  of  the  eastern,  western,  and 
suiithcrn  l)uildin_i;'s,  and  traces  of  low  steps  may  yet 
he  seen  ruiuiint;'  the  wliole  length  of  the  sides.  its 
aria  is  jtaved  with  stone,  mucli  worn  l)y  long  usa^e. 
y\.  Wahleck,  by  diligent  research  or  by  an  effort  of 
liis  imagination,  found  that  each  of  the  forty-three 
thousand  six.  iiundred  and  sixty  l)locks  com})osinL;"  the 
[)a\  emeiit  was  six  inches  sijuare,  and  liad  tlie  figure  of 
a  tuitle  sculptured  on  its  U}»})er  surface.  Stephens 
iMiihl  find  no  traces  of  the  turtles,  and  believes  that 
the  pavement  was  originally  covered  Avith  cement.^^ 
Ill  the  centre  are  the  fragments  of  a  rude  colunui, 
jiicdte,  or  phallus,  like  those  found  in  connectidii  with 
the  ( 'asa  del  Gobernador  and  Casa  de  Palomas.  M. 
Chaniay  also  found  traces  of  a  straight  i>ath  with 
raised  borders  leading  north  and  south  across  the  cen- 
tre, and  also  two  of  the  dome-shaped  cisterns  already 
dcsci-ibeil.'^" 

The  situation  of  the  four  structures  forming  the 
quadrangle,  and  the  division  of  each  into  a})artiuents, 
uro  sliown  in  the  accompanying  ground  plan.^' 


37 


ItcsiMHtiii^'  tlip  lioi;;lit  of  tlio  liiiildiii';.'*,  cxociit  the  nortli(  rii,  we  liavo  no 
fi;rui'<'>  I'niiii  any  rcliahle  autliority;  '>tit  we  know  that  Ixitli  cii-^tirii  and 
wrsifiu  ;iiv  lower  tliau  tlio  iiortlicru  btiiidiii}^'  and  lii;,du'r  tlian  llic  ^ciutliciii, 
wliiiM'  iiiiiiiis  iiic  17  fi't't  liigli  oil  the  inside,  and  niorcdvur  that  the  eastern 
is  liiL'liii-  tiian  the  westiTii. 

"'  M.  Walcjeck,  ]'oi/.  J'iff.,  jil.  xii.,  presents  a  drawiii;,'  of  fonr  of  tiieso 
tiirtlo.  M'livered  with  Hi|nare  hhieks  of  stone.'  Xorniini'x  Itumlilis  in 
1  «'■  .  ]i.  Kili.  ' F.arh  fiirfoisi'  is  in  a  siiuure,  and  in  the  two  external  iui;,'!!'! 
•if  I'lirli  si|uare  is  an  7v','/,'/.  The  /ortuisr  and  the  c;/;;,  are  botli  Nalinnal  eni- 
bleiiis.'  Jiuir.i'  Hist.  Aiir.  Aiticr.,  ]i.  <)4. 

^''' I 'III' nun/,  llninc.i  Amir.,  pp.  304,  3G8;  Stephens'  Vuealdn,  vol.  i.,  pp. 
301,  liiis. 

''  I'lan  in  Slip/inis'  Yurdtn)),  vol.  i.,  p.  .101;  reprodnood  in  liiililu-in  s  Ave. 
Ainn-,.  |,  i;{(j  Waldeek,  Voif.  J'itf.,  \}\.  xii.,  also  ;,'ivt's  a  j;roiin(l  jilan, 
w'hiili,  Ml  i;\r  as  (he  arran;;enient  of  rooms  and  doorways  is  concerned,  dit- 
fers  viry  w  idcly  from  tiiat  of  Steplien.s,  and  innst  he  re;,'arded  as  \cry  incor- 
ri'i't.  M.  Waldeek,  dnrin<.f  his  sliort  stay  in  Vncatan,  seems  to  havo 
ucvciicd  his  chief  attention  to  sketchinj;  tiie  sculpt nri'd  facade  ~,  a  worl; 
■^liifli  he  acconij)lisiied  accurately,  but  to  have  constructed  liis  plans  from 


p 


f 


17C 


ANTIQl'ITIKS  OF  VrCATAN. 


-H 


i-i 


(irmuid  riau  of  tlio  Nunnery. 

It  will  1)0  noticed  that  the  northern  l)nil(l'n,<2c  of  tlio 
Nunnerv  tl<»e.s  not  staiul  exactly  in  the  same  dircrtJDii 
as  the  sides  of  the  i)latforni  or  of  the  other  editiccs, 
an  arrangement  which  detracts  somewhat  from  the 
symmetry  of  the  <;ronp.  Each  of  the  fonr  bniltliiin's 
is  divided  lonn'itndinally  into  two  ])arallel  niiiuvs 
of  a|>;ii-tments,  arranj^fed  very  nuich  like  those  of  the 
(Joveriior's  Jlonse,  with  doorways  openini^- on  tlu' in- 
terior court.  The  only  exterior  doorways  are  on  tlie 
front  of  the  southern  huildint^  and  on  the  ends  ol"  the 
northern;    these,   however,  only  atford   access   to  tlie 

iiionidrv  ami  ima'.'iiiatiim  after  leaving  the  eoiiiitrv.  Tn  the  |)re|(araii'm  nf 
the  presciil  |ilan  lie  lia^l.  Ut  aid  liis  fancy,  tlie  sii]i|i(iseil  ()eeii|paliiiii  nl  lln-i' 
ImildinL's  in  fmiiier  times  hy  nuns,  and  lie  has  arran;,'ed  the  iodiiis  wiiiiaii 
eye  tit  (lie  ei)ii\enieni-e  of  the  priests  in  keepiii;,'  a  iiniper  watch  and  giuinl 
over  the  niovenients  uf  tiiosc  erratic  demoiselles. 


rXMAL-CASA  DK  MONMAS 


177 


(I  itii'  raii'^u  of  rooms,  wliicli  do  not  ooiniminioate  with 
t  h  iuttrior.  In  only  one  instance  do  more  than  two 
r  Mills  conimuniL'ate  witli  each  other,  and  that  is  in  the 
(c:itre  ot"  the  eastern  l)uildin_i»',  where  are  two  eomnui- 
licitiiiL,^  a[)a!'tnionts,  the  hir^jfest  in  the  Nunnery,  each 
liiiitccii  hy  thirty-three  feet,  with  an  ante-room  at 
;  K  h  end  measurinn'  nine  bv  thirteen  feet.  All  tlie 
.1  Kiiways  of  this  suite  are  decorated  with  scul|)turc, 
I'll'  only  instance  of  interior  stone-carviui^'  in  I^xnial. 
Tiie  cut  on  the  next  pai^'e  shows  the  inside  of  one  of 
i!ii'  laiu'er  rooms  of  this  suite,  and  also  oives  an  excel- 
lent idea  of  the  interior  of  all  the  structures  of  Yuca- 
t.ui.'^^  The  rooms  <jf  the  Casa  de  ^lonjas,  ein'lity-ei^ht 
i:i  luunher,  like  some  in  tlie  Casa  del  CJohernador,  are 
ji'astLivd  with  a  thin  coat  of  hard  M'liite  material 
like  })laster  of  Paris.  Those  of  the  southern  l)uildini>' 
avciai^c  twenty-four  feet  loni^,  ten  feet  wide,  and  sev- 
tci'ii  feet  luLih.     They  all  present  the  same  u'eneral 


cut 


-y 


pr* 


I'cature.s  of  construction^ — ^anjj^ular- arched  ceilings, 
WdxK'ii  liiittils,  stone  rin^s,  or  hinges,  on  tlie  inside  of 
the  doorways,  holes  in  the  sloping  ceilings  i'or  ham- 
lanck-tinihers,  entire  absence  of  any  o])enings  exce]it 
t'lo  doors — -that  have  been  previously  described. ''•' 
Tile  |)latform  on  which  the  buildings  stand  ibrms  a 
narrow  promenade,  only  five  or  six  feet  in  widtli,  rountl 

'"•'lit  ffciiu  Str/thnis'  Viirrtfrni,  vol.  i.,  p.  309.  For  snino  roiismi  tlio 
>  ■  il|itiii('  is  nut  slinwii.  Walilcck'.s  j)!.  xii.  foiitaiiis  also  a  suctiim  ^liowiii;; 
til  •  liiiiii  (if  the  arclios  and  (•i'iliii;fs. 

''^  "liCs  liiitt'iix  (Ics  ptirti's  smit  cii  liois,  coiiimc  ]iai"t(i\it  a  IMnal.'  'Lcs 
iiiti'iii'iiis,  ill' (liuu'iisions  variolas  Hiiivant  )a  j;raiiil('ur  dcs  (Mliliccs.  . .  .ilciix 
Miiiuillfs  |iaiall('l('s,  ]iuisii1ilii(uaiit,  imiir  se  relifr  jiar  uiic  dalle'  '  Lcs  sallrs 
I  aiciil  ciiiliiiics  d'niie  (•oiiciie  dc  iilatre  liii  (jui  i'xisic  ciicitrt'.'  'On  rc- 
i'i:in|iii'  dc  cliaiiuc  cote  de  I'oiivertni'c,  a  ej^alc  distance  du  sid  ct  du  lintcaa 
'.I'  la  |i(irlc,  |)lantcs  dans  la  nuiraille  de  chaiine  cote  dcs  sii)p|M(rts.  iniatic 
■  iM'licis  en  picire.'  C/niniiii/,  Jiniiir.s  Anirr.,  \t\t.  ."{(U-d.  !\1.  Waidcck 
:l":iks(it  till'  doi)r-tii|is  (if  tlie  western  Iniildini;  as  hcin^'  coniimscd  iif  nine 
ii'-csiit  stiiiic,  iicrpendicular  (III  the  outside,  or  visilile,  |Miitions,  lint  l»ev- 
^li'il  and  sccincil  l»y  a  keystone  within.  'Fait  de  ncnf  |>icrri's  ii  coupe  jiei- 
1  i:idiciilMii-c,  ct  point  dn  tout  ii  clef:  je  iiarle  ici  de  I'aspcct  dc  ccttc  partic 
ti  1  iiiniiiiiiicnt  ii  rextih-ienr;  niais  ii  I'lnterieur,  ces  nenf  |iicn-cs  sont  a  tdcf, 
'  •  i|iic  raliscnce  d'eiiduit  ni'a  jieiinis  de  constater.'  I'ai/.  I'ili.,  y.  1(M>. 
'  I  he  iici-lii  iif  the  eeilin,^;  is  nnifoini  throu;,diont.'  Xnrniini's  Hmn/t/i's  in 
'  '"■  •  p  nil.  lltdler,  Ji''is('ii,  )t.  "jriT,  ;;ives  the  liotanical  name  of  the  /a)iote- 
^'•iiiiil  ii^til  f,i|-  liiittd.s  as  i-itrtniillii,  iir/mfi  sn/iDtti.  Waldeck  calls  the  wood 
/'■illn.    lull.  /^7^,  p.  97.     Noi;ii.ui  s^iells  it  .:77ycic,'c. 

Vol.  IV.      12 


173 


AXTiiiriTin.^^  OF  VrPATAX. 


I,  s 


i^ 


Interior  of  Uooiu — Casa  do  Moiijas. 


rX.MAL    (ASA  I)i;  MONJAS. 


ITO 


cicli,  !i:)tli  oil  tlio  cxtcriDr  iuid  on  the  coiii't.  TIk'  vn- 
tr.iiiri-  t  )  tlu!  <''»ni't  i.s  l»y  a  ,L,^'itc\vay,  at  r  on  tin-  yoti- 
iimI  pl.i'i,  ill  t!ir  cciitn' of  tliL!  soutlicni  Imildiiii^-.  It 
i^  t(!i  t'i'>  t.  iiiul  ciiilit  iiiclifs  wido  and  alxait  ioui'ti-i'ii 
fcl  lii^h.  the  top  \h'\\\>j;  toi'iiK'd  l»y  tlic  usiiid  triaii;;ii- 
!ar  .ii'rli,  and  t\\v  wlntlo  lit'inn'  similar  to  the  passai^cs 
tliiMii'.jh  tilt!  ( 'asii  (h'l  (Johcrnador  l)cforc  the  latter 
w,  !•,•  w.iiicd  up.  ( )ii|>osito  this  o-atc'Way,  at  ii\  a  staii- 
\\,iv  iiiii<ty-li\  f  li'ct  w  ide  loads  up  to  the  u|>jK.'r  t^-rrarc 
whirli  Mipports  the  iioithern  huildin^'.  ( )n  each  side 
nl'  tlii>  >t,iii\\ay,  at  .r,  >/,  «»n  the  slope  of  tin,'  terrace,  is 
a  iiiin  III'  the  usual  eoiistruetion,  in  which  six  small 
a;ia!tiiiiiits  may  he  traced.  The  dilapidation  of  thesi; 
liiiililiii'4s  is  so  n'l'eat  that  it  is  impossihle  to  asccilaiii 
wliitlnr  tliey  were  iii(K'[>endeiit  structures  or  torn  ed 
a  iiait  of  the   terrace   itselt"  a  mode  (»!'  construction  i  t" 


wliidi  We  shall  find  some  sj)ecimens  in  N'ticatan,  ai.d 
.Veil  at  I  xmal.     A  iioticeahlu  ]»eculiarity  in  th(!  noitl.- 


(■rii    liu 
tall. 


ildiuL;- 


that,    wherevi  .'    the  outer    \Vi 


ait! 
i>- 


r|iisr( 


was  Inn 


!i.  till'  sculptuied  surface  of  an   inner  wall  is  d 
1,  shi)wiii'_;'   tliat   tlie   editice  in  its  jtivsent   form 


It  ovei"  an  older  structuri 


Niitliiii';'  i-einains  t(»  ho  said  rospectini;'  the  ^cnt  r;  ! 
I'laii  aii;l  construction  of  the  Xumiery,  or  of  the  in- 
t.iiiii'  of  tlu!  a[)artments  which  compose  it:  and  I 
imw  collie  (i)  the  exti'rior  walls.  'I'he  sides  and  ends 
"t  each  huildiiiL;'  an',  like  those  ali'eady  descrihed, 
I'liiiii  and  implastered  holow  the  coi'nice,  which  e\- 
tiiiils  jMimd  the  whole  circundbronce  just  aho\f  the 
tl'inrways.  .Vhove  this  cornice  the  whole  surfate, 
twciity-foui-  thousand  scjuare  teet  for  the  i'our 
liuil(li!i'4s,  is  covered  with  ole^'ant  and  elahorate  sctdp- 


Wi'V 


tur>i|  decorations.      The  four  interior  f'acadeis  tVont 
"11  thr  ciiiiit  are  j)ronounced  hy  all  heholders  the  cl 


iidi'uvrcs  o 


f  ah 


»ori!>inal  clocorative  art  m  America 


Ai 


111:^ 
le','- 
l.e- 


iiii^'  iiKne  cliaste  and  aitistic,  and  at   the  same   tinn 


h'ss  cdii 


iplicated  and  nrotes(|Ue,  than  any  other  fi'onts 
iiiMtaii.     All  have  hoon  carefully  studied,  sketch- 
"i-  [ili'iton-raphed.      Xu  two  of  thoiu  are  alike,  or 


180 


ANTF'^IITIES  OF  YITATAN. 


' 


even  .siinilai'.  The  outer  fronts  received  Homewliat 
lesH  care  at  the  hands  of  the  native  hiiildors,  and  (oii- 
He(|ueiitly  loss  attention  from  ni()d»,'rn  visitors,  htin;' 
moreover  niucli  nioi'e  seriously  alfected  hy  thu  rava;,'c.s 
of  time  and  the  elements. 

1  hcLfin  with  the  soutliern  l)uil(linii|',  sliowini,^  in  tin 
acconn»unying  engraving  the  eastern  third  of  its  court 


Soutliorn  Court  Fa^'atlc — Ciwii  de  Moiijas. 

facade,  the  other  j)()rtions  heing  ]>recisely  like  that 
which  is  iej)resented.  Except  over  the  doorways  {\w 
space  between  the  cornices  is  occuj)ied  hy  (liaiiioiid 
lattice-work  and  vertical  columns,  small  portions  In- 
ing  left,  however,  entirely  i)lain.  Some  of  tln'  (ol 
unnis  have  central  moldings  corresponding  nearly  in 
form  to  the  cornices.*"  The  central  gateway  is  not 
shown  in  the  engraving,  but  there  is  nc)  special  orna- 
mentation in  connection  with  it,  its  boi'der  beiii^'  ot 
lattice-work,  accoi  ling  to  Waldeck,  or  of  ]>lain  lil()ik>. 
according  to  Chai-  <iy,  contrary  to  what  might  hf  i\- 
])ected  over  the  \ly  entrance  to  so  grand  a  iniirt. 
The  next  engravii    •  shows  a  jiortion  of  the  same  t'a- 

i"  M'iii  |(arl('',  ilaiis  1c  ti  lO  dii  jjn'seiit  otivrnjro.  ties  iiivtciiiliics  niloniu- 
troiivci's  dans  r\'iicataii.  .cs  trois  baliistirs  iin'oii  voit  dans  cctli'  I'laiuli'' 
]uMivt'tit,  d(''|)lai'(''s  ciininic  iis  ri'-tiiU'iit.  avoir  doiini'  lit-ii  ii  ccttc  crnni'.  Kn 
cllt't,  t'li  divisant  ccs  uniciiit'nts  i-ii  |iliisi('iirs  niorrcaiix.  nn  y  tioavcrii  nii 
flit  droit  I't  line  csjircc  dc  i'lia]iitt>au  <\\w,  (l'a|>^^s  di's  idcos  rr!ali\t-  n»\n>- 
iiK'iit  fort  iiatiiiidii's,  on  idarc  volontiers  ii  ri-xtrrniiti' sii|)t'Tii'iii(' liii  Mil.  ii" 
lien  dc  Ic  nicttiv  an  niiluMi.'  U'iihl,rh\  ]'»>/.  I'ilf.,  ji.  lO.S.  '<'V-i  »"'■"• 
si'iiildc  dc  colonncttcs  nonces  dans  le  milieu  trois  jiar  trois,  sc)iari''<-  |iarili'- 
jiaitics  dc  picrres  jilatcs  vX  Ics  treillis  iin'on  rencontre  si  soiivcnt:  cc  Iw'iti- 
iiieiit  est  d'linc  simidii-itc  relative,  eoinitare  ii  la  ridiessc  dcs  trois  aiitri's. 
C'liiniiiif,  Itdilir.s  Ann  i\,  ]i.  ,S(i8. 


rX.MAL-CASA  1)K  .MoN.IAS. 


IM 


J  J  Homowliat 
lors,  ami  tuii- 
isitors,  Ik  in;,' 
y  tliu  ruvaj,'ts 

liow'mjjf  in  tlu' 
•J  of  its  ••ourt 


ijns. 

Isely  likt-'  that 

e  (loorNv.-iys  tln' 

d   l)y  (liaiiKiiiil 

11  j)()vti(»iis  1)(- 

110  of    tlif  nil- 

iliii,!;-  nearly  in 

«ute\vay  is  in't 

lo  special  niiia- 

»i-dcr  \k'U\'^  "t 

)f  ])lain  lilttrk-. 

iniLi'ht  1h'  cx- 

o'vand  a  ''<•'"'^■ 

the  same  t';"- 


lin'tcndiios  cmIdhiu- 
it  ilaiisfftt.'  I'laiii  ]'■ 
ii  ccttc  fiirnr.  M 
X.  oil  V  tn.MMTii  nil 
.'•(■s  iviativi-  ii-"""' 

slll..'Til'lllC<lMl"l."" 

,„:{.     •(••,M  niiHi- 

rois,  sc'i)!!!-.'!-!"'";!'';" 
si  soiivciit :  If  ''•'"; 
SI.  ,lfs  trni-  ;iiitf' 


(M'l ',  i);i  a  I  u-.;\'r  s-ali!,  iiicliKllii^'  tlu'  tiniaiiiciit  which 
i.,  icpij.itjLl  over  each  door.     Tliis  oriiaiuunt  sconis  to 


A  A  .   -  -i 

A  A.  Atj 


^[k^/ 


A  A.  A 

^/^^^/-rrr  ,:  .  ,,  ,   

V  Av 
■AA 


fl 


tftWV  A  Vv  AlA  VVJ 

'.■VA 'A  A  A  A^A  -^ 

T-T^  A  AVVVV  Aj 

'sWsv  A^ A  A ' A  Ar^! 
t^-t;  ^ '  A '  AlA.  A^ Aj 

^5^^!**;^ A  •  A^ A; AVV 
[!•^yA^A  A^  A^-* 


pc5T 


-  ja!<jat*M,i-^.jaeKJ:tai!'..gJBg 


r:^ 


f: 


;i,  I  :""*■';:';',:  i:i'»i^,:':'i:J=i'  'I'Sf'^^iiw^^^iiSSJWJWK:.  ..i:: 


Detail  of  Southern  Court  FafinU'. 

ivjircM'iit  a  small  house  with  a  roof  of  thatch  or  tiles, 
li.i\  liiu'  a  himian  figure  seated  in  a  niche  in  the  wall, 
wliicli  (•(iircsjM)nds  with  the  doorway  of  the  house. 
iliis  seated  statue  had  disappeared  heforc  the  visits 
iif  later  exjiloiers.  That  a  statue  oncti  occupied  the 
iiiflie  tlieic  can  he  no  douht.  Whetlier  M.  \Valdeck 
sketched  it  from  actual  ohservation  or  IVom  the  re|M».t 
'4  tile  natives,  is  not  (piite  so  <'lear.  The  last-named 
writer  advances  two  orin'inal  and  somewhat  reniarka- 
Me  theories  respecting;-  these  small  houses;  first,  that 
tliey  may  he  taken  as  a  re[>resentati(tii  of  the  houses 
artiially  occupied  by  the  common  j)eople  at  the  time 
I  xnial  was  huilt;  and  second,  that  they  are  identical 
with  tlu;  Aztec  siijfn  vnUi,  'house,'  from  which  he  de- 
nvys  an  ar«j;-ument  res[)ectin,iif  the  ]»rol)ahle  a,LCe  of  the 
hiiildiiin-,  which  will  he  noticed  in  its  {ilace.  M.  Char- 
nay  calls  this  front  the  Facade  des  Aheilles,  or  Bee 


182 


ANTl<.>nTIi:S  OF  YITATAN. 


iVont,  Avhilc  M.  Waldtrk  toi'ins  tlio  l)uil(liii,i;'  tlic 
'IV'iiii>lc  of  tlie  Astorisius.  The  exterior,  or  soutlicin. 
front  of  tliis  l)uiI<liiio-  is  similar  to  tlie  iiortlierii,  l»ut 
soiuewliat  plainer,  having-,  however,  the  same  lioiisis 
and  niches  over  the  doorways/^ 

The  court  facade  of  the  eastern  Iniildinn',  whicli  li;i> 
been  called  the  Sun  front,  and  also  the  Egyptian  fiont. 
is  perha[)s  more  tasteful  in  its  sculi)tured  ornanicnt^ 
llian  either  of  the  other  three.  The  southern  halt'  of 
this  facade  is  re})resented  in  the  en^n-avinu;'.  The  or- 
naments over  the  central  doorway  and  at  the  corners 


^i  i 


Easti'iii  Cijurt  Facade — Casa  de  Moiijas*. 

consist  of  the  innnense  _oTotes(|ue  masks,  ^vitll  the 
curN'ed  ))rojectinn'  tusks  noticed  on  the  (  asa  dil 
( lohernador;  hut  the  remaininn'  surface  is  co\trid 
M'ith  re!4'ular  diamond  lattice-work,  while  in  coniur- 
tion  with  each  of  the  cornices  is  a  line  of  stone  h!( 


lCh> 


With  I'ounc 


led  h 


u-es,  resemblmu'  shoi't  coiunuis 


.h 


( )vcr 


thi.^ 


atti 


ce-woi 


k,  hut  not   entirely  concealinu'  it.  an 


■t'  M 


y  ('ii;.TaviML'^'  ai(^  taken  froiti  Walthrl:,  Vnif.  Pllt.,  \)\.  xv. 
Tlicy  aiT  rt'|in»lii<'('il  in  Lurmiiiiiliirc,  Mu-.  rt  lliiaf..  p.  Ji'J.S,  ))I.  S,  li- 
|icrt'('ct  accmac.v  of  tlic  ('ii|iiaviii;;s  cxct'iit  tlic  scaU'd  statues— is  jpin 
<  lianiay's  |pliiitii;i;iiiplis  A'l,  4!t,  wliicli  sliow  tlie  same  fnint,  as  dues  lln'  vit'« 


ivcl  llV 


Sli iilniis'  )'iiriitini.  v(d.  i.,  ]).  .')((."i.     TIk'  su 


tiierii  fniiit  of  tiiis  Im 


liliii.' 


dv  si 


'^' 


iiiwii  III  ;,'eiieral  views  in 


Strnh 


/i/iriif 


Cnit.  A 


'ated  in  Arnilii,  Ihis  Hrii/i//r  Mrx.,  p.  JfJ 
ac,  [p.  100,  wUieli  j;ive  no  details. 


//('•;•.,  vol.  11.,  ] 


(1  ill  Xt 


]i.  -I'.'d;  IV- 

liinn'ilii  (It 


UX.MAL-CASA  DE  MONJAS. 


isa 


s;\  peculiar  and  t4T;u'ol''il  oriianieiits,  pljiced  at  rv<j;n- 
1,11'  iiitei'vals,  lour  ut'  them  surmountiiii;'  doorways. 
(iiicof  these,  precisely  like  all  the  I'est,  is  shown  on 
an  eular^'ed   scale   in   the   engraving.      It  consists  of 


.^^■■>«j  l^nllH* 


rrCm"nigi:ilxriaJTJii 


^  /\  ^  A    AX.      •  V    L v\i A 

/\  A  /\  /-   /-ci 


X  A  A  X  >^■^^^^'»-/r?'^.^.x^*^^:*A^X)t'^X'^"> 

V -A.  A  .■^s".  %  X      t    ' '. -./\- *%  .  A  ./:5.     /^  -  -  .  A -,  *  .>Y.>.':  ■^ 


A 

.  A.  A  A.  A  A 

.\  A  A.  A-   A.  y 
,  A  /••  A^  A  A  /■* 

/.   A  /v  A  A  A , 

/-  A  ^^  ■'^'^-  '^  '4  ^. 
•  ^      A   A.  /\  AV    - 


:r  i  '.(Vs  /\ vN  V> 
:.-"^^A   /s  A- 

'/a  A  A  A-' 

'j,  W  As  A  A 

fi'A  Av  A  /\J 

A-^  /\  A,  A  ^X-' 
A,  /\  ^  A   A 

■^  /N-AvWA  .  \ 

i/rA^A/\  /\  Av  A 

X  A  A  /^  /\  /'\ 

i  :  /^^V-'^  /^  A.  A  /\ 
'^  V\  A^  A  A   '^ 
"    A^  A  A  A 
As  A  A  A 


:/>c>c>c^^  

/    '.    /^:/\ -.;:>:/>  A  A/v  ^ ,  /^  A    A  a^A  -  A    V  >,<>_A^  •A>'A  A.  A^lA.' 


^   A 


[iirmjTT  r.i- f  1 1  minijii' i  f  i.f  im. 


-^Ei 


a!;J.'iiilr;ii',ii!ili:l 


r/L'tifil  iif  Eastern  rourl   Faciiile. 


li^ht  |iai'allel  horizontal  bars,  incre.ising  in  length  ;!s 
tiuv  ■i|>|ii(t;ich  the  u]>])er  cornice,  and  each  terminating 
■It  tithcr  einl  in  a  serj'unt's  or  monster's  head  with 
"iHii  jaws.  A  human  face  with  a  peculiar  head-dress, 
liirm'  ear-pendants,  and  t(^ngne  hanuing  IVoin  the 
iiiiMKli.  looks  down  from  tlie  centre  of  the  n]>]>er  hai's. 
I  lii>  face  is  fancii'd  hy  ^^'aldeck  to  rejiresent  the  sun. 
•111(1  something  in  its  surroundinn's  strikes  ( "hai'nay  as 
paitakiiig  of  the  Egyptian  style;  hence  the  names 
t'lat  have  heen  ajtpliecl  to  this  facade.  M.  ^'i(»llet-le- 
I'uc  attempts  to  prove  the  development  of  the  urchi- 


.''■H       L. 


184 


AM'IQL'ITIKS  OF  YUCATAN. 


tectural  ideas  embodied  in  tlie  Maya  edifices  from  an 
urii^'iiial  structure  of  wood.  His  use  of  this  claiuud 
peculiarity  will  be  more  appro})riately  s})oken  of  lierc- 
after,  but  his  illustration  of  the  idea  in  connectiuu 
with  tliis  eastern  fi-ont,  is  cei'tainlv  stiikin<>-  as  shown 
ill  the  umiexed  cut.^'^     The  boutheni  end  of  this  build- 


'^^"^^'*-'il^f^< 


A  A 

Trace  of  Orijjinal  Structure  in  Wood. 

'*■'  'T^a  tlccoration  se  compose  (I'mie  cs]v''ce  do  troplice  en  form  (I'l'veiit.-iil, 
qui  ]iart  du  lias  de  la  frise  en  s'elai'jiis.saiit  jus((u'au  soniniet  dii  liiiliiii  iit 
('etni]iliee  est  uu  enseiuhU;  de  liarres  ])avallele.s  termint'es  jiar  des  tcli'.- ilc 
midisties.  Au  ndlieu  yV\  la  ])artie  sniH'rieure.  et  touiliant  a  la  coiiiiilii'.  -c 
trtuve  uue  enonne  tete  huuiaine,  eiieadree  a  re;;yiitiemie,  avee  une  enriic  iK' 
i'!iac(ue  cote,  ("es  trojiiiees  sont  separes  par  des  treillis  de  ](ierre  (pii  dun- 
iieiit  a  rc'dilicc  une  <j;rande  riehesse  d'eljet.  JiCs  coiii>  out  tiaijonrs  ccttt' 
o!':ieiii('iitatiiiii  Mzarre.  eiini])osee  <le  j;'randes  li;,'iires  d'idoles  supecpn^ii^. 
avee  un  lie/  dis|iiiip(>rtioiine,  tordu  et  reieve,  (jui  fait  soiijier  ii  la  iiiaiiii'iv 
<''iini(ise.'  ClKiriHifi,  Jiniiifs  A  nn'r.,  pp.  ;?(!(!-7.  'i'lie  first  uf  my  enj;ia\  iiiL:i 
I  take  from  S/rp/inis''  Viiriifioi,  vol.  i.,  ]i.  ,S(M>;  tlie  same  front  lieiu;,' slmwii 
also  in  ("iiaiuav's  pliotii;rrai)li  .SS,  in  Waldeck's  pi  x\.,  an<l  in  l.iic  iimi- 
i/iiri\  Mi.r,  it  Ciiiit.,  \\\.',\.  The  secDud  eiijz'vavin^' is  from  Waldeck's  pl.xvi, 
jrivcn  also  in  /.iirrinnufirrr,  .lA.;'.  d  diint..  pi  .5,  in  Suriiinii's  Rinnlil'i  m 
Yiir.,  II.  I,")(i  wiiere  it  is  incorrectly  stated  to  represent  a  portion  of  tiii' 
Casa  (lei  (lohcrnador.  and  corres]iondiii;,'  with  Cliariiay's  pliotoiinipii  •'! ' 
The  third  I'lit  is  from  Mnllit-li-Ditr,  in  ('linnniii,  liidin's  .linrr.,  p.  (i'l.  M 
M(dletde-l)uc  explains  the  cut  as  follows:  'Supposoiis  des  |(iles  ou  iMir-i 
de  refeuil  A;  si  Ton  pose  a  la  tete  iles  ]ii!es  Ics  preiiiicrs  patiiis  |{,  siiv  It - 
(('lels,  a  an;,de  droit,  on  emlir.'vera  les  traverses  (',  puis  Ics  secondcs  pini' 
15',  les  (lenxii'iiies  traverses  ("'  en  encoihclli'nient  e^Mlemente  enil>ervris,  il 
aiiisi  de  suite,  on  ohtient.  an  droit  des  teles  di'  piles  on  iiiurs  de  refcnd.  <\-  ■> 
jiarois  verticales,  et,  dans  le  sens  des  ouvert arcs,  des  parois  iiieliiu'cs  airiN:i:i! 
a  ]iorter  les  lilieres  I)  avee  potclets  intercales.  Si,  (rune  jiije  ii  rauiic.  "'i 
pose  les  linteaux  K  en  arriere  dii  nn  des  ]>ieces  BU',  et  ipie  siir  ces  liiitiaiix 
on  (!'tahlisse  des  treillis,  on  ohtiendra  une  construction  de  hois  priiiiitivc. 
qui  est  evideiiimeiit  le  priiici))e  de  la  (h'coration  de  la  facade  de  iiicnc  '.'i 
batiiaent.'     This  fa(,'ade  is  'tiie  most  chaste  and  sinijile  in  design  and  n;ii;i- 


!S  from  ail 
s  claimed 
ri  ot"  hi'W- 
.'oiinoctioii 
jis  sliowii 
bliis  build- 


m  (lVv(Miti\il, 

(111  batiiii  lit 
ir  lies  trio  lie 

I  coniiilit'.  ~i' 
(•  U1K'  ciinif  iK' 
icrrc  (|iii  il""- 
toiijiiurs  iilti' 
s  sii]K'riiii-'  !-• 

ii  lii  iiiaiiii'iv 
nv  cni^niviirJ-' 
t  lii'iii;:  >liii\v!i 
1  ill  1,111-' iiiiii- 
(lock's  pl.Nvi.. 

Il's    I  ill  III  III' ■<  I" 

Kirtion  111  ll'"^' 
ili()t(i;:r;il'li  •"■' 
'  /•.,  ]>■  <>"'■     •^'• 

>  piles  (III  liiii'-'^ 
tins  15,  siirlc'- 

sccdtidcs  pi''!'-' 
.  cmln'rvri's.  it 

s  (If  rt'tVii'l.  il^ 

cliiK'es  iiiri\:i-' 
Icii  rant  If.  I'l 

sur  cos  liiilia"'' 
Ixiis  jiritiiiii^''' 
lo  do  jiii  r;i'  ''•' 
osiu"  11""'  ^''"''' 


UXMAL— CASA  DE  MONJAS. 


185 


i:io'  is  shown  in  one  of  Charnay's  pliotoijjTaplis,  and, 
tnrthur  with  a  small  portion  of  thu  wostcrn  front,  in 
a  (hawin,!,^  by  Catherwood.  These  views  show  that 
thr  (lids,  and  pr^hahly  all  of  the  rear,  are  made  up 
d''  |il,.In  wall  ami  lattice-work,  with  elaborate  orna- 
iiini'is  at  each  of  the  corners.''^ 

i  now  })ass  on  to  the  oj)})osite,  or  western  bnildiiin", 
kiidwii  as  the  Servient  Temple,  whose  oonrt  facade  is 
shiiwii  in  the  eni^ravino'.  At  the  time  of  the  visits 
of  I'athurwood  and  Charnav  a  lart'e  iiortion  of  this 


y  ijyiii4i4»v^« 'r^-^TgyfJPpgB^y^^^^^ 


iifniMKsr.'!imBmgpgmnaiiiri.'.ffn!w  uina.'.iiiwoi 


wr- 


-.  V^  i^hliUJfK^ 


:^;>-..',h 


'■; 

:   .  ■■  1  ' 

l,.'.^  .;. 

,,■       ,•■.[.■ 

1 

■    -~ 

.,,.    .    ., . 

i- 

.  1  ;  t , 

.  i. (  iiil 

111 

.    ■    .    .     . 

,.   1    i.,,,..l 

Westorii  Ciiiirt  I'lU'iide— l'as;i  ilo  .Mdiijas. 

iiii'iit,  innl  it  was  alwavs  rofrosliiiiu'  to  tiini  frnin  tlic  ^'•iir;;ooiis  and  clatinrato 
masses  on  tlic  iiliu'i-  fai,'a(les  til  tliis  earidiis  and  |ilca>in;;  (•niuliinatinn.'  S/'- 
I'h'iis  Yiii-iiliiii,  viil.  i.,  p.  ;{l>l!.  ''I'lie  castoril  facade  is  lilled  witli  elahoril';^ 
uiiiaiiiriits,  iliU'eriii;;  entirely  fiDiii  flie  iitliers.  and  lietter  tinisliod.'  .V')/'///('//\' 
H'lnil'l'.^  ill  )'iii\,  pp.  l(il--_>.  '  Lcs  linit  eclieliins  ddiil  la  s(''iie  fonne  nil  c("ii!c 
iiiiver-r.  sunt  (inies,  ii  eliacnnc  do  leiirs  (>xtr(''iiiit(''s,  d'line  tete  syinli(dii|;ii' 
dc  MT|iriit  (III  de  (ira;((Mi.  La  ti"'to  dii  Soloil  (pii  tunclio  ii  la  cmiiii  lie  ot  ic- 
|.wc  vii|-  I,,  tniisii'ino  ('■(dndiiii,  ollro  donx  rayims  ascendants,  indepeinleiii- 
iiiciit  lie  ccmn:  (iiii  llanilioiont  aiitdiir  (In  inas(|iio,  ddiit  jo  ii'ai  ]in  doviiicr  la 
si^'iiiliialiiiii .  l,os  tniis  rayons  (|iii  so  Vdioiit  an  dossns  do  la  ti'lo  out  pent- 
ctii' ijiirjimis  rapports  avec  lo  ini'iidion,  coliii  dii  inilien  in(li(|iiant  lo  parl'ait 
ii|iiililin'.  Mtes  sept  inasi|nos  solairos,  iiii  soul  ('tait  intact.  '  1,'oiisoiiiMc 
dc  cciic  t'aiade  (ill're  a  I'lioiiro  do  tiiidi  iiii  oaractJ'i'o  do  ;,'raiidenr  dont  ii 
sclail  .liHicilc  de  doniior  lino  ideo.'   Wnhlrrl:,    Vnil.  I'ilt..  pp.  Il>'_'  .'{. 

^*  Sf'ji/i,i,,^'  Yiiculdii,  Vol.  i.,  p.  307,  with  plute;  C/inniin/,  Hniurs  Am(r., 
lilmt.  i3. 


« 


I  i' 


r;  , 


18G 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  VUCATAX. 


front  ]iM(l  fallen,  and  the  standinijf  portiotis  only  wnv 
represented  in  their  drawing's  and  photoyrajths,  im 
attenij>t  IxMnL*'  made  in  the  foi'nier  at  ivstoratiun.  In 
lS:i5,  however,  aceordinuf  to  the  testimony  of  hoth  M. 
Waldeck  and  Sr  Peon,  proi)rietor  of  Uxmal,  it  \v,;s 
stanchnu;"  nearly  intact ;  I  have  consequently  ])refenv(l 
t>»  i'ej)roduce  Waldeck's  dra\vin_iL(  of  a  ])ortion  ol"  this 
i'ayade,  especially  as  the  portions  shown  by  C.-ithir- 
wood  and  ( 'harnay  an'i'ee  almost  exactly  with  tliis 
drawinn'  and  ])rove  its  accuracy.  Ihit  slin'ht  Justicu 
can  he  done  to  this,  the  most  ma_i>"nilicent  and  hciu- 
tiful  front  in  America,  hy  an  enyravino-  on  so  small 
a  scale  as  1  am  ol)li<^"ed  to  emj>lov.  Two  serj»ents. 
each  with  a  monster's  head  between  the  open  jaws 
of  which  a  human  face  .appears,  and  the  tail  of  a 
rattlesnake  placed  near  and  above  the  head  at  eitla  i' 
end  of  the  buildin<jf,  almost  entirely  surround  the  fi(»i:t 
above  the  lower  cornice,  dividing-  the  surface  by  thi.' 
iblds  and  interlacing;- of  their  bodies  intt)  sipiai'e  jtanc's. 
That  is,  it  seems  to  have  been  the  aim  of"  the  buildt  ;s 
in  form  these  ])anels  by  the  folds  of  these  two  mighty 
serpents,  aiul  the  Avork  is  so  desci'ibed  by  all  visitois. 
bat  it  appears  from  an  examination  of  the  Iblds,  ;:s 
shown  in  the  enoravinn",  that  tiie  serpent  whose  lie;:'! 
and  tail  are  shown  on  the  rii^ht  only  encloses  ically 
the  first  ])anel,  and  that  each  other  panel  is  surroumlul 
l»y  the  endless  body  of  a  serpent  withcait  head  or  tail. 
The  scales  or  feathers  on  the  serpent's  body  ai'e  soiiu 
what  moi"e  clearly  defined  than  is  indicated  in  thi'  ci!- 
L;ravinL>',  as  is  ])rove(l  by  Charnay's  }»hotoi;'iaph.  Thr 
surface  of  this  wall  is  filled  with  ^recipies  and  latticc- 
^vork  similar  to  tlfose  of  the  (lovernor's  House,  ln'.t 
much  more  complicated;  and  each  panel  has  oiir  i  r 
more  human  fices  amouL*'  its  decorations,  while  st\- 
ei'al  of  them  have  full-sized  standiin;'  human  fii^iiiis. 
V  )v(M'  each  doorway  and  on  the  roundi-d  coi'uei's  of  tin' 
ouildinL;",  are  the  usual  yrotes(pie  decorations,  beaiii  u' 
sjnie  likeness  to  three  distortetl  faces  or  masks  plainl 
t)ne  above  another,  and  all  furnished  with  the  prttjcet- 


IXMAL-CASA  DE  MONJAS. 


187 


iiv.  curves,  or  liouks,  pruvioiisly  coinpurcd  to  c'l("}i]iaiits' 
tr  iiiks.^^  l{espe('tin,ij^  the  ends  iin<l  )-ear  of  tliis  biiild- 
iiio'  iiotliiiiL;"  whatever  has  been  recorded. 

Tlif  iKHthern  Imildiiii:;',  standing;- on  a  terrace  twenty 
!',.(t  al)ove  tlie  ])hitf'onu  ^vhicll  sii])]>orts  the  otlier  striic- 
tiiivs,  and  c()nse<[iiently  overh)okinu;'  them  all,  was  veiy 
].i\Ji;il)lv  intended  hy  the  huildei'S  as  the  <'rownin,n' 
I'.Mtin'c  of"  the  Casa  de  ^lonjas.  its  court  facade  was 
(■;•(. wdi'd  with  sculptui-ed  desinn>,  ^•ran<l(i',  ]ii'rlia])s, 
;i  id  more  iniposinn',  hut  at  tlie  same  tinu;  much  less 
(  !(  ^;i!it  and  refined  than  tliose  of  the  fronts  already 
(li Miilicd.  Ap])arently  fi'om  no  (»ther  motiw;  than  to 
(p'lt.iiii  more  sj)ace  on  whieh  to  exercise  their  talent  for 
(l  I  <ir;iti\i'  art,  and  thus  to  render  this  front  more 
>tiil<iiiy',  the  huihk'rs  extended  the  front  Mall  at  rey- 
tilai'  iiitfrvals  ahove  the  u[>[)er  coniice,  formiiiLi;'  tliir- 
t 'lii   turrets   seventeen   feet  hii^'h  and  ten   feet  wiile, 


^1  Tlir  illiistriitions  of  tlio  Soriiciit  front  are  in  Wnlilril-    \ 


Mil..    \\  III..    WlllC 


li  liitti-r  sli 


".'/. 


/'///..  1.1 


lU'  of  tlic  ili'taclicil  fares,  (iriiia^Us;  i'li 


n 


.1/ 


,  pilot.  4I»,  41,  44;  anil  SIijiIh  ns    )'>iriihi,i,  vol.  i ..  |i|i.  .'{(Il'- 
llnitloiiiikesareeoiiMMon  in  tlii>  ie;:ion.    'I'lie  |irn|>iirtor  |iro|Hi>ci|  to  iiuijil 


Kll-    >r|-|K'lll 

•  r 


il    int< 


o    a    lion^e    in 


M 


einla    as  a    niernoiiiil   u 


f   ( 


il. 


iwiinl   the  scpiiili  enil   tlie    head  anil    tail   of  the  sciiients  ri)nes|Hinilecl 
anil   |iiisitiini  with  the   |poition    still  existing'  at    tiie  othei.'  Jf/., 


.p.    -.M-l'-.i. 


ri 


le    feinains    of     two   ;;leat    sci|ieiits.    howcxci 


still  i|iiile  jierfect;  tlieir  lieails  tnriieil  liaek,  ami  entw  iniii;.'  eaih  nther.  they 
I'Mriiil  the  whole  len;;tli  of  the  faeade,  thion^'h  a  ehastc  ;ri<iniiil-work  of 
iinmiiieiilal  lines,  inteisjieisi'il  with  vaiions  rosettes.  'I'liev  are  |>iit  lo;.'cth(T 
iloeks  of  stone,  exi|nisiti'ly  workeil,  ami  anan;:eii  with   the  iiieest 


skill  aiiil  |irerisiiin. 
iViiliii-s  anil  tassels.' 


'J"he  heads  uf  tin 


X. 


I,' 


,1,1, 


I  nihil  s    til 


'r|ielit> 

1'^ 


are  adorneil  wi 


]..  k;-.'. 


th   |d 


iiniinLC 


'Son    noni   liii 


\  rut  d  nil  iiiiiiiense  si'r|ient  ii  sonnettes  eonrant  snr  loiite  la  fiieade,  dont   h? 
r.ir(i^.  SI'  roiiiaiit  en  eiitrelaes,  va  servir  de  cadre  ;i  des  |ianneaii\  divers.      II 


II  cM'Ie 


|iliis  i|U  nil  seni  de  ees  ]iaiineaii.\:  e  est  tine  ;;ieeiine,  (|iie  si  i  in  ion  tent 


iMil. 


avee  rosace  a 


Tint 


erieiir;  line  statue  d'Indien   s'avam 


li'llel 

S.I  irir  III!  oincniciit    li'niraiit    line  coiiroiine.'  ''//(/ 


lie  1,1  tacade,  il  tleiit  a  la  main  llli  .sceptre;  on   reiii:iri|iie  aii-ili •:>siis  d 


run  II, 


n 


III  III  -I  .  I  /;('  / 


I  11  oincinciit,  iiiiite  irnne  sorte  de  pompon  en  pas-cmenteiic  tcr- 
iimie  par  ime  fran;;e,  so  voit  an-dessns  de  la  i|iiem'  dii  reptile,  (in  dicmn  lo 
i';;Mlciiiiiit  dans  la  friso  ees  rosettes  fran;,'(''es  eoiiime  cidles  si;.'iial( cs  dans  lo 

''•iti Hide   Test.'    l7o/A7-/i'-/>//c,  in  /</.,  p.  Ci'.l.      '  Kii   vovaiil    pour  la   jire- 

iiiiere  iiiis  (■(>  siiperhe  ediliee,  je  ne  pus  retenir  un  eri  de  snrpri-i'  et  d'adtnira- 
t'.'iii,  liiiit  les  clioses  orij:iiiales  et    nonvelles  ('■meiiveiit    rinia;.'iiial  ion  et    les 


IS  lie  I'ariiste.    J'ai  cherclK'  ii  reiidre.  ilans  ce  oiron  \  lent 


lie  lire,  me: 


iiiieris  iiii|iressioiis,      l'iiiiri|iioi  navonerai.s-je  ]ias  ipi'il  s'v  iiiele   iin  ]ieii  de 


\aillle 


II  parei!  sontiiiient   trest-il   pas  exciisalde  c 


sl,\lr 

vanr 


ic  .III  iiiiiinle  civilise  i 


les  tr 


'esnrs  ar 


[•lie/   le    voyii)_'elir  <|ili 
relir'olo;;i(|iies  si  |oii;rteni|is  i;.'iiores,  nil 


lln||\( 


.111  d'architeetiire.  el  line  source  ahondaiite  oil  d"aiitre-,  pills  sa- 


'I'le  lui,  iroiit  [miser  iin  jourV'    Wnlilnl:,   I'ui/.  J'ilt.,  p.  lot). 


ilr  !" ' 


I 


U  ' 


188 


AMTQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


placed  o-encrally  ulxno  tlie  doorways.  These  tunvts, 
towei'iiiii;'  al)oiit  eighty  I'eet  above  the  site  of  tl)e  city. 
and  loadetl  with  ehd)orate  scul})ture,  must  have  hti  n 
a  proiuiiieiit  I'eatiii'e  of  the  ahoi-iuinid  I'xnial.  Only 
four  of  the  turrets  remained  standiiin"  at  the  time  of 
8te])hens'  visit,  and  tlie  wall  was  othei'wise  mudi 
dilapidated.  The  oidy  view  is  that  o'iven  in  C'hariiiiys 
photo^riijths,  none  of  the  turrets  jjciiii''  complett'  at 
the  time  of  liis  visit.  The  hackyround  of  tlie  sculp- 
ture is  dividud  into  ])anels  tilled  with  i^'recipics  aiul 
ornamented  lattice-work  very  similar  to  that  of  the 
Serpent  I'ront.  Half  the  doorways  aie  surnK)unted  iy 
niches  like  those  in  the  southei'U  facade;  whilr  o\u' 
the  alteiMiate  doorways  and  on  rdl  the  cornel's  ai\'  sci  ii 
the  inunense  mask  ornaments  \vith  tlit!  clephant-tiunk 
projection. ■*'"  A  ])eculiarity  of  this  huildinn- not  noti<nl 
by  any  authoi-itv,  hut  clearly  shown  in  Cliarnavs  iilm- 
toi»"ra|th,  is  that  not  only  are  the  corners  rounded  as 
in  the  other  huihlinos,  l»ut  the  walls  at  the  corm'js  aic 
not  per[)endicular  either  above  or  below  tlie  cornice, 
inclining'  inward  toward  the  top  at  an  annle  of  abdiit 
seven  decrees.  Several  human  fii^iires  a*'.;  noted 
amono"  the  decorations,  of  ruder  execution  than  otluis 
at  Uxmal,  two  of  which  seem  to  be  playing-  on  ]iiii- 
sicid  instruments  I'esenddino-  somewhat  a  guitar  and 
harp;  while  a  third  is  sittiiii^  with  his  hands  cids^ d 
on   his   breast,    and    bound   by  cords.*"      All  that  is 


■1''  Tilt  of  1)110  (if  flioso  ]irnjccting  curves  in  N'onnaii's  Umiifi/r.i  in  )"r., 
p.  KIJ. 

■"'  ''I'lic  wtiolc,  Idiulcd  as  it  is  witli  (iniaiiii'iit,  coiivcvs  tlic  idea  of  \ii-t- 
iii'ss  ami  iiia^^uilici'iu'o  ratlii'i' tlian  tliat  of  taslc  ami  rflim-iMcnt/  ,s7(///'./<v' 
Ynciitnii,  vol.  i.,  ji.  :i(l4.  '  Tlie  iiortlu'rn  front,  mi  dniiht,  was  tlie  |iriiiii|;il 
one,  as  I  jiid^^e  fioiii  tlie  remains,  as  well  as  from  the  fact,  tliat  it  is  iiiniv  cii- 
vated  than  the  otliiTs.'  Siiniiiin's  Riinihlis  in  Yitr.,  y.  Kij.  Noiiiiaii'.-- l:i'1i- 
oral  view  of  tlw  Nuiinerv  inelniles  a  view  of  this  northern  front,  hm  iln' 
decorations  are  omitted  and  the  turrets  also.  '('Iiai|iie  porte,  de  (1imi\  in 
deux,  est  siirmoiitee  d'liue  iiielio  merveilleti.sement  oiivra;ive  ijiie  de\aii  lit 
oe('U|ier  des  statues  divcrst's.  <  jiiant  a  la  frise  elle-iiit'inc,  c'est  iin  eiisiiiil'li' 
exfrafirdiiiaire  de  jiavillons,  oh  de  eurieiises  jifiurcs  d'idolcs  su|iei]iosi'(-  n~- 
sortent  eoniiiie  ])ar  liasard  de  rarranj,'i'ment  des  jiicrres,  ct  ra|iiieiliiii  li'^ 
letes  oiiornies  seiilptees  siir  les  palais  de  Chicheii-lt/a.  Dos  inoamliis  ili' 
])iorros  tinenient  travaillees  lour  servoiit  de  eatlre  et  doiinent  line  va;^iii'  iilt<' 
de  earaeferes  liieroj;lyiihi(iues:  puis  vieiinent  une  siu'cossion  de  j;roc(|iirs  do 
yraiide  dimension,  alternees,  aux  angles,  de  carreset  de  petiles  rosaii^  il'mi 


UXMAL— CAKA  DK  MONJAS. 


189 


tunvts, 
tlic  city. 
A'e  l>t'(  11 
I.      Only 
!  time  ft' 
■<o    imuli 
'lianiay  s 
ipU'tc  at 
he  sculp- 
(ViL'S  aiitl 
it  of  llif 
uiitcd  ly 
hiU-  ovu' 
i  ari'  siTii 
iint-ti  uiik 
it  ll<)ti<ril 

lays  |tlui- 
iiui(l»'»l  ;'.>^ 
oriu'i's  aiu 
c  (•(iniifc, 
of  alinllt 
!'•_!     noted 
lan  otliors 
o-  on  iiiu- 
iiitav  aii»l 
s  crossi'il 
1  that  is 

(/jA-.s-  /)(   )'"'■■, 

idi'ii  of  \ii''l; 
it.'  Sti/J'iii'i' 
tlie  iniiHii;;'' 
it  is  iiiiirc  I'it'- 
«(iiin;iii">  ;^<'ii- 
roiil,  liiu  lilt' 
do  ilfu\  I'll 

(lUf    lll'Nili'llt 

nil  tMlM'liil''i' 

|)('I]I<>S1'('-  l'>~- 

raiiiH'lli'iii  If^ 
liii'';iliilii";  '''' 
no  vilJiiH'  i'l''' 
_j,-,.(.||ii(-.(li' 

;s  l-osai'o>  il  11" 


kiinwii  of  tin.'  exterior  front  of  tliis  iiortliorn  l)i:il(lin<^ 
is  that  anioiiL!"  its  decorations,  which  are  coniparutively 
jiliiii  and  siin]ile,  are  two  nuked  male  fijj;in'es,  the  eou- 
liitinii  of  whcjse  <»'eintal  orjj^iins  intlicates  the  existence 
of  the  same  phalhc  rites  of  Avhicli  traces  have  been 
already  noted.  With  the  .'idditional  remark  tliat 
tiacisof  hri,i,d it-colored  jiaint  are  still  vi,>il»le  in  shel- 
t(  ie<l  poi'tions  of  the  sculptured  facades,  J  ce)nclude 
niv  description  of  the  so-called  Nunnery/^ 

liiiniediately  eastwaixl  of  the  C'asa  de  !Monjas  are 
siveral  I'uined  structures  shown  in  the  plan,  standlnLf 
(■!!  terraces  somewhat  lower  than  those  last  men- 
tioned. Only  one  of  these,  and  which  one  of  the  four 
i-.y  live  shown  on  the  plan  is  not  stated,  has  heen  more 
than  mentioned  hy  any  visitor.     This  one  exce})tion 

liiii  ,i(liiiiralil('.  1,0  oajirico  tie  rarcliitcotc  avail  jeto  i;l\  et  Ih,  ooimiic  <lcs 
(l.imiilis  ;i  la  parfaito  ro;:iilai-il(''  ilii  do.ssin,  dos  statues  dans  los  imsitioiis  los 
]iliis  divcisos.  \ai  i>lii|iai't  mit  (lis|iani,  ot  los  ti'tos  mit  oto  onlovoos  a  oollos 
i|iii  n•^l('llt  oiU'oro.'  C/iiiniin/,  ItniiK'.sAnnr.,  pp.  .S(i4-r),  phot .  ;i(I-7.  'I.os 
;.:rii>si>>  totos  forinont  la  |)riiioi]iaIo  doooration  dosdossns  iU'  portos;  los  troillis 
iiisioiios,  los  oncorliollonioiitM  oiiipilo.s  supprinios.'  Vivllrl-lr-Uuc,  in 
p.  tiT. 

1  append  a  few  fren'.>ral  quotations  oonrorniiifj  the  Nunnery:  The  court 
les  'oniaiiieiiled  froiii  one  end  to  the  other  with  the   richest   and  most 


Mil 


II. 

f.ir: 

iiitiiialo  car\iii;;' known  in  the  art  of  the  liniliiers  of  Ixnial;  presenting;  a 
.•^.('iie  of  straii;;e  iiia;.'niliconco,  surjiassiiij;  any  that  is  now  to  lie  seen  anionj.; 
\\<  ruins.'  Sli  jihi  n.s  Y iinilaii,  vol.  i.,  ii.  U(M).  '  All  ihe.so  favades  were  paintoil; 
tic  traces  (if  the  coKinr  are  still  visilile,  and  the  reader  niav  imagine  wliat 


licet  must  have  lieon  when  all  this  liiiildinir  w 


lis  entile,  ami  accon 


Ihe  ( 
I  I    it- 

iii:iidcii>,  like  the  vestal  virjfins  of  the  lionians,    to  ehorish  am 

i!m 

(  ^i~siiiis  (if  the  diaiiKiiK 


I  ill},' 


■ii|ip(ise(l  desi;^ii,    in  its  now   desdiato  doorways  stood    mdile  Maya 
sacred   tire  liiiriiiii;;   in  the  toniples.'  /(/.,    p.  ,')(I7.     'I  he   liolioiiis  of  the 


lo  I,. 


id  latti 
il 


ice-work  are  paiiitc(l 


(I.    T 


'  V 


ic  a  iiiixtiire  111  e(|iial  parts  ot  earniine  and   vciniilioii.  proliahiy  vej;eta- 


it  isli 
lialii> 


rved 


ilnis.    ir.//-Ar/.-,   Voii.  I'ilt.,  ]ip.  •_'(M)-I;   Zav.il.i 
ii.,   pp.   'X\  -[,   descrilies  a   liiiildin^'  supposed    to 


A  III, 


I 


M< 


the 


toni.  I.. 
>iiiiliei\    on 


M  11111111  III  the  serpent   ornaiiient,  which,  howcNcr,   is  slated   to   lie  on   the 

I  \!ri  iiii  fidiit  (if  the  liiiildinj;.      ( 'oj^olliido.  Hist.   )'iir.,  ]i.  177,  descrilies  the 

lid  siurmiiidin;,' {'dilices,  statin;,'  that   the  serpent   surrounds  all  four 


ill  :i 


II 


I  ;;iaii  |ialio  con  niiiclios  aposenhis  .soparados  en  fornia  declaustro 


"iidc  \iiiian  estas  ddiicellas.      Ks  falirica    di;:iia 


lie   adiiiiracKil 


poll  1 1 


1( 


cMcliiir  lie  las  paredes  OS  todo  de   jiiedra   laliiada,    doiide  estan   sacadas  de 


ii.ciliii  rcliciie  li'Miias  do  honilii 


'OS  arniados,  (Ihicisk 


lad  d 


0  aniniah 


I i,-i~  cii^a- 


l.iiiiar 


'I'odos  los  i|iialro  lielicds  de  aquel  ^riaii  patio  nine  se  piieih 


placai  los  cine  \  na   ciiieliia 


lah 


||ilc  teliiu 


lia  hi 


rada  en  la  niisiiia  piei 


Ira  d( 


pare 


Cllllo 


'|ilatldcieiitiis   pik  s. 


a  cola  ]ior  (leliaNo  de  la  calioi,"!,    y  ticm 


loda  clla  en  ci 


•loiies,  Ifi'st.  A  I 


A, 


p.  '.1,'t,  accoiiiils  for  til 


ipciimity  of  the  sculpture  on  the  court   fat'ades  liy  supposin;:  that   it   w 
^cciiii  ij  at  a  later  date;  its  protoetioii  from  the  weather  would  also  tend  Uj 


il-  licll 


cr  incsi'rvatioii. 


190 


ANTlCiHTli:s  OF  VI  CATAN. 


1 1  1 


If.iilx'   of  l.;i(ls  lit    r\li;;il. 

is  tlie  House  of  Uirds.  A  ])oi'tion  of  its  front  i< 
shown  in  tlic  jii'cci'diiiL;-  cut,  whicli  sutHciciitly  cxplaiis 
tlie  ori'^in  of  the  niipenatiou.  The  interior  is  reuiail<- 
ahle  foi"  containinLj'  two  rooms  whicli  are  lari^'er  th.iii 
any  otlnTs  at  I'xuial,  nieasuriii^'  fourteen  hy  tifty-twi 
i'eet,  and  ahout  twenty  fi'et  in  hi'inht.  ( )iie  of  thr--c 
apaicinents  has  well-])reser\\'d  ti'aces  of  the  paint 
whicli  lorin.'i'ly  covered  walls  and  ceiling';  and  tli'' 
other  has  an  arch  Avhicli  differs  somewhat  froin  .ill 
otiiers  in  this  ancient  city.  Its  ])eculiarity  is  that  iln' 
overlaj)}»in^'  hlocks  of  stone,  instead  of  lyini^"  linii- 
zoiitallv  as  in  other  cases,  are  slightly  inclined,  a>  is 


rX>rAL  AKCII. 


r.i 


sliii\\-ii    II 


1    tlio  cut,  furinin^*  a  iieaivr  approacli   to  the 


I'lHK  iplr  .))■  tlu"  true  ar( 


li  Avitli  a  krv-stoiif  tliaii   lia^ 


I'l'cii  1111111(1  t'lsowlici'o  ill  Yucatan.  It  will  also  hi! 
iKiticid  ill  tlif  cut  that  tlio  blocks,  instead  ot'licinn'  all 
ill  iv'ji;!ai'  cnhical  t'orni,  arc  sonic  of  tlicni  (ait  tll>o\\- 
ilHij.     This  is  a  teaturc,  Avhicli,  if  it  exists  in  otlur 


tiuililiu'^>,  has  not  heeii  jiarticularly  noticed. 


4H 


*"  .\ll!inu-li  /iiviila    -lys,  >pu;ikiiig(if  tlii'  Ixiniil  niiiiN  in  ;.;('i;cr;il:     '  L'cl- 


192 


ANTH^riTIKS  OF  YICATAN. 


Still  fiirtlior  eastward  arc;  tliu  i)vraini(l  and  laiildlii"' 
at  ]),  on  the  jdaii,  wliicli  have  heiMi  called  thi;  ( 'ii>a 
del  Adixiiio,  or  Prophet's  House;  the  Casa  del  Knaiid, 
or  Dwarf's  House;  Tolokh-eis,  '.»r  ]^oly  ^roniit.iin, 
and  Kinn'shoi-ounh's  Pyramid;  the  first  three  names 
originating"  IVoni  ti'aditions  anion^'  the  natives  resucct- 
iuijf  the  former  occupants  of  the  huildin;^';  the  l.itttr 
liaviiiL;-  hceii  applied  hy  M.  AV'aldeck  in  honor  of  the 
Irish  lord  who  aided  in  his  exjilorations.  ('onnectniL; 
tlie  Casa  del  .\divino  with  the  Nunnery  are  lines  of 
low  mounds,  or  terraces,  ])ussil)ly  occupied  in  ionm  r 
times  l»y  huildin^i^s,  formiiii*'  a  courtyai'('  which  incis- 
ures ei_nhty-tive  l>y  one  hundred  and  Ihirty-tive  feet, 
and  in  the  centre  of  which,  at  ;:,  is  the  usual  iiuh 
cohnnn,  or  ])icote. 

The  supporting-  mound,  or  ])yramid,  in  this  c.isc, 
from  a  hase  of  one  hundred  and  Hftv-fivo  hv  t\V(» 
lumdred  and  thirty-tive  feet,  rounded  at  the  coriici's 
so  as  to  i'orm  an  oval  ratlier  than  a  rectangular  fi^- 
ure,^''  rises  with  very  stee[)  sides  to  a  liei^ht  of  eii^litv- 
oi_L;ht  feet,  forming"  at  the  summit  a  })latforni  twtiitv- 
two  l>y  eighty-two  feet.  The  surface  of  this  pyianiid 
is  faced  with  blocks  of  hewn  stone  laid  in  mortal. 
The  interior  is  [»resumal)ly  of  roui^h  stones  in  nioitar, 
although  little  or  nothing'  is  said  on  this  jioint.""  K.\- 
cavution.s  }»rove  that  the  structure  is  sohd  without  in- 


ii 


:ii 


k's  (|iii  foniu'iit  I'ari'te  a  jwirtir  do  la(|iU'llo  les  ]>lans  dcs  imirs  convcr^.'Piii 
iiiiiir  (li'tcriiiiiifr  la  vofifc  ]ii'isiiiati(|iK'  didit  j'ai  (It'ja  jiaili',  s(jiit  laillicsiii 
liiniic  (Ic  coiiilc  ilont  I'an.uli'  I'^t  ohtiis.'  Anti'i.  Mi.r.,  tniii.  i.,  div.  ii..  p.  .'(4. 
'Ill  liic  ii'aripf,  and  williiii  a  few  fi'ct  of  the  I'a.sti'rii  laii^t'.  arc  tlic  icnmiii- 
tif  a  .-iiiiiilar  iaii;;('.  wliicli  is  now  aliiiust  in  tnlal  ruins,  'riicri'  a|i|iiiir  i" 
liavo  liccn  iiinni'dinj,'  walls,  (ir  walks,  Irnni  tins  ran;,'c  to  tlic  I'vraniiil  iiciir 
l>y,  as  I  jiid;;('il  liiini  tlu'  rul)l>isli  iunl  stoni's  that  vun  hv  ti'ai'cd  trcmi  niu' in 
the  dtlicr."  SdiiiiiKi's  Riiiitlilin  ill  Viir.,  ]).  Itil!.  Cuts  fnnn  Sfr/i/un.^'  Vii'n- 
Uni.  \u\.  i.,  |i|p.  .'Ul,  4'.W\  one  of  tlirni  rcpriMlut't'd  in  liulihrin's  Aiif.  Amn-. 

■I'J  S(i  say  Stcjdicns"  toxt  and  jilaii,  \'iulli't-li'-l)uc,  and  Clnirnav-  |il;iii; 
!iut  StfjilifMs' views,  except  that  in  i'liit.Aiinr.,  Charnav's  iih(i|(i.L;:ai'li-, 
mid  W  alderk's  plan  and  drawin;:s,  do  not  indicate  an  oxal  form.  I  .nn  in- 
clineil  to  lielicve  that  the  corners  are  simply  rounded  somewhat  nmic  tli:iii 
ia  liic  olhcr  I'xmal  structures,  ami  that  the  oval  form  indicated  in  llic  I'hm 
IS  not  correct. 

■'"'M.  Nioilet-le-Duc  says  it  is  'eiitierenu'ut  compose  d'un  hlocMu'c  ili' 
niaconnerie  re\etu  de  gros  nioellons  iii':renientes,'  in  Chunimj,  liiiiinsAiiur., 
p.  70. 


UXMAL-CASA  DHL  ADIVINO. 


193 


liuilditiu'      ^H 

t 

H 

t 

>1  Fj  lilt  Id,      ^H 

.\ 

rouiitiiiii,      ^H 

ti 

ec  itiiiiit's      ^H 

^' 

^H 

•J 

he  I'littir      ^m 

1 

T 

lor  of  the      ^H 

>t 

^H 

(•: 

;    lilU'S               ^H 

.s! 

in  iuiiiit'i'      ^H 

1 

a 

ii'h  iiuas-      |P 

ii 

-five  lift,      H 

1. 

sual    ludi;      ■ 

this   en  so,      B 

(I 

c   l>y  two     ■ 

Ii 

ho  foriu'is      K 

1' 

iiu'uliir  tii:-      ■ 

!! 

ut'  eidhty-      B 

S 

lu  twfiity-     B 

s 

is  ]>yr;niii(l      B 

in  inoi'tar.      B 

I 

in  iiiurtar,     B 

w 

int/"     Kx-     H 

() 

without  in-     Wt 

1 

urs  ciinvcruoiii       ^B. 

,  (liv.  ii..  \>''}^-       B 
ivc  till'  iriiiiiiii-       H 

.  |>vniiui<l  iitMi'       H^ 
'(>il  ti'oin  <iiii'  I"       ^B 
<l,/ilit  (I--'  *'"'"■       B 

1' 
(■ 

1, 

„".v  .I//''.  -I"'"-       B 

•l,.„.,i:i\-  I'lii'i;     B 

s  iiliotii-iaiili-.        H 
>nn.      1  <>iii  III-       H 
hat  iiK'iv  tliiiii       H 
t,.,l  in  tli.'l'l'"'       B 

1' 
I' 

Y 
]■ 

( 
li 

„„    liliHirii'  ill'       B 
y,';;//,!  V.I '"('■■•        B 

s 

rini-  ^'alU'i'ii'S. 


T]\c  suifacL'  hlocks  are  culiical,  ahoiit 
v(»  lift  ill  (liniL'iisioiis  at  the  hasc,  if  we  may  trust 
f.  Wal.lecks  (hawiiid-,  hut  (liniiiiishiun'  toward  tlie 
i[).  Till  V  are  not  hiid  so  as  to  hreak  joints,  yet  so 
ilid  is  the  structure  that  the  jtowert'ul  leverage  ut' 
low  iii^"  roots  lias  eaused  eoni[taratively  little  daniadi.'. 
lie  eastern  iVoiit  is  shown  on  the  lollowiiin'  I'a^e.  A 
tairwav  one  hundred  and  two  feet  on  the  slope,  sev- 
:itv  feet  wide  at  the  hase,  hut  narrowini,^  toward  the 
iiiiiiiit,  coniposed  of  ninety  steps,  eaeh  step  hein-,;' 
iiuiit  a  foot  hi'^h  and  five  or  six  inches  wide,  leads 
])  tliis  side.  The  slope  of  this  stairway  is  so  steej', 
,  ill:;-  inclined  at  an  audle  of   ahout   ei;^lity   decree: 


la 


t  visitors  have  found  it  verv  ditiicult  t 


o  ascend  and 
.■MTiid.  i?adre  Co^'olludo  was  the  first  to  coin|ilain 
t"  tlic  stet'p  drade.  He  says:  '  I  once  did  d'o  u|»  that 
f  I'xunuial,  and  when  I  would  come  down,  1  did  re- 
iiiit  iiie;  hecause  so  iiai'i'ow  are  the  steps,  and  so 
laiiy  in  numher,  that  the  editice  ^-oes  nj>  exceediud* 
tiaidht,  and  hein_d-  of  no  small  height,  the  head 
wiiiis,  and  there  is  even  some  ])eril  in  its  descent.'  ''^ 
111  the  centre  of  the  western  sl()])e  of  the  J^idphet's 


VI 'a 

iii. 


mid,  toward  the  Nunnery,  are  certain  structui'es, 
h  ^I.  Waldeck  rei>resents  as  i)rojectind'  ])oi"ti()ns 


till 


I'  pyramid,    or  ]»iers. 


the   1 


ower   one   formiiid'   a 


itt'iinii   fifteen  hy  forty  feet,  sixty  I'eet  n|t  t]\v.  slope; 
1  the  iip[)er  rising  from  this  jdatform  and  i'orming  a 

■ii  ('fi(/i,//iii/i,,  ///.if.  Yiif'.,  ]).  lori.  'La  subida  prin''i]ial  ost;i  A  la  ])artc 
<'  1  Hi  iiiitt' y  sc  iiractica  ]M)r  iiicdio  di-  una  ^laila.  ipic  li  la  allnra  ri'fcrida, 
;  M.iiila,  sc;;iin  mi  calculi),  el  niuy  cscaso  dccli\c  dc  Ircinla  pics  ii  lo  mas: 
c-i.i  circiinsiancia,  coiun  m'  dcja  cuti'iidcr,  l;i  liai'c  en  cxtrcnio  iicndicntc  y 
l"ii;:ii)-ia.     si  nil  inc  cn;;,iri(),  la  ^rada  ;i  <|nc  nio  rclicro,  ticiu'  dc  !•.">  A  l(H( 

I'  •!M  ll  llll'l  tl  t<     ilik     tlllifll"!      I*l  1  .I'-li  I  •!         Illll'i.     t'lll     •!  Ill  II  lk:t  I  IW       III1II     iltlilll'lk;     lllliiililll      flinil.il* 


11' 


p 


IM 


ANT[(/riTins  OF  VrCATAN. 


LXMAL-CASA  DKI,  AIUVINo. 


l'.»5 


» 


.SI'CO 


lid,  twenty  l>y  twi'iity-fivi;   fret,  continuous  with 
main  Munniit  pl.itl'orn'  ol"  tlic  pyramid.      Tli<'  np- 


r  |iii.|cct iiHi,  or  |>iei',  lias  snicc   |»ro\f( 


.1    to    I 


>c'  a  (lis- 


tiiirt  Imildin^',  with  riclily  smlpturrd  tVont,'"  one 
iviitia!  ddi.i'.  and  two  jilain  rooms  in  the  interior;  the 
oati  r  one  >e\en  hy  lilteen  I'eet,  and  nineteen  I'eet  hi^h; 
the  inner.  Tour  liv  twelve  I'eet,  and  eleven  fei't   luL^ii. 


T 


\r    h 


i\\( 


r  |iier  may  liave  'leen  a  snnilar  stiuctui-e,  Imt 
it  I-  r(ini|iletely  in  ruins  helow  the  eeiiti'al  platl'orm, 
i\ci  |>t  a  few  shu'lit  traces  ot'  I'oouis  near  the  hase. 
.\h'  Si(|plicns  is  dis|)(»sed  to  helievc  that  a  hroad  stair- 

V  a  triaiiuii- 


ivh     Hke  stairwavs  that  will   he  mentioned   latei' 


in'-c  of  |Hculiar  construction,  supixn'trd   I 
I:ira 

ill  a  tew  instances  in  coi  iiection  with  other  \'ueatan 
iniii>  originally  led  uj>  to  the  fVont  of  the  huildinn' 
nil  ilie  slo]K';  otherwise  it  is  ditheult  to  imagine  liy 
\y\\:\\  imaiis  these  apartments  could  have  heen  ri'aehed. 
of  these  projecting'  portions  are  longer  than 


l|r  >tnllcS 


I  Imw  here,  aiK 


I  laid 


so  us  to  oi'eak  jomt> 


OntI 


ic  sum- 


mit |ilatt'orm  stands  a  small  hiiildin^",  tweKe  leet  wide, 
M  vi  iity  t\\(t  i'eet  lolio',  and  ahout  sixteen  I'eet  hin'li, 
|ia\iiiL;'a  promenade  Hve  feet  wide  at  its  hase.  This 
l'iiililiii'4'  presents  no  feature  with  which  tlu;  readei'  is 
lint  alirady  jK/rfectly  familiar,  except  tliat  it  contains 
"iilv  niic  laiin'e  of  rooms,  havinn'  no  di\idinn'  inteiior 
wall,  'flic  iiitei'ior  is  divided  into  three  rooms,  which 
il(»  Hot  coiiimimicate  with  each  othei',  and  ai'e  not 
lila>ti  r(  (I.  'I'he  central  room  is  seven  hy  twenty-four 
■t,  and  its  door  is  on    the    west,  just   opposite  the 

Tlie     <lid 
K'li    oil    the 


il.iitiMiii    t'oiiiied   hy    the  projecting'    pier, 


riiniii>  ai'i'  seN'eii   hv   nineteen 

lil'nliK 


feet, 


IIK 


iiadc  at  either  side  of  the  eastern  stairwav 


V. 


V 


111'  i"<iii'ii>  (jc  ii(  tite  cliniicilc  en  en 
•     ill 


iiitn'-l)ii>  t< 


oiinicc  ;i  I'lPiicst;  cc  \h\  it 


iMiiiiTMU  C".!  Iniiijlc  ciiiiiiiii'  ail  niiDU;  line  iiisiTi|iiiiiii  pnrail  M\i>ir  fie  lii-.-imc 


I'lriiiaiit  cciiituic  au-dcssiis  do  la  iMirtc'   Vh 


ulril  Willi  niiiaiiifiits  iiiin-i"  ncii,  clalMirati',  ami  i-aictuliv  cxcciitcil.  tliaii 


/iiiniin/, 

1 


/.' 


Ill  III  .•<   ,  I  ml  I'.,    p.   lilJS. 


v:iri;iU(iii: 


il  .my  ciiJK  T  I'dilici'  in  Ixnial.'  S/i/i/ims'  Viii-iiliin,  vol.  i.,  ]>.  .'il 
111  till'  Miiitlcr  lit"  iliincnsiiiiis,  tlic  Ca^a  ilcl  .Viliviim  lucsciits  the  miii 


IS  :i<  till'  iitiicr  stnu'tiirt'; 


Stcpl 


)• 


ii'iii''  the  aiillmi'i; 


"«iil.     WaliJi'cU   makes  the   lilatfunii  4.-)   liy  ill    feet  S  iiirlies,   ami    the 

'iiililiii;.'  SI   feet  S  iiiihes  l>y  14  teet  .S  inehes     '/avala  ealls  the  luiililiiiL;  S 

■ipwie.     Aeeiiiiliiij^-  to  Norman  the  [lyraiiiiil  inL'a.-siiie.-.rjOU  tVel  at  tiiu 


lllrlr 


I'JG 


ANTKH  ITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


Cut  on  tlio  interior  walls  of  tlio  end  rooms,  sevonfy- 
two  circular  figures,  two  or  three  inches  in  diamrtir, 
liave  heen  ohserved.      M.   AValdeck,   as   usual,   has  a 
theory  reHj)ectiun'  these  circles,  or  rather  he   has  two 
iu  case  one  slujuld  prove  unsatisfactory.      He  thinks 
thev  niav  lia\e  heen  made  hy  i)risoners  to  kill  time, 
or   they  may  have   heen   a   record    of  sacriHces   ciiii- 
summated    in   this    cu.      The   sculptured  decoratiDiis 
of   the  exterior   walls    are    descril)ed    as   elei^ant  hut 
.simple.     We  have  her(3  the  hack-i^Tound  of  oi'iiannntal 
lattice-work,  and  l)esides  this  the  promine:it  I'eatiuv  is 
four  full-Knuth  human  li^-ures  standing-  on  tiie  west 
iVont,  two  on  each  side  of  the  doorway,  and  overluok- 
iiiLi"  the  courtvard  of  the  Casa  de  ^lonias.      Thev  aiv 
the  figures  of  males,  and  are  naked,  excei)t  a  sort  (if 
helmet  on   the  head,  a  scarf  rtnnid  the  shoulders,  and 
a  helt  ror.nd  the  waist.      The  ai'uis  are  crossed  lii^;li 
on  the  hi'cast,  and  each  hand  holds  sonu'thin^'  I'l'scm- 
hlin;^'  a  hammer.     The  genital  oi'^ans  are  rejjresciittd 
in    theii'   pr(i|>ei-    jtroportions,  and  were  evidently  in- 
tended l>y  the  scul])tor  as  the  pi'ominent   feature  of 
the  statues.      AH   foui'   had   lalleii   IVom  their  plarcs, 
even  at  thi'  time  of  ^l.  WaUleck's  visit,  hut  this  cx- 
jtlorer  hy  careful  search  collected  sufficient  fra'_;ni(iit> 
of  the  i'our,  v>iiii]i  are  j)recisely  alike,  to  i-ecoiistruit 
one.       lie    intended   to    hriui;'   these   frai^inents  away 
M'itli  him.  hut  his  intentions  heini;'  thwarted  hy  tin 
einissai'ies  of  the  ^Mexican   y-overmnent,  lu'  hurifil  tln' 
statue  in   a   locality  only  known  to  himself."''      It  lo- 

liasc,  anil  is  1(1(1  iVcl  lii-li,  tli(>  ]iliitfi.riii  hciii;.' 21  by  72  fcot,  aiu!  lln' 'miM- 
iu'^  I'J  1(V  «!'>,  iiiid  ■_*(>  feet  lii;^h.  ( 'liariiay  |iinii(nmrcs  the  pyiiKMiil  7'itiiWi 
''.•ft  lii;,'ii.  Slc|)liciis,  Cnif.  Aiiki:,  vol.  ii.,  ipp.  t21-2,  ;j;i\fs  the  (liincii-iini- 
as  ftillows:      ryiiuaiii,  120  liy  •_*»()  t'fcl  at  liasc;  |ilalfcpriii,  11  fi'd  wide  oiil^M'' 

till'  Ipdijiliii;;-:  hdildiiiL;'.  (IS  feet  li'ii;^,  n. >,  '.)  iVi'l  wiilc.  IS,  IS,  a:i'l  IU  ifi'' 

li)li;i.  [■'liciii'iirli-lhars  ciiiiiciisioii^:  l'\  laiiiicl.  12(Miv  li»2  fffi  ami  ■.'■'ij  lift 
\\\'^\\\  plall'uiiii,  2;V',  l)y  Sit  tVct ;  l.iiiliiiiij:-.  12  h\  7;t  f('i't,  aii<l  I'.>1  f'>l  li^i 
Xiiiiri  Ihs  A  iniiili  a  i/i.i  ]'iii/.,  |S||,  liiHi.  \(ii.,  |i.  .■(07.  llclK'l'V  (liliicll^i'ill"; 
I'yraMiiii.  1:J.'>  liy  22.">  I'ccI,  and  1(1.')  \'ct  lii-li;  |ilalfiinii,  2(1  li,\  7i>  t'l'  I;  '"'i'''' 
i;;'--.  12  liy  (1(1  feet,  and  2(1  iVct  lii;^li. 

■''  'II  est  !i  ii'inan|U('i-  <|iu'  Ic  |)(''iiis  dcs  statues  t'tait  en  ('rcctinii.  I't  'I'!'" 
Iiiiiti's  CCS  li;4iii-cs  I'laiciit  pins  |iarliculit'i-cincnt  nintili'cs  dans  ccllc  |«ii'li'' 
il:i  ci,r|is.'  W'lililrrl.-,  };,,/.  I'll'.,  lip.  It.'i-C.  Plate  \i  shows  tlic  staliic  aid 
acconi|ian\  ing  portion  ol'  the  wall.      "I'lie  iiiililcnis  ol'  lite  and  dc.d'.i  ni'l'^''"' 


rXMAL-CASA  l)i;j-  ADIVINO. 


197 


3  vent  y- 
ann'ter, 
,  has  ii 
las  two 
thinks 
11  tiinr, 

CS     CSIU- 

oratimis 
ant  hut 
aiiii'iital 
jatiuv  is 
ho  Wr^t 
iVl'l'liink- 

rht'V  ;iix' 
L  sort  lit 
lers,  and 
sod  hiu'h 

iO'  I'rsrni- 

ji'escnttil 
."Utly  iii- 

;atUI'f  lit' 
|il;iri'S, 

t.li>  1'^- 

•oiistrui't 
ts   ;i\v;iy 
liv  tin; 
urii'il  till-' 
ll  w- 

,,,1  ill,.  ImiM- 
(liii'.cn-i"ii"' 

a:i,l  :U  iVi'l 
.,„aJ''',  l.rl 

ii;  iivi  lii;;li> 
,  (iliiii'ii-i"i^i'' 
;i  iVi  t;  ImiM- 

,  rrllr  Vill''-' 
„.  ^lalil''  I""' 


mains  to  1)0  stated  tliat  tlio  docoratioiis  of  this  Propli- 
it  s  llitiisc,  hke  that  of"  the  XiiiiiieiT,  were  originally 
jiajiitril  ill  l)rinht  cohn's.  JMue,  red,  yellow,  and  white, 
wiiv  tumid  hy  ^L.  Waldeck  on  the  least  e.\[)osed  j>()r- 
Uo]\>.  Tht'i'i!  can  he  hut  little  donht  that  tliis  j)yi-a- 
niid  was  a  temple  where  the  saeritices  descvihcd  in  a 
|)ivc(diiin"  vohmie  were  c-clehrati-d.  it  has  hcen  cais- 
toiu.ii y  w  it!i  many  writers  to  speak  of  it,  as  of  all  sim- 
ilar >tiii(ttnvs  in  America,  as  a  Teoealli,  the  name  of 
siirli  li  iii]»l('s  in  AiKihuae;  hut  thus  to  apply  an  Aztee 
iiaiiir  ti)  iiKinuniunts  in  re^'ions  inhahited  hy  p(.>oj)le 
wliiiM'  relation  to  tlie  Aztecs  or  their  ancc^stors  is  yet 
I'iir  tViiiii  proved,  is  at  least  injudicious,  since  it  tends 
til  I'ausc  confusion  when  we  come  to  con,sidei-  the  suh- 
jirt  of  ahoiML;-inal  history/"'^ 

nil  ilic  uall  ill  cliisc  jiixtii  |)cisitiiiii,  coiifinuin;;  tlio  liclief  in  tlie  existence  (if 
iliai  \\iir'-lii|i  |iiarii(('il  liy  tlic  I\L,'\iptiiiiis,  iiiitl  iill  iitlicr  casfcrii  nations,  iiml 
Iniiir  irhiicil  til  as  iiiv\al('ia   aiiiiiML;-  till'  |i('ii]p1c  lit"  I'xnial.'  Shjilinis'  Yn- 

•  iii'iii.  Mil.  i..  |i.  ;{|  t.  "'J'lio  WfstiMii  facaik"  is  iniianicnti'il  with  Iiiiniaii 
li-aiv-  >iiiiilar  In  riiri/'ili(/fs,  liiiely  sciilptiifeil  in  stniii'  witli  jrn'at  art.' 
.\urii«ifi'.s  ItitKililfs  ill  Yiii\,  p.  KM.  It  is  asliiiiisliin;^  Imw  easy  tin'  mcan- 
iii:;ip|  llu'Sf  si'nl|itni'('s  may  tic  ilt'(i|ilii'ii'il  wiicn  the  li^lit  |icrson  nnilci'taUcs 
ihi'la-^k.  I'lir  in>tanci':  'Tin'  transliiijdii  ui  tlic  almvc  Srnl|ilnrc  sccnis  us 
ra~y  a>  ii'  a  1  >  \Mi;i.  hail  alicaily  it  nl  the  hainlw  ritiii;,'  uii  tin'  w  alll  as  thus  - 
Till'  Iniuiaii  litiiiic,  in  I'lill  life  ami  inatnrity.  tii,'.^i'thrr  with  tin'  sc.v,  ]in's('iits 
iMiirlalily;  iimt  the  liuniv  tin'  rrnss-Jiniirs  nw  |ilaci'<l,  purl  ray  in;,'  the  li;:nr('"s 

•  ■arllily  ilralli;  w  hilc  the  skull  snppiirlcil  hy  cxpamlinj;  \\  iiivs  (ami  this  Snilp. 
tiiiv  III!  11-  plaifil  ahiiM'  tlnisi'  nl'  litV  ami  ileal  li.  I  pit'sciits  tin'  iniiinnlal  Soul 
:i-i ciiiliiii;  nil  ilu'  winusof  'I'iino,  alioM'  all  earthly  litV,  or  the  eorniption  of 
till' iiT.iM' !'  Jiiins'  llist.  Aii'\  Aiinr.,  ]).   Id.'). 

'  .sir|ilu'iis,  V iiriiliiii,  \o\.  i.,  pn.  lil'i,  ;{!('),  j,MV('s  views  of  the  east  ami 
\vi'>t  iniiits,  ilie  fiiiiin'i'  of  which  I  lia\e  insi'i'tcil  in  ny  ilcscri'il  inn ;  ami  in 
'■III.  Aiii.r.,  Mil.  ii.,  ]!,  4l!((,  a  view  frmii  the  .^oiitli,  ■..hich  i^  cnpieil  in  .!/•- 
iiiKi.  Ihi;  lliii'iifr  .1/c,/-.,  p.<(2,  which  last  antlinvily  m'sh  ;,ri\es  what  seems  to 
111' a  ii'siiiralinii  of  the  |iyraiiii(!   from  WaMcck.      WiMcik's  plates.  i\.,  x 


xi.,  ivlalc  tn  this  strncli 


ate  ix.  is  ii  view  from  a  pnint  ahove  the  w  Icile 


mill  iliiT'ily  over  the  I'l'iili-c,  inclinlinj;- a  ;,'|-niin'l  j.',.n  of  the  siimniit  hniM- 
lau';  plale  x.  is  the  Wfstern  elt'vatioii  of  the  |>yranic!  ami  linililin;r  witli  the 
la^li'iii  (  levalinii  of  the  latter;  ami  ]ilate  .xi.  is  a  view  of  one  ol  the  statues 
a-  alii'a'ly  iiieiilioiied.  Chaiiiay's  ]i|iotou'raph  'A'<  j/ives  u  wcstei-'i  view  of 
ilic  "Imlc.  which  is  also  inclniled  in  |ihotoLrraph  .SS;  it  is  to  lie  mited  that 
W\-  I'laii  pl.Kc-;  the  t'iisa  ih  1  Ailivimi  consiileiaMy  south  of  the  Niiniiery. 
N'iniiaii.  I'liiii' '■  .s-  ill  \'iir,,  p.  KJJ,  '^\\i-->  an  altouelhcr  iinae:in;  ly  view  of 
till'  |iyiMi,iic  ami  hiiililii  .,  rhaps  intemlcil  for  the  western  front.  '  La  liase 
'll' la  I'lilliic  fai'lice  ot  ie\>'tiie  irnii  pareinent  vertical  a\ec  nm  frise  dans 
lai|iii'llc  •  II  reirome  riniitatioii  des  roiiiiins  ih  linis,  siirnioiili's  iriine  sorlc 
'll'  li;:!'  ;i.ii|e  piesi|m'  eiiticrenieiit  dctniili  .'  \'iiilli  llr  I  hir,  in  (''iiirinn/, 
U'liii'^  .!,»/,'.,  p.  70.  Oil  the  cast  front  of  the  Iniildiii;,'  are  'deux  jior- 
It"-  I'a  rcc^  ct  dciix  petils  pa\  illons  conveii  *  dune  espi'ce  de  toit  vcpn>.oit 
^iir  ill's  pikixics.'  '  IVI  est  ce  iiioininicnt,  'hcf-d'oein  re  d'art  et  d'clc;:  ince. 
^1 J  I'lai- arii\c  im  an  idiis  tard  ii  I  .xmal,  je  n'anruis  pas  [ai  en  donin  r  lui 


138 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


All  the  principal  structures  of  Uxii.al  have  now 
been  fully  described,  and  as  all  conclusions  and  ui'eiuial 
remarks  res])uctinL!;'  this  city  will  be  deferred  until  I 
can  include  in  such  remarks  all  the  ruins  of  the  statu, 
1  take  leave  of  Uxmal  with  a  mention  of  a  very  lew 
miscellaneous  relics  spoken  of  by  ditierent  travelers. 

No  water  has  been  found  in  the  innnediate  vicinity 
of  tlie  city,  the  dependence  having  probably  been  en 
artificial  reservoirs  and  ayaadas,  possibly  also  on  .siil)- 
terranean  s})rings,  or  st'iiotes,  whose  locality  is  not 
known.  There  are  several  of  these  aguadas  within  a 
radius  of  a  few  miles  of  Uxmal.  They  resemble,  in 
their  present  abandoned  condition,  small  natural  i)on(ls, 
and  their  stagnant  waters  are  thought  to  have  nuieh  to 
do  with  the  unhealthiness  of  the  locality.  They  have 
no  appearance  of  being  artificial,  but  the  inhabitants 
universally  believe  them  to  be  so,  and  Mr  Ste])heiis, 
from  his  ol)servati()ns  in  other  parts  of  the  country,  is  in- 
clined to  agree  with  the  genei'al  belief  1  have  already 
noticed  the  dome-sha])ed  underground  apartments 
whicli  occur  fre(piently  among  the  ruins,  and  wiiv 
probably  used  as  cisterns,  or  reservoirs,  for  the  storing' 
up  of  water  for  I'e  use  of  the  city.  Mr  Norman 
states  also  that  one  of  the  numerous  mounds,  that 
occur  in  all  directions,  westward  of  the  Nunnery,  "i> 
found  to  be  an  immense  reservoir  or  cistern,  ha\  in^'  a 
double  curb;  the  interior  of  which  was  i)eautit"ully 
finished  with  stucco,  and  in  good  preservation."     Wr 


dessiu  iM)ni]ilot;  \c  rcntrf  uvait  I'ti''  (l(''^'ni<]t''  jiar  siiito  do  roxtractlnii  ilf 
•iiu'lmu's  iiicircs  lu'ccssaiiTs  ii  la  suliditii  dt'  ci'tte  i)artii'  <li'  I'l'diliii'.'  )l"(- 
<lrc/>\  I'di/.  I'ilt.,  ]).  !•(!.  Yet  if  tlie  strui'tiiiv  was  as  ]n'i-lVct  and  lii-  ixain- 
iiiatiim  as  (•(Hii|)li'ti'  as  he  clainis,  it  is  vi'ry  straiij^e,  to  say  \\w  least,  il^it  In' 
did  not  discover  the  a|iartnieii1s  in  the  western  |iroji'etions.  Zavala,  in  .1"'''/ 
Mi\r.,  toin.  i..  div.  ii.,  ji.  8.'{,  says  that  the  interior  walls  of  this  liiiiMinu' in^' 
]tiastereil.  Stejihens.  Cliarnay,  and  IJrasseiir,  Hint.  Anf.  dr.,  tmii.  ii.  PI' 
.^)7S-SS,  j,dve  the  tradition  of  the   Dwarf,  which  ^qves  this  teni]ile  one  m'  ib 

names.      'The    construction  of   these  ornaments  is   not    less    j I'.ir  ami 

sliiUiii;;  than  the  "general  elFect.  There  were  no  tablets  or  single  ^Ihiun 
eaith  re|irescntinj,'  sejiarattdv  and  hy  itself  an  entire  siihject;  hut  excv  nriia- 
nuMit  or  ('(nnliiimtioii  is  maile  up  of'sejiarate  stones,  on  each  of  \\lii<li  |iarl  "1 
the  suhject  was  carved,  and  which  was  then  set  in  its  place  in  lli''  wall 
'Perhaps  it  may,  with  ])ropriety,  lie  called  a  species  of  bculptured  imisau'. 
Slcphciis'  Cent.  Amcr.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  4-'2. 


UXMAL-MISCKLLANEOUS  RELICS. 


109 


further  states  that  some  of  these  luounds  have  heeii 
opened  and  "seemed  to  have  l)eeu  intended  originally 
Inr  s())ulchres,"  althounh  Mr  Ste2)lijns  could  tind  no 
traces  of  sepuk-hral  relics. 

y\.  Waldcck  hardy  mentions  the  discovery  of  small 
tVauiiieiits  of  Hint  artificially  shaj)ed,  hut  beyoud  this 
there  is  no  record  of  relics  in  the  sha})e  of  imple- 
iiieiits.  Traces  of  pottery  are  nearly  as  rare.  Mr 
Norman  says  he  found  fraui'ments  of  broken  vases  on 
tile  jiyramid  E  of  the  plan;  and  Mr  !Ste])liens  found 
similar  iVan'inents  in  one  of  the  reservoirs  on  the  plat- 
{'■<n.'  u^  the  (Governor's  House,  toui'ether  with  a  nearly 

.iiij.  i  ■'  t.  i)od  vase,  one  foot  in  diameter,  with  enam- 
<■!.  i'.  su,  race. 

?Ur  Friedoiclisthal  found  on  a  low  mound  five  stones 
lyiii^',  as  he  states,  from  north-west  to  south-west  {(}, 
the  middle  one  of  which  was  over  twelve  feet  long 
;;ii(l  covered  with  carved  fiijures. 

A  native  re])orted  to  Sr  Zavala  that  he  had  seen  a 
stoiii'  table,  ])ainted  red,  located  in  a  cellar,  and  indi- 
catiiin' a  place  of  sacrifice.  This  report  woidd  not  be 
uuith  re^'ording  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  similar 
t  lilies  art;  of  fi'equent  occurrence  in  Chiapas,  as  will 
he  seen  in  the  following  chai)ter, 

Tlif  Abbe  Doiii'ji.iX'h  has  something  to  say  of  I^x- 
nial  ant'([uit'  s;  \\>  says  that  "carved  figures  repre- 
senting i><iii(('';t  of  Java,  seated  on  a  Siva's  head, 
wei'e  ibund  at  r\ni;;],  in  Yucatan. ""'* 

One  and  ;i  ii;')'  !)<  .t's  ride  westward  from  Uxmal  a 
nioinid  surmounted  with  ruins,  called  Scmiisacal,  was 
seen  at  a  distance;  and  about  the  same  distan(;e  north- 
wcstwai'd,  not  far  from  ^luna,  was  found  one  of  the 
ty|iical  buildings  on  a  mound.  This  building  was 
iieaiiv  t'utire,  except  that  the  outer  walls  above  the 
"irnice  had  fallen.  Between  this  jdace  and  l^xmal, 
uhout  Hvc  .i.  !  js  from  the  latter,  is  a  mound  with  two 

^*  XAy/Ac/zx  ]  ••  .:(,  vdl.  i..  |ij>.  24S-r)l,  2'27-H;  yormmi's  Rnmlilis  in 
''"•■.  |i|i.  ICiC),  1.'.;  '\iil(o-i,\  I'lii/.  I'iff.,  ]).  71;  I'riiiliriilt.ilhitl,  in  Smi- 
'■■//«\  AiiiKihs  ilr :  (■'!//.,  1841,  toni.  xcii.,  |i|i.  .'{OT-S;  Ziiriilit,  ill  Anti'j. 
•1/'    .  iiMii.  i.,  (liv.  ii.,  ji.  3o;  iJoiiiKuccli's  Lkscrts,  vol.  i.,  p.  51. 


li 


200 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  VUCATAX. 


l)uildinLVs,  to  whieli  tlio  saiiio  description  will  applv. 
Tliuso  ruins  wore  fseoii  by  Mr  Ste[»liciis  duriiis^  a  Lumv 
tri[)  from  IJxinal,  iiiiaccoinpanied  by  liis  artist  com- 
])aiiion.  liuiiis  obsur\ed  still  t'urtlicr  westward  wiil 
be  included  in  another  u;-roup.™ 

Ju  describing  the  ruins  outside  of  Uxnial  wliidi 
coni}»ose  the  central  group,  and  which  may  for  tlif 
most  part  be  passed  over  rai)idly  from  their  similaiitv 
to  each  other  and  to  those  already  described,  1  sliall 
locate  each  by  be  uing  and  distance  as  accurately  ;is 
possible,  and  all  ;  i  'iicipal  localities  are  also  liiid 
down  on  the  map.  is  matter  of  location  is  iKit, 

howevei',  very  importaiit.  The  whole  central  regit m 
is  strewn  with  mounds  bearing  ruined  buildings;  soiin 
of  these  have  received  particular  attention  from  tlir 
natives  and  from  travelers,  and  have  consecjueiitly 
been  named.  I  shall  describe  them  l)y  the  names  tli;!t 
have  bfeii  so  a])|)lied,  but  it  must  be  noted -tliat  \(iv 
few  of  these  names  are  in  any  way  comiectcd  witli  tln' 
aboriginal  cities;  they  were  mostly  applied  at  iirst  tn 
jiarticular  structures,  and  later  to  the  ruins  in  tlnir 
innnediato  vicinity;  consequently  several  of  the  sin.iil 
gi'ou])s  wliich  have  been  honored  with  distinct  naURs. 
may,  in  many  instances,  have  Ibrnied  a  part  of  t\:v 
same  city. 

At  Sacbe, — meaning  a  'paved  road  of  white  stone, 
a  name  derived  from  such  a  ]iaved  way  in  the  vicinity, 
Avhich  will  be  mentioned  later, — four  or  five  niilis 
south-east  <^f  Uxmal,  l)esides  other  'old  walls'  is  a 
group  of  three  buildings.  One  of  them  is  twehc  and 
a  half  by  fifty-three  feet;  none,  however,  ])r('st  iit 
any  ])eculiar  feature,  save  that  in  one  of  the  (hmi- 
ways  two  columns  apiieai".'"'" 

Somewhat  less  than  ten  miles  eastward  of  Fxinai 
is  the  town  of  Nohcacab,  'the  great  ]»la('e  of"  gnnd 
land,'  preserving  the  name  of  an  aboriginal  town  wlmh 

y' S/rp/irus'  Yurittitii,  vol.  i.,  ])]).  ISS.  l!'21-'-'. 

^^'  S/i/i/uHii'  \'i(riit((n,  vol.  ii.,  \\.  Vll,  witli  jilute  sliov,iii;;'  front  nf  uiic 
buiWiiiL'. 


THE  rVUAMID  UF  XC(jriI. 


201 


t(.riiK'ily  existed  .somewliero  in  this  vicinity.  Tii  this 
villas;'  iiro  several  luouiuls;  uiid  a  sculptured  head, 
with  specimens  of  pottery,  has  l>een  (hi^-  up  in  the 
jilaza.  The  surrounding?  country  within  a  ra(Uus  of  a 
i'cw  miles  ahounds  in  ruins,  two  of  which  ai"e  j>articu- 
larly  mentioned.  The  first  is  known  as  Xcocii,  and 
consists  of  the  pyramid  shown  in  the  cut.      It  is  be- 


I\riiiiii(l  of  Xcdcli. 


twveii  ei'4-1ity  a]id  ninety  feet  hin'li,  plainly  vi>ililc  from 
till'  I'l'opliet's  House  at  Uxmal,  hut  tlic  hnihlinn's  nn 
it-<  sunnnit,  like  its  sides,  are  almost  comph  tdy  in  ruins, 
alllioiiL;h  traces  of  steps  yet  remain.  (Jrcat  and  mai- 
vcloiis  stories  were  told  by  the  natives  conccrninn'  a 
SL'ndti.  or  ^VL'11,  in  this  vicinity ;  and  it  jnowd  iiMlccd  to 
Ik'  a  most  wonderful  cavern  with  hranchinn'  subter- 
ranean o-alleries,  worn  bv  the  feet  of  ancient  carriers 
"t  Water;  but  it  was  entirely  of  natui'al  foi'ination,  a 
^^iii^le  l)l()ck  of  sculptured  stone,  with  the  W(j|-n  paths 


202 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


being  the  only  traces  of  man's  presence.  The  second 
of  the  ruins  is  that  of  Nohpat,  'great  lord,'  tint  e 
miles  from  Nohcaeab  toward  Uxmal,  whoso  liuildin^s 
are  plainly  visible  from  it,  and  of  which  it  niav,  n^t 
improbably,  have  been  a  continuation  or  de[)endeii(y. 
A  mound,  or  pyramid,  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  loiiy 
at  tiie  base,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high  on  tlic 
slope,  Avith  a  nearly  jierfect  stairway  on  the  soutliciii 
side,  supports  a  portion  of  a  dilapidated  buildiiiL!'. 
which  overlooks  the  numerous  ruins  scattered  over  tlie 
])lain  at  its  foot.  A  single  corridor,  or  room,  is  ktt 
intact,  and  is  only  three  feet  and  five  inches  widr. 
At  the  foot  of  the  stairway  is  a  platform  with  a  jdcott.', 
as  at  Uxmal,  in  its  centre.  There  was  also  lying  at 
the  foot  of  the  steps,  the  fiat  stone 
re})resented  in  the  cut,  measiii'iiii;' 
eleven  and  one  third  feet  in  length 
by  three  feet  ten  inches  in  Avidtli. 
The  human  figure  in  low  relief  on 
its  surface  is  very  rudely  cai-vcd, 
and  was  moreover  much  defaced  by 
the  rains  to  which  for  many  3'ears  it 
had  been  exposed.  Near  the  pyrn- 
niid  another  platform,  two  hundred 
feet  square,  and  raised  about  twenty 
feet,  supports  buildings  at  light 
angles  with  each  other,  one  of  whiih 
has  two  stories  built  after  a  metliod 
which  will  be  made  clear  in  dosciih- 
ing  other  ruins.  The  only  otlicis  nt' 
the  many  monuments  of  Nolijiiit 
which  throw  any  additional  light  on  Yucatan  anti([ui- 
ties,  are  those  found  on  a  level  spot,  whose  sliajic  is 
that  of  a  right-angled  triangle  with  a  mound  at  eacii 
angle.  Here  are  many  scattered  blocks  and  fragments, 
two  of  Avhich  united  formed  the  statue  shown  in  tlnuiit 
on  the  next  page.  It  is  four  and  a  quarter  feet  liigli 
and  a  foot  and  a  half  in  diameter.  The  face  seems  to 
be  represented  as  looking  sideways  or  backward  over 


Nolipat  Sculiitiire. 


SKULLS  AND  CUOSSBONES  AT  NOHPAT. 


203 


Stutiies  at  Nolipat. 

tlie  slioulcler,  and  is  surmounted  hy  a  head-dress  in 
wliicli  the  head  of  a  wild  beast  may  be  made  out, 
iviiilliiig'  sHghtly  the  idols  which  we  liave  ah'eady  seen 
ill  \it'ara.t»'ua.  Other  statues  mioht  doubtless  be  re- 
constructed by  means  of  a  thorough  search,  but  only 
tliL'  stone  blocks  shown  in  the  cut  are    particularly 


Skull  and  Crossbones. 

iiioiitioned.  They  are  twenty-seven  mclies  hit>h  and 
troiii  sixteen  to  twenty-two  inches  wide,  bearing-  alter- 
nately sculptured  on  their  fronts  the  skull  and  cross- 
liuiiL's,  symbols  in  later  times — perhaps  also  when  these 
carviiios  were  made — of  death.  In  its  original  condi- 
tion X()h})at  may  not  unlikely  have  been  as  grand  a 
rity  as  Uxnial,  but  it  is  almost  completely  in  ruins." 


"Oil  Xfofh  ami  Nolipat  sec  Slrphrus'  Yiirnfrin,  vol.  i.,  j^j).  .348-58, 
'Mil  H,  witli  cut  of  the  ])yraini<l,  beside  tiiose  '/ivvn  in  tlie  text,  ("tit 
111  loiiiii'i-  ruin  reprodiieed  in  Jiitfdiriii's  Atir.  Aiitcr.,  \)\i.  144-.").  'I'na 
iiitiiiila  iiiultitiid  dc  edifieios  cnteranicnte  arruinados,  espareidon  sobre 
ii"l:i  lu  cxtcn.sion  del  terreno  que  puede  abra/ar  la  vista.  Ksta  conio 
<'aili'ii;i  lie  ruinas  quo  desdc  Uxinal  se  prolonjra  con  direccion  al  S.  K. 
l"ir  mils  lie  4  niillas,  induce  il  creer  que  es  la  contiiiuaciou  de  esa  ininensa 
tiiiiliiil.'  'Muchos  edificio.s  col(»sales  enteraniente  arruinados,  qiu;,  auiu)uc 
iiiiMjiiirtiilds  casi  del  niiHUio  luodo  que  en  U.xnial,  indican,  sin  endmr^o, 
iiuivur  aiitiyiiedad;  pulque  sieudo  coustiuidoa  con  iyuales  muterius,  y  con 


204 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  VLCATAM. 


?^ 


) 


In  tlio  same  ro<rion,  some  five  or  six  miles  south- 
war<l  IVoiii  y  >lu'ac'iil>,  and  ])erhai)S  ten  or  twelve  niil 
soutli-uMstward  IVom  Uxmal,  is  a  most  extensive  yroni 
of  ruins,  j)rol)al)ly  the  remains  of  an  ancient  city, 
known  as  Kahali.  Sixteen  different  structures  aic 
located  in  a  space  about  two  thousand  hy  three  tliou- 
sand  feet,  on  AEr  Ste})hens'  j)lan,  which,  however,  was 
not  foi'med  hy  measurements,  but  by  ol)servation  fidiu 
the  top  of  a  pyramid.  Norman  is  the  only  visitor, 
except  Stepliens  and  Catherwood,  and  his  descri])ti(;ii 
amoimts  to  nothino",  I  })roceed  to  describe  sucli  df 
Kal)ah  monuments  as  differ  in  construction  and  sculj)- 
ture  from  those  wo  have  previously  examined,  and 
consecjuently  throw  additional  light  on  Maya  arclii- 
tecture. 

A  mound  forms  a  summit  platform,  raised  twiiity 
feet,  and  measuring  one  hundred  and  forty-two  by  two 
liundretl  feet.  Ascending  the  terrace  from  its  south- 
western side,  buildings  of  the  ordinary  type  a])iu;ir 
on  the  right  and  left;  the  former  resting  on  the  i^\r.\:v 
instead  of  on  the  sunnnit  of  the  terrace, — that  is. 
the  rear  wall,  of  great  thickness,  rises  pei'pendicularly 
from  tlie  base.  In  the  centre  of  tlie  ])latform  is  an 
enclosure  seven  feet  high  and  twenty-seven  feet  s([uaiv, 
formed  of  hewn  stones,  the  lower  tier  of  which  was 
sculptured  with  a  continuous  line  of  hierogly})hi(s  ex- 
tending round  the  circumference.  No  ]>icote,  however, 
was  found  within  the  enclosure.  Directly  in  front,  or 
on  the  north-east  side  of  the  platform,  a  stairway  ot' 
twenty  ste})s,  forty  feet  wide,  leads  up  to  a  higher 
terrace,  the  arranufement  beinfj  much  like  that  of  tho 
northern  building  of  the  Casa  de  Monjas  at  Uxnuil. 

no  menor  polidoz,  las  injuriiis  del  tienipo  sou  nins  cvidentes  so1)rc  cuantds 
ol>jot(>s  sc  prcsi.'iitaii  a  la  vista.  Ann  se  luita  la  coiili;i;urai'iun  .y  tra/.n  ik'  l;i^ 
riiin))as,  atrios  y  jtlazas,  doiulo  aiidan,  (•oiiio  diseiiiinudtis  I'li  j^ruims,  lyslns 
<le  altares,  iiiiiltitiid  do  jiit-dras  I'sciiadradas  talladas  vn  incdios  iclicvis 
lejtresentaiido  calavt'ras  y  oaiiilias,  tmztis  de  cohimnas,  y  coriiizas  y  t'>iiiiii:i-< 
eai)rich(isas  o  siiulM)lii'Hs.'  This  visitor  describes  most  of  tlie  luoiiuiiaiii^^ 
mentioned  by  Ste|iliens.  The  jiieote,  or  jihallus,  to^rether  with  a  sculjiiiKil 
head,  he  broiiglit  awav  with  him.  -1/.  /'.  J'.,  in  Jicijistro  Yuc,  toni.  i.,  I'l' 
365-7. 


(    I 


liUIXS  OF  KAIJAII. 


205 


TVit  ill  tliif^  case  tlie  iipj)er  ])l!it{orin,  iustrud  of  beini^ 
liii'^'  and  narrow  as  usuul,  is  nearly  s(juare,  and  su[)- 
jiirts  a  l»uildin,n"  of  the  same  shape,  whose  front  at  the 
t  i|»  of  the  stairway  measures  one  liundrt'd  and  tifty- 
oiic  t'eet.  The  advanced  state  of  ruin  in  which  tlio 
wliolc  structure  was  found,  made  it  difficult  t(j  form 
;i:i  iiK'a  of  its  ori^'inal  plan,  and  Mr  Stejjhens'  descrij»- 
tioii  in  this  ease  fails  to  i)resent  clearly  the  idea  which 
lie  i'ormed  on  the  subject.  The  front  })ortion  of  the 
(.•(liri;^'c,  however,  which  is  the  hest  preserved  of  all, 
lias  two  double  rauij^es  of  a])artments,  sejtarated  by  a 
vciv  thick  wall,  and  all  under  the  same  roof.  Two 
]iiruliarities  were  noted  in  these  rooms.  'J'he  inner 
iMouis  of  the  front  ran^-e  have  their  tloors  two  feet 
and  rii^ht  inches  higher  thau  tlie  outer,  and  are  en- 
tiivd  from  the  latter  by  two  stone  stej)s;  while  in  one 
casi'  at  least  these  steps  are  cut  from  a  single  block  of 
stoin',  the  lower  step  takini*-  the  form  of  a  scroll,  and 
the  walls  at  the  sides  are  covered  'w.th  carvings,  as 
sliown  in  the  cut.  Over  the  rear  wall  of  the  front 
iaiiL;c  rises  a  structure  of  hewn  stone  four  feet  thick 


Interior  Steps  at  Kiibah. 


niid  tiftoen  feet  hirh,  which,  like  the  turrets  over  tlio 
iMntliiTn  buildini^  of  the  Nunnery  and  the  Casa  do 
J'alniiias  at  LJxmal,  could  only  have  been  intended  as 
itii  (iinanient,  but  which  from  the  jjfroimd  beneath  pre- 
sents every  apjiearance  of  a  second  story.  The  exte- 
liei'  sculpture  of  this  front,  except  a  small  ])ortion  at 
tile  iioitliern  end,  has  fallen,  l)ut  enough  remains  to 
iiidieate  that  the  decorations  were  most  rich  and  elab- 


20G 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


I 


■>' 

^ 

i 

H 

t. 

i 

1 

J 

■ 

orato,  thouo-li  unifonn;  ami,  unlike  tliose  of  any  striic- 
turo  _>t)t  niut  with,  tlicy  covered  tlie  whole  surface  of 
the  front,  both  above  and  below  the  central  cc^rnice. 


SL'iil|)turc(l  Front  at  Ka1)uh. 

The  cut  shows  the  q-eneral  ajipearance  of  those  decor,! - 
tions/*^  Tliis  buiklino-  is  called  by  the  natives  A'cm- 
X>o()p,  or  'straw  hat  doubled  U]i.' 

At  a  sliort  distance  from  the  ruin  just  descril)c(I, 
in  a  noi'th-easterly  direction,  is  another  grou}),  the  de- 
tails of  whoso  arrangement,  in  the  al)sence  of  a  cnrr- 
fully  ])re|)ared  plan,  it  is  useless  to  attempt  to  describe. 
but  tlu'ee  new  features  presented  by  tliese  ruins  rc- 
(juire  notice.  First,  one  of  them,  from  a  base  of  one 
hundred  and  six  by  one  hundred  and  forty-seven  feet, 
is  built  in  three  receding"  stories.  That  is,  the  rool'iif 
eacji  story,  or  range,  forms  a  i)latform,  or  ])romcii;ide, 
before  tlie  doors  of  the  one  above;  or,  in  otlier  woiils, 
the  stories  are  built  one  above  anothei'  on  the  slope  nt' 
a  pyramid.      Second,  an   exterior  staircase   leads  un 

5"  'Tlic  ooniii'o  nimiin^  over  the  tloorways,  tried  1>y  tlie  severest  rult-i'f 
art  ree(>;,'iiisc(l  aiiioiiL;  us,  wdiild  eml>ellislitlic  arcliitecture  of  any  kimuii 
era,  ami  aiiiiil  a  mass  of  barbarism,  of  riitle  and  iiiicoutli  coiiceiition-.  ;' 
stands  as  an  oH'crinj;  Ity  American  linilders  worthy  of  tlie  acceptance  of  a  | "l- 
isiied  people.'  Sff/i/iciis'  Y iicaldti,  vol.  i.,  jij).  3S7-  5t."),  with  [dates  of  the  wlidlc 
front,  iiii  eiilaij;ed  portion  of  the  same,  and  the  interior  of  the  room  ini'ii- 
tioned.  Xornian,  Iinni/i/r.i  in  Vitr.,  p.  14it,  devotes  a  few  lines  to  this  ImiM- 
ing,  but  furnishes  no  detaiLs. 


IIUINS  AT  KAUAII. 


207 


fn  ;ii  storv  to  sforv.  TIioso  staircases  arc  supported 
liv  half  of  oiR!  of  the  rt'nular  trian«,ailar  arches  i-cst- 
iag  u;;aiii.st  the  top  of  the  wall  of  the  buildi Hill's.     'J'lio 


Yucatan  Structure  in  Thiec  Stories. 

aco()iii]>;uiyinLr  ^"t,  althoiiufh  not  reprcsentin<T  tliis  or 
any  (ithcr  ])articular  l)iiildiii«>-,  is  intended  as  a  lialf 
section  to  ilhistrate  tlie  construction  of  the  ^lavu 
structures  \\\  several  stories,  and  tliat  of  the  stairways 
uliich  atfoi'd  access  to  the  u})])er  stories;  a  bein_<»'  the 
solid  iiiomid,  or  terrace;  />/>,  the  a])artnients  or  eorri- 
ilnrs;  J,  the  staircase;  and  c,  an  o})en  ])assa_i>'e  luider 
the  half  arcli  of  overlap] )in,n-  stones  that  supports  the 
stairway.  In  this  Kahah  building-  the  stairway  lead- 
iii,H"  to  the  foot  of  the  third  story  is  not  inunediately 
iivei-  tile  lower  one,  hui  in  another  part  of  the  editice. 
Hie  third  peculiarity  is  a  double  one,  and  is  noticed 
111  s((iiic  of  the  doorways;  since  here  lor  the  first  time 
wc  liiid  lintels  of  stone,  sup[u)rted  eacli  by  a  central 
*'oluiiiii,  aliout  six  feet  hioh,  of  rude  woi"knianshij>, 
with  s(|iiare  blo(d<s  serviuef  as  ])edestal  and  cajiital.'* 
llie  (  asa  de  Justicia,  or  Ct)urt  House,  is  one  hun- 
'livd  and  thirteen  feet  long,  divided  hito  five  rooms, 

^  riip  fnnit  is  iis  iisujil  (l(>c((r:itc(l  witli  sculiiturp,  luit  it  is  iinu'li  fiillcn. 
lliik' jliuwiiig  tin;  tiuat  ill  Si,j>/iciix    Yiiraat/i,  \ol.  i.,  j).  'Ml. 


906 


ANTKil'ITIKS  or  YL'CATAN. 


eacli  iiiiiL-  1)V^  twenty  fuct,  Tliu  outer  wall  of  Uiiti 
Imildini^'  is  plain,  except  groups  of  tliree  ])illar.s  cadi 
between  the  doorways,  and  lour  rows  of  short  jiilas- 
ters  that  surround  it  al)ove  the  corniee,  stanihiin'  clusu 
toiji^ether  hive  tlie  siniihir  ornaments  on  tlie  L'as.i  (k' 
TortuL^as  at  I  xinal. 

The  sohtary  ardi   sliown  in  the   cut  stands  oii  u 
mound   hy  itself.     Its  S2)an  is  fourteen  feet,  and  its 


Arch  at  Kahah. 

top  fallen.  "Darkness  rests  upon  its  history,  l)ut  in 
that  desolation  and  solitude,  among  the  ruins  arouiul 
it  stood  like  the  proud  memorial  of  a  Koninii  tri- 
umph.'"""     Kabnli  is  not  without  its  pyramid,  winch  is 

60  S/rii/inis'  yiir,if,ni,yn].  i.,  \)]h  308-400,  with  cuts  of  the  Casa  ili-lnstkui 
and  of  tlic  Arcli;  the  latter  being  also  iu  UukUviii's  Am-.  Annr.,  p.  '•''•'■ 


!«! 


uriNs  or  KAi'.Air. 


'JU',) 


ii;i(.'  liuiidivil  iiiid  t'ii^hty  fcut  s(|iiar!'  ;it  tlic  Kasc,  and 
ci'^ditv  tV'L't  Iiig'li,  with  traces  of  niiiicd  apartiimiits  iit 
the  tout.  Ill  one  of  the  !»uildiiiL,^s  the  two  j»riiu-i|)al 
(l(H)r\va\s  are  iiiidor  tlie  stairway  wliich  loads  iij)  to 
tlie  si'coiid  story,  and  ovci-  out;  of  tlioin  was  a  woodoii 
lintel  tell  feet  l<ni<jf,  t'oiMposed  of  two  Ueauis  and  cov- 
I  ivd  with  earvinij;"  tliut  seemed  to  represent  a  human 
tiiiure  standinijf  on  a  ser[»ent.  Mr  Stephens  carried 
thisi'  carved  heams,  wliich  were  in  almost  a  perfect 
xtatc  n\'  preservation,  to  New  York,  whei-e  they  were 
liiinicd.  Me  considered  them  the  most  important  vv\- 
ics  in  the  country,  alth(ni^h  his  drawini,'' does  not  in- 
dicate tluin  to  hu  anything'  very  remarkahle,  exce})t  as 
Im  iriii'4"  a  clearly  cut  and  complicated  carvini;',  executed 
(iM  cxcrediiii^ly  hard  wo(xl  without  imjtlemeiits  of  iron 
(If  steel.  'I'lie  huildinii^  with  the  sculptured  lintel,  and 
aiidthcr,  stand  on  an  inimonso  terrace,  measui'in'^  one 
Imndrod  hy  eight  hundred  feet.  One  of  the  apai't- 
iii'iits  has  the  rod  hand  in  hrii^ht  colors  impi'inted  in 
many  places  on  its  walls.  A  stucco  oi-nainent,  paint - 
v.\  in  liri;;ht  coloi's,  nuich  dilapidated,  hut  apparently 
li.ivin'^-  represented  two  large  hirds  facing"  each  othei", 
was  ruimd  in  a  room  of  another  l)uildin<j;'.  in  still 
a'Kitliir  edifice,  a  room  is  descrihed  as  constructed  on 
a  new  and  curious  })lan,  liavino-  "a  raised  plati'orm 
al)((ut  I'oin-  I'eet  high,  and  in  each  of  the  inner  corners 
was  a  rounded  vacant  i)laco,  ahout  large  (enough  for  a 
man  to  stanil  in."  Another  now  feature  was  a  door- 
way the  only  ono  in  the  l)uilding  to  wliich  it  ho- 
lm l;c(1  with  scul})turod  stono  jamhs,  each  live  feet 
I  li-Vtii  inches  high,  two  foot  tlireo  inches  wide,  and 
I'lmposcd  of  two  blocks  ono  al)ovo  the  other.  The 
-uljitnivd  designs  are  similar  ono  to  the  other,  each 
iiMisistingof  a  standing  and  kneeling  figure  over  a  line 
"t  lutroglyphics.  C)ne  of  these  docoi'atod  jamhs  is 
>iii>\vn  in  the  cut  given  on  the  following  page.  The 
\\' t|i(in  in  the  hands  of  the  kneeling  Hgure  corros- 
|"'ii<ls  almost  exactlv  with  the  flint-edged  swords 
li^'u  liy  the  natives  of  the  countrv  at  the  time  of  the 

'  V.,1..  IV.      u 


no 


AN'J  IQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


Soi.lptiirt'd  Dotir-.Janilt  iit   Iviibali. 


stand;  l»ut  so  little  interest  did  the  disioveiy  r 
in  the  iiiiiids  of  travelers  ovo.r  the  road,  tint 
kiio\vledL;e  of  it  did  not  reach  ^lerida/'' 

Yiicidnti,   vol.   i.,  ]>|).  ^S(' 


" ill|iiiiri': 


'.I  Striihrns  Ynralnii,  vol.  i.,  J.]..  :?S() -7,  -in-J-M,  wil!»  cut^  nil.!  pl.ll'' 
Noniiaii,  A''///'/'/.v  id  Vii'-..  iip.  MS-'.t,  tluis  .Icsrrilu-s  Uu'sc  sriilpiiin; 
liiinlis,  wlii'li  lie  IoiukI  wIumv  Sti'iili.Miis  Irft  tliciu  iiluccil  ii;;Minst,  m  y^' 
i.f  tlR'  room;  ''I'licy  aiv  uliotit  six  feet,  lii;,'li  and  (wo  wide;  tlu'tni. 
faciii^^s  of  whidi  iiif' dccidv  cut,  roprcstMitiiii^  ii  (^(^(Hic,  orotlicr  (lipiH'i';* 
ill  fiiU  dress,  (aiiiiari'Ullv  a'licli  Indian  .■ostunii". )  wilii  a  iirot'iisidii  oM<mI' 
crs  in  liis  lioail-drcss.      Ho  is  rojin-.-cnti'd  with  his  arms  nidified,  ImU  '.»" 


iiip;  a  l>ov  hefore  him  in  a  kneeling::  position,  with  his  hands  ('xt 
supplication;  nnderneiith  are  hicro};lypliics.     The  room  is  sin' 
teiUiij,'  slii,ditly  curved.' 


11,  witli  il'^ 


UriNS  OF  iSAN.UTi:. 


211 


111  tills  iinmetli.ite  vicinity,  located  on  tlic  road  to 
Eciticlcliacun.  a  ])lacu  not  to  he  t'oiind  on  any  nia[)  that 
1  liavc  sci'ii,  some  artificial  caverns  arc  ivpor*^od, 
nroli.ililv  without  any  .sufKcicnt  authority/'- 

Southward  and  Mt)utli-eastward  ot"  Kahah,  all  in- 
cliulnl  w  ithin  a  radius  of  ei^'ht  or  ton  miles,  are  ruins 
;it  Sanacte,  Xanii)on,  Chack,  Sahacche,  Zayi,  aiul 
hahiKi,  the  last  two  heinn'  extensive  and  ini))oi't- 
aiit.  At  Sanacte  are  two  buildings,  which  stand 
ill  a  iiiil|ta,  or  cnrniield.  One  has  a  hi^li  ornamental 
wall  (111  its  to[),  and  the  front  of  another  appears  as 
rtiiru.soiitetl   in   the   cut.      It  will  be  noticed   that    in 


rnint  of  r.iiilditig  at  Sanacti'. 

^  I.<n-ri),iwli.rr,   Mi.r.  cf  Gun/.,  y.  :V2\ ;   r.iin'l.  Mr.viijn,',   p.    120;    HW 
;""'«,  (!■:«!.  u.  St,,/.,  p.  \U.      'Autuiir  lie  <•(•((«•  ^'caa.l.'  villi-  (I'xiiial).  <1 
'j'lra.viiMilc  pliisicms  licucs.  Focil  ailiiiirait  li'scKi's  piii^saiitcs  d.'  Ndlicac 


'iHlictuliil 

li'»ii.i!.!(w„iiiii|, 


Ml. 
''"'■,  t'liii.  ii.,  n,    >] 


Kaliali,  (Ic  'I'aiirlii,  d,.  r,..kal  ct 

.Ir 


pill' 


tlis 

al., 

tard  lie  Nulipal.  dotit 


cs  s(>  (li'('(i'ipa;i':i(   daiis  I  a/.iir  foiiC'  n'l  cud,  cimiiiic  aiitaiit 
finiiH  iImiis  la  (•(iiiniimc  dTxiiial.'  I'rds.-icir  tie  Huiiibomy,  Hist.  Ant. 


212 


ANTItiUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


i  ■« 


this,  as  in  most  of  tlic  stmotures  in  this  rooioii,  tho 
doorways   havo    stone  jambs,  or  posts,  each  of  t\V(t 
pieces,  instead  of  being  formed  simply  by  the  1  docks 
tluit  compose  the  walls;  the  lintels  arc  also  geiieialh- 
of  stone.     At  Xampon  are  the  remains  of  a  l)iiil(!iiin 
that  was  bnilt  continuously  round  a  rectangle  cinlitv 
})y  one  hundred  and  five  feet;  it  is  mostly  fallen.     In 
the  inmiediate  vicinity  ruins  of  the  ordinary  tvj)e  are 
mentioned  under  tlie  names  of  Hiokowitz,  K'.icpak, 
and  Zekilna.     At  C/hack  a  two-storied  building  stands 
on  a  terrace,  which  is  itself  built  on  the  sunnnit  of  a 
natural    stony   hill.     A  very  remarkable    featuiL;  at 
Chack  is  the  natural  senotc  which  supplies  water  tn 
the  modern  as  it  did  undoubtedly  to  the  ancient  iii- 
hiibitants.      It  is  a  narrow  passage,  or  succession  of 
passages  and  small  caverns,  penetrating  the  earth  for 
over  fifteen   hundred   feet,  nuich  of  the  distance  the 
descent    being    nearly    vertical.      At    Sabacche   is  a 
l)uilding  of  a  single  apartment,  whose  front  pi\seiit> 
the  peculiarity  of  four  cornices,  dividing  the  surface 
into  four  nearly  etpial  portions,  the  lower  cornice  ])ciii'i 
as  usual  at  tlie  height  of  the  top  of  the  doorway.     The 
first  space  above  the  doorway  is  plain,  like  tliat  below; 
but  the  two  up[)er  spaces  are  divitled  by  ])ilastors  into 
])anels,  which   are   filled   with   diamond   lattice-work. 
M  !iree  other  l)uildings  were  visited,  and  one  of  them 
sketched  ])y  Catherwood,   but   they  present   in)  new 
features  excej)t  that  the   red  hand,  common  li(,'re  ib 
elsewhere,  is  larger  than  usual.*''* 

At  Zayi,  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful  himl 
scape  of  rolling  hills,  the  principal  edifice,  called  th' 
(\'isa  (h'aiide,  is  built  in  three  receding  stoiies,  a- 
already  explained,  extending  round  the  foui'  sides  ot 
the  supporting  mound,  which  rests  on  a  sliglit  .itural 
elevation.  The  lower  story  is  one  hundred  an<l  tw.iitv 
by  two  hundi'ed  and  sixty-live  feet;  the  second,  s.xty 
by  twi)  hundred  and  twenty  feet;  and  the  third.  staiiJ- 
ing  on  the  sunnnit  of  the  mound,  is  eighteen  by  t^"' 

«  Slcphcun'  Ytiatfitn,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  3()-8,  41-0,  I'Jl-O. 


RUINS  OF  ZAYI. 


213 


luiiidrL'd  and  fifty  feet.     The  cut  shows  the  fyround 
jiluu  of  the  Casa  C^raude,  much  of  which  is  lalleii.     A 


US 


TTTT 


TT"rTT 


rm 


EEHE\ 


iB 


rr 


^ 


3±i:±d::jzx:j^ 


on 


Casa  Grande  at  Zayi. 


stairway  thirty-two  feet  wide  leads  up  to  tlie  tliii'd 
>tiirv  (111  the  front,  and  a  narrower  stairway  to  tlie 
soouiid  ])latforni  on  the  rear.  Ten  of  the  nortliern 
idoms  in  the  second  story  are  coni])letely  tilled  with 
st»>iicau<l  mortar,  which  for  some  unima^inahle  reason 
imist  have  heen  ])ut  in  while  the  structui'e  was  heini^ 
Ijiiilt.  This  }iart  of  tlie  building*  is  known  amon^- 
the  natives  as  the  Casa  Gerrada,  or  closed  house. 
h  will  1.  noticed  from  the  plan  that  tlie  front  and 
ivar  iilatl'orms  are  not  exactly  of  the  same  width. 
With  respect  to  the  exterior  walls,  those  of  the  lower 
mii^c  aie  nearly  all  fallen.  The  western  ])ortion  of 
the  hoiit  of  the  second  rano;e  is  shown  in  the  cut  on 
the  fdllowini)^  pi^gc  Uan^'es  of  ])ilhii-s,  or  pilasters, 
ipi'se  the  hulk  of  the  ornamentation,  l)oth  aho\e 
1  liilmv  the  cornice.  A  strange  if  not  very  artistic 
ill  licate  decoration  found  elsewhei'e  on  this  huihl- 
ni'4",  is  the  tinure  of  a  man  standinn'  on  his  hands  with 
his  h'os  s]»read  apart.  The  lintels  are  of  stone,  and 
many  di"  the  doorways  are  of  tri[)le   wi<lth,  in  which 


CI  III 

aiii 


<"tN- 


i'ii|iiiiiii> 


tile  hntel    is   su]»port(!(l    hy   two   ru(hly-formed 
ahout  six  and  a  Iialf-feet  hinh,  with  s(juai'e 


''I'ltals,  as  sliown   in   the   lollowin^'  cut.      The   tront 
''  the  third    rans^e    a|>peai"s    to    have    l)een    entii'ely 


lain. 


II  another  huildni''-  near  hv  "a 


hid 


I  projec- 


214 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


r 


TnTfTSTTWTTWWTTTJTTTTnTITrirTi 


TtirriTro  cififiini'mTfTi  »rT  '71 

rrunt  of  Casa  (Jrautlc  at  Zayi. 

tioii  runniiii^  alon*^  tlio  wall"  in  the  interior  of  an 
.*ij)artnient  is  mentioned.  Some  five  hundred  yards 
directly  soutli  of  the  Casa  Grande  is  a  low,  small. 
liat-rooted  huildiniif,  with  a  wide  arelnvay  extending 
(completely  throui'-h  it.  It  is  much  dila])i(latc(l,  and 
hardly  noticeahle  in  itself,  but  I'rom  the  centre  of  its 
Hat  roof  rises  the  extraoi'dinary  structure  shown  in 
the  cut,  which  is  a  perpendicular  wall,  two  feet  thi(k 


Wall  at  Zavi. 


RUINS  OF  LABNA. 


215 


,^Mlf>/i4.S^)^iMl*' 


\\\A  tliirty  feet  l)i,L;li,  pierced  with  ranf,^cs  of  o[)enin_L;s, 
or  w  iiidows,  wliicli  j^'ive  it,  us  the  discoverer  remarks, 
the  a]»|)carance  of  a  New  Eng'land  factc^iy.  The  stone 
itt'  wliicli  it  is  constructed  is  rough,  and  it  was  oriy-- 
i:iallv  covered  with  ornaments  in  stuc«'o,  a  few  of 
wliiih  still  remain  on  the  rear.  Tlie  only  other  Zayi 
iiioiiiuneiit  mcintioned  is  an  innnense  terrace  ahout  fil- 
tcen  hundred  feet  s(|uare.  ]\Iost  of  its  surface  was 
hot  explored,  hut  one  huilding  was  noticed  and 
.•sketched  in  which  the  floor  of  the  inner  ranij;-e  of 
I'lioins  is  raised  two  I'eet  and  a  ludf  ahove  that  of  the 
tVuiit  range,  heing*  reached  hy  steps,  as  was  the  case 
ill  the  huilding'  at  Kahah,  already  descrihed.  'J'he  in- 
t.  lior  wall  was  also  decorated  with  a  I'ow  of  j)ilasters. 
Ihe  sujierstitious  natives,  like  tliose  i  have  spijken  of 
at  I  tatlaii  in  (luatemala,  liear  mysterious  nuisic  every 
(.iucid  Friday,  proceeding"  irom  among-  the  i-uins.''' 

The  ruins  of  Lahna  comprise  some  huildings  equal 
ill  extent  and  magniticenco  to  any  in  Yucatan,  hut  all 
far  gone  in  decay.  In  one  case  a  mound  ioity-five 
livt  in  height  supijorts  a  huildinu:  twentv  I'V  fortv- 
tiiive  I'eet,  of  the  ordinary  ty])e,  except  that  its  s(juth- 
cni  IVoiit  is  a  })erj)endicular  wall,  thirty  I'eet  high 
uliuvo  the  cornice  over  the  doorways.  This  i'ront  lias 
III)  diienings  hke  other  similar  walls  already  noticed, 
hat  was  originally  covered  througliout  its  whole  sur- 
fito  with  colossal  ornaments  in  stucco,  of  which  hut  a 
Irw  small  fraiiinents  remained,  the  mIioIo  structure 
liLiiig,  wheiie:vamined,  on  the  i)oint  of  falling.  Among- 
the  ligures  of  which  sufficient  portions  remain  to  iden- 
t:iy  their  original  form,  are:  a  row  of  deaths  hea<ls, 
two  lines  of  human  figures  in  high  relief,  an  innnense 
s 'uted  human  figure,  a  hall,  or  glohe,  supported  hy  a 
mail  kneeling  on  one  knee  and  hy  another  standini'- 


'•I  S'.yjini.i'  Yiirdtiiit,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  10-2.S,  with  two  ]il:itc-'  in  ailiiilioii  to 
tjii'  lilt-  I  iiavi'  i;ivcn.  Aniiiii,  Ihis  I/<iiti(ir  Mix.,  pp.  7'.t-si(.  willi  two  cuf^, 
Ii'iiii  Sii'|.lii.|is.  ''I'lic  simiiiiits  of  the  iu'i};lil(oriii;'  iiills  iirt'  cappfd  with 
;.'niy  linikcii  wiiils  for  many  miles  around.'  Xoriinni's  Uiinihli  s  in  )'iii\,  pp. 
1  '  l-.'l,  witii  \  lew  of  front,  coiiicd  in  f)ni)nfni/ir  Ui  rinr.  Mil.  xi.,  |ip.  .5;}(J-7; 
Frnsfs  I'irl,  lllst.  Mix.,  jip.  7S-'.»;  and  Id.,  Gnat  Cili'i,  j.p.  -.".il-ri. 


21G 


ANTIQUITIKS  ()V  YTCATAX. 


.'it  Its  side.  All  the  fii^urcs  were  paiiitod  in  liri^lit 
colors  still  visihlo,  uiul  tlio  whole  structuie  appeaitd 
to  its  only  visitors  "the  most  cui'ious  and  extraordi- 
nary" seen  in  the  conntry.  Another  hnildiiiL;-,  snv- 
roniulin^'  a  conrtyard,  whieh  was  entered  tlnoiiL;li  a 
•gateway,  diU'ered  in  its  plan  from  those  seen  else- 
where, Init  the  plan  unf'ortnnately  is  not  j^ivcn.  Onci' 
each  of"  the  interior,  or  conrt,  iloorways,  on  one  side 
at  least,  is  a  niche  occn]>ied  hy  a  ]>ainted  stucco  orna- 
ment sui)posed  to  rei)resent  tlie  sun.  Near  hy,  a  t(  r- 
race  four  hundred  feet  loni;-  and  one  hundred  and  lit'ty 
feet  wide  su}H)orts  a  huilding'  of  two  i-ecedini;-  sturies 
with  a  front  of  two  hundred  and  eighty-two  feet. 
The  u])[)er  story  consists  oi  .i  siiii^le  line  of  apait- 
nients  and  its  walls  are  perfectly  pliiin.  The  jnwer 
story  has  a  donhlo  line  of  rooms,  and  its  front  is  elah- 
orately  sculptured,  the  chief  peculiarity  in  tliis  IVont 
heiuL;'  that  it  presents  three  distinct  styles  in  as  many 
portions  of  the  wall.  The  opposite  cut  shows  a  cornel' 
ofthi^  wall  in  which  the  ()|:)en  mouth  of  an  alli'^attir 
or  monster,  ironi  which  looks  out  a  human  fate,  is  a 
new  and  remarkahle  feature  in  Mava  decoration.  (Mi 
the  roof  of  the  lowxu"  range  is  a  narrow  o])enino- whidi 
leads  vertically  to  a  clnnnher  like  those  found  so  fiv- 
(juently  at  ["xmal,  excej>t  that  tills,  instead  of  Iumiil;' 
(lonie-shajied,  is  like  the  ordinary  rooms,  with  triangu- 
lar-arched ceiling,  heing  seven  hy  eleven  feet  and  tui 
Ibet  high.  Both  sides  and  hottom  are  co\"ered  witii 
cement,  and  there  is  nothing  but  its  position  in  tli. 
mass  of  masonry,  between  the  arches  and  ovei'  tin' 
interior  apartments,  tt)  indicate  that  it  was  not  oiiu- 
inally  used  as  a  cistern  for  storing  watei'.  There  is 
also  in  connection  with  the  ruins  of  Lahiui  an  entiaiicc 
to  what  may  well  he  sup})osed  to  have  been  a  subter- 
ranean seuote  like  those  noticed  at  Xcoch  and  (hack. 
but  it  could  not  be  explored.  Jt  was  noted  that  the 
natives  about  Labna  had  nmch  less  superstitious  fear 
resj)ecting  the  s])irits  of  the  antiguos  haunting  tlie 
ruins   than  those   of  most   other   localities,    althmiuli 


RUINS  OF  LABNA. 


217 


Cttiuur  at  Lalmii. 


ivLii  tin  V  luul  no  desire  to  explore  the  various  jipait- 


iiinit-;. 


t  i'al)!,  a  few  leagues  distant,  is  a  heap   df  ruins, 


fi..:i': 


ilil 


218 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YITATAX. 


i'vom  wliicli  material  liad  been  taken  for  tlic  construc- 
tion of  a  nuKlern  church,  and  many  .scul})tured  iVuir- 
ments  luid  been  inserted  in  the  walls  of  the  iiacieiida 
liuildin^s.  A  stream  of  water  was  ])()iiriiiL;'  from  tlic 
open  moutli  of  a  stone  idol,  possibly  worshiped  by  the 
ancient  inhabitants;  "to  such  l)ase  uses,"  etc,  A  cave; 
near  by  was  the  subject  of  much  marvelous  rejiort, 
but  its  ex})loration  led  to  nothing'  in  an  antiquarian 
jioint  of  view/'^ 

At  Kewick,  seven  or  eight  miles  southward  of 
r^abna,  a  large  space  is  strewn  with  the  remains  of  a 
I'uined  city,  tlie  casa  real  itself  being  built  on  tlie  iw- 
race  of  an  ancient  mound.  Une  single  stone,  however, 
among  tliese  ruins  demands  the  attention  of  the 
reader,  familiar  as  he  now  is  with  the  general  features 
of  ancient  ^laya  art.  This  stone  is  one  of  those 
which  compose  the  top  layer,  joining  the  sides  of  tlie 
ceiling  in  one  of  the  ai)artments.  Singled  out  jor 
some  inexplicable  reason  from  its  fellows,  it  bore  a 
])aiuting  in  bright  colors,  chieHy  red  and  green,  rej)ie- 
senti)ig  a  grotesquely  adorned  human  form  surrounded 
by  a  line  of  liierogly})hics.  The  painting  measured 
eighteen  by  thirty  inches  and  was  taken  out  Iroui  its 
place  by  IMr  Ste})hens  for  the  purpose  of  removal,  Imt 
proved  too  heavy  for  that  purpose.  Two  fronts  were 
sketidied  l)y  j\Ir  Catherwood  at  Kewick;  one  liad  a 
line  of  pillars  separated  by  diamond-sha})ed  ornaments 
on  cacli  side  of  the  doorway;  the  other  was  decoiated 
also  with  a  line  of  pillars,  or  pilasters,  standing  ch)se 
together,  as  on  the  Casa  de  Tortugas  at  Uxmah'''' 

Xul,  a  modern  village  near  bv,  stands  also  on  the 
site  of  an  aboriginal  town,  and  the  cura's  residence  is 
built  of  material  from  an  ancient  mound,  many  seul])- 
tured  stones  occupying  prominent  jdaces  in  the  walls; 
the  c]iur<di   moreover  contains  sixteen  colunms  iVoiu 


<■''>  S'r/i?irii.\  Yiti-Klin),  vfil.  ii.,  pp.  40-0."),  with  plati's.  Tlio  cut  ^iv(M'  in 
the  tox'  i<  also  ;^i\x'ii  hy  litihhviii,  Anc.  Aiacr.,  as  a  fniiitispicce.  Willanii'n 
Amrr.  llittt.,  p.  SO. 

^*'' S  tjilifiis  Ydiiitdii,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  72-8,  with  two  plates,  and  lut  dI 
liaintiii;^.    Willsoii's  Atii^r.  Hist.,  pp.  80-7. 


XVh,  SACACAL,  AND  CHACCIIOH. 


219 


tlic  iieii^liborint''  ruins  of  Nolicacal).  Two  leagues 
til  nil  Xul  wlicre  .soiiio  ruins  were  seen,  two  apart- 
iiiriits  liatl  red  paintino-s  on  tiie  plastered  walls  and 
( (,ilitii;s.  A  row  of  les^s,  su<j;'t>'estin_m^  a  procession, 
IkjuIs  (lec(,>rated  with  plumes,  and  human  iiiL>'ures 
.staiidiiiu'  on  tlieir  hands,  all  well-drawn  and  natural  to 
the  lil'i',  wure  still  visihle,  and  interesting^- even  in  their 
iiiuiilated  state.  The  raneho  buildings  at  Noheaeab 
-  a  second  })lace  of  the  same  name  as  the  one  ah'eady 
iiR'iitioned  towards  Uxmal — are  also  decollated  with 
ivlics  i'roin  tiie  'old  walls,'  but  notliing-  of  interest  was 
seen  in  connection  M'ith  the  ruins  themselves,  exce|)t 
one  loom  ill  whidi  the  ceilin_i»'  foi-mcd  an  acute  an^le 
at  the  top  instead  of  beinuf  united  by  a  layer  of  hori- 
zoiital  stones  as  in  other  places.'" 

Some  leagues  further  eastward,  in  the  n(>iL;hbor- 
IkkkI  of  the  town  of  Tekax,  ruins  are  mentioned  at 
Sai'acab  Ticum,  Santa  Maria,  and  Chacchob.  At  Sa- 
cacal  is  a  duunber  with  an  opening  at  the  to]),  as  at 
Labiiii,  only  much  larger;  and  this  one  has  also  three 
recesses,  al)out  two  feet  dee}),  in  the  sides.  An  apart- 
ment here  has  a  painted  stone  in  the  top  layer  as  at 
Kewick;  and  one  building  has  its  wall  rounded  instead 
of  straight,  although  this  is  oidy  on  the  exterior,  the 
iiiiur  surface  being  straight  as  usual.  The  remains  at 
Tinmi  were  only  rejjorted  to  exist  by  the  (Jura  of  San 
J  DSC.  At  Santa  Maria  a  high  mound  only  was  seen.'* 
At  Chacchob  ruins  of  the  usual  ty[)e  are  represented, 
hy  a  Spanish  writer  in  a  Yucatan  maga/ine,  to  be  en- 
closed within  a  wall,  straight  from  north  to  youtli,  the 
rest  of  the  circumference  of  over  six  thousand  feet 
heiiig  semi-circular.  The  only  entrance  is  in  tl  '  cen- 
tre (if  the  straight  side.  A  well  occu})ics  the  centre 
of  the  enclosure,  the  chief  pyramid  is  on  the  summit 
of  a  natural  elevation,  and  in  one  room  a  door  was 
noticed  whicli  was  much  wider  at  the  top  than  at  the 
liottoiu.     On  the  edu'e  ef  ii  wall  eiu'lit  hundred  varas 

'"  Sl.-jihni.s''  Viirafdii,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  8;}-4,  87-94. 

t''  /(/.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  •j;{:)-43. 


220 


ANTUiUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


distant,  L,m)()veH  ^Vl)rn  1>y  the  ropes  furinorly  used  in 
drawiiii^"  water  are  still  to  l)e  seen."" 

Further  north,  in  the  north-eastern  corner  of  thu 
rectangle  wliicli  contains  our  central  _<»rou|)  of  ruins. 
are  Akil  and  j\[ani,  the  relics  of  the  former  locality, 
so  far  as  known,  hein^''  chiefly  built  into  the  walls 
of  niodei'u  buildiiins.  jMani  was  a  prominent  city  at 
the  time  of  the  conquest,  and  the  modern  village 
stands  on  the  remains  of  the  ahorii^inal  town,  mounds 
and  other  relics  not  described  being'  yet  visible.  Mr 
Stephens  here  found  some  documents,  datinj^  back  to 
the  comini^  of  the  Si)aniards,  which  are  of  great  iui- 
]>ortance  in  coimection  with  the  question  of  the  an- 
ti({uity  i)['  the  Yucatan  ruins,  and  will  l)e  noticed  when 
1  come  to  s])eak  of  that  point.  The  only  monuments 
of  the  central  groui)  remaining-  to  be  mentioned  are 
those  of  Chunhuhu,  in  the  extreme  south-western  corner 
of  the  rectangle.  These  are  very  extensive,  evidently 
the  remains  of  a  large  city,  and  several  of  the  build- 
ings weie  sketched  by  Mr  Catherwood,  being  of  oiii' 
story,  and  having  grotes(|ue  human  figures  as  a  prom- 
inent feature  in  their  exterior  dect)ration.  One  is 
jdastered  on  the  outside,  as  Mr  Ste})hens  thiid<s  ail 
the  Yucatan  buildings  may  have  been  originally — that 
is,  on  the  plain  portions  of  thvjir  walls.  One  front  has 
the  fre(|uently  noticed  line  of  close-standing  pilasters, 
with  full-length  human  figures  at  intervals,  which 
stand  with  uplifted  hands,  as  if  supporting  the  weight 
of  the  upj)er  cornice.™ 

The  next,  or  eastern,  group  of  Yucatan  anti(]uities 
includes  little  beside  the  ruined  city  of  Chichen  Itza,' 

13  r'//  f'liriiisn,  in  Rri/infro  Yiir.,  torn.  i..  pp.  207-S,  ;?.")1. 

'^  Strphnis''  Yiinilaii,  vdl.  ii.,  pp.  lM!),  iM-tU,  i;i()-."),  with  four  iiliilf* 
illiistraliii;,'  the  ruins  of  Cliunliuliu.  At  Maui  'a  i)illorvof  a  conical  ^liMpc. 
liuilt  of  stiuics,  and  to  tlie  southward  rises  a  very  ancient  ]iahice.'  So:.ti.  in 
Jlio'.s  Ihsi'riptliiii,  p.  7.  'On  voit  encore  pres  de  Maui  les  restes  il'im 
('•(liru'e  constrnit  sur  nue  oolline.  On  appelle  eettg  ruine  lo  temple  (A  /"^ 
uionjds  i/r/  J'lifi/o/    ]\'iil<lirl\   Voji.  I'llt.,  p.  48. 

'I  Authorities  on  C'hicheu  It/a.  Laiiihi,  Erlnrioii,  p|>.  340-7,  -I^iinilii  ilc- 
scrihinj,'  the  ruins  from  persoinil  observation,  haviu;r  heen  hishop  of  .Mi  liihi 
for  several  years,  and  died  in  the  country  in  1579;  Frivderic/mt/tal,  h\  .Xdu- 


>m 


UUINS  OF  cmcIIEN  ITZA. 


1221 


city  wliicli  was  famous  in  the  aticient  traditionary 
annals  dt"  tliu  ^Fayas,  whoso  structures  served  both 
niitivcs  aii<l  Sj)aniards  as  t'ortlHeatioiis  at  the  time  of 
the  coiKjuest,  and  wliose  ruins  have  heen  more  or  less 
kni>uii  to  the  inhal)itants  of  the  country  since  tliat 
r|iu(li.  The  ruins  lie  twenty  miles  west  of  Valladolid, 
the  v\\'h'i'  town  of  the  eastern  poi'tion  of  tlie  state,  on 
a  j)ul)lic  I'oad  in  ])lain  view  of  all  travelers  by  that 


route, 


In  til 


lis  case  the  oritiin 


al  M, 


iva  name 


has  I 


)een 


iitaiiifd,    diichen    meaning"    'mouth    of    wells,'  and 
It/ji  hiiiiL!"  tl"^^'  iiiinie  of  a  branch  of  the  ^Eaya  })eo]»le, 


or  o 


f  a  royal  family,  which  played  a  most  ])i'ominent 
part  in  Yucatan  history.  Tlie  name  C'hichen  comes 
[irobably  from  two  j^reat  senotes  which  supplied  the 
ancient  citv  with  water,  and  which  differ  from  the 
(•nin|tHcated  undero-round  passa^-es  noted  in  other  parts 
dl'  the  state,  being  immense  natural  pits  of  great  depth, 
with  nearly  })er})endicular  sides,  the  only  traces  of 
aitilicial  iiu})rovement  being  in  the  winding  steps  that 
lead  down  to  the  water's  surface,  and  slight  remains 
of  a  Mall  about  the  edge  of  the  jn'ecijyice.  So  I'ar  as 
explored,  the  remains  may  be  included  in  a  rectangle 
Mieasurino;-  two  thousand  bv  three  thousand  feet,  and 
their  arrangement  is  shown  in  the  plan  on  the  next 


|»a'--e 


made  by  Mr  Catherwood. 


72 


'//r.v   ,1  iDlfl/is   ifcs    ]' 


1S41,  toin.  xcii.,  pit.  300,  302,  304-0,— this  author 


Miiviii"  visi 


ted   Chichcil   in    18 10,  dilcctfil   tln'l;ln  1)V  the  ;i(lv 


|ill('IIS 


iiiiifi 


(III,  vol.  1 


if  Mr  Stc- 

;  S/,/,/ir,is' 

i.,  pii.  •_'.Si!-3i.M,— wlioso  visit  was  from  Marcli  II  In  "Jit,  IS4-*, 

ulctc  than  that  nf  oilier 


ho  iiad  iii'ani  niiiiors  of  tlio  existcnci'  of  I'xtci 


isivc  rt'iiiaii 


ami  wliosf  ili'scn|itioii,  as  usual,  is  iniu'li  iiioic  coin 


t'\|ilni('is;  Xiiriiiiiii\t  Umiihlis  ill  Yiir.,  ]i|i.  I()|-'_'S,  tlif  i'orn's])()n(lin;,'  siir- 
vi'\  liaviii;r  lastt'il  from  l'\'hniary  10  to  II,  ISH.';  ('luiriinii,  lliiim  s  A iin'r., 
ji|i  :!,')',)-  If),  |(liot.  •_'()  34,  from  an  exiiloiation  in  1S.">S.  'I'liomas  Lo|it'z  Mcilcl 
i>  :il>o  iiu'iilioncd  in  Xiiiirillis  Aiinahs  ties  ]'iii/.,  1S43,  toin.  xrvii.,  |)|).  3S, 
4:>.  as  liavin;,'  visited  Chiehi'ii  hy  authority  of  tlie  (liialemalaii  ;;overiiiiicnt. 
"llicr  authors  who  inihlish  accounts  of  Chiehen,  made  iiii  from  the  works 


t  tlie  ineeetlinjr  actual  ex])l()n 


eas  toiiow? 


A I 


SI)  3;    ll,i/(/,i 


A  I 


/)iis  III  iiliifr  Mr 


pp.  140-4;   llriiMi  iir  ilf  lloiirliniirij.  Hist. 
toin.  ii.,  )).  1.");   Fros/'x  dirnf  Ci/irs,  \>\t.  •JSl'-'II  ;  Mun/if,  Voi/in/r, 


X'if.  (• 

I"iii.   i.,    pp.    ISI).    |'<t3;    iVilhiiii's  Aiiirr.    Hist.',   ].]>.   70-Sl';    Ih, 


Aiifi 


■  inn  i\. 


w 


vol. 


'/'/" 


iiroij.  II.  Stilt.,   p.    144;  Xfni/ir's  Mi.r.   Aztvi 


■■  V 
Ell, 


!),   cut;    Dri/iorriltir  Jiirinr,  vol,   xi.,  ip|p.  .")34-();    (iiilliitin,  in 
Transact.,  \i}\.  i.,  p.  174;  Scliott,  \n  Sinitli.soniau  Jirjit., 


Dili.   Sill'. 


IS7I,  pp.  4-'3  4. 

]-  Plan  from  Stephens.     Tlic  only  other  ])lan  is  that  ;;ivoii  hy  Norman, 
wliicli,  in  distances  und  the  arrunyeiuent  of  the  huildiny.-j  with  res^'ccl  to 


ooo 


ANTIQKITIKS  OF  YUCATAN. 


fir    .1 
1  r      ) 


i 
»•     r'. 

J! 


eai'li  otlicr,  ]iv('s(>iits  not  llic  sli^^htcst  siiiiiliirity  with  tlio  ])r(>1ialily  ac  unili 
(Irawiiiu's  of  St('|ilioiis  and  Catlicrwood.  'Tlio  ruins  of  Ciiicliin  lif  on  .> 
iiaciciiiia.  calictl  by  tlif  name  of  tlio  ancient  city.'  ''I'lie  first  straiij^i'r  win' 
over  visited  tli(Mn  was  a  native  of  New-Vorlv,'  Mr  Joliii  liiirtie.  I'ii'-l 
hroufilit  to  tlie  notic^e  of  tlie  world  by  Friedericlisthal.  'The  plan  is  ni.-uli' 
from  licariiij^s  taken  with  the  coniiiass,  and  the  distances  wore  all  iMca-inul 
with  a  line.  The  l)nil(lin<;s  arc  laid  down  on  the  plan  accordinj,'  to  their 
exterior  form.     All  now  Mtuuding  are  conipreheudcd,  and  thu  whole  circiiiii- 


I  f-*"' 


("IIICIFMN     NINNKUV. 


328 


riili.ips  the  most  r('inarkal»l(!  it'  tin;  ( 'liic  licii  cdi- 
lico  is  that  kii<»\vu  us  tlu;  NmiiuMT,  luarkrd  II  on  tlio 
jilaii.''  nt'  ('((Ui'so  in  this  ainl  other  hiiiKliiiL;s  I  .liall 
(niiliiic  my  (Kscrijitioii  cliicHy  to  points  of  contrast 
with  ruins  ahcjadv  iiR'ntioiit'd,  and  wi'll  known  to  tlio 
iviidri'.  Supjiortinii;-  tlio  Nunnerv,  instead  of  a  |>yra- 
inid.  we  have  tor  tlio  first  time  a  solid  mass  of  niasomv 
line  hundred  and  twelve  hy  one  luimlivd  and  sixty  feet, 
risiii-  with  perpundicular  sides  to  a  height  of  uhout 
thiity-two  teet.  On  the  snmmit,  with  a  hase  one 
luirKli'cd  and  f'onr  feet  lonir.  is  a  huildini"'  in  two  re- 


ifdiuL;'  stoiirs,  of  Av'.'eh  the  iH)})er,  whose  summit  was 
■<i.\ty-li\('  teet  above  the  ground,  is  almost  entirely  in 
The   iirst    story   is   lietter   preserved,   and    its 


nnii- 


w- 


t'lont  was  decorated  with  sculpture  of  which  no  <lra 
iirrs  have  lieen  made.      In  the  centre  of  the  noithern 


SK 


Ic  a  stairway  tifty-six  feet  wide  leads  up,  with 
tliit*y-!iine  ste})s,  to  the  top  of  the  solid  hasement, 
wl)  h  Iniins  a  hroad  promenade  round  the  superim- 
pus((l  huildinLj',  and  continues  with  Hlteen  addition-il 
stojis  to  tlie  roof  of  the  tirst  storv.      One  room  in  this 


ti'iciiic  oci'iipicil  liy  tlicni  Ih  almiit  two  miles. ... tli(iiif,'li  iiiiiK'il  ImiMin;.'-: 

a]i|i(';ii-  licv I  tlicM,'  liiiiit.s.'     'Ill  all  tlic  l)uiltliii;,'s,  from  soii.c  caii.sf  nut 

i':i>ily  miiiiiiiti'il  for,  while  one  varies  ten  tlej^rees  one  wav,  that  immetli- 
iilil\  :iiljoiiiiii-  varies  twelve  of  tliirleeii  tle;;iees  in  aiiotlier;'  still  llie  [ilaii 
slmus  no  such  aniiii;;ement.  S/r/i/icii.s'  Viira/iiii,  vol.  ii.,  |i|i.  L'SJ-.'f,  'JlKt,  ,'{1-. 
Till'  iiiijilcrii  church  'entierement  coiiiitosee  tie  |iierres  eiilevi'es  aiix  temph  s 
ct  aii\  |ia!ais  (lout  j'allais  etmlier  li's  mines.'  The  |iro|irietor  'me  propo.'-ii 
la  c  (s>iiin  (le  sa  pidprii'te  et  des  mines  pour  la  somme  clc  licux  mille  |iias- 
trcs.'  I'liiiniiiii.  Hdiiiis  Aiiivr.,  pp.  .'Wt!,  ;{4  1-.").  '.\  eitv  which,  I  ha/aiil  little 
ill  savin;:,  must  have  lieeii  one  of  the  lar;,'est  the  world  has  e\er  seen.  I 
liiliflcl  liciore  nie,  foraeiiruit  of  many  miles  in  (liaiiietcr,  t'le  walls  of  pal 
ai'i's  and  temples  and  |)yraniid.s,  more  or  less  dilapidated.'  'No  marks  <  f 
liiiiiia!!  Iciotsteps,  no  sijiiis  of  ]irevioiis  visiters,  were  disceriiihle;  imr  .< 
ilicic  ;;ii(ici  reason  to  helieve  that  any  ]ier.soii,  whose  testimony  of  the  fac  i 
has  liccu  ,u'i\cn  to  the  world,  had  e\er  hefoie  hrokeii  the  silence  which  reij;ns 
oyer  tliese  sacred  toinhs  of  a  departed  civilization.'  ytirtiidii's  llanililis  m 
)■'"•.,  pp.  lo,S-!t.  Thirty-three  lea','iies  from  Valladolid,  and  lwenty-ii\e 
irciiM  Mciida.  'l^iie  j;rotte  olIVc,  ii  line  jirofondenrde  o'J  picds,  nii  petit  etaii^' 
'lean  cliiiice,  niKine!  on  descend  jmr  des  dejjrt's  tallies  dans  le  roc,  et  se  |iro- 
liiii;;('aMt  aii-dessoiis  de  la  surface  de  Teaii.'  Ffiidirtikathol,  in  Xuuidhs  Ah- 
H((/..v  ,/r.v  (■„)/..  1841,  tom.  xcii..  pp.  .'W4-(). 

*'^  'he  |Oii  de  Chiehen  pour  la  rieliesse  des  sculptures.'  ChiiriKiji.  Itiiim « 
Amfr.,  p.  ;{4'2.  ''|'h(!  most  stranjic  and  ineomprehensihle  idle  of  architec- 
tuic  that  my  oycs  ever  helield  -  elahoruto,  ele^jant,  stujiendons.'  S'linnini's 
Hnii  '•  i  in  Yii,;.^  p.  11<).  Norman  calls  the  huilding  House  of  the  <'a- 
cicpics. 


224 


ANTIQUfTIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


ft 


first  story  is  forty-seven  feet  long;  several  contain 
niches  in  their  walls,  extending  from  floor  to  cuilinn' 
and  bearing  traces  of  having  l)eL'n  covered  with 
j)ainted  figures,  some  of  them  human  with  plunitd 
heads;  and  some  of  the  a[)parent  doorways  arc  ialsc, 
or  walled  up,  evidently  from  tlie  date  of  thcii-  first- 
construction.  Attached  to  the  eastern  end  of  tlic 
solid  structure  is  a  projecting  wing,  shown  in  the  ]»Iaii, 
sixty  feet  long,  thirty-Hve  i'eet  wide,  and  tweiity-ti\c 
feet  hi^'h,  consistini*'  of  only  a  single  storv,  and  di- 
vided  into  nine  apartments,  several  of  whicli  ai'e  lilKd 
up  with  solid  masonry.  The  lintels  througliout  tliu 
Nunnery  are  of  stone,  and  the  interior  walls  of  tiie  looms 
are  plastered.  The  exterior  walls  of  this  eastern  wiii';' 
are  covered  with  rich  scul[)ture,  Ixjth  above  and  below 
the  cornice,  but  this  sculpture  presents  no  couti'asts 
with  that  of  Uxmal,  or  other  cities,  sufiii  iciitly 
striking  to  be  verbally  descril)ed.  Only  a  few  iltt 
from  tlie  eastern  end  of  the  Nunnery,  and  indeed  ilo 
scribed  by  Charnay  as  wings  of  that  edifice,  aie  the 
two  small  buildings  a,  and  h  of  the  [)lan.  The  fornur 
is  thirteen  by  thirty-eight  feet,  and  twenty  feet  liigli; 
the  latter,  sometimes  known  as  the  Iglesia,  or  Churt-li, 
is  fourteen  by  twenty-six  feet,  and  thirty-one  I'eit 
high,  containing  only  one  room.  These  structiu'cs 
pi'esent  a  most  imposing  ap[)earance  by  reason  ot'tluir 
great  height  in  pro})ortion  to  their  ground  dimensions,  ' 


It' 


'*  'L't'diftce  appeli''  /"  r«.w  ilc  his  .Ifoiijnt  (hi  niiiisoiKlcs  iimiiics)  est  luii,' 
<le  157  ]>io<ls,  l;irj;(!  tie  .S(),  liiuit  ili!  47.  Dans  la  |iarti('  iiiftTicuic,  il  ii  y  ,i 
i»as  (le  traci,'  (r'tuvertiuv.  '/(''taui'  sii|icri(Mir  a  tlos  clianilni's  iii.iiiliiiii;-r-; 
|c"s  i'"'.i'ailX  (l<';i  linrti's  soiit  onii's  (riiit'ni;;lyiilu's.'  Frlrilci-'i'listlinl.  \\\  Xmi- 
ri'llrs  Ainiiihs  dix  I'ni/.,  ISU,  turn.  .\cii.,  p.  ;J0.).  '  I.,a  ]M)iti'  (cast  IkhiO,  siii- 
niiiiitoi'  (k'  l"iiis(  riptiuii  du  jialais,  ]i()ss('(1l'  I'li  oiitii'  iiiu'  (niiciiu'iilalinii  ile 
(•li)cii('t(i;:s  (ic  |)iiMTi'  qui  rai)iii'lli'nt,  <'ninmo  ccux  dcs  coias  di'  plnsiciirs  I'di- 
ficos,  la  iiia'U'R'  I'liiiioisc  (iii  iaponai.^c.  Aii-dcssiis,  so  Inuni-  iiii  iiiaL'Mi- 
liifuc  iiu'dailloii  ii^pri'scutaiit  uu  clicf  la  tt'tc  I'cinti'  d'liii  diadi'iiic  clc  |iluiiir~; 
(liiaiit  il  la  vasic  frise  (|iii  I'litouic  Ic  |)alais,  I'llc  I'st  coiiipust'i'  d'mic  tmili'  iK' 
ttHcs  c'lioniu's  rcpivseiitaut  dos  iilidi's,  doiit  lo  iic/.  t-st  liii-iiiriiir  ('iiriciii  tVnw 
t'v^uiv  parfaitt'iiiLMit  dt'ssiiiec.  Ccs  tT'tc-t  .^mit  sopaivus  |iar  di's  )iainicaii\  dc 
iiio.saupii"  I'll  ci-uix,  assfz  comiinms  dans  Ic  Viicatan.'  'Lc  di'vi'lipiipciiniit 
(h-.  palais  ct  de  la  ]ivrainidi.' est  d'ciivirnn  s(ii.\aiitt'-(iiiiiize  nit'tics.'  '  Idiviiinj. 
Jiiuiics  Aincr.,  y\).  'M'l-'^.  IMuitujriapli  30  shows  tiio  ca'tcru  fniiit,  and  -".• 
the  iKirtlicrii,  of  the  winj;;  '2(1  the  north  side  of  the  huildin;;'  <i\  "27  liie  ciisl- 
eiii,  and  L'8  the  southern  .'ryut  of  the  Igle^ia,  6.     'La  farade  (easteiu)  c>t 


CiriCIIEX— AKAR-TZIB 


225 


TIk'  building  G  of  the  i)lan,  instead  of  standing"  on 
ail  artiHriai  mound,  rests  on  the  level  plain,  hut  the 
usual  eti'ect  is  produced  by  excavating  the  surface 
aliout  it,  thus  giving  it  the  appearance  of  resting  on 
a  raised  foundation.  It  measures  forty-eight  l>y  one 
huii(hed  and  forty-n'ne  feet,  and  its  outer  walls  are 
jiL'ifcctly  ]))ain.  The  roof  is  reached  by  a  stairway 
t'oity-tiv.  feet  wide  in  the  centre  of  the  eastern  front, 
while,  c'orre.  })onding  with  die  stairway,  on  the  western 
1'niiit  is  a  solid  projection  thirty-four  l)y  forty-four  feet, 
of  unknown  use.  The  iioor  of  the  inner  range  of 
roiiiiis  is  one  foot  higher  than  that  of  the  outer,  and 
(Ill  the  under  surface  of  a  lintel  in  one  of  the  mtorior 
(loeiways  is  the  sculjjtured  design  shown  in  the  cut 
ell  the  following  l)a<>e,  suiTounded  1)V  a  row  of  hiero- 
L^lyphics,  of  which  only  a  small  i)ortion  are  included 
ill  the  cut,  but  wdiich  are  of  the  same  type  as  those 
we  have  seen  at  Copan.  The  subject  seems  to  be 
sMuie  mysterious  incantation  or  other  saci-iticial  rite, 

I  the  hiei-oglypliics,  known  as  the /writing  in  the 
u  Mava  akab-tzib,  have  iriven    their  name    to 


aiK 
(Inri 


the  huildlliiJ' 


iiiriMc  irmi  lioaii  cavaoforo,  ot  la  foinposition  do  la  pnvtp  avoc  lo  lias-rolief 
'|ui  l;i  MiriMi)iit(!  I'st  plciiii'  il'iitu!  jiiaiitU'iir  sau\ii>;(',  (run  I'tl'ct  ^aisis?~aiit. 
Nli(ii\  tiiiil(''s  (|iio  dans  li's  i'\i'ni|il('s  proctMlcnts,  Paiiparcil  di's  ))ari'inL'nlx 
c^t  plus  n';;iili('i-,  et  il  ini'scntc  cetto  ]iarticnlariti''  tii's-i('niai(|nal>li',  <|iril 
s'.irrdiilc  I'xaclcnuMit  avfc  la  dccdralion.'  V/o/id-lc-lhic,  in  /</.,  p.  (JO.  East 
wiii-liLMiy  ,'(UlVct,  and  20  ffi't  lii;4li.  MJviM- tlic  door-way .  . .  .isn  lu'avy  linti-l 
(if  ^'llllt',  I'lPiilaiiiinLT  two  doiitili-  rows  iif  liii-rojilypliics,  witli  .i  >cnlpturt'd 
iiiiiiiiiiciit  inlcivt'iiiii;;'.  Aliovc  tlii'si'  arc  the  rciiiains  of  liooUs  carved  iii 
.••I'liic,  uitli  raised  lini's  of  drapery  running;  tlironuii  liieni,  .  .  .oNcr  wliicli, 
Mirriiiiiiiicd  liy  a  variety  tif  ciiaste  and  Ipeantit'uliy  executed  Imrders,  cn- 
ciivlctl  wi'iiin  a  wrcatli,  is  a  female  li^^ure  in  a  sitting,'  posture,  ic.  Iiai'so- 
nlievii,  liavin;^'  a  liead-drt'ss  of  feathers,  cords,  and  tassels,  and  tlie  n"ck 
"riMiiiiiiicd  '  IJiiildin;,' '',  10\:!.")\'_'0  feel ;  linildin^' //.  liK'J-Jx.Si;  feet.  .Main 
|il;iifcMiii  7'ixlOO  feet.  M  )n  the  eastern  end  of  tliese  rooms  (in  l>l  story  oxer 
the  siilid  IpMseineiit)  is  a  liall  rnniiinj,'  transversely,  four  feel  w  ide. .  .  .one 
>iile  of  wliiili  is  tilled  wiili  a  variety  of  senl|itnred  work,  principally  rosettes 
iiiiil  Imrders,  with  rows  of  snnill  pilasters;  iia\iii;;'  three  .-^unare  recesses.' 
.,iiriiii!ii'x  1,'iiiitlilis  ill  )''"'.,  pp.  It!!(-7;{,  with  view  of  eastern  front  of  winjf, 
liid  (if  iiorlh  front  of  tlie  wlnde  structure.  'Over  the  doorway  (eastern 
fiiiiiiiaiv  twenty  small  cartouclu's  of  hiL'ro;rl,V]ihies  in  four  rows,  live  in  ;i 
Ki-v.'  Sli/,/,rii.s'  ]'iini/iri,  vol.  ii..  p.  293,  with  jdates  of  eastern  front,  iiorth- 
I'lii  I'nmi,  ami  the  i;:lesia. 

"'  Ahili-'/'zili  and  imt  Aliitzrrh,  ns  Stcjihens  spidls  it.    ISriissriir <lf  Iltiiir- 
li'iiini.  His/.  \ii/.  Cir.,  torn,  ii.,  p.  \'2\  Sfi/i/inifi'  Vittiihni,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  "JOl- 
'.'.  Willi  plate  of  front  and  of  the  .seul[itured  lintel.     'Tim.su  (roonisi  fronting 
Vol.  IV.    1.", 


!*  •    'I 


226 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


ililiiif  * 


1' 


i  •>, 


T 


Scul])tiirL'tl  Lintel  at  Chichon, 

Tn  the  nortlioni  part  of  th(3  city,  at  B,  is  the  Pyra- 
mid, or  Castk),  oV  Chicheii.  Its  base  is  one  huudred  and 
ninety-seven  by  two  Imndred  and  two  feet;  its  lieiulit 
abont  seventy-Hve  feet;  and  its  summit  ])hitform  sixty- 
one  by  si\ty-f()ur  feet.  A  stairway  thirty-seven  fcit 
wide  leads  up  the  western  sh)pe  to  tlie  phitform,  and 
on  the  nortli  is  another  stairway  of  ninety  steps  I'orty- 
four  feet  wide,  liavin"-  sohd  bakistrades  ^vhich  tenui- 
nate  at  tlie  bottom  in  two  immense  serpent's  lieads 
ten  feet  lon;^',  \vitho]»en  mouths  and  protruchnuf  toULiut^ 
as  in  tlie  opposite  cut.  On  the  ])latform  stands  a  build 
ing'  forty-thi'ee  by  forty-nine  feet,  and  about  twenty 

tlie  sdiitli  arc  tlii-  must  nMiuirkalilo.  tlio  iiinor  doorways  liaviiii;  oaili  ii  ^ti'in' 
liiiti'l  of  ail  innisiially  lai-jrc  sixc.  !ii(>asnriii;x  tliir'iytwn  iiiclics  w  iilc  lnity- 
eifxlil  loii,i:.  ami  t  wclvc  il<'i'|i:  having,  on  its  inner  t.iiic  a  sciilptiiri'il  11  :uiv  "I 
an  liitiian  in  lull  (hcss,  willi  cap  and  feathers,  sitliii;,'  iipoii  a  <ii'-liiiii:r'l 
scat,  lincly  wurUi'd;  lia\iii'jj  lieforc  jiini  a  vase  (•onfaininu'  llowers,  wiiii  lii" 
ri'^llt  liaiid  cxleiided  over  it,  iiis  left  resting,'  upon  the  si(le  of  the  cii'liieii 

the  whole  h(ncleied  wilii  liiei-o;,'lyphics.     The  front    part    of  this   liiilcl  ■ 

tains  two  rows  of  hieroglyphics.'  -{'.i  x  I5(»  x  L'K  feet,  wails  :!  feet  liiiik 
NurnKiii's  /I'nii/i/rs  ill  'I'lir.,  pp.  I'JIl— t.  'I'll  ciiomie  lia.'imcnt  pio'li'' 
Noiincs.  mai'i  totaleiiie:itc  dcmie  do  HCiil|)turt'«,'  CliKiimif,  JUiinvs  Ama.. 
p.  \U\. 


CIIICIIEN-THE  CASTLK. 


227 


.-■V-fu-. 


^^. 


he  Pyra- 

Irod  and 

ts  liciu'lit 

nu  sixty- 

VL'H    Ittt 

brill,  and 
>|)H  ibrty- 
•li  tcnui- 
It's  lit-ads 
toliu'ii"^ 
Isa  liuild 
t  twenty 


•  i-s,   willi  1"' 
|i('  cii-liii'ii 

1  \\  feet  lliii'l* 


•  *, Ji ;,- -  >  -■.•,(;.'j.is.i.r. 


Sorpeut  iJalu.stradc  at  Cliiilicii. 

foetli!'4li,  liaviiiuf  only  a  sin^'lc  dooi-way  in  tlio  centre 
nf  caih  lV<iiit.  Tliese  dooi'ways  lia.-j  all  wooden  lin- 
tels tlalidratcly  carved,  and  the  janil)S,  -  jtndtaMy  ol' 
>tiiiie.  althouu'li  Norman  says  tiny  are  of  wood  are 
also  ((IN lied  witli  sculpture,  'i'lie  upper  ])ortion  of 
"III'  ol'  tlie.se   sculptured  jambs  is  repiesented  in   the 


228  ANTI(;>riTIES  OF  YUCATAX. 

(Lit,  ;iiul  tliu  tk'si j;-iis  on  the  others  are  of  a  similar 


mmm 

mmM 


Ciirvi'd  Door-Jaiub  lii  the  ("astlc. 


tjcncral  character.  Tlie  nortliern  doorway,  ^\]\\rh 
seems  to  have  been  tlie  pi'inoipal  entrance,  is  twcnry 
feet  wide  and  its  hntel  is  sui)])orte(l  l)y  two  echinus, 
each  eio'lit  feet  and  eiu^lit  inches  lii,L;li,  Avitlv  jJi'cjcctiiiL: 
l)ases,  and  liavinj''  their  entire  snrface  decorated,  like 
tlie  jambs  at  the  sides,  with  sculptnred  ti«,nires.  Tlir 
interior  j)hui  of  this  Itnildin^"  differs  niaterialiy  tVoiii 
any  we  have  met;  since  tlie  doctrways  on  thr  cist. 
west,  and  south  open  into  a  cori'idor  six  feet  w'ul'. 
wliicli  extends  without  partition  walls  round  tin  tliiir 
correspond! ui;'  sides  of  the  editi<*e;  while  the  nniiln'in 
doorway  ^'ivfs  access  also  to  a  corridor  foi'ty  iVct  loir^ 
and  six  aiui  a  third  feet  wide.  'I'hroun'h  the  c(,Miriv  ot 
the  rear  v.all  of  this  corridor  a  doorway  leads  into  a 
I'oom  twelve  I'eet  nine  inches  by  nineteen  l'e(t  riu'lit 
inches,  and  seventeen  feet  hi,L>li.  This  room  al>i>  <lil- 
fers  widely  IVoni  any  1)ef)i'e  described,  for  its  ci  ilin;j. 
instead  of  bein;.;'  formed  by  a  single  trianLi'ulai'  arcli 
runnini;'    lengthways,  has  two  transverse  aiclics  sup- 


■HSiinHBiia 


CIIICHEX— Tin:  'ASTLK. 


229 


n(irt.;il  l»y  iiiinionse  carved  zapotu-lM-aiiis  sti'ctdicd 
ian)ss  tho  room,  and  wliicli  rest,  earh  at  its  centre,  on 
two  si|Uaie  pillars  whoso  dimensions  are  t\venty-t\v.) 
iuclics  on  eaeli  side  and  nine  feet  in  lit-i^ht.  The  eiit 
i^hows  the  ground  i)lun  of  this  remarkahle  structure, 


Ground  I'laii  of  tlic  Cii-^tlo 


tlio  squares  at  o  i-cpresenting  tJie  Icct  of  tlie  interior 
jiilliiis,  and  the  circles  at  h,  the  jiilhii's  that  sujtpoi't 
t'au  lintel  of  the  northern  dooi'wav.''' 


'f'S/f/,/,, 

tl ;i>tl('  ,'i! 

ihc  iiiiiii>i('r.- 


,lil. 


YHcittini,  vol.  ii.,  ])]>.  ;m    17.  with   |)l.iti-s   nf  north   fmni   of 


)iyr;iiii 


i<l, 


ainl  till'  intenonil  tin-  r'l'Hii. 


1i( 


till'    I'Ut    ot 


•ails  'qvcii   111  iiiv  text. 


lii^h. 


Kij)   l.aiula  ;:iM-.  a  ili'si'n|i|  loii 


]iriilialily  iiili'inlcil  for  this  I'llilicc  ami  ('vcii  ;,M\rs  a  I'laii  of  it.      Hi-,  ari'oiiiii. 


ill   iiit'iitioiiiiiL;  four  stair\va> 


r\i'('l 


\wiinrN,  ami  is  as  toliowr 


a^'rct's    vi-rv  \\> 


II  w  itli   ihal  of  latir 
This  ciiilii'c  has  four  >lairwa\  ■>  fariii''  the  four 


liulsot  till' wiulil;  tlii'V  ari' .■{.'!  fi'ct  wiih',  raih   lia\iii''  '.tl    >ti 


vcrv  I 


liHi 


I'll 


I  lit  asii'iit.     The  steps  have  the  saiiic  ln'i^rht  ami  wiillli   a^  mirs.      Ilaili 


^laiiuMV  has  two  low  haiustiailcs,  fwoft'ct  wiilr.  uf 


till'  liiiil.l 
iiiiwiinl 

li\  ilrilci'' 


III 


Tl 


It!  OMilii'e  IS  not  sharp-i'iiriicn'il.  IxTaiix'  Irnm    tin"  ^mii 


-tmu'w  11 
th 


k  lik 


•1 


tuciMi  tiic  halustraih 


Ih 


ilmks 


arc   roiimlnl,    asrcmlin:' 


mil  ell" 


liitiv  iiariowiii'' the  IniiMiii'.'.      'J'lir 


ri'  «a-.  wlifii 


U.  ill  ihc  flint   of  cai'li  haliistradi'  a  lifrio  .scrin'iit's  mniitli   \i  rv  straimciv 


wiirkcil.     Ahiive  tho  nt; 


iirwav; 


th 


icn;   is  oil  th(-'  -iiiiimit   a  r-inail  li'\i 


t'iriii  ill  wliiih  is  an  I'liilii')!  of  four  rooii 


is. 


,at- 
'J'liri't'  of  thrill  fxtcml  rouii.l 


Willi, lilt  iiiti'rriiiitioii,  cacli  Iiaviii'' a  door  in  the  iiiiddli-  ami   hiiii"'  rii\iri 


will 


an  arcli. 


Tl 


U!  iiortlii'ni  room  is  ot   ]ici'm 


iar  fiiriii.and  has  a  rorridiirul 


lii'i'iil  |iillars.     Till'  iiiiddli'  one,  which  iiiiist  have  Ik'cii  a  kind  of  little  court. 
I'l'twirii  the  rooms,  has  ji  door  which  h-ads  to  the  mirtlnrii  cmridor  and   is 


I'lilM'il  with 


tniac 


I'll  1 


if  tl 


1  woiid  at  the  top,  and  served  tor  iMirniii;,'  pciliimes 


ill  th 


lis  door  or  corridor  is  a  kind  of  coal  of  arms  --culptured  in  stone 


coiilil  not  wi'l 


liidcrsland.'    Ltiinlii,  I!  In 


|.p.  :!l-_'-4.     .Vil)  I.  ct, 


I'lniniil'ireiui!   at   the   hase,  its  sides  faciii;,'  the  cardinal  points 


I'l 


le 


iii;,'lcs  Mini  sides  were  lieaiitifullv  laid  with  stom'>  of  an  imiiieii~e  size,  j.'r,id 


iially  lr-s(.|,iii^.  as  tl 
iiiiil  iMM  ;{i|  I'ei'l  wide 


ik  ap]iroaelied  the  suinniit 
I  the  tl 


Siairwavs  on   iiorlli 


el  wide  and  narrow  uig  toward  the  \u{ 


Tl 


IC   nK>\X 


ill  uiid   wcht 


a-. 


f  I; 


»<■• 


280 


ANTU^nTIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


The  buildinsf  at  A  of  tlie  plan  is  called  l)y  the  na- 
tives the  li^lesia,  l)y  Nornuin  the  Teiiij)le,  by  Cliaiiiav 
the  Cirque,  and  by  Stepliens  the  Gyniuasium.  Tliu 
latter  names  were  applied  from  the  supposition  that 
the  structure  serv'ed  for  a  peculiar  gaiiie  of  ball  to 
which  the  Aztec  kinti's,  at  least,  if  not  the  !Mavas, 
were  much  addicted.  Landa  seems,  however,  entitled 
to  the  honor  of  having!:  invented  this  theory,  since  ]\v 
speaks  of  buildings  in  this  ]>art  of  Chichen  devoted  tn 
anmsements."  This  structure  is  very  similar  to  tin; 
one  marked  H  on  the  plan  of  Uxmal.  It  consists 
of  two  })arallel  walls,  thirty  by  two  hundred  and 
seventy-four  feet,  twenty  six  feet  hi,i,di,  and  one  liiiii- 
dred  and  twenty  feet  apart.  The  inner  walls  iacin^^ 
each  other  present  a  })lain  undecorated  surface,  but  in 
the  centre  of  each,  about  twenty  feet  i'rom  the  ground, 
is  fixed  by  means  of  a  tenon,  a  stone  ring  four  feet  in 
diameter  and  thirteen  inches  thick,  with  a  hole  ninu- 
teen  inches  in  diameter  through  the  centi'o,  surrounded 
by  two  sculptured  serj)ents  intertwined  as  in  the  fol- 
lowing cut.  M.  ("harnay  found  only  one  of  those 
rings  in  jjlace  at  the  time  of  his  visio.  The  south  end 
of  the  eastern  wall  serv^ed  as  a  base  to  superin>]»osid 
buildings  or  ranges  of  apartments  erected  on  it  after 
the  manner  of  all  the  Yucatan  structures  of  more 
than  one  story.  The  upper  range  has  a  part  of  its 
exterior  wall  still  standing,  covered  with  seul]itnie, 
which  includes,  among  other  devices,  a  i>rocessioii  of 
tigers  or  lynxes.      In  the  interior,  massive  scu]})tuied 

.slopes  also  mount  in  stops,  oarh  four  feet  high.  Monstcr.s'  heads  :il  Uwt 
of  eastern  stairway.  Slope  lOOfeet;  buildinj;  4"2  feet  scpiare;  sioiic  (limr- 
jiiinlis  liave  lioles  drilleil  throii;,'li  their  inner  an<^les;  interior  \\;\\\>  iirc  plii>- 
Icreil  and  painted  witii  (i<j;iires  now  very  dim;  roof  ])erfe(tly  Ihil  iunl  ciivi'ml 
witii  soil.  This  aiitlior  in  his  wlioh;  description  evidently  coMiiiiiiKls  tlii' 
north  with  the  east  front.  jy<irinmi\s  limii/i/rs  in  ]'iir.,  p|i.  1 1.") -17,  "iili 
view  of  pyramid,  ("hariiay's  j)hot.  ',i'2  gives  a  view  of  the  ChatrMii.  l-'n 
feet  high,  l.")Stfeet  square  at  ha.«e;  ])latform  00  lect  square;  8(1  step-' in  lli'! 
stairway.  Frir(iciiJ^::''"il.  in  NoarcUcs  Aiiiialcs  dcs  lot/.,  1841,  torn,  .xcii , 
1..  304. 

''  'Tenia  dolante  la  osealera  del  corte  (of  tJie  castle)  algo  aparlc  d"^ 
teatros  de  eanteria  pequenos  de  a  quatro  esealeras,  y  enlosados  por  ariili:' 
en  que  dizen  rej>reseutavau  las  farsas  y  comedias  para  solaz  del  pucblc. 
Landa,  Rclucion,  p.  344. 


CHICHEN-THE  GYMNASIUM. 


281 


Stone  Ring  at  Cliichen. 

))illars  and  door-posts,  witli  carved  zapote  lintels  ap- 
|it'iii',  Itut  what  seemed  to  Mr  Stephens  "the  iL;-reatest 
«;viii  of  alioriginal  art  which  on  the  whole  Continent 
of  America  now  survives,"  was  the  series  of  paintinj^s 
ill  lii'inlit  colors  which  cover  the  wall  and  ceilini^  of 
iiiir  of  the  chanihers.  The  paintini^s  are  so  much 
tlaiiiiined  and  the  i)laster  so  scratched  and  fallen,  that 
the  cDiuiei-tion  of  the  whole  cannot  he  made  out,  hut 
(Iftachcd  suhjects  were  copied,  one  of  which  is  the 
l)oat  lepresented  in  the  cut,  inserted  here  hecause  of 
the  rarity  of  all  species  of  watercraft  in  our  surviving 


fslT^ 


Painted  Boat  in  the  Gymnasium. 


f 


?!^, 


'.S\>     I 


'.a 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 

relics  of  Jibori^iiiiil  (Iccoratioii.  Tlio  otlior  paintings 
rei)rusL!ut  huiiuiii  liin'iire.s  iii  various  ])ostiiros  and  (kcu- 
pations,  l)attlL'S,  ])r(x't'ssions,  lioiisos,  trees,  aiul  oIIk  r 
objects.  J)liie,  red,  yellow,  and  yreen  are  the  colors 
enijtloyed,  all  the  liunian  figures  moreover  beini^'  tiiit-d 
a  reddish  hrown.  It  is,  however,  the  supposod  iv- 
sonihlance  of  these  fii-'ures  to  some  of  the  .Azttc 
scul})ture  and  picture-writings  that  j^ave  this  looi!! 
and  tlie  one  helow  it  in  tlie  same  huildinn'  tlieir  t^ic:  t 
im}>oi-tance  in  ^[r.  Stephens'  eyes.  We  sluill  he  Let- 
ter (jualilied  to  a[»i)reciate  this  resemhlance  after  (Hir 
study  of  Mexican  anti([uities  in  a  future  clmptri'. 
The  lower  room  referred  to  has  its  inner  surface  i\- 
])osed  to  the  open  air,  the  outer  wall  liavin^-  ral'.cn, 
it  is  covered  with  Htii'ures  sculj)tured  in  has-relief  also 
originally  painted,  of  Vthieli  a  specimen  is  shown  ia 


..l) 


mmmsmmn 


Si'ulptiirc'd  De-*!},'!!  in  the  Gymuasiuin. 

the  cut,  consistintjf  of  Innnan  forms,  each  with  ])linni d 
head-dress,  and  hearinn"  in  his  hand  what  seems  tn 
he  a  hunch  of  s[)ears  or  arrows,  marching-  in  a  piM- 
cession,  or  as  the  natives  say,  engaged  in  a  dau't'. 
One  hundred  feet  from  tlie  northern  and  s(aitliii'!i 
cuds  of  the  i)arallel  walls,  and  very  j)rol)ahly  comiectLil 
with  tliem  in  the  uses  to  which  they  were  hy  tlnii' 
huilders  a[)plied,  are  the  two  small  huildings  at  <•  ami 
(/  of  the  plan.  The  southern  huilding  is  eighty-nin' 
feet  long,  the  northern  only  thirty-five,  contaiiiiii'.;' 
a  single  apartment.      Both  are  much  ruined,  hut 


ea^il 


liriNS  OF  CIIICIIEN. 


presents  tlic  remains  of  two  .seulptmvd  columns,  and 
(iiir  of  tlium  has  carving's  on  the  walls  and  ceilings 
of  its  clianibur  besides.  A  horizontal  row  of  eireular 
lidlcs  ill  tiie  exterior  walls  are  conjectured  hy  ^I. 
\'i(ill(t-K'-i)uc  to  have  held  tiud)ers  which  su})i)orted 
a  kind  of  outer  balcony  or  sun-shade." 


louse 


The  Imildinn'  at  E  on  tlie  plan  is  called  hy  the 
nali\ts  ( 'hiclianclioh,  or  lied  ]{ouse;  Charnay  terms 
it  tlie  Prison.  U's  i'ront  is  shown  in  the  cut,  tlie 
v.lh.Ic    being-   in    an    excellent    state  of   })reservation. 


■if  t!ic  ( 


Sfrii/i,)ls^   Ylll'ilt 


'nil.  Veil,   ii 


|i]).  nOo-l  I.     I'latcs  ;,'ivint,' ii  ^'('IH'i-mI  vi< 


\\ 


vmiiiHimii,  tlic  frmit  (It  tlic  Imilcliiiir  "ii  tlic  fastt'iii   wall,  ainl  lli 


[aiiitnl  ami  s('Ml]itiir('(l  tiL;iir('-i.      '  l,c  iiii>iiiiiiiclit   sc  cuiiiiinsait   ailticfois 


ili'ii\  iiyraiiiiiii's  iicrpt'iiilii'ul 


iiirc-i  ct  para 


ili'ii's,  (run  il 


\  iiii'in'scn\  u'liii,  avci-  jilati'-tonui"  ilis|)ii-i('i>  |Miur  Ics  >|M'clalfu 


•\('l<i|)|M'uu'Ut   lie  cent 


Aux  cx- 


Iiiiiiitrs  ilciix  ]p('tits  (''(lirKcs  sciuiilalilcs,  sur  uni'  CNplaiiailf  dc  six  inetii's  di! 
liaiucur,  duvait'Mt  MTvii  aux  iu;.'('s,  on  d'lialiilatiou  aux  jfuanlicus  du  jrvui- 


IIMSC. 


Of  tlic  l\v(i  cIuuuIh'is  (in  the  castcru  wall,  'la  sccoudi',  I'uli 


ere  au- 


J'lnni  Inn,  est  couxcrtc  dc  jiciuturcs.  ( 'c  sout  dcs  <,^ucni('is  ct  dcs  luctrcs 
'|Uili|iiisinis  a\cc  liarlic  uoirc  ct  drain's  d;ius  dc  vastcs  tuuii(Ucs,  la  tct(^ 
iiniic  lie  coitrnrcs  divcrscs.     J,cs  coulcurs  cinplnvt'cs  sunt  Ic  uoir,   ic  jaunc, 


If  ripii^c,  ct  ic  lilauc 

Slllfll, 


.1) 


!IU»  It 


lias  ct  (Ml  dcliors  du  ludiuiuicut  sc  trnuvc  la 


lilt  niius  diiMunus  Ics  lias-rclicfs,  (|ui  sunt  ccrtaiuciuciit  cc  iiii'il  y  a  \\v, 
jiiiK  cinicMx  il  Cliiclicu-itza.  TdUtcs  Ics  liLTiu'cs  pii  lias-rclicf,  sculptccs  sur 
l''>  iiiiuaiiics  dc  ccttc  sallc,  out,  cduscrvc  Ic  ty|)c  dc  ia  race  iutlii'inic  t'xis- 
tuiUc  ■  I'ldinnnj,    Uidius  Aimr.,   jip.   140-1.     I'liot.  'AW  and  34   «liow   the 


il 


ANTIQIITIKS  OF  VUCATAN. 


The  threo  doorways  load  into  a  corridor  cxtoiidiiiir 
tlio  wljolo  length  of  the  Imildiiiiif,  forty-tlireu  tlit, 
througli  whicli  tlireo  correspondin**'  doorways  ,ni\e 
access  to  three  small  apartments  in  the  rear.  Over 
these  doorways,  and  running  the  whole  length  of  tli(! 
corridor,  is  a  narrow  wtone  tablet  on  which  is  sciilp- 
tui'ed  a  row  of  hieroglyjjhics,  of  which  the  first  iind 
best  preserved  portion  is  shown  in  the  cut.     Their  siin- 


Hieroylyiihic  Tablet  at  Chicl-en. 


ilarity  to,  if  not  identity  with,  the  characters  at  Copaii, 
will  be  seen  at  a  glance.  There  are  traces  of  ])aiiit- 
ing  on  the  walls  of  the  three  rear  rooms.''''  The  huild- 
ing-  D  presents  notliing  of  particular  interest. 

At  F  is  the  Caracol,  or  winding  staircase,  rallL'd 
also  by  Norman  the  ])ome,  a  building  entii'ely  diHci- 
ent  in  form  and  plan  from  any  we  have  seen.  ( )f  the 
two  supporting  rectangular  terraces,  the  lower  is  one 

stMilptnrcil  procession  of  tij^ers  and  that  of  human  fifjurcs,  of  which  I  liiivc 
tjiven  a  jiortion  in  my  text.  'On  ohs(!rvi'ra  ([iie  h's  joints  ih's  piciics  nc 
sont  jiiis  cdiijir.s-  coiifoinu'ment  ii  riiahitmh!  th's  coiistructiniis  d'c/)//"// //.<. 
niais  ((lie  les  picrrcs,  ne  foniiant  ]ias  liaisini,  jiivseiitent  pliisicurs  juiiils  Ics 
nns  au-(h"ssns  (h-'s  uutres,  ct  ne  tieinient  que  par  I'adiiL'rence  (h's  iimitifrs, 
qui  les  reunit  an  l>ioca,i,'e  inteiieur.  Par  le  fait,  ces  parcments  ne  sunt  luitic 
•:hose  qu'une  (h'coration.  nn  revetement  eoih' ih'vaut  uii  massif.'  I'inlhl-li. 
Dw,  in  A/.,  pp.  48-'.).  Walls  stand  on  fouinhitions  ahout  1(1  feet  hiizli;  ciA- 
umns  two  feet  in  diauu'ter;  walls  'i.')!)  x  l(i  x  "JO  feet  and  \'M)  feet  ;i|i:irt; 
bnildin;^  of  southern  wail  (eastern,  Norman  liavinj;  completely  lost  lii--;i'ck- 
ouiuj^  at  Chiihen  in  tin;  jjoints  of  the  conii)ass)  '24  feet  ni;,'h;  rinj;s  two  I'ccI 
thick;  line  of  ruhhish  in  form  of  a  curve  eonuecliu;;  main  and  cml  \vail> 
(*;  ami  (/).  (ieueral  view  of  the  Temple  and  cutof  the  rini^.  Nonmni's  Ham- 
blrsiii.  Yiic,  pp.  lll-l.-).  Walls  '2i>-2  x  18  x  '27  feet.  Fricdinrlislh'il,  in 
NuiircllcH  AiiindiA  ilcs  ]'(>!/.,  1841,  torn,   xcii.,  ]).  'AOi). 

'''•*  Cuts  fmmStcii/tni.s'  Yiicutaii,  vol.  ii.,  i)p.  3(»()-l.  Terrace  ").")  hy  (i'-'lci'l; 
stairway '20 feet  wiile;  liuildiu>;'23  I)y43.  lb.  'l''onndationsof  ahoiu  luciity 
feet  in  hoijjht,  which  were  surrounded  and  sustained  by  well-cciin'iitcil 
walls  of  hewn  stone  with  curved  anj^des'  '240  feet  in  circumference.  Hiiilil- 
iufj; '21  bv  40  feet.  'Across  these  halls  were  beams  of  wood,  ereasi'd  as  if 
they  had  been  worn  by  hammock-ropes.'  Xoninni's  lliniibhn  in  Viii-.,  \\y. 
124-.").  Foundation  only  two  mo.tres  hij^h,  but  ])hoto^'rai)h  .'U  shows  tliis  to 
be  an  error.  C/i(irii(Hf,  jiitiucs  Anirr.,  ]).  ,344.  'J)enx  petits  temi)lcs  (liaiul 
D),  ayiiiit  leur  fa(,:ade  an  sud  et  i\  Test;  le  vcstil)ule  dn  ])remier  csi  unie 
d'hieroj^lyphes.'  Frkdcriclisthal,  \i\  Nouvclles  Aunaks  iks  Voy.,  1841,  toiii. 
xcii.,  p.  305. 


\% 


rillCIIEN  -THE  rAHAroL. 


2:55 


Over 

of  tlio 

HCUlp- 

rst  and 
uir  hIui- 


if  ])irnit- 
LC  build- 

3,  calk'd 

y  ditVur- 

( )f  tlu" 

i3r  is  oiK' 


ell  I  liavf 

|)icncs  lie 

I  iijiin'i  il^. 

jiiilits  Ics 

iMinticrs, 

sunt  ant IV 

\'i„llii-l<- 

lii-h;  M- 

t'ct  ii|ii\rt; 

t  h\>  It'll-- 

s  twii  iVct 

(■ml  \\M> 

{(ll'.s  lidlii- 

■lisllii'l,   ill 


l,y(WtV('l; 
out  twenty 
ll-cciiifiiti'il 
re.  liuiM- 
roa.-i'il  as  if 
■/(  Yi!':,  VV- 
lows  tins  to 
il)lc-  (I',  ami 
KT  I'si  iirm' 
,  1841,10111. 


liini(livd  and  fifty  by  two  liuiKlrod  and  twenty-tliroo 
t'ri't.  and  till'  upper  is  tifty-fivo  by  eighty  fcot.  A 
stairway  of  twenty  stops,  forty-tivo  feut  wide,  leads 
II I )  to  the  former,  and  another  oi'  sixteen  stej)s,  i'orty- 
tuo  feet  wide,  to  the  latter.  The  lower  staiiway  had 
;i  balustrade  formed  of  two  intertwined  serpents.  On 
{\\v  upper  jtlatform  is  the  Caraeol,  a  circular  buildii  ; 
twenty-two  feet  in  diameter  and  about  twenty-lbur 
fi'ct  lii,Ljh,  its  roof  bein,LC  dome-shaped  instead  of  flat. 
The  annexed  suction  and  ground  plan  illustrate  its 


The  Caracol  at  Cliii'lien. 

pocidiar  construction.  Two  narrow  corridors,  witli 
|ilasti  red  and  j)ainted  walls,  extend  entirely  i-ound  the 
<  iivuinference,  and  the  centre  is  apparently  a  solid 
mass  of  masoniy.**" 

The  only  remaining  monument  at  Chichen  which 
'Kniaiids  ])articular  mention  is  that  at  C  on  the  jjl'an. 
Here  occur  large  numbers,  three  hundred  and  eighty 

*^  Sfrplini.s''  yiirritrni,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  298-;?aO,  with  view  of  flic  Imihlirif,'. 
liiis  author  is  at  fault  so  far  as  (liiiieiisions  mi'  conccriicd,  siiicd  4  and  5 
tict,  tile  wiilth  of  tilt'  roiridors,  and  :i{  feet,  half  the  diameter  of  the  sohd 
'iiitral  iiiass,  i-xieed  II  feet,  iialf  tiie  diaiiielcr  of  the  whole  Ipuildin;.',  I0 
siy  iKitliiii;;  of  the  two  wall.s.  'Jlati  en  nianii-re  de  niiir  i'l  liuiaeon.'  C/iar- 
«".'/,  Riiiiir.i  Aiiirr.,  ]).  IU4.  'I'op  of  ih-st  terrace,  :«)  feet  liij;h,  125  feet 
M|iiare;  second  terrace  .")(>  feet  s<inare  and  12  feet  liiKh;  <>i'  ll'is  terrace  is  a 
liyiaiiiiilical  s(|nare  ,")(»  feet  iiij,di,  divided  into  rooms;  on  the  centre  of  this 
•-)iiaie  is  the  Dome  -'three  conic  strueture.f,  one  within  the  other,  a  si)ace 
"t  six  f(  ,'t  iiitervenin;;-;  each  cone  coiiimnnicatiii;.''  with  thi?  others  hy  iloor- 
v.ays.  the  inner  one  formin;;  the  shaft.  At  the  heit^ht  of  aliout  ten  feet, 
tliecoiK's  are  united  hy  means  of  transoms  of  /njiorte.  Arouiul  these  rones 
iiii'  e\  idciiics  of  s|iiral  stairs,  leadinj^  to  the  summit.'  It  is  clear  tliat  either 
^*ti'|ilieiis'  cles(ri|ition  or  that  of  Norman  is  very  incorrect.  Norman  coin- 
jiaivs  this  Dome  to  a  '(Jreenan  Temple'  in  Donegal,  Irelainl.  liamhlex  in 
}'ii'-,  pji.  IIS-|<»,  with  a  cut  which  a^'rees  with  Stepliens'  cut  and  text. 
Iiiwer  .lit  feet  hi;;h,  .Sd  feet  in  diameter;  surroundin};  wall  7.")li  feet  in  circum- 
t'TiMice  and  twenty-live  feet  high.  Friedcrichsthal,  in  Nouvelka  Annates  dot 
i"y ,  ISJI,  torn,  xcii.,  p.  305. 


2^0 


ANTUiriTIKS  OF  YICAT.W. 


liaviiiL,^  l)('(jM  counted,  of  siniiU   s(jii!ir(!  colmims  frum 


tliiuu  to  six  f'cot  lii''"li, 


lot' 


c'iK'li  coiiiposL'd  ot   several  scpa 


il 


I'atu  |Muci's,  oiiu  [ilaccil  <jii  iiiiotlier,  staiidiiii,'  in  vnw- 
of  I'nMn  tliruo  to   tivu  aWrcast,  round  an  open   sp; 


ITf 


SO 


luc  lour  hun(lr(!d  tout  sipiarc,  ;uid  also  cxtciidiii;. 


roi^iilailv  Ml  otluT  directions  in  connuctioii  with  v.m- 
ous  mounds.  The  uso  of  tliuso  columns  is  t-ntiivlv 
unUnown;  Imt  any  structure  which  they  may  li.ivi; 
supported  must  have  been  of  wood,  since  ahsolutt  Iv 


IK*    vestiuvs    remain 


81 


LiesK 


les   tl 


le  monuments 


(Ic 


scrihed,  there  are  the  usual  heaps  of  ruins,  moini(is, 
fallen  walls,  and  scul[)tured  blocks,  si-attered  ovei'  the 
plain  for  miles  iu  every  direction.  Chichen  was  evi- 
dently a  L>reat  capital  and  religious  centre,  and  it> 
ruins  ]»reseiit,  as  the  reader  has  doubtless  noticed, 
Ncrv  many  jioints  of  contrast  with  those  of  the  cni- 
tral  (»!•  IJxmal  ,j4'rou[>.''- 

Ivuins  are  mentioned  by  ^Ir  ^Yappaus  as  oxistlip^ 
at  'rinum,  a  short  distance  north-west  of  Chiclnii; 
and  ai'e  also  indicjited,  on  Malte-Brun's  maj)  aliv:nlv 
refeired  to,  at  Espita,  still  farther  north,  and  at  Xiutii, 
a  few  miles  south  of  Valladolid.  At  Sitax,  near  Ti- 
num,  a  vase,  'something"  of  the  P^truscan  shaj)t,',  iVnin 
some  of  the  ruined  cities,  was  seen  by  Mr  Noiiii.iii. 
At  C'oba,  eastward  from  Valhulolid,  the  curate  nf 
Cliemax,  in  a  rej)ort  of  his  district  prepared  foi'  tln' 

"^  Fmir  liumliT.l  iMid  eij^Iity  1i:i><es  of  ovortliniwn  rohiiini-*.  '  Hcs  ciilnii- 
ii;nli'si|iii,  liii'ii  i|ii('  iruiic  I'diisiriictiim  lourdc,  suriiri'iiiii'nt  |i;ii'  Iciir  clcinliii'.' 
Friri/rrir/i!i//ii(/,  Inc.  cit.,  \>]t.  302,  300;  Strjihcnn'  \  nciilaii,  vol.  ii.,  |i|>.  .'fl7-l\ 
ami  vit'w. 

"^  '  Mail  till'  Spaiiiiinls  st'looti'il  this  for  Xhy  site  of  tiicir  city  of  ViillailHlJil, 
11  few  k'a;riii's  distant,  il  is  lii;,dily  |iroliaUl('  tiiai  :!ot  a  vcsti^^i-  of  flic  aiiciciil 
clilici's  would  now  lie  seen.'  (riillntin,  in  Aimr.  Ktinn).  Sue.,  Ti'iiiisiifl.,\u\. 
i.,  ]).  171.  '  Lieu  (|ui  oIlVi!  lieaucoa]!  rapparence  d'ure  \  ille  sainte.'  /'/'/"A- 
riihitknl,  loc.  cit.,  p.  ;$|M).  |)r  Arthur  Sdiolt  disconrse>,  in  the  >'»'///'• 
s'niidii  li'/if.,  1S71,  pp.  4'2',i-'}.  on  a  face,  or  luaslv,  of  ^.eniia;,'atized  xvnlili'. 
still  heariu;,'  th(!  marks  of  siiicilied  coniferous  wooil.  a  fossil  prolialiiy  tnniL:ii 
to  the  soil  of  the  peiiiusnla.'  It  was  found  at  ('liichen,  aiiil  the  |)octor  think' 
it  may  have  .some  deep  niytholoi^ic  meaning,',  which  he  ;^Mieiou>ly  leave- iji 
some  other  ethiiolo^fist  to  decipher.  Norman,  llnni'ihs  in  Viir.,  p.  I'-'i. 
states  that  the  iiewn  hloeksof  stone  at  ("hieheii  are  iiniforiniy  Vl  liv  li  iin  li- 
es. M.  Waldeck,  r«//.  I'itt.,  |).  47,  sjieaks  of  a  re^iorted  silver  collnrhcMr- 
in;r  an  inscription  in  (Ireek,  Ilelirew,  and  I'lioeiiician  letters,  fouicl  in  lln' 
'j;rott('s  cristalliiie.s  de  ("hixlien."  Hut  even  this  enthusiastic  aiitii)Hiiiiaii 
looks  at  this  report  with  much  distrust. 


N(HtTiii:i{.\  (aioip. 


(lovernmiMit,  di'scrilu'd  sli^-litly  rMn<jfos  of  l)iill(linL,''s  in 
two  stniits.  Tliry  arc  saitl  to  Ikj  Imilt  of  stoiirs,  cacli 
of  wliifli  luoasiiivs  six  sfjuart'  yards;  tliis  is  wvy  \\\<.v- 
Iv  ail  erred",  and  no  other  jieciiliarities  were  s|)ol<en 
III'  wditliv  ot"  ineiitioii.  'Die  same  cura  discoNcicd  on 
tilt'  iiacieiida  of  Kantuiiile  i'ar  north-eastward  toward 


\i'  foas 


t  several   mounds,  an<l   in  one  of  tliiiii  three 


tl 

skclftitiis,  at  whose  head  were  two  earthen  vases. 
»»iicof  these  was  tilled  with  tlie  I'elics  shown  in  the 
tilts  oil  the  followini;"  pai'i't!,  consistiii'^  ol"  iiii|tlenieiits, 
iiiiMiiii'iits,  and  two  earved  sliells.  The  shell  cai'vinys 
ill    liiw    relief,  and    the   arrow-heads,  with    which 


iire 


till'  other  \ase   was  nejirlv 


tilled. 


Wl' 


re  of  ohsidian,  a 


material  not  known  to  exist  in   Yncatan,  and  which 


mil 


«t  cniise(|nently  he  su|)|>ose(l  to  ha\f  heeii  hroii^ht 


iViiiii  more  noi'them   volcanic  stati's  of  Me.\ 


ICO,  wlien 


lofl 


ther 


it  fiiriiK'd  the  usual  material  ot  Knives  and  many  o 
ahiiri'^iiial  iin|)lements  and  weapons.  Ijcsides  these 
(liU'crciit  articles,  was  a  horn-handled  ])enknife  in  the 
>amc  vase,  |>rovi;!n'  that  this  hiiriul  deposit  was  made 
>iil)se(|iieiitly   io  the  comiuj;'  of  Kuropeaiis.**'' 

I  now  come  to  the  northern  i;rou|)  of  Yucatan  An- 
tiniiitics.  which  is  separated  iVtuii  the  I'xmal  ^rouj)  hy 
tlic  low  sieri'a  before  mentioned  as  riiiiniiio'  from  north- 
west to  south-east  across  this  portion  of  the  state. 
l'"ii'>t  in  this  utouj)  are  the  ruins  of  the  ancient  'i'icul, 
nil  tlie  hacienda  of  San  Francisco  close'  to  the  imxU'rn 
t'lwii  of  Ticid,  and  Just  across  tlu;  siei'ra  from  Xolica- 
•  ah.  Here  are  thiity-six  mounds,  or  pyramids,  all 
vi>ililt'  from  one  of  the  hiij^hest  when  the  ti'ees  are  free 
troll)  folia<4'e.  Most  of  the  elevations  support  hiiild- 
iii'4's,  hut  these  arc  so  completely  ruined  that  nothiiio- 
i-in  he  known  of  the  orioinal  city,  save  that  it  must 
liavf  l)cfii  of  i>-reat  extent.  These  ruined  ])iles  have 
>■  rvcil  as  (juarries  to  supply  huikliiio-  material  at 
lifiil,  which  is  almost  entirely  built  of  stone.     Many 

'^  U'lip/iinis,  Grofi.  V.  S/iif.,  ]).  141;  Xonndit's  Itumblcs  in   Yiir.,  p.  87; 
•'<l'-liliriis  Yuattaii,  vol.  ii.,  jiji.  :{t()-i. 


li 


238 


ANTIQL  ITIKS  OF  YUCATAN. 


KELICS  AT  TICUL. 


i;w 


relics  ai'c  preserved  in  the  town,  l)ut  the  only  one  par- 
ticular! v  nutieed  is  the  earthen  vase  jshown  in  the  cut. 


It    I- 


i\f    inclics   in    Gwiinetor  and  four  an* 


niilu's  lii'^h,  and  the  reader  wi 


adt 


ill  not 


j<-e  a   sum 


d 
hii-it 


I  all 

V    nt 


■twccn  the  Hu'ures  on  its  front  and  tl 


lose  cai'vcc 


sty^ 
oil 

lictwccii    two    of  the    mounds    of  San    Francist 


t!u'  liurial  relies   of  Kantunile  previously  shown. 


o,    a 


si|uari 


4oiH'  wall    tilled    with    earth  and  st 


ones   was 


<il>ciiril,  ,111(1  in  it,  under  a  lar^'e  ilat  stone,  was  I'ound 
:i  skrhrnii  sitting'  with  knees  a^'ainst  th^  stomach  ;ind 
liaiids  chispiiin'  the  neck,  facin<j^  the  west.  In  connec- 
tion with   this   skeleton    were    found   a    lar^i'   cai'tln'ti 


\-;i 


SC,      (1|' 


water-jar.   empty,  and  a  tleer'shoi'ii  iu;ed 


Jirii  at   one  end  and    havini-'  an    eve  at  the  other. 


240 


ANTIQIITIKS  OF  YUCATAX. 


ii 


im 


Ml'  Xoi"in;ui  ciills  tliis  ^-I'oii])  of  inoiiuds  Icliniul,  siqi- 
poises  tlit'in  all  to  l)t'  se])u]chros,  and  says  that  scvunj 
have  l)L't!ii  o[)unc(l  and  disclosed  sittini^' skele^'oiis,  with 
])ots  at  their  feet,  and  even  interior  looms.  Al.  W'al 
deck  l)ri(^riy  mentions  in  many  |!arts  of  liis  work  tlif 
ruins  of  'I'ixuahijtun,  wliich  may  ])ossil)ly  he  identical 
with  Ti(-nl,  and  which  hear  carved  stones,  indi'atinn' 
l>y  tlieii"  numhei'  and  position  in  the  walls  an  jc^e  (if 
at  least  three  thousand  years.'"" 

Ahout  ten  miles  northward  of  Ticul,  and  twcntv- 
fivc  miles  south wai'd  of  Merida  is  the  rancho  ot'  San 
J(iai|iiiii,  included  in  the  hacienda  of  Xcaiichakan.  nii 
which  are  the  I'emairis  of  Mayajian,  the  ancient  .Mav;i 
capital.  Accoi'dinj.;'  to  the  traditional  annals  ot'  tlir 
counti'v  Mavai)an  was  destroyed  hv  an  eneniv.  in  nur 
of  the  nii.ny  civil  contiicts  that  desolated  yucataii. 
not  much  more  than  a  century  l>t!foi'e  tlie  Spun'isii  con- 


fy-P  ' 


I  iii  ! 


r:riNs  of  .mayapan. 


!U 


iiui'sf.  XumrTons  mduiids,  .scuttcrcd  Idocks,  niul  a  few 
niiiHil  liuil<liii"4s  are  all  that  rciiiain  to  recall  the  city's 
i!iicir!it  sjileiider.  The  best  j)reserve(l  mound  is  that 
I  ill  till'  iJrecedin^"  cut,  one  hundred  feet  s(juaie  at 
nd  sixty  I'eet  ]ii'>h,  with  a  stairwav  twenty- 
centiv   of  each  side.      The  toj)  is 


hoWl 


the    li;isr.    a 


liv, 


a    II 


■t   wide  111 


itl 


nil  stone  plattorui,  witli  no  si'^-ns  ot   its  eyer  luiv 


f    lt^ 


h 


■■s\\\ 


;e 


!  1 


212 


ANTItiUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


iiijjC  .sii])j)()rtc(l  any  buildinjjf.      Most  of  tlie  sciilptiuvd 
ii-;i.>iii(jiits  co'it.-iiu  only  parts  of  ornaniontal  (lisiniis 
and  are  fittod  with  tenons  by  which  tliey  were  proli- 
ahly  secured  on  the  front  walls,  as  at  IJxmal.     Om 
l)uildin!j;'  of  the  ordinary  type  was  sufficiently  eiitiiv  to 
show  the  triann-ular  ceiling-.      A  circular  huildinL;  sim- 
ilar to  that  described  at  Chichen  was  also  noticed,    h 
is  twenty-Hve  feet  in  diameter,  and  twenty-four  tli.t 
hinh,  witli  only  a  sin<j;-le  doorway  facing'  the  west.     A 
single  coriidoi-  only  three  feet  wide  I'uns  entirely  louml 
the  edifice,    the   outer  wall   beinsj;'  five  feet  tliick,  and 
the  iiuier  wall    is   a  solid   circular   mass  of  stoni'  and 
mortar   nine  feet  in  thickness.     The  interior  walls  i<\ 
the  corridoi'  are  plastered  with  several  coats  of  stuccd, 
and  yet  I'etain  vestii^es  of  yellow,  blue,  red,  and  wliitr 
paint.      The  j)recedin<»'  cut  shows  the  extei'ior  (d"  this 
structure,  and  also  gives  a  good  idea  of  the  similar  on" 
at  Chichen.    On  a  terrace  of  the  mound  which  sii|i|)nrt> 
this  dome,  arc  eight  round  eolunms,   two  and  a  Ii;di 
feet   in   diameter,  and  each  composed  of  five  stoii^^ 
])la(^ed    one    upon    another.      Among    the    sculpliiivd 
l)locks    with    which   the  country  for  miles  aidiind  i- 
strewn,  are  some  which  differ  from  those  mentioned  ;.- 
jtiirts  of  facade  decorations.      They  are  rudely  caiMd, 
and  each  re[)i'esents  a  subject  complete  in  itseif     Twi 
of   these,   one    four  and  the    other   three    feet    Iiiiili. 
together    with   some   of  the  decorative  fragments  a! 
huled   to,  ju'e  shown   in  the  cut  on  the  ojtposite  pau' 
An  idol  was  also  found  in  one  of  the  subterram  an  na- 
sages  of  a  senote.     The  iidiabitants  of  the  locality  it 
]>ort  that   the   ruins  extend   over  the  ])lain    within  i 
circumference  of  three  miles,  and  that  the  foumlati' n- 
yet  rt  main  of  a  wall  that  once  surrounded  the  fit  v." 


'''•  Sfr/i/imx'    Yiiralan,   vol.  I.,    pp.    1,30-9,    with  cuts;    Ilidtln-iii'.t  .l« 
Aiinr.,  p|i.  l'J7--'.».  willi  cut.s.     Near  the  villa^jc  «if  'relclia([tiillii.    Il'"/'/"'' 
(riiiif.  II.  Sfiif.,  |i.  1-11.     SiiiTomiilt'cl  l)y  ii  (litcli  that  can  he  liaii'd  fur  llirc 
miles.    Miiii/if,    \'iiiiiiip\  torn,    i.,   pp.    1".H  ">.      'Sc    dice  (pie   Maxap.-iii 
i'stalia  miira<la,    pcm   liic  ileiimliila  iiasta  siis  ciiiiientds,  y  iiniciiniiili'  i"- 
};iaii<!es  miiiitcmes  de  picdran  iiidiiaii  ((lie  file  una  '^nm  pohlacinii.'  /  /'  '  ■ 
riiisu,  in  Itiijislrn  )'>ir  ,  torn,  i.,   Ji.  'JtKi. 


RELICS  OF  TIHOO  AT  MKIJIDA. 


AR'riilii,  the  capital  of  Yiu-ataii,  was  1>uilt  by  tlir 
l^|iaiilsli  (oiKjuoroi'w  on  the  I'uinsof  tin-  al)(U•i^■illal  city 
lit'  Tiiioo,  thu  ancient  mounds  furnishiiiif  niati.rial  to 
thf  liuildcrs  of  the  modern  town.      Ordv  vcrv  slii-lit 


vcstu 


■fS     () 


f  Til 


loo 


remani ;  vet  ni 


tlie  1 


MWer  ( 


■loist 


ers 


(if  the  I'^iaiiciscan  convent,  wliich  is  known  to  liavc 
lii't'ii  tiv<ted  over  an  ancient  monnd  and  huildino-,  tlif 
S|l;llli^ll  archit(,'cts  left  one  of  the  jcj^-idiar  alioniiiiial 
unlit  >  intact,  mdess  we  sn]))>osc  that  they  imitated 
such  111!  ;ir»h  in  their  own  w»trk.  which  is  most  un- 
liktly.  l)isho|)  Landa  descrilK's  and  ilhistrate's  with 
ii  mnaiiul  j)lan    one  of   the   hirLjest   and  finest  of  the 

rilidu  stiuctiires,  as  it  was  in  the  sixtt  »nth  eentni  v. 

hi  II, list  ivspects  his  desi'ripti<»n  aj^-rees  exactly  with 

till'   iiiins  of   the    iirander   class    already   mentioned. 

Ihc  su|i|)i)vtiniic  in<-un<l  has  two  retreatin>»"  terraces  on 


all  sKli's  e\ce 


I II VII 

iiilii. 


l.tt 


)0   Wt.'? 


tern,  wliich  side  see-ms  to  hav 


|K  ipendicular  to  its  '\\\\  Ini-^ht.      Stairways  run 
tin;  whole  kiij^ih  i»i   the  mouud  lead  up  to  th< 


tiit 


A\TIi>nTIi:S  OF  Yi'CATAX. 


eastern  h1<>[»l's,  and  on  the  s;iiiinilt  ])latr(ii'in  i.s  a  cuiii't- 
yard  surnttindod  l»y  four  hiiildiii'^s,  liko  the  ( ',i>,i dc 
AEoiiias  at  l^Kuial.  A  LTateway  leads  throii'jii  tin 
coiitro  of  l)()t,li  eastern  and  western  ])nildinL;'s,  .iiid  du, 
of  tiiese  ij;ati.!\vays  is  iv))resented  l>y  J^anda  as  li;iviiiu 
a  round  areli,  the  other  hchiL""  of  the  or(Unaiv  lorin. 
The  l)uildhi<j;'s  are  divided  into  a  single  rani^e  of  muhH 
apartments  opening'  on  the  court,  except  the  soiithoiii. 
Avliieli  has  two  lar^e  rooms,  and  in  IVont  of  wiiiili  \v,i> 
a  _i>'allery  su})[)ortcd   hy  a  row  of  s(|uai'e  ])illais.     \ 


)und  hnil(hn>'  or  r(>om  is  also  mentioin^l  in  i 


i\ 


tion  wi 


th  tl 


le   western   ran^'e. 


Landa  ah 


•nlilitr 


•O     lllrlitl(.ill> 


se 


veral  otiior  structui'es,  inl■ludill^•  tlic  one  owv  win 


ISl' 


I'llUlS 
(Irk 


tl 


le 


rancisoan    conve 


nt  was    huilt.      M.   \V; 


mentions  au  (.^^cavation  m  a 


H'ardt 


n  ol  till'  citv. 


whirli  is  twenty-three  hy  thirty  feet,  and  tiftceii  fcot 
deep,  with  douhle  walls  three  and  six  feet  thick,  wlieiv 


the   1 
If 

])ai't,- 


>onc 


e  also  Si 

60 


O 


f  a  ta| 


ar  and    o 


ther 


hones    Were    (111-. 


LW  here  several  idols  collected  from  ditHjrL'Ut 


•L 


(IS  ('s|)niiol('s  |iiii(|iiriiii  ai|iii  una  oilnlad.  y  llaniariinla 


11^ 


M 


rnihi.  Iliir  ];l 


cstraMc/a  y  ;jiiinil<'/a 


(le   I 


Ds  cillllCM 


As  to   tl 


can 


1  it  in 


nias  (le  iios  carif 


as  (le  (•al)alli>' — tliat 


ic  si/(.'  (it   the  |iyiaiiii'l  nidi- 


IS  twh'C  a>  lai'  a>  ,i  Im 


run  witlidut  takiuL'  hnatli  -in  extent.     The  cenicnl  is  niailc  \\  ilii  ihi 


luice 


)f    II 


iiai'l 


(it   a   certain  tne. 


(luartiis  nos  (Ini  el  ailelantado 


MdUt 
■I 


'Kl  ,, 


rinieid   edilicKi  < 


Ic  I. 


iiMir 


ejo  ii  uo^dtids  liccliii  un  niiiMic  a>iii ' 
nii|i:aniiisle  y  emus  liccho  eu  el  cdii  su  ]ird|iiia  iiie(lra  un  razunalilc  iii'iii- 


lerii 


t(i(I(i  lie 


liiedra  y  una  liueiui  y 


:lesi. 


anianids  la  .Mailic  >i( 


Uu- 


J.'iii(li(,  R'ltifiiiH,  |i]i.  ."{."id-S,  with  cut.      'I'.nirc  a(|U(  1  cerni,  y  dim  ciiiiin 


fU( 


a    niaiid.   (|IH'  esta 
furi< 


'   1 


irte  ( )iientai  de   la   <  'iudad 


iclimi;; 


lada.  y  eran  tan  ;,'randes,  ([ue  c(in  la  piedra  (|ue  auia  iii  d  \ 
e-iahan,  se  oluaiiin  (|uantd-  edilicids  ay  en  la  (iudad,  cdii  ((ue  i|'iidii  ici 
id  sitid  llano,  (|uc  es  la  IMa(;a  niayor  oy,  y  sns  (|uailras  en  cdntdinn,  y 


del  d( 
line 


a   |iar(e  ( (iicnial,  se  edilicd  iine.-trd  Cduuentd  pdr  ( . 


Uecliii  niuclia 


asas,  V  td(l( 


'  (inuenld,    \' 


'  ccrca:: 
loia  (!(.■ 


iMejdrada,  (pie  taniliieii  es  iiuestro.  y  tiene  material   para  dtins  imiv  i^ 


IMac 


tijlh 


Ihnh,,     ilisf.    y 


).  las. 


A 


lentre  dims  cerros,  vn(M|ue  ilainaliant 


Ilia    )uiit(>  a 


Idiidi. 


de  de  his  Km 


era  de    Idnh 


len(> 


de  arhiile(lii 


/'/.,  I).  14'.t.     Til 


1(1(1  w.e 


c.-l;l  :l(ini 
-..  :i.lii|-atiii 
liiiill  livl: 


ttnlXiu 


I  had  a  e(d(dirated  teiiiiile  td'l{aUluiii-(  lia.ilii,  the  '^hi.^'i  '' 


tt'ifs.-^rift'    I 


/.      / 


tiiiirhiiiir'i. 


Hist. 


r-. 


]i.iti( 


del 


ltd  de  S.  Kraiiciscd  esta  una  eruz. 


'/.  Cir.,  tdiii.    II.,  pp.  S 


■Ki 


cdiiveiito  se  veil  ami  alLTunas  juedras  curKt-ainente  ialiradasenu 


Kii  la  hueit:i  del  liiiMi 
h 


L's  i'l  lii  aiiti'iua  riiniana,  y  piiniea.'  A/njrr,  Hist,  ('nni/ 


f.  J, 


ilil-VlU" 

Idii 


ji.  II-'. 


Th 


<  hi  ijfiKire  ipii 


ildiii<r 


s  were  'cdiistruits  en  pierres  lU' 


es  a  liali- 


parait  (|ue 


taillv  fdii  ^'liiiidi 
io  .1 


tnt  a\aiit    la   imi^-aiicc  'le 


siis-( 'hiist,   car  il   V  a\ait   au-dessii.s  des   arhr( 


au~-~i 


lilX  <\ 


eroissaieut  lui  pied,     (.'es  batiiaeiUii  out  eiim  toi»es  de  haiitour,  el  »Jiit  *-'^'' 


I'VKA.MII)  AM)  COLIMNS  OF  AKH. 


2i5 


Sdiiic  twoiity-fivo  miles  east  of  ^Vferida,  at  a  jilaeo 
cilK'il  Ake,  hai'ely  mentioned  in  the  annals  ot"  tlio 
((llll|llt.■;^t  as  the  locality  where  a  hattle  was  foni^hfc 
ln'twci'u  the  Spaniai'ds  and  ^[ayas,  are  the  ruins  of 
all  iili(iii"inal  eitv;  ruins  which,  accordinn'  to  Mr  8te- 
liliiii--,  tlieir  only  visitor,  have  a  ruder,  older,  and  more 
(•vi'l(i|K'aii  ail'  tlian  any  others  seen.  Some  of  tiie 
>toih's  here  em])loyed  are  seven  I'eet  lon^'.  ( >ne  re- 
in;irk.il»Ie  feature  is  a  ])yi'aiiiid,  whose  sunnnit  plat- 
iiirm  is  fifty  l>y  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet,  and 
sii|i]ii»ii-;  tliirty-six  colunms,  each  four  I'eet  scjuare,  and 
tVniii  fi-ui'tcrn  to  sixteen  feet  lii^'h.  These  cohnnns 
arc  urraii'^cd  in  three  pai'allel  rows,  ten  feet  a})ai't 
tiKiii  iini'th  to  south,  and  Hfteen  feet  from  enst  to  west. 
Kiicli  cohnnn  is  ((jmposed  of  st.'\'eral  s([uar<'  stones. 
A  8t;iir\v;iy  out,'  hundi'ed  and  thirty-seven  feet  wide. 


w 


itli  stips  seventeen  inches  hi.n'h,  and  four  feet  five 
■[),   leads   up  the  southern   sloj)e.      ( >f  tiiis 


llU'llt- 
IIIUUIK 


1   Mr  Stciihens  sav: 


It 


was  a   new  and  ex 


tiMdii!  n.iiy  feature,  entirely  different  from  any  we 
iiad  s.  (11.  and  at  the  veiy  end  (if  our  journey,  when 
i|i|ioscd  oin'si;lves  famihar  with  the  character  of 

til 


we  si 


Aiiuiicaii  ruins,  threw  over  tliem  a  new  air  of  mys- 
tiiv.       In'tweeii   Me'rida  and  Mayapan  is  mentioned 

the  road  aii<l  extends  far  on 


il  sfolU'  w , 


wliicli  crosses 


ither  side  into  the  fori.'st.      Near  hv  i 


s  also  an  a'''uada, 


•IK 


1  I'V  t:ie  inhahitauts  to  he  of  artificial   formation. 


'luts  Oil  picm's  >('clu'>;  ail  Mumiiict  ile  I'c-*  '''ihliic-.  >ciiit  (|nati('  a|ijiMili'iii('iits 


■Hvisi' 


-i  I'll  icllllli's  ciinmii'   rcl 


IIIOIIU- 


\K  lie  lilVtiv 


janiliaui''*  'i»'s  ixirtos  «<>iit  li  iin  simiI  iiKincaii,  ( 


V"llt,.. 

;iio  n 


i/>  ,1  lu  mi 


hi,  L. 


II  7 


unt  viii;;t    \\v 


.tc   liPli;^  ft 


.■t  V'  1 


laut  est 


.(  ■ 


iiiiiliillis,    I  i/V,,s(ri('  I.,  tnlil.    \. 


'  III  ilillcnMit  |>ari>  of  «\u' eitv  art' tlic  ifiniiiiiMil   Imliaii  Imild 


'/.  .1. 


sn>tll:il  MiTidfl  (••  liuiit  iiti  ll 


ii  .  !>.  :V,tS.      M 


Kiilaini" 


.\. 


iiti'iitiii 


.1    Mi 


V  II' 
Mall.'-Iti 


iirjs. 
i.  •-'."■)!», 

r/s  ill' 


''1:       I'llM  VI.,       jl.       -Mi.").       llH 


itoillKls  Mirida  witli   tin'  viiiiis  farllicr  smilli 


IS.l 


r»'  S>/ii.      See   iiifiitioi)    in   .\'/ 


lM:t.  t 


1".  s;  n.tiihri,  Vi.ii.  rut.,  jip.  •_>:{,  .-..vr.;  .V( 


M'Ml.,    |i.    '.\, 

Mithlii 


lllllfi 


ill  .1  / 


Kih 


fill  II II  .s 

r/li's 

III).  Sill'. 


Ui, 

J  I' 

T, 


'.III  I 


\ 


llr.^  ,1,  s    \ 


/iIiiiik'  I  >^'<)^f»,  vol.  i..  III).  (M-S 


/ill.  ]i]>.  •J4H-4;    .Moi'i/rf,    ]'iiifiii/i,  toll 


>V, ,,/, 


iii'itfii, 


I""*.  '. 


■  <l.  w.  .>(•,»/,, 


II. 


•I.  ii..  ]..  44(>-  t. 


''»!<•<  ■<ulil  toil 


1..  !•. 


.  illi  |>lat(' 


",'/■ 
vol.  i. 

]i.   'Jdil 

,  I/'"/' 


iiioiiiiMiciits  Ics   plus  aiii'iciis,   (liiiit    Ics 


■  llll^  SMt    Ivs  iirttlV 


lll^vvs  ll  cIloi'Mifs  liliiis   ill'    iPlcnrs    lililti'>,    ]M 


i|ll('li|llrtiiis 


il'uil   1 


IL'U 


ins  aiiiMin  fiiiu'iit  i|ui  Irs  uiii--.-i'.     'I'd-"  soiit  Irs  I'lli- 
.  oisiii  ill-  I  li.niiiiila  il'Aki,  sitiici'  a  '1~  luilU's  a  rt'r^t-sud-L'.st 


-id»  "f '  i 


r 


ill 


Si 


'  t 


mw 


24(5 


ANTiQrrriEs  or  vicatan. 


Izainal,  soiiujtliiiiij;"  iiioru  tlinii  twenty  miles  I'lirtlur 
eastwai'd,  was  a  city  of  _i>Teat  iiiijiortaiiee  in  al)()iiL;iiial 
times,  as  we  sliall  see  in  tlie  followiiiL,^  volume.  Two 
or  three  immense  j>yramids  are  all  the  vestiges  that 
remain  of  its  former  n'reatness.  The  largest  nioiiiid 
is  hetweeii  seven  and  eiL;ht  hundred  feet  lony',  and  1>l'- 
tween  Hfty  and  sixty  feet  lii^h,  and  jNlr  St(  |i1ilii.s 
"ascertained  heyond  all  douht"  that  it  has  intciinr 
ehamhei's,  coneernini^  whieh  he  very  strangely  ^ivcs 
no  further  information.  ]\I.  Charnay's  ])li()t(iL;ia)(li 
shows  that  this  mound  was  in  two  reeedin^'  .•-taints, 
on  the  slo]»es  of  the  u])))er  of  whii-h  ste])s  aic  still  tn 
be  seen.  The  modern  town  is  huilt  on  the  site  (it*  tlir 
ancient  city,  and  the  mounds  as  elsewhere  lia\c  fiir- 
nislie(l  tlu!  mate)"ial  of  the  later  sti'uctures.  TIkj 
upper  ])(»rtion  of  a  ]>yramid  facini^  the  one  Jilivady 
mentioned  was  lev(ded  (l(»wn,  and  on  the  iowei'  plat- 
form was  erected  the  Franciscan  church  and  convent. 
Another  smaller  mound  is  in  the  courtvards  of  two 
pri\ate  houses,  and  (»n  its  side  near  the  hase  is  tlir 
<ai'a  Ljinantesca,  or  uiuantic  face,  shown  in   the  tut 


(-'am  (ii'MUti'si-ii  at   Izainul. 


(Ic   Mi'ridii.'    Friidirirhi^ihd!,  in    yuuvillcs  Aiiimhs  il(S  Vo>i.,   bll,  turn. 
.\fii.,  II.  ;!  >0. 


Ill' INS  OF  IZAMAL. 


2-17 


It  is  scvou  fuet  wide  and  .sovoii  fcut  uii^lit  iiiclu's  lii'^li. 
Till'  I'caturcs  wc'i'o  first  ruduly  tbrincd  Ity  small  rou^h 
stoiics,  tixud  ill  the  side  of  the  iiiouiid  l)y  means  of 
nmit.ir,  and  afterward  perfected  with  a  stucco  so  liard 
that  it  lias  successfully  resisted  for  centuries  tlie  action 
(it'  air  and  water.  There  were  si^'iis  of  a  row  of  simi- 
lar stucco  ornaments  extendin*^  alon^'  the  side  of  the 
iHDUiid;  and  either  on  this  mound  or  another  near  by, 
M,  (harnay  photographed  a  similarly  formed  face, 
wliicli  is  twelve  feet  high.  These  colossal  stucco  faces 
aiv  the  distinctive  features  of  the  ruins  of  izamal, 
iiiitliiiig  of  the  kind  a})i)earin<»'  elsewhere  in  Yutvitan, 
althdugh  a  slight  resemblance  may  bo  traced  to  the 
i^i^-aatic  faces  in  stone  at  Coi)an.  Bishoj)  iianda  de- 
s  lilies  one  of  the  Izamal  structures  as  it  appeared  in 
his  time,  and  adds  a  plan  to  his  description.  He  re{)- 
ivseiits  the  supporting  pyramid  as  being  over  one 
limidred  feet  high,  with  a  very  stee])  stairway  and 
viiy  high  steps,  being  built  in  a  semi-circular  form  on 
oae  side.  According  to  his  statement  the  editices 
ulit  eleven  or  twelve  in  number,  standing  near  to- 
^vtlier.  Lizana,  another  of  the  eai'ly  writers  on 
Viicataii,  mentions  tive  of  the  sacred  mounds  support- 
ing^ huildings  which  were  already  in  ruins  in  his  time, 
aiul  he  also  gives  the  Maya  name  of  each  temple  with 
its  meaning.  It  should  be  noted,  nioi'(M)ver,  that  Iza- 
mal is,  according  to  the  annals  of  Yucatan,  the  l)urial 
|ilace  of  Zamna,  the  great  semi-divine  founder  of  the 
aai-ieiit  Maya  power.^ 

'^  Sti'p]i(iis  speaks  of  the  'sternness  and  liaislmcss  cif  expression  '  of 
I'liMMra  ;;ii;aiitcsi'a.  'A  stone  one  foot  six  inclies  Imii,'  protnules  from  the 
'Mill,  iiitciiiliMl,  perha])s,  for  hurniiij;  eo]ial  on,  as  a  sort  of  altar.'  Vwitlivi, 
^•il;  ii.,  p|).  l.'U-O,  with  phite.  '  Les  aleiitonrs  soiit  parsiMiies  ih'  pyianiiih'3 
aiiiti'icllcs,  ct  ih'ii\,  outre  aiitres,  soiit  les  plus  coiisiilcialili's  ilc  la  pcnin- 
;-ile.'  .M.  Clianiay  timls  fault  with  Catlierwood  f(U-  reprcscutiii;^-  the  colossal 
ii'':iil  ;i>  in  a  desert  with  a  ra.uMnK  ti^'er  and  savaut's  armed  with  hows  and 
aiTdVs  ill  tlu.  f(ire;,'roun(l.  '  A  force  de  vouloir  faire  de  lacoiileiir  loi'ale,  on 
I'.'H-i'  I  lii^tniie,  et  on  deroute  la  science.'  lie  pronounces  the  fa^'e  'd'un 
-'iMi'i'  lyiliipi'cu.  (V  sont  de  vastes  elitailles,  especes  de  modela'^es  en 
'iiiifii!  ■  U'inirs  Aiitrr.,  pp.  lUit-'i'i,  jihot. 'J.'?  5.  '("est  niie  soite  de  i,'ro9 
Miir,!  r,.  ii,|,|(  |,.j,  iiioidlons,  poses  avec  art  par  le  sculpteur  au  milieu  d'lui 
iii'Ulicr  li-cs(liir,  nut  forme  les  joues,  la  houilii',  le  iiez,  les  yeiix.  Cette  tete 
'  il'issule  est  rocllemeut  line   batUse  ciKluile.'     'Les  traits  sont  beau.\,  lu 


n 


Mi    I  ■ 


h  ili 


V^-'.l 


iiii't  i' 


n?is  1 


1 1 ; 


248 


ANTlQUrriKS  OF  YUCATAN. 


I  HOW  coino  to  tlio  southern  liroiij)  of  .\rayii  ;tiiti- 
(juitios,  owr  whirli  1  iiiay  [kish  I'apidly,  he^itmiii^  with 
the  ruins  of  Ytsiiuptu  near  the  village  of  JjoIoik  Inii, 
si/iuu  iiftcL'U  miles  soutli  of  Chunhuliu,  the  most  siuith 
western  ruin  of  the  central  oi-onp.  By  the  kin(hie>s 
of  tlu;  cura  and  the  industiy  of  the  natives  this  niiiii'd 
city  was  cleared  of  all  obstacles  in  the  sha|)e  of  vinv- 
tation,  and  its  thorough  ex[)loration  was  thus  reiidtivj 
easy;  hut  unfortunately  no  corres[»ondinn'  results  tn|- 
lowed,  since  no  new  features  whatever  were  discoM  ivil. 
lEere  are  undouhtedly  the  remains  of  a  ^reat  city,  kit 
most  of  the  walls,  and  all  of  the  sculptured  dcrora- 

lidiiclio  est  liioi  fiiitt',  los  yoiix  ^^raiiils  sans  otrc  sailliuits,  \o  fmiit,  cuiiviit 
•  riiii  oniciiii'iit,  no  seiiililc  jmint  fiiyant.  ("I'tte  ti'tc  ctait  iieintc  cdmiiiil' 
tc)iit(>  I'ariliilccliiir  nicxicaine.'  Vinllil-h-lhir,  in  /(/.,  pp.  4(i  7.  \h 
Si'lidtt  (iidiniuiiccs  .Mr  Stcplu'Ms'  (Ifscriptinn  unsatisfactory,  especi.illy  liis 
t'aliin^' liif  lace  liarsli  and  stern  in  cxpri'ssion.  Tin'  fcaturi's  arc  Iciiiiiiiiu' 
ill  tiicir  cast,  anil  nf  the  narrow  ratlicr  tiian  of  the  liroail  type.  "  Tiic  ulinli.' 
face  exliiUils  a  very  reniarkahU'  i-<';,'uhirity  and  <'onfornis  strictly  to  liic  ii;ii- 
versally  accepted  |)riMi'iples  of  lieanty.'  'The  head-dress  in  the  .--liaiic  nt  a 
mitre  is  eiicin-led  just  aliove  the  forehead  liy  a  hand,  which  is  faslciicil  in 
front  hy  a  triple  locket  or  tassel.'  'I'his  author  ideiitilies  the  face  as  that  >A 
hzaniatui,  (lie  semi-divine  founder  of  Izamal,  and  explains  the  si;;nilicaiiiiii  if 
ouch  parlicuJar  feature,  liis  treatise  is  perhaps  as  intelli;;ilile  ami  ralimial 
as  most  speculation  on  such  topics,  hut  it  is  to  he  noted  that  the  IM  fiiiiinl^ 
his  conclusions  on  ( 'lavij^ero's  ilescri|itioii  of  the  Toltecs!  It  would  he  liai'l 
to  prove  that  the  caia  ;,'i,L;aiitesca  does  not  represent  this  ]iarticuhi!' In  in,  aiul 
that  the  lari:(' ears  are  not  emhleins  of  wisdom.  I)r  Scliott  ]iroMouiiri's  it 
'hazardous'  to  attempt  to  connect  this  face  with  any  other  than  It/aiiia- 
till,  and  1  |>refer  to  run  no  risks.  Sinltlisiiiildii  llrjil.,  IStill,  jip.  :is',l-',i:f, 
Norman,  Itimililcs  in  Yur.,  \\.  7',*,  speaks  of  a  well  on  the  platforiii  nf  mn' 
of  the  |iyramiils.  '  I)ans  .ses  llancs,  la colliiu!  sacree  recidait  de  va-tc^  ap- 
jiartements,  des  i,'aleries  et  nil  temple  sotiterrain,  destines,  dil-mi,  au\ 
iiiysti'ies  de  la  relij;ion  el  a  servir  de  necropole  aux  cadavres  des  prctn-  ii 
(les  ])riiices.'  The  ^n'ave  of  Zamiiii  was  here,  and  his  followers  erccicil  llir 
]iyramid.  Ilrnssinr  ilc  lidKrhiiiinj,  lli.st.  Sat.  Cir.,  t(un.  i.,  p.  ~',l  ili^lniv 
(tf  the  pyramids,  see  /(/.,  tom.  ii.,  pp.  47-8.  'On  tronva  dans  tin  eililiic  iii 
ilemolitioii  line  uraiide  urne  ii  trois  anscs,  roronverte  d'ornenieiits  ,ir;j'ii!  ■: 
exterienremeiil,  an  fond  diiipiid  il  y  avait  des  ceiidres  proveiiaiit  d  an  iiir|~ 
lun'lle,  pariiii  leM|uelles  nous  trouv.ames  di's  olijets  d'art  en  jiierre.'  'Statih- 
eii  demi-liosse,  modelees  eii  ciment  ipie  je  dis  se  trouverdaiis  les  coiilrctiiit>. 
et  (pii  .soiit  (riiomiiies  de  haute  taille.'  Lmii/ii,  Ii''/iiiu'iiii,  pp.  S'-Ni:)!',  wil'i 
iilan.  '.\y  en  esh-  puehlo  de  \'tzanial  eiiico  eiiyos  o  cerros  niii\  alius,  Imli'- 
levantados  de  piedra  seca,  eon  siis  fiiiM\'as  y  ivparos,  ipio  aymiaii  :i  livaiitar 
la  piedra  en  alto,  y  no  se  veil  edilicios  enteros  oy,  mas  los  sefialc- y  vi - 
ti;,'ios  esliiii  pateiites  en  luio  dellos  de  la  parte  de  niediodia.'  <  Mic  altar  wa- 
in honor  of  their  kiiej  or  false  u'nd  ^'tzlllat-^ll,  and  had  on  it  the  li^inic  "I  a 
hand,  lieiii'^'  called  Knh-ii/,  or  'workiu.u'  hand.'  .Another  moiiml  ami  tc'iiij':i' 
ill  the  northern  part  of  the  city,  the  hiuhest  now  standing,',  was  calliil  A"- 
ir/i-Kii/.iiiii,  or  'siiii  with  liery  raved  face.'  .Another,  on  whiili  ihc  i"ii; 
vent  is  fonnded,  \:^  /'/i<ifi/i-Ui>/-<'/ii"',  'house  of  heads  and  lii^hliiin-" 
Another  in  the  south  called  /fini/i/r/<i/.-,  'captain  with  an  army  nt  ^"i"' 
Hints.'  LiMita,  Dccwjiuaariu,  1G03,  iu  Lunda,  liclacioii,  pp.  o4.S  lil. 


SKNOTK  OF  JJOLUXCHKX. 


219 


timis  have  falli'ii.      Tjoloiu'lion   inuaiis  'iiijie  wells,'  so 
ii.iiiicd   iVdiii   a    ni"ou|»   ot"  natural   wt'lls   in   the   plaza. 


Iir>f    la 


lil    tor   several  nioiiths  in 


the  (li'y  season,  and 
till  II  tlie  inhahitants  resort  to  a  senote  in  the  nei^h- 
ImiiIidoiI,  which,  as  oiu;  of  the  most  wondeiful  in  th(f 
jiL'iiiiisula,  is  shown,  ov  rather  one  of  its  several  ]»as- 
sau'cs  is  shown,  in  tlie  cut.      Uy  Ji  sei'ies  of  rude  lad- 


Sciiiitc  at   MdltiiulR'H 


ilt'i's  \\  ;itri-  is  hi'ouii'ht  tVoni  Spring's  over  iifteen  hniMlred 
t'i't  Innii  the  opening'  at  tlie  surtaee,  and  at  a  }ter])en- 


aui 


il.ir  di'|»tli  ol"  over  i'our  hundred  leet. 
l-'iliphak   is  ahout  twenty  miles  Tinlher  soutli,  and 
1^  oiK'  of  the  i-randest  of  the  ^Lava  ruins,  althouiih 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY    14580 

(716)  872-4503 


■^\%  'ids 


250 


ANTItiUITIKS  OF  YUCATAN. 


tf  I 


the  silicic  hrit'f  exploration  l)y  Mr  8tej)liens,  its  only 
visitor,  is  barely  siitHclent  to  exeite  our  curiosity  iv- 
sj)eftiii<»'  its  unknown  M'oinlers,  ()nly  one  l)uil<liiii; 
was  examined  witii  care;  this  has  three  recediiiL,'' sto- 
ries. 'I'he  western  front  was  carefully  cleai'ed,  jiiid, 
sketche<l  hv  Mr  Catherwood,  resend)lin<»'  very  closely 
the  other  three-storied  structures  before  descrihcd. 
l>ut  at  the  last  moment  it  was  discovered  that  this 
was  only  the  rear  wall,  and  that  the  eastern  t'loiit 
"presented  the  totteruiif  remains  of  the  onindist 
structure  that  now  rears  its  ruined  head  in  the  I'orcsts 
of  Yucatan."  The  dimensions  and  arran,n'emci  t  of 
j-oonis  of  the  lower  story,  diti'erini''  from  any  that  have 
been  met  I'urther  north,  are  shown  in  the  accoiniiaiiy- 
ing  ground  2)lan,   together  with  the   stairways  that 


40 


»0        SO       10 


(irouiul  riau  of  Luhjihak  Structun!. 


toJVn 


11 


if 


it' 


In 


load  up  to  the  second  story.  Besides  the  grand  cti'.- 
tral  eastern  staircase,  there  are  two  intt.'i'ior  stairw.iys, 
each  in  two  flights,  leading  up  to  the  j)latlonii  ot  the 
second  and  third  stories  iVom  the  rooms  of  the  \V(>ti  rii 
range.  This  is  the  first  instance  of  interioi'  st.iiis, 
but  the  method  of  tlu'ir  <'onstruction  is  not  exjilaiii<  <l 
'i'he  western  wall  of  the  third  stoiy  lii»s  no  dooiw.ivs. 
On  tho  platfoi'Ui  of  thc^  second  story  stand  two  lii;;li 
buildings  like  towers,  ornamented  with  stucco,  and  < 


III 


IiriNS  OF  LAIU'IIAK. 


251 


till-  third  ]»latf(>nn  two  siinilar  stnictiires  at  tin;  liead 


tlu'   stairway  bclbre  the  central  ciitr 


IIICI' 


TI 


iL'se 


ii|i|ni'  litniiis  liavu  plain  walls  and  c-uiliiii^s.  Tliu  lower 
oiits  jiivscnt  numerous  ini|»rints  of  the  cvcr-prestjnt 
rrd  hand,  and  one  of  them  has  a  painted  st<»n(;  in  the 
tier  over  the  arch,  as  at  Kewick.  At  thi;  jtoints 
marked  <t  in  the  jilan,  are  seulptured  talilets  of  stone 
lixed  in  the  exterioi'  walls,  one  of  ^\hi(•]l  is  shown  in 
the  cut.     Kaeh  taldet  is   composed  of  several  pieces 


Sculiiturcd  Tulilct  at  Lalt]iliak. 

<'t  stiitie,  and  the  sculpturcul  fiijfures  are  naturally  much 
\\niii  hy  exposure  to  the  uir  and  rain.     Two  circular 


252 


ANTIOriTir.S  OF  YICATAX. 


openinufs  to  chidta'ics,  or  cisterns,  like  tliosc  at  Uxiiml 
and  elsewhere,  weru  found  near  l>y.  Another  Lul»- 
phak  structure  formed  a  paralleloiirani,  surroundiii;^  a 
courtyaid,  and  presentini,^  two  peculiarities;  tlie  vu- 
trance  to  the  court  was  by  stairways  leadini;^  over  tlio 
Hilt  roof  of  one  of  the  ran<»'es  of  huildini's;  and  the 
ornamentation  of  the  court  facades  was  in  stucco  in- 
stead  of  sculj)tured  stone.  With  this  slight  desciij)- 
tion  1  am  ohiiiji'ed  to  leave  this  most  interest! ni,''  city, 
whose  solitude,  so  far  as  I  know,  has  remained  undis- 
turhed  for  thirty  years  and  more  since  ^lessrs  Stc- 
j)hens  and  Catherwood  spent  two  days  in  the  halls  df 
its  departed  jLj^reatness.      Now  as  then,  "it  remains  u 

rich    and    almost    unbroken  tield   for    the  future  ex 

1)) 
oier. 

At  Iturhide,  the  south-western  frontier  town  nf 
modern  Yucatan,  there  is  a  mound  of  ruins  in  tlir 
plaza,  and  also  a  well  some  four  feet  in  diameter,  nml 
twenty-tive  feet  deep,  stoned  with  hewn  hlocks  with- 
out mortar;  its  sides  polished  hy  lont^  usa^e,  aihl 
jj^rooved  hy  the  ropes  employed  in  drawing'  wat(  r. 
This  well  is  considered  the  work  of  the  antiques,  ami 
another  similar  one  was  seen  near  hy.  In  the  out 
skirts  of  Iturhide  the  })lain  is  dotted  with  the  mounds 
and  stone  huildinijfs  of  the  ancient  town  of  Zihihiocai'. 
Thirty-three  mounds  were  counted,  Imt  the  walls  of 
the  huildiui^'s  had  all  fallen  except  one,  which  jir<- 
sented  the  peculiarity  of  stjuare  elevations,  (jr  towers, 
with  scidptured  facades,  at  each  end  and  in  the  iniil- 
dle.  Its  rooms  also  i)reserved  traces  of  interesting- 
j)aintine's,  i-epresentinij^  i)rocessions  of  human  Hi^uivs 
whose  Hesh  was  colored  red. 

At  the  rancho  of  Noyaxche,  a  few  miles  distant.  i> 
a  seemini»-ly  natural  }>ond,  which,  heiuL;'  explored  1  ,v 
the  [)i()prietor  durinuc  •''  very  dry  season,  proNcd  t  > 
have  an  artificial  bottom  t)f  flat  stones  many  layer- 
thick,  ]>ierced  in  the  centre  with  four  wells,  and  reiiinl 
the  cii-cumference  with  over  foiu'  hundred  small  pits. 
or  cisterns.     At  Macoba,  twelve  or  fifteen  miles  east- 


ACIADAS  OF  THP:  SOITH. 


ass 


wild  is  anotlier  similar  a^-uada,  and  ruiiit'd  hiiildiiij^s 
HIT  also  found,  actually  ocru})iL'd  \}y  tlio  natives  as 
(l\vcllinL;s.  Manktx'sli  is  another  lorjility  in  this 
ii'Ljinii  where  extensive  ruins  are  reported  iv  exist. 
At  the  raneho  of  Jalal  is  an  ai^aiada  similar  to  the 
(iiic  mentioned  at  Noyaxche,  the  ioi'ms  of  the  wells 
iiiid  cisterns,  pierced  in  its  paved  hottom  heiny-  illus- 
trated hy  the  cut.      I'pwardsof  forty  deej)  wells  were 


^? 


t.:.U 


<% 


^  y- 


!U' 


4-    '-J•^^ 


Aj^nuulii  at  Jalal. 

dix -uvered  hy  the  natives  in  the  immediate  neiyhhor- 
liiidd.  Vakatzih  is  another  ]»lace  near  by,  where 
niiiii'd  huildinijfs  were  seen.  Becanclien  is  a  town  of 
>i\  thousand  inhabitants,  and  owes  its  existence  to 
tlu'  (jiscuvery  of  a  i>rou[>  of  ancient  wells,  pai'tially 
nititicial,  and  a  sti'eam  of  runninn'  watei'.  Fragments 
III  ancient  structuies  are  built  into  the  walls  of  the 
tiiwn/''' 

^hily  the  monuments  found  on  or  near  the  coast  of 
tlu  peninsula  remain  to  be  noticed,  and  in  describin<r 
tlicni  1   shall  begin  in  the  south-east  and  follow  the 


"*' .NVryj/zofV  Yuralan,  viil.  ii.,  ]t|».  1.17-*23'2,  witli  |)la<i's  and  cuts;  ]V<ip- 
l"n,s.  h'r,,,,.  „.  S/,(f.,  1).  144;  litililii-i,i\s  Am:  Aiiirr.,  p]..  101,  14(i-7;  lirn.s. 
*"/•(/.  JiuiirOoKr;/,  Hist.  Nut.  Vic,  toia.  ii.,  iij).  '20-3. 


264 


ANTIQUITIKS  OF  YUCATAN. 


coast  northward,  then  westward,  .and  fiiifain  southwanl 
to  Lake  Tei'ininos.  For  a  description  of  Maya  striK  - 
tures,  as  found  by  the  earhost  Spanisli  voyaijcers  mi 
the  eastern  coast,  I  refer  the  reader  to  tlie  chapter 
on  Central  American  building's  in  volume  J  I.  of  this 
work.™  M.  Waldeck,  giving  no  authority  for  Iiis 
statement,  mentions  the  existence  of  ruined  buildinos 
at  Es[)iritu  Santo  Bay,  and  at  Soliman  Point,  but  no 
description  is  given."^ 

Tuloom  is  the  most  important  city  of  antiquity  on 
the  eastern  coast,  standing  in  al)out  20^  10'.      it  is 
undoubtedly  one  of  the  nuuiy  aboriginal  towns  wliosd 
'towers'  excited  so  much  wonder  in  the  minds  of  tlio 
Hrst    European  voyagers  along  this  coast.      It  pie 
sents  several  marked  contrasts  with  the  other  nioim 
ments  that  have  been  described,  not  only  in  the  con 
struction  and  arrangement  of  its  edifices,  but  in  its 
site,  since  it  is  built  on  a  high  bluff  on  the  very  bonKr 
of  the  sea,  commaiuling  a  view  of  wild  and  diversified 
natural  scenery,  difiering  widely  horn  the  somewliiit 
monotonous  ])lain  that  constitutes  for  the  most  \r,\yt 
the  surface  of  the  peninsula.     Tuloom  has  only  itccii 
visited    by    jNFr  Stephens,    and    his    ex})loration    was 
nearly  at  the  end  of  his  long  journey,  when  the  keen 
edge  of  his  antiquarian  zeal  was  naturally  soniewiuit 
blunted  by  fatigue,  sickness,  and  a  desire  to  rctnni 
home.     jStoreover,  countless  hordes  of  moscpiitos,  with 
a  persistent  malignity  unsurpassed  in  the  annals  of 
their  race,  scorning  the  aid  even  of  their  natural  alli("^ 
in  the  defense  of  Central  American  ruins,  the  garra 
patas   and    fleas,    proved  victorious    over  antiijUiinan 
heroism,  and  drove  the  foreign   invaders  from  their 

9"  On  tlioso  oast  coast  1>uililiii<is  scon  by  ronlova,  Grijalva,  and  Cortes 
see  Diaz,  Ifiiicniirc,  in  'rirnftiij:-Coiii/iii.ns,  J'tii/.,  si'rie  i.,  toni.  x.,  ]>]>■  •'•  '■': 
and  in  Iciizlinlnln,  Col.  de  Doc,  toni.  i.,  pp.  'J82-(!;  Cor/iKs,  Vidit,  in  /'/ . 
!>.  S.*}!*;  On'r</o,  Hist,  (frn.,  toni.  i.,  pjt.  497,  TW)')-?;  Tnrtjiiiiiniild,  Mniini-'i 
frifl.,  toni.  i.,  ]i.  .Vvi;  Hrrrera,  Hist.  Grn.,  dec.  ii.,  lih.  iii.,cap.  i.;  f/c//""''. 
Co»q.  Mf.r.,  f(.l.  '22-4;  /*/.,  Hist.  I/ii/.,  fol.  (50;  J'ffrr  Miir/>))\  (ice.  iv.  lil' 
iii.;  VogolliKlo,  Hist.  Yuc,  p.  4;  lirassrnr  tte  liourhonrg,  llisl.  \iif.  '"'• 
toni.  iv.,  ]).  41;  Morrlcf,  VnyiK/r,  toni.  i.,  p.  181;  Sivcrs,  Mittclamcrika,  it- 
241-4;  Fdlsoiii,  in  Cortes,  I)i:ijHilrlits,  p.  20. 

»i  Voy.  I'iU.,  p.  102. 


RUINS  OF  Tl'LOOM.  >2"> 

stn>n:;liukl.     Tlio  aniiexud  cut  is  a  ground  plan  of  tlio 


':'*' 

A 

1 

•"a 

Gb 

1 , 

A' 

1^ 

A 

L 

G§      fis 

L 

f  S^'.e 

•%■' 
t 

-1 

'"-®  ^^ 

0 

•  • 

• 

1  I'i  : 

Hhi|!iiii\i|!riw^ 

|;^jj^§^';''^i''^^ 

ii%fi 

fiffl^ 

IB4  u      D  lOO  1^0  Sfia         tia  ko 


IC9tt 

—I 


Plan  of  Tulooin. 

ruliis  sr  far  as  explored,  and  wo  notice  at  once  a  novel 
ti'atuic;  in  tlio  wall  A,  A,  that  bounds  them  on  thn^e 
sides  tlie  first  woll-authenticated  instance  which  wo 
li;i\  ('  nut  of  a  walled  Maya  town.  A  j)reci]iitous  cliff 
vls'wvj;  from  the  waters  of  the  ocean  makes  a  wall  nn- 
iKccssary  on  the  eastern  side,  but  on  the  other  sides 
tile  wall  is  iu  excellent  preservation,  stretchinuf  six 
Imiidred  and  fifty  feet  from  east  to  west,  and  fifti'en 
luindied  feet  from  north  to  south,  from  eij>ht  to  thir- 
teen feet  tliick,  and  built  of  rouijfh  Hat  stones  without 
iiinitai'.  The  height  is  not  stated.  On  each  of  tlu; 
inland  corners  at  C,  C,  is  a  small  structure,  twelv(! 
feet  sijuare,  with  two  doors,  which  may  be  considered 
a  watli  tower,  and  which  is  shown  in  the  cut  on  the 
iiixt  pane.  Five  <,aiteways,  each  five  feet  wide,  at  li, 
I),  I),  n'ive  access  to  the  city.  Within  the  walls  tlie 
lar^t^t  and  most  im})osin<»'  structure  is  that  at  I), 
kiidwii  as  the  Castle,  which  stands  on  the  cliff  owr- 
loitkiii'^'  the  sea.  A  solid  mass  of  masonry  thirty  feet 
s<|iiaiv  and  about  thirty  feet  in  heiiL,dit,  ascended  on  tin; 
Western  side  by  a  massive  stairway  of  the  same  width 


Z'oli 


ANTIi^UITIliS  OF  VL'CATAN. 


-V^v^^**-- 


1: 


Watfli-Tower  at  Tiiloom. 


vvitli  solid  balustrades,  su])p()rt  on  its  sunniiit  ;i 
l)iiildiiiijf  of  tlio  saiiu!  size  as  the  t'onudatioii,  and  .ilinut 
tiltet^li  feet  liinh.  'I'lie  dooi'way  at  tlic^  head  nf  the 
stairway  is  wide,  and  its  lintel  is  siipjtorted  hy  two  |iil- 
lai's,  Ovei'  tlie  doorway  are  niches  in  the  "vvall,  niic  ot' 
Avhich  contains  lra;j;'nients  of  a  statue,  'i'he  intciini  is 
divided  into  two  cori'i<h»rs  coniu-ctt'd  hy  a  single  d<»>v- 
Avay,  the  front  one  having"  what  are  (lesci'il)ed  as  StoiH' 
henches'  at  tli(>  ends,  and  the  rear  ran^e  liaxlnu'  ;i 
sinular  hench  alon^*'  one;  of  its  side!-..  The  icai'.  it  ><''i. 
Avall  is  very  thick  and  has  no  d.)orways,  hut  si m  r.il 
small  openings  of  ohlonijc  shape  foi'ui  the  neai'c^t  ;i]i- 
]»roaeh  to  windows  found  in  Yucatan.  The  coiiiilm's 
have  ceihniis  of  the  usual  ty]»e,  the  doorways  ai'c  lin- 
uislicd  witli  stone  rings  for  the  su})[)ort  of  doors,  ami 


IinXS  OF  Tl'LOOM. 


857 


till'  inipi'iiit  of  the  red  liaiul  appears  on  tlie  interior 
w,;  Is.  Ayaiiist  eacli  end  of  the  solid  founihition  is 
hiiilt  ;i  win^-  in  two  stories,  thirty-tive  fe<'t  Ioiil;',  niak- 
ii^  t!it'  wliole  lenj^tli  of  the  Castle  one  hundri'd  feet. 
The  up|K'r  story  of  each  \\\w^  consists  of  two  iij)art- 
iiiriit>,  one  of  which  is  twenty  hv  twentv-four  i'eet. 
Two  lulunnis,  ornamented  with  stucco,  stand  in  the 
n'ltif  of  the  room,  of  which  the  ceiling"  has  fallen, 
;iltlH>iiL;ii  a  succession  of  holes  alon<»'  the  top  of  the 
\\;ill>  indicate  that  it  had  heen  Hat  and  suj»ported  hy 
tiiiilM  IS.  The  huildinjjf  north  of  the  Castle,  at  K,  con- 
t  iiii>  .1  sinu'le  room  seven  hy  twelve  feet,  with  a  raised 
:.tr|i  n]-  Itcnch  at  each  end,  and  much  dciaci-d  ])ainted 
oiiianiiMits  in  stucco  on  its  walls.  Over  tlie  doorway 
ii;i  the  outside  is  the  Hjjcure  we  have  met  hel'oi'e,  stand- 
ing' (»ii  the  hands  with  le<j[s  sj)read  ajtart.  1'he  huild- 
iii^'cldsc  to  the  Castle  ontlie  south  has  lour  <'olunms  in 
tiic  (M  litre  of  a  room  nineteen  hy  forty  feet,  and  also 
ill  another  room  are  frasj^ments  of  a  sctdptured  tahlet. 
.V  siiiote  with  artificial  steps,  which  supplied  water  to 
tlu'  ancient  inhahitants,  is  included  within  the  enclos- 
ure at  K.  At  H  is  a  biiildinjj^  remarkahle  for  its 
lint',  which  difi'era  radically  from  the  usual  Maya  type. 
Four  tiiiihers  fifteen  feet  lonyf  and  six  inches  thick 
>tn  tell  across  the  room  from  wall  to  wall,  and  cross- 
ways  (»n  these  tindiers  are  ])laced  smaller  tinihers  ten 
lift  loiii>-  and  three  inches  thick  close  together,  and 
tlio  whole  covered  with  a  thick  layer  of  coarse  pehhles 
in  mortar.  Several  other  buildings  evidently  had 
similar  roofs  ori^jj-inally,  else  it  mioht  he  suspi'cted  that 
I'iis  one  had  under<»'one  modern  improvements,  espe- 
illy  as  an  altar  was  found  in  it  with  traces  of  use  at 
III  vciy  remote  period.  In  this  huildinn'  also  sea- 
>:i(lls  take  the  jdace  of  stone  ring's  at  the  sides  of  the 
<liiirways.  One  of  the  structures  marked  (I  on  the 
|!aii  has  two  stories.  The  front  is  decorated  M'ith 
stucco,  and  the  doorway  of  the  hmer  story  occupies 
iiiaiiy  the  whole  front,  its  top  heiniif  supported  hy  four 
I'illais.     The   interior  plan  is  similar  to  that  of  the 

Vol.  IV.      17 


258 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


Castle  nt  Cliiclien  Itza,  since  a  corridor  extends  round 
three  sides  of  a  central  a])artment.  The  interior  walls 
of  both  room  and  corridor  are  painted,  and  in  the  lat- 
ter is  an  altar  on  which  copal  is  supposed  to  havu  hctn 
burned.  The  second  story,  which  has  no  stairway  or 
other  visible  means  of  api)roach,  differs  from  all  other 
upi)er  Hti>ries  in  Yucatan,  in  standing  directly  ovlt  the 
central  lower  room,  instead  of  over  a  solid  mass  of 
masonry  as  elsewhere.  Among  other  ruins  near  this, 
two  stone  tablets  with  indistinct  traces  of  sculj)tua' 
were  noticed.     The  cut  shows  one  of  several  small 


Tuluoiu  Relies 


RUINS  OX  THE  EASTERN  COAST. 


250 


stnutiiros  found  at  Tuloom  outsido  the  walls,  and 
pidliiiMy  intundud  as  altars  t)r  adomtorios.  This  i)uild- 
iiii;'  is  <^\VL'lvo  by  fifteen  feet  and  contains  a  sinj^le  room 
avIkio  a  copal  altar  ajjpears.  Tuloom  was  undoubtedly 
Olio  of  the  cities  seen  by  the  early  voyagers  alonjjc  this 
toast,  and  from  the  perfect  state  of  preservation  of 
many  (»f  the  monuments,  esj)ecially  of  tlie  stucco  orna- 
iiRiit  rescnihlinjif  a  ])ine-apple  shown  in  the  last  cut, 
Mr  Stephens  believes  that  the  city  was  occujjicd  lon^* 
at'tur  the  concjuest  of  other  parts  of  the  peninsula. 
At  Taiu-ar,  a  few  miles  north  of  Tuloom,  are  many 
it'iiiains  of  small  ancient  edifices,  much  dilapidated 
and  nut  described."^ 


I3uiltliii<r  at  Coziiinel. 
^  Sl'plinis'  Yucatan,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  387-401),  with  pUitc!*  and  cuts. 


200 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  Yl'CATAN. 


The  island  of  Cozunicl  Iuih  not  l»een  oxitlorcd,  liv  wn- 
son  of  tliu  donsu  growth  which  eovcrs  its  surface,  hut  in 
M  small  elearinj^  on  the  shore  two  huildinj^s  wvw  dis- 
t'ovored.  One  of  them  is  shown  in  the  i>re<'ediiio  cut. 
It  is  sixteen  feet  sijiiare,  with  plain  exterior  walls 
formerly  i)lastered  and  painted.  A  doorway  in  tliu 
<i!ntre  of  each  side  opens  into  a  corridor  only  twiiuty 
inches  wide,  extendin*^  round  a  central  cluunlu  r  jivo 
hv  ei<dit  and  a  half  feet,  with  one  doorway.  Tlio 
other  is  similar  but  larger.  One  of  the  donie-sha|»t(l 
cisterns  was  also  found  on  the  island.  Here  is  also 
a  ruined  Spanish  church,  which  very  j)rol)al»ly  t'ui- 
iiished  the  cross  with  a  crucified  Christ,  jtrescr\i  <l  in 
]Mt'rida  as  an  aboriginal  relic,  and  much  talktd  of 
by  enthusiasts  who  formerly  believed  that  (luistianity 
was  introduced  into  America  lon^-  before  the  S[)aiiian]s 
came.  On  the  main  hmd  opi)osite  the  island  ruinud 
stone  buildinj^s  are  also  visible  from  the  sea,  as  tliev 
were  to  Grijalva  and  Cordova  in  the  sixteenth  ctn- 
tury.  Pole,  or  Popole,  is  one  of  the  localities  soiiit- 
what  further  north  whoi'e  ruins  are  located  on  the 
majis.''^ 

At  Point  Nisuc  MrStephens  locates  ruiuF  w  his  map, 
as  does  Malte-Brun  at  the  mouth  of  the  KiVer  Pctaiii- 
jtich  a  little  further  south,  and  the  former  also  mentions 
sttme  buildintrs  as  visible  on  the  barren  island  (»f  Kan- 
cuno.  On  the  northern  point  of  Mugeres  Island, 
known  to  the  early  voyai^ers  as  Point,  or  Cai)o,  Mu- 
jjferes,  are  two  small  buildings  of  the  usual  type.  ( )no 
of  them,  fifteen  by  twenty-eight  feet,  resting  on  a  suiid 

■'3  'They  foiinde  iuinciciit  towers  tlieic,  and  tlie  mines  of  sncli  ii>-  liaiMc 
Imhmio  lnokeu  downe  and  destroyed,  weeniin;;  very  auncieiil:  hut  oin'  alniiu' 
the  lest,  whereto  they  ascended  hy  18.  stei>i)es  or  staires,  as  tliey  iim  i mli'  tn 
fiinious,  and  renowned  tenij)lea.'  j'etcr  Muftijr,  dee.  iv.,  lih.  iii.  Crij.ilvn 
found  a  tower  'xviii  <,'radi  de  altura  et  tutta  niassiza  al  i)ede  et  teiiiii  a  \'<nw 
elxw  ])iedi,  et  incinia  de  essa  era  una  torre  piccola  hv  ([ualc  era  tie  >tiitnrii 
de  hoinini  doi  nno  sopra  laltro.'  r)i(tz,  Ithirrario,  in  Icdzhaln/n,  I'ul.  '/'' 
/'"'■.,  toin.  i.,  pp.  284,  287.  Sec  also  the  authorities  referreil  to  in  iinii'  SH. 
Sf</i/i(ii)i'  Yiinitdii,  \o\.  ii.,  pp.  302-80,.  witli  ent;  Linriiitiit/ii n.  M'.r.  et 
(h<(if.,  p.  .321;  Gouiirn,  m  Allium  Mr.r.,  toni.  i.,  i).  2.3!»;  Miijiii's  Ma-, 
Aztn;  etc.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  KJU;  Baril,  Mcxiquc,  p.  12!);  U  ujijmus,  Gcoij.  n.  Stiit-, 
]>    145. 


NOimiKKX  COAST  KKLKS. 


'2til 


foiiiidatiou  witli  pcrficmlicular  hhIos  in  wliifh  a  narrow 
^t:lil•\^.•lv  wuH  cut,  '\H  lofatud  on  a  clUi'  >»^  tlio  extronn? 
jMiiiit  ot*  tilt.'  island."* 

At  (mvo  Jlatonos  is  a  ruin  ncrordinir  to  Malte- 
1)11111  s  niiip;  and  Capu  Catocho  Ava.s  the  location  ot" 
oiu'  ( T  the  citiuH  8t'en  l)y  the  Spaniards  in  t!iu  six- 
tcLiith  tiiitury,  tins  early  discovery  heini,*"  )>erha|»s  tli«; 
(iiily  authority  lor  M.  Waldeck'a  statement  that  a 
mined  city  may  there  lie  found."' 

Fdllovviiiiif  tlie  coast  westward,  an  ancient  mound 
is  snii  at  Valahao,  tlie  map  shows  another  at  Hinal, 
aji'l  Muiito  (uyo  is  a  lofty  mound,  reported  to  have  no 
trai  I  s  of  ituiidiuLjs,  visihle  from  far  out  at  sea.  This 
lattrr  may  ]>erhaps  be  Honiical  with  "a  small  Hill 
hy  tlic  Sea,  calfd  the  Moitnf"  mentioned  hy  the  old 
EiiL^hsh  vtiyau'er  1  anpier,  who  says:  "I  was  ne\er 
;t>li(.ic  here,  hut  have  mc't  with  some  well  ac(|uainted 
with  the  JMace,  who  are  all  of  opinitni  that  this  Mount 
WHS  not  natural,  hut  the  Work  of  Men."""  Two  pyra- 
mids are  reported  further  east,  near  the  Rio  Laijartos, 
iiiit  their  existence  rests  on  no  very  reliahle  authoii- 
ty."'  Two  mounds,  once  covered  with  huildin<ifs,  at 
the  [lort  (»f  Silan,  are  the  only  other  monuments  to  \)v 
mentioned  on  the  northern  coast.  ( )ne  of  these  latter 
is  of  nieat  size,  beinj^  four  hundred  feet  lonjjf  and  fifty 
foet  hi^h.  The  padre  could  rememher  wlien  the  huihl- 
iuLf  III!  the  other,  known  as  the  Castle,  was  still  stand- 
ing.- 

<  hi  or  near  the  western  coast  are  few  monuments 

■'' Cc'iidova  found  lierc  in  l.")17  'torrcs  de  i)it'ilr(i  con  jiriulos  y  caiiilla-i 
nil>i(itiis  (Ic  miiili'ra  y  piija  t-n  ((iio  por  gentil  onlcn  (,'slaiiaii  piicstos  niiulios 
iiliil(i>,  ipic  jiaivciun  nni;;t'ri's.'  Guitiarn,  Hist.  Iml.,  I'ol.  (>((;  I'ttrtis,  I'iiln, 
ill  l';i:J„ilr,iii,  Vol.  (Ic  Doc,  toni.  i.,  i>.  339;  Stephens'  Yurutun,  vol.  ii.,  |i|>. 
41")-17.  with  jdate. 

»'  Wniilirh,  Vol),  rut.,  p.  102.  'Uneville  entifcrc  oft'ro  scs  mines  an x 
invest i;:iit ions  dcs  urclieoloj^ues.'  Duvil,  Mcxiqite,  p.  129;  Lurcnautliy  ■, 
Mr.,-  ,1.  Hunt.,  ji.  3*21. 

*'  liinii/iiif's  Voyages,  vol.  ii.,  pt  ii.,  pp.  10-11;  Stephens'  Yucatan,  vol. 
ii.,  p.  4 IS. 

'•'  ■  Tuiit  prbs  du  rio  Lngarto  se  voient  denx  pyminidcs,  an  soinnipt  drs- 
quellcs  iiiiissent  niaiiitciuuit  dcs  iirbres  (51ev<5s  et  toutt'iia.'  liaril,  Mcjciipo, 

p.  IL'II;    U'„/,lrrk,    Voy.  Pitt.,  p.   102. 

*^Sl'itluus  Yucatan,  vol.  li.,  pp.  427-30,  wiih  plutc, 


NoimiKKN  COAST  UKLICS. 


foiunl.ititiM  with  i)or|»eiulicular  Hides  in  whicli  a  narrow 
stairway  was  cut,  is  located  on  a  cliti'  >**  the  extreme 
point  of  the  island."* 

At  Cavt)  Jtatones  is  a  ruin  according:  to  Malte- 
IJniii's  map;  an<l  Cape  Catocho  was  the  location  of 
one  iX  the  cities  seen  hy  the  Spaniards  in  t!ie  six- 
ttciith  ciiitury,  tiiis  early  discovery  l)ein,y  perhaps  th«! 
((Illy  authority  for  M.  Waldeck's  atatement  that  a 
ruined  city  may  there  he  found."' 

Followini,'-  the  coast  westward,  an  ancient  mound 
is  s(  (  n  at  Valahao,  the  map  shows  another  at  Emal, 
aii'l  Monte  (iiyo  is  a  lofty  mound,  rep<jrted  to  have  no 
traces  of  Itiiildiujufs,  visihle  from  far  out  at  sea.  This 
lattn-  may  ]>erhaps  he  'd<'i;vical  with  "a  small  Hill 
l»y  th(!  Sea,  call'd  the  Moidif,"  mentioned  hy  the  old 
English  voyager  1  anpier,  who  says:  "I  was  ne\er 
;i>lii>rc  heie,  but  have  met  with  some  well  accpiainteil 
with  the  JMace,  who  are  all  of  opinion  that  this  Mount 
was  not  natural,  hut  the  Work  of  Men.'"-*  Two  pyra- 
mids are  reported  further  east,  near  the  Kio  Lau^artos, 
liut  their  existence  rests  on  no  very  reliahle  authori- 
ty."' Two  mounds,  once  covered  with  huildin<j;'s,  at 
the  i»ort  of  Silan,  are  the  only  other  monuments  to  he 
mentioned  on  the  northern  coast.  ( )ne  of  these  latter 
is  of  nnat  size,  heinjjf  four  hundred  feet  lonjjf  and  tiftv 
foct  hiyh.  The  padre  could  remend)er  when  the  huihl- 
uv^  on  the  other,  known  as  the  Castle,  was  still  stahd- 
in'''.''^ 

On  ur  near  the  western  coast  are  few  monuments 

■'•  Cc'iiiliiva  found  Jicrc  ill  l.')!?  'tcirres  do  ])ii'dra  con  {rrsidos  y  ciiiiillii-* 
iiiliiciiMs  (Ic  iiiaili'i'ii  y  pujii  tMi  ((uo  por  ^'cntil  orden  t'rtlauiui  imcsfos  niuclius 
ii|iilii>,  ijiir  parccian  inu;;eres.'  Goiiiani,  Hist.  Intl.,  fol.  (lO;  I'lirtrs,  I'iiln, 
ill  lrii:J„ilirl,(,  Vol.  lic  Doc,  ton».  i.,  p.  33J);  Sfcji/wii^'  yuculan,  vol.  ii.,  pp. 
41.')-17,  Willi  ])late. 

'J'  Wiililirh-,  Vol/,  riff.,  p.  102.  'Une  ville  entifcre  ofl'ro  ses  mines  an x 
invest i^'iit ions  de.s  archuolojjucH.'  Buril,  Mcxique,  \^.  I'J'J;  Larciiaudi:  , 
.!/(./•  •■!,  ihtdf.,  p.  321. 

*'  liii„i/)iir's  Voi/aijes,  vol.  ii.,  pt  ii.,  pp.  10-11;  Stephens'  Yucatan,  vol. 
ii.,  p.  IIS. 

'•*'  ■  I'niit  jirbs  dii  rio  Lagarto  se  voient  denx  pyramidcs,  an  soinmet  iles- 
quelks  iiiiissent  niaintonant  dca  arhres  (ilevds  et  toutt'us.'  Baril,  Mcxiunr, 
p.  l-.".t;   \V„t,l>rk,   Vol/.  Pitt.,  f).  102. 

*"  S('- Ilia- Its'  Yucatan,  vol.  li.,  pp.  427-30,  wiih  plate. 


262 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAX. 


of  antiquity  worthy  of  note.  At  !Maxcani'i,  some 
twenty-tive  miles  north-west  from  Uxmal,  a  looulity 
visited  by  Stephens  during  his  trip  toward  the  coast, 
are  several  mounds  covered  with  ruins,  which  present 
no  peculiarities.  But  in  the  interior  of  one  of  iliese 
mounds  was  found  a  galley  four  feet  wide  and  seven 
feet  high,  with  triangular-arched  ceiling,  exteiulino- 
several  hundred  feet  with  many  branches  and  angles. 
Before  ^Ir  Stephens'  visit  this  was  supposed  by  the 
inhabitants  of  the  region  to  be  a  subterranean  pas- 
sage, or  cave,  known  as  Satun  Sat,  or  the  Labyrinth. 
The  presence  of  this  gallery  of  course  suggests  the 
idea  that  others  of  the  Yucatan  pyramids  may  con- 
tain similar  ones,  and  that  their.  exj)loration  m'vj;\\t 
lead  to  imjiortant  results.  On  the  hacienda  of  Sijtjh, 
a  few  leagues  nearer  the  coast,  is  a  large  group  of 
ruined  mounds  and  buildings,  presenting  nothing  new, 
except  that  the  stones  of  one  of  them  were  much 
larger  than  usual,  one  being  noticed  that  was  tliree 
by  six  feet.  In  a  kind  of  courtyard  in  the  midst  of 
these  mounds  are  standiflg  many  huge  stones,  resem- 
bling in  their  situation  and  size  the  monoliths  of  Co- 
pan,  but  they  bear  no  marks  of  sculpture,  being  roiioh 
and  unhewn  as  if  just  taken  from  the  quarry.  The 
largest  is  fourteen  feet  high,  four  feet  wide  and  a  foot 
and  a  half  thick.  At  Tankuche  one  apartment  of  a 
ruined  building  has  its  walls  and  ceiling  decorated 
with  paintings  in  bright  colors,  but  the  room  was 
filled  up  with  rubbish,  and  nothing  definite  could  lie 
made  out  respecting  the  designs,  except  in  the  case 
of  one  ornament  which  seemed  to  resemble  a  mask 
found  at  Palenque.  Ruins  are  reported  also  at  Beoal, 
in  the  same  region.^  At  the  mouth  of  the  liio  Jaina 
a  tumidus,  with  pottery  and  spear-heads  on  its  surface. 
is  mentioned  by  Waldeck  and  Norman,  and  perhaps 
at  the  same  place  under  the  name  of  Chuncana,  ruins 
are  indicated  on  Malte-Brun's  map. 

99  Stcpliens'  Yucatan,  vol.  i.,  pp.  189,  199-220;  Wappdus,  Geog.  n.  Stat, 
p.  144. 


MONUMENTS  OF  CAMPECHE. 


263 


Further  south,  in  the  reo-ion  extending  from  Cam- 
peclu'  to  Lagima  de  Terminos  there  is  only  the  vaguest 
infniiiiation  respecting  antiquities.  The  city  of  Cam- 
jHH'lie  itself  is  said  to  be  built  over  extensive  artificial 
naileries,  or  catacombs,  supposed  to  have  been  devoted 
l)V  tlk' ancient  peojjle  to  sepulchral  uses;  but  I  find 
IK  I  satisfactory  description  of  these  excavations.  On 
t!iL'  liio  Champoton,  some  leagues  from  the  coast, 
ruins  are  reported  concerning  which  nothing  definite 
is  known.  From  the  tumulus  mentioned,  "and  other 
phues  contiguous  to  ruins  of  immense  cities,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Campeachy,"  Mr  Norman  claims  to  have 
utttained  "some  skeletons  and  bones  that  have  evi- 
dently been  interred  for  ages,  also  a  collection  of  idols, 


Canipeche  Idol  in  Terra  Cotto. 


2G1 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


r 


f : 


^ 


Campcche  Mnli^  in  Terra  Cotta. 


UELICS  AT  (AMPECIIE. 


265 


fra^ni 'nts,  flint  spear-heads,  and  axes;  besides  sundry 
artiili's  uf  pottery-ware,  well  wroui*-ht,  glazed,  and 
l)iu-iit."  The  cuts  on  the  preceding-  pages  sliow  five  of 
tiKSL"  idols,  which  are  hollow  and  have  small  halls 
within  to  rattle  at  every  movement.  Padre  Camacho 
is  iiNn  said  to  have  collected  at  Canipeclie  a  museum 
(■oiiil)i)suil  of  many  relics  from  cUfferent  localities,  many 
of  tluiii  interesting  but  not  particularly  described."" 
Ln'siilcs  the  momunents  that  have  been  descril)ed, 
the  remains  of  ancient  paved  roads,  or  calzada.s,  have 

i((i  •'PI,,,  wliitle  of  Ciimpcai'liy  rests  tijutn  a  sulitcrraneous  oavcrn  of  the 
iiiirinit  .Mayas.  U  is  now  diitictilt  to  a.seertain  wliet her  these  <iuanit's  or 
;;allt'ii('s,  which,  ai'conliiij;  to  the  traditions  of  the  coniitry,  are  iintlerslond 
til  lie  immense,  served  for  tlie  almde  of  the  peojile  who  executed  tlie  work. 
Nntliin::  n'veals  tlie  niarivs  of  man's  sojoiiriiinj;s  lu're;  not  even  the  traces 
iif  siiidixc  ii|iiiM  tlie  vaults  were  visihle.      It  is  more  jiroliahle  tiial  the  "greater 


t  111'  lliis  excavation  was  used  as  a  denositorv  for  tlieir  (h'ad.     'I'll 


lar 
i(i>iticiii  liii 


llC( 


.1" 
II  streii;;tliencd  hy  tlie  discovery  of  many  opeiii 


ip 


iii<rs  ol  se\('ii 


twentv  inches  in  hreadth,  diiLf  horixontallv  in  the  walls  of  the 


cct  lice 

•avcnis.  These  excavations,  however,  are  few;  and  the  ^'alleries  have  lieeii 
lilt  little  invest i;.'ated  and  less  understood.'  Mr  Norman  sent  some  of  the 
skclciiiiis  iljsi'iivered  here  to  l)r  .Morton,  who  ]irononiiced  them  to  present 
laiiy  111  tin- cliaracteristies  of  the  natives  at  the  jireseiit  lime.  Xnniiini's 


h' I  III  III' 

('"11'/.  ]fi:i\  (.Mex.    IS4<i)  torn,   iii,,  ]m.  it.VS,  ]il.  xviii.,  cpjves  en;rravin;;s  i 


)''/'•.,  pp.  "ili-lH,  with  plates.     Sr  (iondra,  in   J'irsrol/,   llisl. 
"  •  f 


iif  II 


tniir 

arc  frmii  .S 

111 


icsc  iiliils  in   Norniairs  collection,  erroneouslv  statin"  that  tliev 


Icpl 


ICllS 


work 


1  have  seen  some  of  his  (Nornian's)  remarUa- 


I> 


|-->. 


I  ;nitii|uities.  as  I'enates,  liiero;;iyi)liies,"  eti-.  Jhiris'  Aii/i</.  Ai 
Tlraliiivc  Miilice,  ij;iveii  hy  Mr  Norniaii  is  an  almost  literal  translation  of 
W'r.hli'-I:,  Villi.  I'ilt.,  p.  lt(;  as  is  also  the  account  hy  I.  I!,  (iondra,  in  Al- 
hiiiii  Ml-.,  tiiiii.  i.,  ]».  |()2.  Mention  of  the  ('hampoton  ruins  in  ]Viil<liil\ 
I'/'i.  /'//'.,  p.  I((2;  Linriiini(/hrr,  Miw.  ft  (iiiiif.,  |i,  .'VJI;  Jinn'/,  Mi.rii/nr, 
|i.  IJs.  (  I'lidiiva  ill  l.")17  saw  at  ('aiii]iecht!  'vn  torrejoncillo  de  piedra 
i|iiiiili;i'li)  y  ;;iailailo,  enio  alto  del  (|Ual  estaua  vn  ydolo  cmi  dos  lieros  aiii- 
iiiiilis  iiliis  liijailas,  eonio  ipie  lo  eoiiiian.  V  viia  sierpe  de  (|narenta  y  side 
pii'-i  1:11  VM,  y  ;,'iirila  <[uanto  vn  hiiey,  liei'ha  de  piedra  coiiio  el  ydolo.'  Uniiinni, 
Hi.st.  lull.,  fill.  (II.  'On  ne  nnieoutre  iii  dans  1  ile  de  Carmen  ni  sur  les 
liiinl-i  lie  la   La;;iiiie  auciiii  tumulus,  aneiiue  mine,  aiiciin  \estip' eiiliii  de 


i  linhl-Iilc  dcs  tciiip.;   passes, 


I)i 


script  loll  < 


•f   the   Can 


laclio  collection    in 


<';iiii|ifi|ic,  ciiiisi>tiu;^  of  'li;,'iirines  et  des  vases  d"ar;;ile  portaiit  encore  des 
pciiitiire  et  de  vends,  des  instruments  de  niii~<ii|ue,  de  menus  oh- 


tnic 


jits  ill'  jianire,  des  liaehes,  des  fers  de  lanee  en  silex  oil  en  olisidieiiiu 


Mil 


l->.  \  iiiiiiiji',  toiii.  i.,  pit.  ±H\.  |()7-S.     Tiie  Camacho  .M'lseum  contains  Miia 


iiiimi'iusa  ciillcccioii  (h'  idolos  de  harro  v  piedra 


I'liiiliciH'  Ills  icstos  de  tin 


liomi 


ire. 


.1 


iia  coleccii 


r 

on  d 


iia  iirna  cineiaria  i| 


e  vaso; 


lie 


arms,  caiita- 


I'lis  y  fiiciiles  de  piedra  y  harro,  udornados,  miichos  de  ellos,  eon 


y  iiiii  piiitiiras  vivas,  freseas  v  hieii  eon.serv 


dii 


I 


lia   colleccio 


ilili- 
n  d(; 


■as,  IIciIkis,  danlos  y  denias  instrunieutos  de  ;;uerni .  . .  .('asi  todos  eslos 
Mriiiiiciitiis  soil   de  ]iederiiai.     Otra  eoleeeion  de  tiautas  y  otros    iiistrii- 

ciientas  y  adornos  de  jiiedra 


iiii'iilns  mrisicds,  de  harro.     Otra  id.  de  /art 


.Otia  id. 


lo/a 


.'pii 


leralc 


.  I'lia  multitud  de  fra;;meiitos  ari|ui- 


tiTtiiiiiciis.'  Ilrijirftrn  Yiii\,  toni.  i.,  jip.,  37.S-4.  '  Le  eaiiton  (lui  s'etend  dc 
la  cute  lie  la  1,im;iii,(.  ,|j.  ,Jcrm,  vers  le  iiord-ost,  ofVre  siir-toiit  une  suite 
incline  continiie  do  monticules  et  de  villos,  jus<iu'uu  poiut  oil  il  atteint  lo 


2G6 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


been  found  in  several  different  parts  of  the  state.    The 
traditionary    history  of   the   country   represents  the 
j^reat  cities  and  reHgious  centres  as  connected,  in  tlie 
time  of  their  original  splendor  and  prosperity,  l)y  ]>r(m\ 
smooth  paved  ways,  constructed  for  the  convenieiicu  of 
the  rulers  in  sending  dispatches  from  place  to  jilace. 
These  roads  are  even  reported  to  have  stretched  be- 
yond the  limits  of  the  peninsula,  affording  access  to 
the  neighboring  kingdoms  of  Guatemala,  Chiapas,  and 
Tabasco.    Modern  discoveries  lend  some  prol)ability  to 
these  reports,     Cozumel  was  one  of  these  great  reli- 
gious centres  from  which  roads  led  in  every  direction, 
and  Cogolludo  says  that  in  his  time  "were  to  be  seen 
vestiges  of  calzadas  which  cross  the  Avhole  kingdom, 
said  to  end  at  its   eastern  border  on  tlie  sea-s]i(»rt'." 
The  cura  of  Chemax,  speaking  of  Coba,  far  eastward 
of  Chichen  toward  the  coast,  says  "there  is  a  calzada, 
or  paved  road,  of  ten  or  twelve  yards  in  widtli,  lim- 
ning to  the  southeast  to  a  limit  that  has  not  boon 
discovered  with  certainty,  but  some  aver  that  it  ^oes 
in    the    direction   of  Chichen   Itza."     Bishop    Laiida 
mentions  "a  tine  broad  calzada  extending  .about  two 
stone's  throw  to  a  well"  from  one  of  the  Chielicii  sti'iic- 
tures.      Izanial  was   another  much-frequented  shiiiie, 
from  which  Lizana  tells  us  "tliey  had  constructed  Iniir 
roads,   or   calzadas,  towards   the   four   winds,   wliich 
reached  the  ends  of  the  county,  and  even  extendod 
to  Tabasco,  Guatemala,  and  Chiapas;  and  even  now 
are  seen  in  many  places  portions  and  traces  of  tliese 
roads."     Landa  also  states  that  between  Izanial  and 
Merida,  "there  are  to-day  signs  of  there  haxiu:;'  ex- 
isted  a   very   beautiful   paved  way."     In   the   saiue 
locality,  running  parallel  to  the  modern  road  for  sev- 
eral   miles,  M.   Charnay  found  "a  magniticeiit  mad, 
from  seven  to  eight  metres  wide,  whose  foundation  is 
of  immense  stones  surmounted  by  a  concrete  perl'octly 


sivnctuairc  dc  File  do  Coziimol.'  Friedfrirhathnl,  in  Nouvcllrs  .!/;»  "/«'/'•' 
Voif.,  IHH,  torn,  xcii.,  pn.  2'J'.»-3(M).  '  Uiic  foule  de  ruiiicH  d'uiic  Kiiuulf  im- 
portance.' Branscur  de  liourbourg,  Hist.  Nat.  Civ.,  toni.  i.,  p.  07. 


MAYA  CALZADAS. 


2(57 


nriNL'rvcd,  wliicli  is  covered  with  a  coating  of  cement 
two  inches  thick.  Tliis  road  is  every wiiere  about  a 
metre  and  a  half  above  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
The  coating  of  cement  seems  as  if  put  on  yesterday;" 
tile  wliole  being  buried,  however,  some  sixteen  inches 
dcL'])  in  soil  and  vegetable  accumulations.  The  Cura 
Ciirillo  and  party  found  in  1845  one  of  these  paved 
roads  four  and  a  half  varas  wide,  running  parallel  with 
the  modern  road  south-eastward  from  Uxmal,  and  said 
liv  the  natives  to  connect  the  latter  city  with  Nohpat. 
it  is  ])crliaps  the  same  calzada,  in  Maya  Sticbe,  'a 
road  of  white  stone,'  that  has  given  a  name  to  the  Sacbo 
ruins,  and  is  described  by  Mr  Stephens  as  "a  broken 
jilatforni  or  roadway  of  stone,  about  eight  feet  wide 
aud  eight  or  ten  inches  high,  crossing  the  road,  and 
running  off  into  the  woods  on  both  sides,"  reported  to 
extend  from  Uxmal  to  Kabah.^"^ 


Having  now  completed  my  detailed  description  of 
Maya  anticpiities  in  all  parts  of  the  peninsula  where 
a!)original  relics  have  been  seen  or  reported,  1  have 
tlioiii'ht  it  best  to  i>ive  in  conclusion  a  sifeneral  view  of 
these  anti(piities,  their  peculiarities,  the  contrasts  and 
similarities  which  they  present  among  themselves  and 
wh.'ii  compared  with  more  southern  monuments,  to- 
i,fether  with  such  general  remarks  and  conclusions  as 
their  examination  may  seem  to  warrant. 

The  comparatively  level  and  uniform  "^urfoce  of  the 
]»eniiisula  left  the  ab  ''  'inal  builders  little  choice  in 
the  location  of  their  cities  and  temples,  yet  a  prefer- 
once  for  a  broken  hilly  region  may  be  traced  in  the 
fact  that  the  central,  or  Uxmal,  group,  the  most 
crowded  with  ancient  monuments,  corresponds  with 
the  i)riiuipal  transverse  ranges  of  the  peninsula;  like- 
wise the  eastern  coast  cities  rest  generally  on  elevated 
hlurts  overlooking  the  sea.     In  the  selection  of  sites, 

""  i''ifinlhiffo,  Illst.  Ynr.,  p.  19.3;  Sfcpfini.s'  Yuratnn,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  .341, 
1--,  vol.  i.,  |).  415;  Lnntl't,  Rdacion,  pp.  344,  .3.30;  Lizann,  in  IiL,  p.  358; 
Vltunimj,  liuiacn  AitUr.,  pp.  321-'2;  Rryistro  Yuc,  torn,  i.,  p.  366. 


208 


ANTIQUITIES  OV  YUCATAN. 


however,  as  in  the  coiistriictioii  of  their  cities,  socuritv 
as^ainst  enemies  seems  to  have  been  not  at  all,  or  at 
l)Ost  very  slightly,  considered.  None  of  the  cities  on 
the  plains  are  located  with  any  view  to  defence,  or  liavi; 
any  traces  of  fortifications  to  <^nard  their  approaclns. 
TuKiom,  on  the  eastern  coast,  was  indeed  surroiiiidcd 
V)y  a  strong  wall  on  which  watch-towers  were  jilacol; 
but  of  all  the  Yucatan  cities  this  is  best  guarded  liv 
its  natural  position  and  would  seem  to  have  least  iieid 
of  artificial  defences.  Some  slight  remains  of  ualls 
are  seen  at  Uxmal  and  Maya})an,  but  insuihciciit  tn 
prove  th.'it  these  were  walled  cities,  A  wall  more  (^r 
less  })erfect  is  also  reported  at  Chacchol).  No  sti-iu- 
ture  has  been  found  which  partakes  in  any  way  of  tlit- 
nature  of  a  fort,  or  which  appears  to  have  been  eicctid 
with  a  view  to  military  defense.  It  is  true  tlic  mi 
merous  pyramids  and  their  superimposed  buildings 
would  serve  as  a  refuge  for  non-combattants,  as  \w\\ 
as  proj)erty,  and  would  afford  facilities  for  defense  in  a 
hand-to-hand  conflict,  or  perhaps  against  any  attack 
by  men  armed  with  aboriginal  weapons;  Imt  would  in 
nowise  serve  as  a  protection  to  the  dwellings  or  fields 
of  the  populace  which  must  be  supposed  to  have  det- 
ted  the  plains  for  a  wide  extent  al)Out  the  palates  et 
the  nobility  and  temples  of  the  gods. 

In  the  laying  out  both  of  cities  and  of  individual 
structures,  no  fixed  plan  was  followed  that  can  now  It 
ascertained,  except  that  a  majority  of  the  edifices  face 
in  general  terms  the  cardinal  points;  that  is,  as  iieailv 
as  these  points  would  naturally  be  determined  by  olisii 
vation  of  the  rising  and  setting  sun.  The  ott-re)ieati(l 
statement  that  all  the  temples  and  palaces  were  e.\ 
actly  oriented  is  altogether  unsupported  by  facts. 

The  materials  employed  by  the  Maya  builders  wvrv 
limestone,  mortar,  and  wood.  The  limestone  used  i> 
that  which,  covered  with  a  few  feet  of  sand  or  seil, 
forms  the  substratum  of  the  whole  peninsula.  It  i> 
soft  and  easily  worked,  and  may  be  readily  (juaiiii'l 
in  any  j)art  of  the  state.     Somewhat  strangely,  noia' 


C.ENEUAL  RESUME. 


203 


,,f  the  (pi.'irrios  wliieh  supplied  the  stone  for  buildini^, 
,;!•  t'di-  siuliitiired  decorations  and  idols,  have  ever  been 
tntiiid;  -:it  least  none  such  have  been  rej)orted  by  any 
txjilorer/"'^  With  verv  few  exce])tions,  such  as  in  the 
case  of  the  city  wall  at  Tulooni,  tlie  stone  enii>loyed, 
wlu'tlKT  roii'ji'h  or  hewn,  Avas  laid  in  in<^rtar.  Cement 
was  also  used  on  roofs  and  tloors;  plaster  on  interior 
walls;  and  stucco  in  exterior  <lecorations.  !N[ortar, 
(•(•iiuiit,  plaster,  and  stucco  were  i)resuinably  c()ni]M)sed 
ot"  the  same  materials,  lime  and  sand,  mixed  in  diH'er- 
eut  |ir<)]>orti'.)ns  accordin**-  to  the  use  for  which  it  was 
Jcsiniicd.  No  satisfactory  analysis  seems  t(j  have  been 
made  of  the  mortar,  nor  is  anythin*''  definite  known 
ivsj)ectiiiL»'  the  method  of  its  manufacture,  or  the 
source  from  which  lime  was  obtained.  Tliat  the  ma- 
terial was  of  excellent  (quality  is  proved  by  the  resist- 
ance it  has  ottered  for  at  least  three  centuries  to 
tropical  I'ains  and  the  inroads  of  troi)ical  veoetation. 
It  is  nearly  as  hard  as  the  stone  blocks  which  it  holds 
toi«-etlier,  and  to  its  excellence  the  preservation  of  the 
Yucatan  moimments  is  in  io-reat  measure  due/"'* 

Wood  was  employed  by  the  Maya  builders  only  for 
lintels,  for  tind)ers  of  unknown  use  stretched  across 
tlie  rooms  from  side  to  side  of  the  ceilini>s,  in  one  case 
at  riiichen  ibr  beams  to  support  the  ren^ular  stone 
arolics  of  the  roof,  and,  at  Tuloom  only,  for  the  sup- 
port of  a  tiat  cement  roof.  The  only  wood  mentioned 
i-  the  zapote,  native  to  some  parts  of  the  })eninsula. 


'"'-'  'I.M  pii'ilnv  nifirffoso  dc  quo  cstdii  fonniulos  tales  ciliticios,  cs  uiIeiiiaH 
.iri'iKTaliuciUf  ciirisiiU'raila  nnuo  un  niateriiil  iiiiiy  iiifeiiur  jiani  la  coTistrin'- 
liiiii."  Fi(iilirirlistliiil,\n  l)in;  Unii\,  toni.  x.,  p.  '2!t2.  Tlic  lilocUs  'out 
iiiii' ti-,iiis|iMii'iict'  tniuhli'c  coniine  colle  dti  jiyj)se.  II  est  pmlialilc. . .  .ipio 
ii'stilii  vciitalili' cai'ltiiiiatf  i-alcaire.'  Znniln,  in  Aiitiq.  Mix.,  tmii.  i.,  div. 
11,  p.  :!l.  'A  soft  coralline  liiiicstoiie  of  a  coiiiiiaratively  rt'ct'iit  ^i'l'idojrical 
iiriii:i\iiiii,  ]iriilialily  of  the  Tertiary  period.'  Fn-\/n-'s  I'n-llist.  UunK,  p.  ;iiKS. 

'*''  •  i„i  pcpca  nie/cla  ([ue  se  ailvierto  eu  ellos,  es  lina,  tersa  y  tan  conipacta 
l''ir  sii  |i,iiiiciilar  lienelicio,  (\\w:  toniada  entre  los  dedos  una  ]iastilia,  <'n><' 
;;nii's(i  ,„  |mi,'(i  mayor  i|ue  el  de  uu  pesofuerte,  da  sunio  traliajo  ipieltrantarla.' 
1--  <i.  ill  Unfislri)  ]'iii:,  toin.  i.,  p.  277.  •  C'es  niortiers  sont  faits  avce  une 
i!i:iii\  ii\ili:iuli(|ue  prcstnio  pure,  et  out  une  si  eoniiileteadherenee,  soit  dans 
li-i  iiiii>-if-*,  soit  iiienie  lorscprils  sout  applii[Ues  (•on..ne  euiluits,  eoninu^  a 
l':ilriii|iii',  iia'a  ]ieine  si  le  marteiiii  peat  les  entauier.'  Viullct-lv-Ditc,  in 
t'uayuaii,  L'i(iiir/i  Aiiicr.,  pp.  5l)-t)0. 


270 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


extremely  hard  and  heavy,  but  not  resinous  or  particii- 
hirly  well  fitted  to  resist  decay  or  the  ravayxs  of 
worms.  It  seems  remarkable  that  any  portion  of  this 
woodwork  should  have  survived  even  their  three  or 
four  centuries  of  uncjuestioned  Rge; — and,  indeed,  few- 
er none  of  the  lintels  of  outer  doorways  exposed  to 
the  weather  have  remained  unbroken. 

Haviuijf  fixed  upon  a  site  for  a  proposed  edifice,  the 
Maya  builder  invariably  erected  an  artificial  elexatioii 
on  which  it  mi<,dit  rest.  And  this  jjeculiarity  is  (jh- 
served,  not  only  in  Yucatan,  but,  as  w^e  shall  see  in 
many  other  portions  of  the  Pacific  States,  no  less  uni- 
versally in  regions  where  natural  hills  abound  than  on 
level  plains.  In  several  places,  however,  the  artificial 
structure  rests  on  a  natural  hill  of  slijifht  elevation,  as 
at  Chack  and  Zayi ;  in  other  cases  advantage  is  taken 
of  a  small  hill  to  save  lal)or  in  the  accumulation  of 
material,  as  atUxmal;  and  in  one  instance  at  Cliidien 
the  a])pearance  of  a  mound  is  gained  by  excavatinif 
the  surrounding  earth.  Buildings  resting  on  the  nat- 
ural surface  of  the  earth  are  unknown,  as  are  also  suh- 
terranean  a])artments  or  galleries  of  artificial  construc- 
tion, excepting  only  the  rei)orted  catacombs  under  the 
city  of  Canipeche.  The  bases  of  the  foundation  struc- 
tures, or  pyramids,  are  usually  rectangular,  the  largest 
dimensions  being  fifteen  hundred  feet  square  at  Zayi, 
while  many  have  sides  of  three  to  eight  hundi'cd  fett. 
They  diminisli  in  size  towards  the  summit,  from 
twenty  to  fifty  feet  higli  in  the  case  of  the  hii'uvr 
mounds,  and  from  sixty  to  ninety  feet  in  some  of  the 
smaller  ones.  jMost  of  tlie  larger  mounds  have  t^o 
or  more  terrace-i)lat forms  on  their  slope.  The  mass  of 
the  mound  is  conn)osed  of  rough  stones  and  fragments 
generally  in  mortar,  making  a  coarse  concrete;  tlie 
outer  surfjice  is  faced  with  hewn  stones,  not  generally 
laid  so  as  to  form  stei)s,  as  seems  to  have  been  the  ease 
at  Copan,  but  so  as  to  present  a  smooth  surface  on  the 
slope.  It  is  uncertain  whether  some  of  the  lariier 
terrace-platforms    were  paved  with  regular  blocks  or 


GENERAL  RESUME. 


271 


not.  The  corners  are  often  rounded.  Sculptured  dec- 
oiiitions  Dtcur  in  a  few  instances,  as  on  the  Pyramid 
iit  I'xm.il;  and  at  Izainal  a  row  of  faces  in  stucco 
juloi'ii  the  hase.  A  stairway  al'>'ay8  occupies  the  cen- 
tre of  one  side,  often  of  more  than  one  side.  Some  of 
tliLsu  stairways  are  over  a  hundred  feet  wide,  and  their 
sttiis  are  rarely  arranged  with  any  reference  to  con- 
vt'iiiciice  in  mounting.  Balustrades  remain  on  some 
stairways,  ornamented  in  a  few  instances  by  scul})tured 
iiioiistuis'  heads.  There  is  nothing  to  show  that  the 
surface  of  the  slopes  or  the  8tei)s  were  covered  with 
aiuciit.  The  supporting  stone  structure  of  one  build- 
ing at  Chichen  and  also  of  one  at  Tuloom  has  per})en- 
(litular  instead  of  sloping  sides.  All  the  pyramids  are 
triiiicated,  none  forming  a  point  at  the  top,  although 
there  is  one  or  more  in  every  group  of  ruins  whose 
suiiiuiit  platform  presents  no  traces  of  ever  having 
sii})[)()rted  buildings  of  any  kind.  Interior  galleries 
wviv  L'Xi>lc)red  in  a  mound  at  Maxcani'i,  and  chambers 
in  the  body  of  that  at  Izamal  were  re})orted;  others 
arc  solid  so  far  as  know^n,  except  that  a  few  small 
diainbcrs  liave  lieen  mentioned  with  a  vertical  entrance 
at  tliL'  top,  which  may  have  been  cisterns. 

The  edifices  supported  by  the  mounds  are  built 
cither  on  the  sunmiit  platform,  or  in  receding  ranges, 
(Hie  above  another,  on  the  slope.  In  the  latter  ciise 
tiiesL'  needing  ranges  form  the  nearest  a})proach  on  tlie 
liait  of  tho  Mayas  to  buildings  of  several  stories,  ex- 
apt  ill  one  instance  at  Tuloom,  where  one  room  is 
directly  over  another.  In  one  building  at  Kabah  the 
outer  wall  rises  from  the  foot  of  the  mound,  and  the 
inuer  tVoni  the  summit.  One  building  usually  occu- 
pies tlie  sunnnit;  but  in  several  cases  i'our  of  tlicni 
t'lKloho  an  interior  courtyard.  The  buildings  are  long, 
li»\v,  and  narrow.  Thirty-one  feet  is  the  greatest 
lieiuht,  thirty-nine  the  greatest  width,  and  three  hun- 
dred and  twenty-two  the  (greatest  lenoth.  The  roois 
are  ilat  and,  like  the  floors,  covered  Avith  cement.  The 
Walls  are,  in  proportion  to  the  dimensions  of  the  build- 


272 


ANTKiriTIKS  OF  YUCATAN. 


iujj^s,  vi'iy  thick,  usually  from  three  to  hi'x  feet,  imt 
sonictiiiu's  nine  feet.  Like  the  j)yr}iinicls,  the  luiiM- 
in»if»  consist  of  a  Uiiiss  of  concrete,  stones  lunl  nioitar, 
faced  witli  hewn  l)locks  of  nearly  cuhical  foiin,  mikI  or' 
Vi'rvini^  dimensions  rarely  exceedin*^  eighteen  iiu  Iks, 
l)nt  found  at  Sijoh  and  Ake  as  larj^e  as  three  hy  six 
and  seven  feet.  Only  one  l)uildin<jf  has  been  iiottd 
M'liose  exterior  ^valls  arc  not  j)eritendiculai',    hut  tlie 

ded. 
dly  two,  often  one,  nnd  laivly 


corners  are  m  most  cases  roun 
The  interior  has  ufener 


four  })aralk']  ran<^es  of  rooms,  "wlKie  in  a  few  (if  tlie 
smaller  huildin*^'s  an  uninterrupted  corridor  cxtnids 
the  whole  len<;th.  Neither  rooms  nor  corridors  cvtr 
exceed  twenty  feet  in  width  or  height,  while  the  ordi- 
narv  width  is  eiiiht  to  ten  feet  and  the  height  fifteen  tn 
eighteen  feet.  Sixty  feet  is  the  _<4'reatest  length  noted. 
The  walls  of  each  room  rise  per})endicularly  for  one  liulf 
their  height,  and  then  approach  each  other,  hy  the  stone 
Mocks  overlappin**"  horizontally,  to  within  al)()ut  one 
foot,  the  intervenint''  space  heino^  covei'ed  with  a  layer 
of  wide  Hat  stones,  .lud  the  2)rojectin«4'  coriurs  heiiii,'' 
hoveled  off  to  form  a  straight,  or  rarely  a  curv«(I,  .mii- 
facc.  In  a  few  instances,  as  at  Nohcacah,  tht;  sides 
of  the  ceiliiii''  form  an  acute  angle  at  the  top:  and 
once,  at  Uxmal,  the  overlapping  stones  arc  iiieliiied 
instead  of  lying  horizontally,  forming  a  slight,  hut  the 
nearest,  Maya  aj)})roach  to  the  true  arch.  This  is  tlie 
only  kind  of  ceiling  found  in  Yucatan,  except  one  at 
Tuloom  which  is  Hat  and  suj)ported  hy  tindieis 
stretched  aei'oss  from  wall  to  wall.      1  havo  followed 


Steidi 


pliens  ami  aj)i)Iieu  tlie  name  ot     triangulaf  ann 
to  this  structure  of  overla}>ping  stones,  althoii^li  tin.' 
term  may  hy  a  strict  interpretation  be  liable  to  .Mime 
criticism."'* 


i  r. 


1"*  Jdiics  says  'Tlio  term  "triiinfrnlar  .<'l;v//"  cannot  lio  admitlriniv  tin' 
lanjjiia^'c  of  Anliitecturc;  lie  (Mr  Stciilii-ns)  niij,'1il  as  well  1im\c  wiillin 
iriiiiiijiiliir  si'iitlfirrlr,  tcrnist  distinctly  oppnst'd  to  oacli  otlicr.'  //'<'■  -I"'- 
Anirr.,  II.  1(K>.  '  Los  ti'diips,  sin  variacion  al;:iina  cntrc  si.  iiprociitiiii 'niii 
li^iira  o)iva,  niuy  I'nnocidu  de  los  aralii's,  y  rt'in'tidaiiii'iilc  citada  I'nicl  rci"- 
iiicnilatilo  X'ictor  lliiiro  vn  su  olira  Av  Nue.stra  Sra.  do  I'ari.s.'  L.  ti.,  in  ■/''" 


OKXKKAL  IlLSUM^ 


273 


Tlif  t(»i>s  of  tlio  few  {^atoNvays  discovered  arc  c<m)- 
striK'trd  l»y  iiiean.s  of  the  same  aivli  as  that  einjdoyed 
ill  ili(  ct  ilin^s.  One  solitary  arcii  imconiieeted  \\'\i\\ 
aiiv  ntlur  strueture  has  heeii  noted  atKahah;  and 
ill  till'  Castlo  at  Chicheii  two  interior  arclies  rest 
(III  Ik  iiiiis  supported  l)y  stone  cohinins  instead  of  the 
usual  p<  ipendieuhir  walls.  Jn  some  of  the  hiiildinys 
;it  Kaliah  and  Chiehen  the  Hoor  of  the  inner  rani^o 
of  nil  mis  is  hii^dier  than  that  of  the  outer,  heini^ 
rwiilicd  hy  stone  steps.  Small  lound  tind)ers  e\- 
ttiul  tVoiii  side  to  side  of  the  ceilinjj^  in  nearly  all 
idDMis,  and  at  Tulooni  stone  benches  are  found  aloni^ 
tliL'  sidrs  and  ends. 

llaifly  do  more  than  two  rooms  connnunicate  with 
oiU'li  (itlicr.  The  doorways  are  on  Jin  averajj^e  ])erhaps 
four  Irrt  wide  and  ei^-ht  feet  hij^h,  with  s(juare  tops 
t'oriiH'd  hy /.a[)ote  beams  or  stone  lintels,  which  rest  on 
btonv  jaiuhs  composed  of  two  or  three  i)ieces,  or  are 
huilt  into  the  regular  wall  of  the  bii"\lin<^.  At  Chac- 
clioh  a  doorway  is  reported  wider  at  the  top  than  at 
the  hottom.  Many  exterior  doorways  are  wide  and 
divided  into  two  or  more  entrances  by  stone  ])illars 
hiujipoitinL,^  the  lintels.  Stone  rings,  or  hooks,  re})lacc>d 
at  Tulooni  l)y  shells,  near  the  top  on  the  inside,  and 
in  a  lew  cases  at  both  top  and  bottom,  are  the  only 
tiiucs  of  the  means  by  which  the  entrances  were  orig- 
inally clost'd.  Wooden  lintels  are  almost  exclusively 
einployi'd  at  Uxmal,  but  elsewhere  stone  is  more  com- 
mon ;  ,1  Ibw  both  of  wood  and  stone  are  covered  with 
carved  devices,  as  are  also  some  of  the  door-j)osts. 
Besides  the  doorways  the  rooms  have  no  oj)enings 
wliatever,  no  chimneys,  windows,  or  ventilators  being 
I'uuiid,  if  we  except  the  oblong  openings  m  the  rear 
wall  of  the  Castle  at  Tuloom.'"*^ 

ilislni  ]'iir.,  toni.  i.,  p.  277.  '  On  <lit  en  espa^jnol  Aehoverfa,  qui  n'oxijriine 
iiiKUMciiiciit  ccUi!  ardiitecture  toute  partiiulifcrc;  boirila  vent  dire  vcifitc,  ct 
les  iiitiiiiiis  ii'v  reHsenibleiit  millcment ;  ce  sont  deux  inurs  pariillMcs 
jiisi|iiii  line  liaiiteiir  de  tiois  metres,  oldiquaiit  alors  I'mi  vei>  1  autre,  et 
tiTiiiiius  par  uiie  dalle  de  treuto  centiiniitres.'  Ckarnay,  EtiiniH Amu:,  pp. 

3r.'-:i. 

10^  li icilirichsthal  erroneously  says  the  wooden  lintels  are  always  sculi)- 
Vol.  IV.    18 


VTi 


ANTKiirnKS  OF  YICATAN. 


RcsMoctiiiLif  tlu'  rooiuH,  iisidc  fnmi  their  (Iccoi-atldn, 
ii'itliiiiLf  ivin;iiii.s  to  l>u  noticod  except  the  ciisas  ccrra- 
(lis,  or  rooms  filled  with  Holid  iimsoiiry,  and  the 
iati!ri(n'  stairways  of  unexplained  t'onstruction  at  Lali- 
])halv.  Exterior  stairways  supported  l>y  a  halt"  aivh 
load  up  to  the  top  of  such  of  the  huildinj^s  as  havt- 
more  tiian  one  story,  and  also  to  the  summit  of  tlio 
few  mounds  that  liave  peri»endic'ular  sid.-s;  in  duo 
case  the  entrance  to  the  courtyard  is  by  stairw.iys 
lea<linL>' over  the  roof  of  one  of  the  enclosinj^'  ediliccs. 
T\ic  only  important  exceptions  to  the  usual  ty|H'  df 
Yucatan  buildinufs  are  the  circular  structures  with 
conical  roofs,  at  Chichen  and  AFayapan,  and  the  ^i'^aii- 
tic  walls  com[)osind'  the  so-called  gymnasiums  at 
Chichen  and  Uxmal. 

it  will  he  noticed  that  the  strenj^dh  of  these  struc- 
tures de[)ended  to  a  great  extent  on  the  excelli'iict;  nj" 
the  mortar  by  which  the  blocks  were  united,  since  tliu 
latter  are  not  usually  laid  so  as  to  break  joints,  al- 
though carefully  placed  so  that  the  phnnnut  line 
a[)plied  to  such  walls  as  are  uninjured,  rarely  (ictttts 
any  departure  from  jierfect  regularity.  A  Maya  ciis- 
tom  of  inserting  j)rojectiiig  stones,  or  hatunes,  in  tlif 
walls  of  their  buildings  as  a  record  of  time  and  in 
commemoration  of  great  events  is  spoken  of  by  iii;iiiy 
authors;  and  by  certain  stones  which  he  identities  with 
tlie  katunes,  j\I.  Waldeck  computes  the  age  of  ^.)iiiu 
of  the  ruins,  but  I  am  u  <able  to  tell  whicli  arc  tin.' 
stones  meant,  unless  they  e  those  already  nieiitioiad 
as  elephants'  trunks. 

Besides  the  columns  me  -ioned  in  connection  witli 
doorways,  many  others  art  found  whose  use  in  mn'^t 
cases  is  not  understood.  .'hey  are  both  round  ami 
square,  and  usually,  if  not  always,  composed  ttt  sev- 
eral ])ieces  j)laced  one  upon  another.  Among  them 
may  be  mentioned  the  row  of  round  columns  <hj  tlio 

tnrctl,  ntul  that  each  room  has  air-holes  ahove  the  cornice,  botli  sijiiiiii'  iH'il 
niuiiil,  from  ,3  to  5  inches  in  diameter.  Nun  relics  A  luutles  </w  I  «'/■,  l^'l- 
toui.  xcii.,  p.  311. 


tJKNliUAL  KKSr.Mi;:. 


:)i> 


'OViltlUll, 

IS  fcrm- 
and  tl.t; 
at  liiili- 
lalt"  Hivli 
I,  as  liiivu 
lit  (if  tlio 
<;  ill  tiiif 
stairwMVs 
;  t'llitit'i'^. 
I  tyi"'  of 
Liivs  with 
bho  ,yi:A!iii- 
isiuiMS   lit 

lose  stnic- 

•(jlU'llfl!    Ilf 

^  siiu'i-!  tlio 
joints,  iil- 

iiiiiut  Uiio 
ly  (U'tirts 

iaya  f>"*- 
iit's,  in  tlie 
ne  and  in 
If  \>y  many 
ititiis  witli 
,.  of  soiuc 
eh  are  tlic 
uientintiftl 

iftion  with 

L>  in  nxist 

1  round  iiml 

sed  of  scv- 

liou.U'  thcni 

lius  on  the 


tcmno  of  tlio  Ct)Vornor'H   Houho  at  Uxnial,  sixtooii 
cohinnis  at  Xiil  from  tlio  ruins  of  Xolioacal),  tliirty-nix 
«(iuaro  coluniUH  on  tlio  suuiiuit  ])latforiu  of  tho  pyra- 
mid at  Ako,  throe  liundrod  and  eighty  short  j)illjirs, 
also  s([uaro,  arranjjfod  round  a  s(juaro  at  Chichon,  oi;,dit 
round  idllars   on    tho   torraco  of  tho  round   house  at 
Mavapan,  tho  roi)ortod  lino   of  s(juaro  t'(dunins  oriuf- 
iiiallv  snpi>ortini^  a  J^alloy  at  Florida,  and  hwally  tlio 
inonolitliH  of  Sijoli,  which  latter  inay  have  boon  idols. 
I  now  I'oino  to  tho  interior  and.  exterior  decorations 
of  the  Yucatan  buildino^s.      Tn  some  apartments,  j)ar- 
ticularly  at  l^xmal,  the  ^valls  and  ceilin<jfs  present  only 
the  plain  surface  of  the  hewn  blocks  of  stone.      Most, 
however,  are  covered   with   a  coatinof  of  fine    white 
jilaster,  and   in  many  this  plastered  surface  is  wholly 
or  partially  covered   with  paintiiiffs  in  bright  ccdors. 
The  paintings  are  much  damao-od  in  every  case,  but 
sreia  to  have  boon  executed  with  much  care  and  skill. 
Tluy  are,  apparently,  never  jiuroly  ornamental,   but 
represent  some  definite  objo'-ts,  oftener  than  otherwise 
human  beings  in  various  attitudes  and  employments, 
hattles,  processions,  and  dances.     In  one  or  two  local- 
ities, as  at  Kowick,  a  sino-lo  stone  is  dec<n'atod  with 
]iaiutinu^,  while  the  rest  of  the  surface  is  left  plain. 
Niches  in  tho  walls   of  a  room  at  Chichon,  boiu'bes 
ahiU'^'  the  sides  and  ends  at  Tuloom,  and  a  rojiorted 
iiuicr  cornieo  at  Zny'i  vary  tho  usual  interior  monotony 
of  tlu;  NEaya  apartments. 

liiteiiur  sculptured  decorations  are  of  comparatively 
rare  oeeurrenco.  A  few  of  the  lintels  and  jambs  in 
eai'h  of  the  cities  are  covered  with  carvino's;  the  stej)s 
Kailiiit;  up  to  the  raised  inner  room  at  Kabah,  too-other 
witli  tho  base  of  the  walls  at  their  sides,  are  scidp- 
tuivil ;  small  circles  are  cut  on  the  walls  of  the  Casa 
ihl  Adivino  at  Uxmal;  a  tablet  of  hieroglyphics 
stretches  over  the  inner  doorways  of  a  corridor  at  Chi- 
(^■lieii;  and  a  sculptured  procession  covers  the  wall  and 
tiihiiijf  of  a  room  on  the  Gymnasium  wall  at  the  same 
i-'ity,    Hiorogl3'j)hic  inscriptions  are  not  very  numerous, 


270 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


l)iit  arc  apparently  identical  in  character  with  tlioso  we 
have  seen  at  Copan.  The  only  instance  noted  of  in- 
terior  decoration  in  stucco  is  that  of  the  stucco  liwU 
in  a  room  at  Kabah,  and  a  few  stuccoed  columns. 

The  exterior  walls  have  almost  invariably  a  coinico 
extending'  over  the  doorways  round  the  whole  ciicuin- 
forence,  and  another  near  the  roof.     Several  buildiiis^s 
liave  one  or  two  additional  cornices.     Besides  tliu  cor- 
nices  a  very  few  fronts  are  plain;  most  are  so  helow 
the  lower  cornice,  but  are  decorated  in  their  iippir 
portions,  as  several  are  from  top  to  bottom,  A\itli  a 
mass  of  complicated  sculptured  desi^J-ns,  of  wlilch  tlie 
reader  has  formed  a  clear  idea  by  the  drawini^s  tliat 
have  been  presented.     These  ornaments,  or  tlu'  scjt- 
rrate  parts  of  each,  are  carved  on  the  faces  of  cubiiul 
or  rectangular  blocks  which  are  buik  into  the  face  of 
the  wall,   each    carved   piece  fitting  niost  accu lately 
into  its  place  as  j)art  of  a  most  elaborate  whole.    Some 
j)arts  of  the  decoration  ere  also  joined  to  the  walls  liv 
means  of  long  tenons,      In  the  human  faces  representtd 
in  i)rofile  among  tlie  ornamental  carvings  the  iiattLiied 
foreliead,  or  contracted  facial  angle,  is  the  most  iiii])oi- 
tant  feature  noticed,  and  this  is  not  as  strongly  marked 
as  in  many  other  regions  of  America.     Exce])tiiig  the 
])hallus,  which   is  prominent  in  many  of  the  (Kroia- 
tions,  and  which  was  probably  a  religious  syniliol,  no 
ornaments    of  an   obscene   nature  are  noticed,     in- 
stead of   stone,   stucco  is  emj)loyed   at    Labjtliak  in 
exterior  decorations,  and  to  a  slight  extei  t  at  Tulooia 
also.     Over  the  front  wall  of  some  buildings,  and  from 
tile  centre  of  the  roof  of  others,  rises  a    lofty  wall, 
sometimes  in  peaks,  or  turrets,   apparently  inttii(lt'il 
only  as   a  basis  for  ornamentation.     At  Kabali  this 
supplementary  wall  is  plain  and  resembles  from  a  dis- 
tance a  second  story;  on  the  Nunnery  at  Uxnial  the 
ornamentation  is  in  stone;  but  in  other  cases  stucco  is 
employed,      (^nly  one  exterior  wall,  at  Chunliuhii,  is 
plastered;  but  all  the   exterior  decorations  luv  sup- 


MAYA  IDOLS. 


277 


po.sed  to  have  been  ori<,aiially  painted,  traces  of  bright 
colors  still  remaining  in  sheltered  posit iont^.^"'' 

The  scarcity  of  idols  among  the  Maya  anti(|uities 
must  he  regarded  as  extraordinary.  The  donble- 
headod  animal  and  the  statue  of  the  Old  Woman  at 
Uxiiial ;  the  nude  figure  carved  on  a  long  flat  stt)i.e 
aiul  the  small  statue  in  two  pieces,  at  Nohi)at;  the 
idol  ;it  Zayi  reported  as  in  use  for  a  fountain;  the 
null'  unscul})tured  monoliths  of  Sijoh;  the  scattered 
iiutl  vaguely  mentioned  idols  on  the  plains  of  Maya- 
paii;  and  the  figures  in  terra  cotta  collected  by  Nor- 
iiiaii  at  Campeche,  complete  the  list;  and  many  of 
tlicso  may  have  been  originally  merely  decorations  for 
liuildiiigs.  That  the  inhabitants  of  Yucatan  were 
idolators  there  is  no  possible  doubt,  and  in  connection 
with  the  magnificent  shrines  and  tenqdes  erected  by 
tlieiii,  stone  re])resentatives  of  their  deities  carved  with 
all  thrir  aboriginal  art  and  rivaling  or  excelling  the 
ijfraud  ohelisks  of  Copan,  might  naturally  be  sought 
fur.  lUit  in  view  of  the  facts  it  nmst  be  concluded 
tliat  the  ^[aya  id(ds  were  small,  and  that  such  as  es- 
uaiu'd  the  destructive  hands  of  the  Spanish  ecclesias- 
tics, wcio  buried  by  the  natives,  as  the  only  means  of 
[iivvrnting  their  desecration.  Alturs  are  as  rare  as 
idols;  indeed,  only  at  Tu]<x)m  are  such  relics  definitely 
iv]ioito<l,  and  then  they  are  of  small  size  and  of  sim- 

'"'  Mr  .liiiu's  l)i'li(>v','s  that  tlic  oniaincnts  on  tlie  Maya  favailcsiimst  liavc! 
Lccii  >iiil|iliui'il  alter  tlii'  stoiu's  in  a  n)Uj,'li  stale  liati  lieen  put  in  plaic,  and 
imt  Ipct.  IT,  as  Mr  Stt'iilieiis  tliinUs.    llisf.  Am:  Aiiicr.,  \>.  ^tiJ.    'J'lic  fidlnw  in^' 

i^  Ml'  \Viilili'(k"s  not  very  dear  explaiiatinn  of  tlie  i h'  of  ileeoratin;;  tlieso 

f;K"iiili's.  '  Voulaient-iln  eouvrir  unc  fa(,'atle  (rorneinents  on  tie  lijruics  syin- 
liiiliiiu  s,  ils  eoMMiu'neaient  par  peinilro  hi  mnnille  toute  entiere  de  hi  cou- 
li'ur  i|ii'ils  avaient  ehoisie;  ]iresi|ue  ?■  iijonrs  e'etail  Ic  ron;,'e  (|ui  fortnait  lo 
liiiiil. . . .  .I'ctte  jiremiere  operation  tcrniinee,  on  poscit  snr  ie  iniir  jn'iiit  hi  inar- 
'[iiilcric  f,i  pier;;'  i|iii  devait  servir  d'orneinent  et  en  hi  liadi^^eonnait  iiveo 
jilusjh'  si.iii  ,|ii,'  Ie  lond.  J-e  hh'u  etait  eniphiye  dans  i  e  travail.'  I'lii/.  J'ilL, 
Jip.  7-  :(.  'In  the  Mayan  delineations  of  the  liuinan  eoiintenanee  tlie  eini- 
traitiil  facial  an;,do  is  a.s  reiiiarkal)le  as  in  tiie  iiaintiii;,'s  of  the  Aztecs.' 
l'rirl,„r,l\-  J,'rsr,,rr/,rs,  vol.  v.,  p.  :H(;.  See  l-'i,sl<rs  I'n- Hist,  llm-rs,  p.  WWl. 
'"II  rrlrciiive  cliez  iinel«ines-uns  de  ces  Indiens  les  'aits  Itieii  aeeeiHiies  do 
Ijiiaci' nil  fi-iini  fnyant  et  an  nez  l>ns(|iie,  ipii  coiistrnisit  les  ]iahiisd'l  xnial, 
HI' l\ilriiipie,  et  de  Cliichen-Itza.  Je  fiis  frappi' tie  cette  analo^ie,  <|iioiinu! 
lii  Miiiiiitiiili-  soil  loin  il'etre  parfaite,  les  artistes  nationaiix  ayant  exa^vn'o 
vruisi'iiililalilciiii.iit  certains  earacteri's  (|r;  eonstitnaient  alors  Tideal  de  la 
kaiif.-  .l/,„vA/,  V>iu<iijr,  toni.  i.,  p.    IH. 


278 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


j)lo  construction,  inoroly  hewn  blocks  on  which  copal 
was  burned. 

The  ahnost  complete  lack  of  pottery,  implenunts, 
and  weajjons  is  no  less  remarkable.     Eartlien  rulics, 
so  abundant  over  nearly  the  whole  surface  of  tlie  Pa- 
cific States,  even  in  the  territory  of  the  wii  lest  tiilns, 
where  no  ruined  edifices  are  to  be  seen,  are  i  irely  nut 
with  in  Yucatan  and  Chia])a,  where  the  grandest  niiii.s 
indicate  the   highest    civilization.     No    trace    of  aiiv 
metal  has  been  found  in  Yucatan,  althougli  thcro  i« 
some  historical  evidence  that  co})per  implements  were 
used  by  the  Mayas  to  a  slight  extent  in  the  sixtctiitli 
century,  the  material  for  which  must  have  been  broui^lit 
from  other  parts  of  the  country.     Besides  si)ear  aiul 
arrow  heads  of  Hint  or  obsidian  which  have  been  found 
in  small  numbers  in  different  parts  of  the  state,  and 
the  imi)lements  included  in  the  Camacho  collection  at 
Campeche  already  mentioned,    there    remains   to  liu 
noticed   "a  collection  of  stone   implements,  gatlu'ivd 
by  Dr.  J.  W.  Veile,  in  Yucatan,"  s])oken  of  by  Mr  Fos- 
ter as  resembling  in  many  respects  similar  relics  I'lom 
the  Mississipj)i   Valley.      "The  material  emj)ltiyo(l  is 
])oi-})hyry.     Some  of  them  are  less  than  two  inclas  in 
length,  and  the  edges  ai'o  })olished  as  if  from  use.    At 
tlie  first  glance  it  would  be  said  that  many  of  tliLsc 
inn>lements  were  too  small  for  practical  pur])()scs,  l»ut 
when  we  reHect  that  the  material  out  of  wliicli  tliu 
ancient  inhabitants  of  that  region  cut    their   bassn- 
relievos,  was  a  soft  coralline  limestone,  1  find,  hy  cx- 
l)eriment,  that  such  a  tool  is  almost  as  effective  as  one 
of    steel.      Some   of   the    implements,    however,  are 
cylindrical  in  shape,  with  the  convex  surface  Innuulit 
to  an  edge,  and  the  opposite  side  ground  out  liki'  a 
gouge."'"'     There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the   Maya 
sculpture  was  executed  with  tools  of  stone,  altliouyh 
with  such  implements  the  complicated    carviDus  "i' 
hard  za})ote  lintels   must  have  presented  great  dilh- 
culties  even  to  aboriginal  patience  and  skill. 

1"'  Fuskr'n  rn-Hist.  liuccii,  pp.  1212-13. 


great  iliffi- 


TIIE  :\IAYAS  AS  AUTISTS. 


279 


With  respect  to  the  artistic  merit  of  the  monuments 
of  N'ucatan,  and  the  degree  of  civiHzation  wliich  tliey 
iuii'ly  oil  the  behalf  of  their  builders,  I  leave  tlie 
reaikr  to  form  his  own  conclusion  from  the  information 
wliich  I  h.ive  collected  and  presented  as  clearl}' as  pos- 
sihlc  in  the  j)receding  pages.  That  they  bear,  as  a 
whole,  no  favorable  comparison  with  the  works  of  the 
ancient  (Jreeks,  Romans,  Egyptians,  Assyrians,  and 
perliai)s  other  old-world  peoples  must,  1  bjlieve,  be 
granted.  Yet  they  are  most  w^onderful  when  consid- 
ered as  the  handiwork  of  a  peo})le  since  lapsed  into  a 
condition  little  above  savagism.  I  a])})end  in  a  note 
.some  quotations  designed  to  show  the  im[»ression  tliese 
monuments  have  made  on  explorers  and  students. 


lOtt 


1P1 


r)('i)iiis  le  cap  Catorlic  jnsqu'au  jiied  dela  Conlilli-rc  cciitralc,  aiialo- 
(lie  fr;i|i|iaiit('  <Iaiis  le  carat'tcre,  renseiiihle  t-t  les  proiiortioiis  dcs  divfrses 
parlies  dcs  duvrajios.'  'Quant  a  riiiipi'e^r<ioii  ([ue  fait  I'lmmvor  rcxaiiioii 
lie  rMivliilcctui'i!  de  tons  COS  edilicos,  jo  dois  ajoutcr  (lue  It's  idrcs  tines  dc 
I'iiiti^tt!  out  ovidi'minent  etc  exuL-utiJi's  (rune  nianiero  (|ui  ne  Ics  rund  nulle- 
iiiciit."  "'I'dutcfois  on  rencontre,  notaninient  i\  I'xnial,  des  preuNcs  sulli- 
siMtis  iiu'ils  ctaient  parvenus  il  ])lus  de  dcxterite  dans  (incli|U('s-uiies  do 
li'iiis  scidiitures.  On  recoiinait  leur  addrcsse  a  rcpresenter  les  formes  hu- 
iiiaiiifs,  dans  Ics  idolcs  et  Ics  li;;urcs  en  ari;ilc. .  .  .('cs  oiivra<,'cs  sont  su^ic- 
lil■lll■^  Sims  tons  les  r!<p])orts  dc  I'art,  !\  tout  cc  (ine  cctte  nation  a  imiduit.' 
FniiJiric/is//iii/,  in  Xotirrl/cs  An ii(i/cn  t/r.s  I'oi/.,  1841,  toni.  xcii.,  pp.  Sd.S, 
31-.  '  Ks;i  India  y  cicjiante  ar(|uitectnra,  esos  solicrliios  c  iniiioncntcs  ador- 
iins,  sii|ii'iinrc's  il  todo  lo  ([uc  hasta  hoy  lui  podido  verse  y  eoiu'cliirsc'  '  li'ui- 
nasMiliciliiiis,  (|ue  aj,'oliian  la  inia;:;inacion  y  o]irinicn  el  entendiniicnto.'  Ji/ 


Ihrr.    r 


toni.  X.,  JI.  '1\)\.  'The  splendid  temples  and  palai-cs  still 
.■^tamliii;:  attest  tlio  |)ower  of  tlic  jiriests  and  of  the  nohles;  no  trace  remains 
(if  ilie  liiits  in  which  dwelt  the  mass  of  the  nation."  UaUiiiin,  in  Aimr. 
Eiliidi.  Six'.',  Tniiisiivt.,  vol.  i.,  p.  174.  I'xmal  'the  American  I'almyra.' 
U'lili/iiiiis,  lliiiij.  H.  S/tit.,  ]t.  144.  '  Kl  ]>riiner  <f(dpe  de  vista  de  su  conjunto, 
t's  j;iaiidiiisi),  es  iniponcnte.  K.xaminandidos  liie;;o  en  detail,  causa  adiui- 
rarimi  c!  distiiito  orden  de  ari|uitcitura  ipie  se  iiota  en  cada  cdilicin,  la  elc- 
tranria  cii|iricliosa  de  hus  formas,  la  atuiiidancia  y  ri(|neza  d(d  material  i|ue 
iiitciiiir  y  cxteriormcnte  es  to(lo  dc  piedra  de  silleria,  el   lujo  pnidi;.'ioso  de 


Ins  ail 


ornos  van 


ikIos  hasta  lo  iidinito  de 


un  motio  raro,  ori'Mua 


vistii,  y  la  pcrfeccion  y  maestria  con  (pie  todo  ha  sido  cjeciita( 


N.iti 


oil  I  Xllllll 


.la 


ilintru   )'(/''.,  toni. 


I  infancia  del  arte  en  piinto  a  estatiiaria. 


M.  /•'.  /' 


lir. 


]>p.  .%;$,  '.H>').'     'Kn  somme,   I 


es   iiiines   ( 


rrxmal  nous 


liarai>sciit  ('trc  la  dernicre  expression  de  la  civilisation  aiiH'rirainc;  nulle 
part  nil  tcl  assemhla^e  de  mines,  niaisons  iiarticiilicrcs,  temples  et  jialais.' 
C/iiii-iifii/,  Jlniiic.i  Aiiifi:,  J).  .174.  '  J.a  aripntcctnra  de  I'xmal  hrillaiite  en 
licrspectiva,  es  eoniplicada  y  siiiR'trica  en  sus  dihiijos,    nduista  en   siis 


(iiiiK'iiliis  y  terraplcnes,  simlH>lica  en  sus  ;,'er 


y  liaslaiitc  lie 
tnin.  i. 
ofaii 


'lilic 


v  lii'uras  li 


Head; 


I  en  sus  cornizas  y  mo 


Idiiri 


/..  a 


111 


■i/i.s/i-' 


) 


p.  .,(. 


ri'iiaii  cliaracfer. 


The  sculptun^  at  rxmal  is  md  only  aslini",  Init  distinctly 


J/i.if.  A I 


.1/ 


p.  I(»7 


IMu 


sieiirs  de  ccs 


(■iiii-lniiliniis  iii>  lnissent  rien  a  di'sircr  an  |(oint  de  vue  du  hon  ;,'iii'it  et  des 
ri'glcs  dc  I'art.'  J/u/r/t/,  I'ui/uijc,  ti)m.  i.,  p.  11)3.     M.  ViolIel-lc-Duc's  cou- 


f-   i   !< 


^1' 


280 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


Finally  I  have  to  consider  the  anti(iuity  of  the  Yu- 
catan nioniunents.  As  in  the  case  of  all  ruined  citits 
and  edifices,  the  questions,  when  and  by  avIkjui  wtre 
tliey  built?  are  of  the  most  absorbing  interest.  In 
Yucatan  the  latter  question  presents  no  difhculties, 
and  the  former  few,  compared  with  those  connected 
M'itli  other  American  ruins.  It  was  formerly  a  favor- 
ite tlieory  that  the  great  American  palaces  ar.d  tem- 
ples of  ancient  times,  whose  remains  have  astonislifd 
the  modern  world,  were  the  work  of  civilized  j)c(i])les 
that  have  become  extinct,  probably  of  some  old-world 
l»eople  which  long  centuries  ago  settled  on  our  coasts 
and  flourished  for  a  long  i)eriod,  but  was  at  last  foiccd 
to  succumb  to  the  native  races  whose  descendants 
occu[)ied  the  land  at  the  coining  of  Europeans  in  the 
sixteenth  century.  The  discussion  of  the  origin  of  the 
American  people  and  of  the  American  civilization,  as 
well  as  of  the  possible  agency  of  old-world  eleiiients 
in  the  development  of  the  latter,  belongs  to  another 
])art  of  my  work;  still  it  may  be  appro})riately  stated 
here  that  the  theory  of  extinct  civilized  i-nccs  in 
America,  to  which  our  ruined  cities  may  be  attril)uted, 
I'ests  upon  only  the  very  vaguest  and  most  unsubstan- 
tial foundation,  while  so  far  as  the  Yucatan  cities  are 
concerned  it  rests  on  no  foundation  at  all. 

The  traditional  history  of  the  peninsula,  whicli  will 
be  given  in  the  following  vcdume,  re})resents  Yucatan 
as  constituting  the  mighty  Maya  enq)ire,  whose  rulers, 
secular  and  religious,  reared  magnificent  cities,  pahues, 

elusions  Jiiid  spcdilatioiia  are  mostly  dircrti'd  to  prove  that  t!i'>  Iniililii  -  wcro 
(if  mixed  race,  uliituand  yellow,  Aryan  and  Turanian.  He  suii|ii'ils  liis 
tlieorv  liy  a  study  of  the  faces  aniouf;  llie  s(-ul|)tured  deeoratioiis.  :niil  liv 
])()iiilin;r  out  in  tlie  Itnildin^^s  traditions  of  structures  in  wood,  ami  mI-hiIii' 
use  of  mortar,  the  use  of  wood  and  mortar  lieinjj  ])ei'uliar,  as  he  chiins.  tn 
dill'erent  races,  (^/lunitii/,  liitiiir.s  Ann'r.,  introd.  'These  antii|iiilii'>  -Imw 
that  this  secti(<n  of  the  contiiuMit  was  anciently  occujiied  hya  |Pco|ilr  jilniiia- 
My  skilled  in  the  arts  of  nuisonry,  huildiii;;,  and  architectural  (Icrciiiitinii ' 
JUil(lirlii\i  Aiir.  Aiiirr.,  ]t.  101.  'The  liuilders  of  the  ruins  of  the  riiynf 
Chi-Chen  autl  Uxnial  .  xcelled  in  the  incchanie  and  line  arts.  It  is  uliviiiiis 
that  they  were  a  cultivati'd,  and  douhtless  a  very  numerous  jicoplc.'  .V"/'- 
m<ni\s  llainlih's  ill  Yi«\,  \\.  17">.  '<  •line  Zweifel  zu  den  herrlichsteii  AiniTikiis 
jrehiireu.  -Welch  riesenlnifto  IJauteii  fiir  cine  Nation,  die  ulles  iiiit  stei- 
iiornen  liistruiuenteu  urheitetel'  llilUr,  Ihisvii,  p.  'JOO. 


ANTIQUITY  or  THE  MAYA  MONUMENTS. 


281 


aii(l  icniples,  and  which  flourished  in  n-reat,  if  not  its 
trrcatrst,  j)owcr  down  to  within  a  httle  nioro  tlian  a 
cL'iituiv  of  the  Spaniards'  coming.     Then  tlie  empire 
Avas  more  or  less  broken  uj)  by  civil  wars,  an  era  of 
dissension  and  comparative  weakness  ensued,  some  of 
the  jU'reat  cities  were  abjindoned  in  ruins,  but  tlie  edi- 
fices of  most,  and  especially  the  tem])les,  were  still 
(Hrii}ii((l  by  the  disunited  factions  of  the  (original  em- 
pire.    In  this  condition  the  Spaniards  found  and  con- 
quered the  Maya  ])e()])le.     They  found  the  immense 
stone  ]tyramids  and  buildinos  of  most    of  the  cities 
still  used  by  the  natives  for  religious  services,  although 
not  foi-  dwellings,  as  they  had  probably  never  been  so 
used  even  by  their  builders.     The   conquerors   estab- 
lished their  own  towns  generally  in  the  innnediate 
vicinity   of  the   aboriginal    cities,    jirocuring   all  the 
liuildiiig  material  they  needed  from  the  native  struc- 
tures, destroying  so  far  as  possible  all  the  idols,  altars, 
and  other  paraphernalia  of  the  Maya  worship,    and 
forcing  the  discontinuance  of  all  ceremonies  in  honor 
itf  the  heathen  gods.     A  few  cities  escaped  the  danm- 
iuL"'  blight  of  European  towns  in  their  vicinity,  and 
kejit  u])  their  rites  in  secret  for  some  years  later;  such 
Were  r.xnial,  Tuloom,  and  probably  others  of  the  best 
jjreserved  ruins.     All  the  early  voyagers,  coiKpiista- 
dores,  and  writers  speak  of  the  wonderful  stone  edi- 
fices found  by  them  in  the  country,  })artly  abandoned 
and  partly  occupied  by  the  natives.      To  su])pose  that 
the  liuildings  they  saw  and  described  were  not  identi- 
cal with  the  ruins  that  have  been  described  in  these 
payes,  that  every  trace  of  the  former  has  disa}»})eared, 
and  that  the  latter  entirely  escaped  the  notice  of  the 
early  visitors  to  Yucatan,  is   too  absurd  to  desei've  a 
moments  consideration.     That  the  Mayas  were  found 
worshiping  in  the  temples  of  an  extinct  race  is  a  posi- 
tion nhnost  equally  untenal)le.     The  Spaniards  forced 
the  Abiyas  to  accept  a  new  faith,  utterly  crushed  out 
their  ancient  spirit  by  a  long  course  of  o|)pression,  and 
then  together  with  other  Europeans  resorted  to  the 


! 


282 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


theory  of  an  extinct  old-world  race  to  account  for  tlio 
wonderful  structures  which  the  ancestors  of  the  de- 
graded Mayas  could  not  have  reared.  The  Mayas  aie 
not,  however,  the  only  illustrations  of  a  deterioi.itud 
race  to  he  seen  in  Yucatan,  as  will  he  understood  liv 
comparing  the  present  S})anish  population  of  the 
peninsula  with  the  [)roud  Oastilian  concpierors  of  the 
sixteenth  century, 

Mr  Stephens,  to  whom  many  of  the  Spanish  and 
Maya  documents  relating  to  Yucatan  history  were 
unknown,  sought  carefully  for  proofs  in  sujjport  ofJii.s 
helief  that  the  cities  were  constructed  hy  "the  same 
races  who  inhahited  the  cc^untry  at  the  time  of  the 
Spanish  conciuest,  or  hy  some  not  very  distant  progeni- 
tors." He  was  entirely  successful  in  estahlishing  the 
truth  of  his  position,  which  rested  on  the  stateiueiits 
of  the  historians  with  whose  works  he  was  ac(iuaiiitt'(I, 
and  on  the  following  points,  many  of  them  discovered 
hy  himself,  and  whose  only  weakness  is  the  fact  that 
they  were  not  really  needed  to  justify  his  conclusions. 
1st.  The  Maya  arch  in  the  foundations  of  the  Fran- 
ciscan convent  at  Merida,  huilt  in  1547,  with  the  liis- 
torical  statement  that  Merida  was  huilt  on  the  nioiuids 
of  ancient  Tilioo.  2d.  The  traditional  destructinii  (>( 
Mayapan  in  1420.  3d.  The  custom  of  the  S[)uiiiar(ls 
to  locate  their  towns  near  those  of  the  natives,  to- 
gether with  the  almost  uniform  location  of  the  luiiis 
near  the  modern  towns.  4th.  The  skeletons  and 
skulls  dug  u})  at  Ticul  were  ])ronounced  hy  Dr  ]\liir- 
ton  to  helong  to  the  universal  American  ty})e.  ftth. 
Sr  Peon's  deed  to  the  Uxmal  estate,  dated  in  I(i7:i, 
states  that  the  natives  still  worshiped  in  tlie  stmic 
huildings;  that  a  native  then  claimed  the  estate  as 
having  helonged  to  his  ancestors;  that  at  that  time 
tliere  were  doors  in  the  ruins  which  were  opened  aiul 
bhut;  and  that  water  was  then  drawn  from  the  aL;'ua- 
das.  Gth.  The  sword  in  the  hands  of  the  kmclin,!;' 
sinilptured  figure  at  Kahah,  which  has  already  hcen 
mentioned  as  almost  identical  with  an  aboriginal  Maya 


ANTKHITY  OF  THE  MAYA  MONIMKXTS. 


283 


wojipon.  7tli.  A  map  dated  1557  was  found  at  ^fani, 
oil  wliic'li  Uxmal  is  desi<>-nated  by  a  ditibreiit  character 
from  all  the  other  surrouiidiii*,''  towns,  being  the  only 
one  that  is  not  surmounted  by  a  cross.  8th.  With  the 
ma])  was  found  a  document  in  the  ^Faya  hmouaoe,  also 
(latt'd  1557,  announcing  tlie  arrival  of  certain  otHcials 
Avith  interpreters  at,  and  their  departure  from,  IJxnutl. 
Now  there  never  was  a  Spanish  town  of  Uxmal,  and 
the  liacienda  was  not  established  until  one  hundied 
and  forty-five  years  later.  9th.  The  gynmasiums  at 
('IiiclK'U  and  Uxmal,  agreeing  witli  those  traditionally 
described  in  connection  with  certain  aboriginal  games 
of  hall.  10th.  Many  scattered  resemblances  to  Aztec 
relics  and  customs.  11th.  The  European  penknil'e 
tliscovered  in  a  u'rave  with  aboriginal  relics  at  Kantu- 
iiilc.  12tli.  The  comparatively  fresh  appearance  of 
the  altars  and  other  relics  at  Tuloom.^*** 

It  may  then  be  accepted  as  a  fact  susce})tible  of  no 
(loiiht  that  the  Yucatan  structures  were  built  by  the 
^[ayas,  the  direct  ancestors  of  the  people  found  in  the 
jii'iiinsula  at  the  conquest  and  of  the  present  native 
]Mi|iulati()n.  Ivespecti'ig  their  age  we  only  know  the 
(late  of  their  abandonment — that  is  the  fifteenth  and 
sixteenth  centuries.  Nothini''  in  the  ruins  themselves 
i^ives  any  clue  to  the  date  of  their  construction,  and 
this  is  not  the  place  to  discuss  the  few  vague  historii-al 
traditions  licaring  on  the  subject.  The  data  on  which 
dilfereiit  writers  have  based  their  si)eculations,  and 
claimed  for  these  monuments  greater  or  less  anti([uity 
are  the  following.  1st.  The  innnense  ti'ees  that  arc 
fmiiid  gi'owing  on  the  ruins,  and  the  accunuilation  of 
soil  and  vcgetahle  matter  on  the  roofs  and  terrace 
lilatroriiis;  but  to  persons  acquainted  with  the  lapid 
i;ii'\\  th  of  ti'ees  in  tropical  countries,  these  constitute 
ii<»  evidence  of  anti(]uity.  2d.  The  ignorance  of  the 
natives  ri'spucting  the  l)uilders  of  the  niomiments; 
the  investigations  of  Indian  character  in  the  preccd- 

i"'>V.;,/,,v(.v'  Yiini/nii,  vol.  i.,  lip.  0.'}-9,  140,  274,  322-5,  41,'?,  vol.  ii.,  vv. 
2Ci-7;i,  :jUI),  313,  400. 


284 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  YUCATAN. 


K    ) 


ing  volumes  of  tliis  -work,  lunvever,  show  conclu- 
sively enoug'h  that  two  generations,  to  say  notliiiiLf 
of  three  centuries,  are  ani})ly  sufficient  to  blot  iiom 
the  native  mind  everything  definite  concerninn;  tlie 
past.  3d.  Comparisons  of  tlie  Yucatan  ruins  with 
different  old-world  remains;  the  argument  being  tlint 
if  an  American  monument  is  more  dilapidated  than 
an  Egyptian  one,  it  must  be  older.  4th.  And  on  tlie 
other  hand,  against  a  great  antiquity,  the  destructive- 
iiess  of  the  tropical  vegetation  and  tropical  rains,  jth. 
The  softness  of  the  building  material.  Gth.  Tliu  ])(>i- 
foct  preservation  in  many  places  of  wood  and  paint. 
7th.  The  rapid  decay  of  the  ruins  between  the  periods 
of  the  e.trliest  and  latest  visits. 

It  will  be  at  once  noted  that  the  preceding  points 
all  bear  on  the  date  of  abandonment  and  not  at  all  on 
the  date  of  construction.  Explorers  may  marvel, 
.according  to  the  view  they  take  of  the  matter,  oitlicr 
that  the  buildiuiifs  have  resisted  for  three  or  four  liuii- 
dred  years  the  destructive  ao-eneies  to  which  thev  have 
been  exposed;  or,  that  three  or  four  short  centui'ies 
have  wrought  so  great  ravages  in  structures  so  strongly 
built;  still  the  fact  remains  that  the  buildings  were 
abandoned  three  or  four  hundred  years  ago.  ]\1.  A\'al- 
deck's  theory,  by  which  he  computes  the  antiquity  of 
some  of  the  ruins  by  certain  stones  peculiarly  p  aced  in 
the  walls,  or  by  the  small  houses — cal/i,  or  house,  1  icing 
one  of  the  siofns  of  the  Aztec  calendar — over  the  door- 
ways  of  the  Nunnery  at  U xinal,  like  Mr  Jones'  argu- 
ment that  the  structures  must  have  been  reared  lufore 
the  invention  of  the  arch,  is  mere  idle  speculation, 
utterly  unfounded  in  fact  or  probability.  The  liistory 
of  the  ISIayas  indicates  the  building  of  some  of  the 
cities  at  various  dates  from  the  third  to  the  tenth  cen- 
turies. As  1  have  said  before,  there  is  nothing  in  the 
Iniildings  to  indicate  the  date  of  their  erection,  that 
they  were  or  Avere  not  standing  at  the  commencem 'nt 
of  the  Christian  Era.  We  may  see  how,  abandoned 
and  uncared  for,  they  have  resisted  the  ravages  ot"  the 


CONCLUSION. 


285 


t'ltinoiits  for  three  or  four  centuries.  How  many  cen- 
tuii(;.s  they  may  have  stood  guarded  and  kept  in 
iv]i!iir  l)y  tlie  builders  and  their  descendants  we  can 
only  conjecture."" 


II"  'Pilato  III  fuiKlncion  de  ITxmal  &  1.50  6  200  nnos  Antes  del  dc  1535,  on 
lie  tiivo  I'ft'i'to  lii  conquiHta  del  jmis  jior  loa  esimnolcs.'  L.  (!,,  in  licyistro 


que 


tiiiii.  1.,  l>.  -7<).  'Aunque  el  niur  de  cunjectunm  que  las  cubre  Heunniy 
aiitiiii,  y  lie  lil>re  navefjiicion  para  todo  el  niundo,  ereo,  sin  enilmr^o,  que  lo 
imiiiis  liilit  ul(i  y  mas  acertado  es  ii(»  en<;(dfarsc  en  el.'  M.  F.  J'.,  in  Id.,  p. 
%:i  ('ii;,'<(lliido  fonnd  in  the  Casa  del  Adivino  at  Uxnial  traces  of  recent 
siirriliciiil  oH'crinjjs.  Hist.  Yvc,  Y>.  193.  'Fassen  wir  nnn  diess  allcszn.sani- 
iiiiiMii,  so  lialien  wir  in  den  Ituinen  Uxnials  eehte  Denkiniiler  tnltekisclier 
Kiiii>l  \ on  cincin  Alter  von  unyefidir  800  Jaliren.'  Ihl/cr,  Jici-scii,  j).  204. 
'Kilts  piiraisscnt,  en  niajenre  partie,  nnpartenir  Ji  rarchitecture  tolte<iue 
ct  iliilcr  d'aii  nioins  niillc  ans.  Jioril,  Miuu'jiie,  p.  128.  Friedericlistlial, 
ill  Unjislri)  Yui:,  toni.  ii.,  pp.  437-43,  and  many  otiiers  rejiard  tlio  Y»i- 
catiiii  and  other  (^ontral  American  ruins  as  tlie  work  of  the  Toltccs.  See 
Mil.  ii.,  tap.  ii.,  and  vol.  v.  of  this  work  on  this  jioint.  Uxiual  f;enerally 
ri';;:inltil  as  haviiij^  l)cen  founded  by  Ahcuitok  Tutul-Xiu  between  870  and 
8!I4  A.  I).  Ihasscur  tie  liourbuunj.  Hist.  Nnt.  CVt'.,  torn,  ii.,  p.  22.  Chi- 
cluii  st'cnis  older  than  the  other  ruins.  The  Maya  AIS.  jdaees  its  discovery 
lii'twiin  3(>0  and  432  A.  I).  Stephetm''  Yiimtan,  vol.  ii.,  ]>.  323.  'Uxnial  is 
])laifil  iiy  us  as  the  la.st  built  of  all  tiie  Ancient  Cities  as  yet  discovered  on 
tiie  Wtsicrn  Ct)ntincnt.'  Jones'  Hint.  Anc.  Amcr.,  \\n.  104,  101.  'Evidently 
tlie  lily  of  <  'lii-Chen  was  an  antiquity  when  the  foundations  of  the  Parthenon 
at  Atiifiis,  and  the  Cloaca  Maxinui  at  Kome,  were  bein;^  laid.'  The  ruins 
cit  ViKiitaii  'l>elt)ng  to  the  remotest  anti(|uity.  Their  age  is  not  to  be 
iiiea.siiictl  by  hundreds,  but  by  thousands  of  years.'  Norman's  Humbles  in, 
Ync,  ]i]i.  177-8.  See  Waldevl;  Voy.  Pitt.,  pp.  71,  97-8;  HrescolVs  Mex., 
vol,  iii.,  })p.  412-13;  Foster's  Fre-Hist.  Eaccs,  p.  398. 


: 


' 


CHAPTER  VI. 

ANTIQUITIES     OP     TABASCO    AND     CHIAPAS,     RUINS     OF     TA- 

LENQl'K. 

Geookapiiic.m,  Limits  — Physical  CJeockai'iiy  — No  Remcs  in  T.v 

ilASCO  — RriXS   OK   PaLKXQUE  — Exi'LOIiATION   AND   IJlliMOIil! At'HV 

-  Name;  Naciian,  Cilimtacan,  Otolcm,  XiiiALUA— Extknt,  Ixv 
CATION,  Axn  Plan— The  Palace— The  Pvkamidal  STRicTtRE— 
Walls,  CouninoHs,  axo  Coihts— Stucco  Uas-Heliei's     Towsn 

—  INTEUIOU     BUILDIXOS  —  SCULI'TLKEI)    TaIILET—  SiriJTEKI!  ANKAN 

Galleuies  — Temple  of  the  Three  Taiilets  — Temi'm;  oi  tiik 
llEAU  Relief -Temple  of  the  Cuoss^Statue— Temple  oi  ink 
Sin— Miscellaneous  Ruins  and  Relics— Ruixs  of  Ococinco 
Winged  Globe- Wooden  Lintel— Tehraced  Pyramid  Mis- 
cellaneous Ruins  of  Chiai-as  —  Custepe^ues,  Xuh'pii.as,  L\- 
ciUNA  Mora,  CoPAXAnAsTLA,  and  Zitala  — Huehuetan  -San 
Crist6val  — Remains   ox   the    Usumacinta  — Compaijison   i;i;- 

TWEEN   PaLKNQUE   AND   THE    CiTIES   OF  YuCATAN  —  AnTI(,M  ITV  i>i 

Palexque— Conclusion. 

The  next  step,  as  antiquarian  investif,mtioii  is 
pushed  westward  along  the  continental  line,  wiW 
lead  us  from  the  boundaries  of  Guatemala  antl  ^  u- 
catan  to  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantepec.  The  includid 
territory,  constituting  the  geographical  basis  of  the 
present  chapter,  stretches  on  the  Atlantic  shore  IVoiu 
the  Laguna  de  Terminos  to  Laguna  de  Santa  Ana, 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  and  on  the  l*acitio 
a  somewhat  less  distance  fnmi  the  bar  of  Ayutla  to 
the  bar  of  Tonalil.  The  northern  and  smaller  poitioii 
— all  in  the  low  and  flat  tierra  caliente — is  conipiiscu 

(386) 


NO  KKLKS  I\  TABASCO. 


287 


TINS     OF     PA- 


i;i  (li(>  state  of  Tabasco,  with  a  part  of  El  Canueu,  a 
pioviiicf  Ix'loiij^iiiL!!'  }>olitioally,  1  boliovc,  to  Yucatan; 
while  ill  the  south — a  hij^h  and  mountainous  region, 
i\(c[it  a  very  narrow  stri[>  along  tho  l\iciKc  Itordor — 
\\c  have  tlie  state  of  Cliiaj)as,  with  its  south-eastern 
iniivjiici!  of  Soconusco,  to  the  political  possession  of 
which  (luateinala,  no  less  than  her  neiij^hhor,  has 
always  laid  claim.  Tahaseo  and  Chiapas,  like  Yuca- 
tan, are  states  of  the  ^fexican  Ilei)ul)lic,  althou<,di 
tlitv  are  situated  in  what  it  is  more  ccmvenient  to 
ti  rm  Central  America,  and  in  a  rei^ion  treated  in  a 
lavccdinLr  volume  of  this  work  as  a  ])art  of  the  Mava 
ti.irititry.  This  chapter  will  consequently  complete 
the  (K'scription  of  southern,  or  Maya,  antiipiities,  and 
luiut,'  us  to  the  study  of  Nahua  monuments  in  tho 
north. 

Tahaseo,  a  part  of  the  ahorij^inal  Amihuac  Xica- 
laiico,  exti'uds  inland  seventy-five  miles  on  an  avera^'o 
thidULj'hout  its  whole  length.  It  is  for  the  most  part 
a  low  marshy  plain — the  American  tierra  caliente  par 
excellence  —  of  the  usual  troi)ical  fertility,  covered 
with  an  exuberant  growth,  hut  extremely  unhealthy 
to  all  l)ut  natives,  except  while  the  winter  winds 
rtiider  the  navio-ation  of  the  coast  waters  dauijfei'ous. 
This  tiaet  is  traversed  hv  two  laro-o  rivers,  tlowijig 
IVoiii  the  hilly  country  farther  inland,  the  Tahaseo 
and  I'sumacinta,  under  several  difierent  names,  com- 
municating with  each  other  by  many  branches,  and 
lioiiriiig,  or  rather  creeping,  into  the  gulf  through 
many  nioutlis.  In  the  annual  seastm  of  inundation 
tVoni  June  to  October,  the  whole  country  is  involved 
in  a  lahyrinth  of  streams  and  sloughs,  and  travel  by 
land  heconies  impossible.  The  luxuriant  tropical 
Vegetation  includes  a  variety  of  valuable  dye-woods, 
thcexiiort  of  which  constitutes  the  leading  industry 
"f  the  few  towns  located  on  the  banks  of  the  larger 
streams.  On  the  innnediate  coast  some  large  towns 
and  temples  were  seen  by  the  early  voyagers,  but  I 
have  no  information  that  relics  of  any  kind  have  been 


2SS 


ANTIlil'ITUlH  OF  CHIAPAS. 


Ill 


(liHcovcrod  in  iiKxlern  times.  It  is  truo  tluit  no  cart- 
ful c'Xplonitioiis  Ijnvo  boeii  iimdu,  l)iit  tliu  diiiractur  of 
tliu  country  is  ii(»t  ]>roinisiiio-,  so  fur  as  ruiiicil  (it its 
and  other  arcliitcrtund  monunicnts  aru  coiiccnitd. 
Indeed,  it  is  not  inn)rol)al)le  that  a  lai't^e  part  of  this 
re<^^i(»n  was  covered  by  a  body  of  water  siiuihir  to  tliu 
La.t'i'una  de  Terniinos,  at  a  time  when  tlio  ^reat  aliu- 
riginal  (Central  American  cities,  now  far  inhuid,  \vt  re 
founded.  Moreover,  as  state  boundaries  are  not  V(  iv 
accurately  hiid  down  in  the  niaps,  and  as  the  location 
of  relics  by  travelers  is  in  many  cases  vaouf,  it  is 
<|uito  po.ssible  that  some  of  the  few  iiiiscellaiuoiis 
monuments  which  I  shall  describe  in  this  chapter, 
are  really  within  the  limits  of  Tabasco  instead  ot' 
Chiapas. 

As  wo  go  southward  from  the  cfulf  coast,  and  roach 
the  boundary  of  Chiai)as  the  face  of  the  country  cliaii^cs 
rapidly  from  marshy  flat  to  undulating'  hills  of  grad- 
ually increasing-  hei_<>'ht  toward  the  Pacific,  retaiiiiiiLf 
all  the  wonderful  fertility  and  density  of  troj)ic.il  for- 
est orowth  without  the  pestilential  malaria  and  oj)- 
pressive  heat  of  the  i)lain  below.  Here  is  an  cartliiv 
j)aradise,  the  charms  of  which  have  been  enjoyed  with 
enthusiastic  delight  by  the  few  lovers  of  nature  who 
have  penetrated  its  solitudes.^ 

The  natural  advantages  of  this  region  seem  to  have 
been  fully  appreciated  by  aboriginal  Americans,  fur 


' 


ii 


1  Tlio  i>hysical  features  and  natural  hea'itie/,  of  i\  is  rcfrinn  nro  iicrlmiis 
more  viviilly  and  eliKinently  described  by  the  F't'iicii  iraveler  .Minclit  tliaii 
by  any  oilier  visitor.  Vojiafje,  toni.  i.,  jij).  'J!;-?-'-!;  Trorvf.s,  jip.  (i.'i-l!l. 
M.  Moreli't  visited  I'aleniiue  from  tlie  liaj,'un;i.  ilc  'I'orminos,  jias^iii;.'  up  tljc 
Usnmacinta  and  its  lirancnes,  wlnle  otiier  visitors  a])im)aclied  for  iln'  ii;ii>t 
part  from  tiie  opposite  direction.  Me  {fives,  moreover,  mucli  cIomt  atti'ii- 
ti<Hi  to  nature  in  its  varied  aspects  than  to  artilicial  nu)nunients  of  the  ii:i>t. 
'L'esprit  est  frappe  par  le  reve  biidiiiuc  de  I'Kden,  et  ro'ii  clierclic  viiiiic- 
inent  I'Eve  et  I'Adanj  de  ce  jardin  des  merveilles:  nnl  etre  iiiiinaiii  ii'y 
]danta  sa  tente;  sept  lieues  durant  ees  j)ersi)ectives  delicieuscs  se  siiicrilcnt, 
sejit  lieues  de  ces  majiuifiques  solitudes  one  bornent  de  trois  cotes  Ics  lidii- 
zons  bieus  de  la  Cordillere.'  C/nimaj/,  Jiiiiiics  Amfr.,  p.  412.  'l.a  iiatiiri' 
tonjours  prodij,'ue  de  scs  dons,  thins  ce  elinuit  enchanteur,  lui  a>.<iiiait  in 

})rofusi(ui,  avec  une  eternelle  fertilite,  et  une  salnbritc  eprouvee  diiiaiit  iiiie 
on^jue  snite  de  siecles,  tout  ee  qu'un  sol  fecond,  sous  un  cicl  ;',iliiiiialik'. 
pent  fournir  spontaneinent  de  productions  necessaires  a  rentrctii  ii  I't  an 
repos  de  la  vie.'  BrusucKr  cic  Bviirl'-'-n-fj,  Hist,  Xat.  L'ic,  torn,  i.,  p.  iS-- 


i;XIM,()ltATH)N  OF  I'AI.KMiri:. 


880 


it  no  carr- 
lijiractt;!'  (if 
iiR'd  cltiLS 
coiK't-nu'd. 
)art  <»t'  this 
lilar  tit  the 

m'l'l'Ut   illto- 

ilaiid,  well' 
re  not  v(  ly 
jhii  lucatidii 
.•U'u'Ut',  it  is 
isccUaiH'ous 
lis  cliaptiT, 
iiisti'ad  ttf 

t,  and  ivach 
itiy  clianii'ts 
lis  of  ,i;ra(l- 
ic,  ivtaiiiiii^' 
tropic.il  t'or- 
ria  and  op- 
s  an  t-'arthly 
njoyt'd  Avitli 
natuiu  Avlui 

ccni  to  have 
lerieaiis,  fur 


rrion  aro  iicrliaiis 

l,.r  Moich'i  tliaii 

rlii,  YV-   li.Vlll' 

(,  ])a>>-iii^'  U|i  tilt' 

lic'd  for  llif  "1^"'' 

ich  cl«>M  r  attiii- 

fifiitsotllii'l'"^'' 

ll  chfirlic  viiiiii'- 

letre  liuiMiiin  ii'v 

Kca  HO  siK'e'lt'i'^ 

[s  coti's  Ics  liiiri- 

[12.     '  l-a  nature 

h'li  a^Muait  en 

luvik'  (hiiaiit  line 

It  cie-l  ;Hliiiiralile, 

'eiitrctii  M  et  a" 

)in.  i.,  p.  *'-• 


lifi'i'  thi'V  rcai't'tl  th';  tL'in|th;s  and  |>alai'us  of  ono  of 
thiii"  '^raudost  I'itics,  or  ndi^'ioiis  cL-ntrcs,  wiiich  as  a 
iniii  iiinhr  tho  nainu  of  I^mIi'Ikjuo  lias  hocttnic  famous 
tliioiulii'iit  tlio  world,  as  it  was  douhtless  tliroui^dioiit 
Aiiii'iii'.i  ill  tlio  days  of  its  ])ristiii(!  olory  iiiaiiy  coiitn- 
riis  a^o.  l)iiilt  on  the  heights  just  UK-utionuil,  which 
iiiav  I'o  a|t|»ro[)riatuly  termed  foothills  of  the  lotty 
hiciias  h(  yond,  its  hi,L;h  places  afforded  a  hroad  view 
iivti'  tl'.c  fcti'est-covered  [>lain  below  to  the  waters  of 
the  Liull".  A  detailed  account  of  the  explorations  l»y 
which  thi!  ruins  of  this  city  have  been  hrouniit  to 
lii^iit,  ;i!id  of  the  numerous  hooks  and  rejioi'ts  residtinu^ 
tVuia  ^ihh  ex]»lorations,  is  j;ivi;n  in  tht;  a[>pended  note.'* 

'  Ir;   ITlii,    wliilf   Padro  Antonio  ilc  Soils  was  tiMnporavily  rcsitlin;;  tit 
Santo  l>.i.iiin>,'o,  a  part,  of  liis  curacy,  tlic  ruins  were  aiciilcitaily  found  hy 


w  ll('|illi'\^  -^ 


allliou^li  Stcplu'i 


-/.    .1/ 


1" 


'.*»,    L'lVf 


.1  ro 


I't  \m;Iii;iI  iianiin;^  Ids  aiitlmrity  proliatily  Aiifi'/.  Mix.,  toni.  i.,  div.  !., 
ji.  v.,  u\-  .1  nirriis,  Jlisl.  h'lKtf.,  ]>.  is.,  wiicn'  tin-  date  is^iivcn  as  tiic  niiddlH 
iif  ilie  ii'iitiiry  — wiiic'ii  lie  docs  not  credit,  that  tlii'y  were  found  by  a  ]iart.y 


■,U 


lit  S|ia 

Kl'llllilil 

all  intcii'-'l  ill 
tii'rri'z  I 


I7.')t).     !■' 


ini  one  ot  the  nc|i 


llanion  <  Irdoficz,  tl; 


CM    tl 


at  San  Crii.  oval,  first  heard  of  tiic  ruins  in  widcli  lie  took  so  dcnp 


iat 


■I'l 


or  years. 
d  otl 


in  177.'?  Ordonez  sent  liis  lirotlier  w'lli  one  (iii- 


oire  and  others  to  niaUi^  explorations,  a 


nd   fr 


th 


ir  re[)(»r/ 


wnile  ana  •coiiiit     jirohalily  the  M  niofld  nln/irn  I'l  hii  riiimis  dr  At  Ciinlml. 


iii:tfii'if  rf  I  I'll  Ins  III  III  I'l 


(iiii'ioiir.i  ilil  /iii'l)/o  i/r  /'iilnii/iir,  a  MS. 


It 


lasseiir  H 


eiillei'ti'iii,  [Hill.  .1/i.r.  (riia/.,  p.  1 1 ;?,)  from  which  the>e  facts  were  . leathered — 
wliirli  WM-i  forwarded  in  17SI  to  Kslacheria,  I'resideiit  of  the  ( Jnatenialiin 

-'S,  1781, 
tin: 

Antonio 


.Aii.ii 


cMi'ia  Itcal 


President  Kstacheria,  hy  an  iirdc!--  dated   Nov. 


.Aivl 
Calcic 


f,ii   l.rii  I 


'iltri'  I'l  ilrsnihri 


I  III  (It 


r  mill  i/rnii  cm 


lull. 


MS. 


the   itoval    Hist.   Acad,   of  Madrid, 


111 


strncled   .!< 


Lieut.  Al 


de  Ml 


ivor  ot  Sal 


to  l)< 


iinin''o,  to  make 


furlli 


er  cNplo- 


ratiiins.     Calderon's  report, --////V/r/zc' //c  I).  J.  A.  (.'iililrri-i ,  rlr.,  translated 
ill  sniistiiii  ■(•  in  Jlrii.iiiiir,   I'liliiHinr ,   Iiitrod.,   i)p.  ;")  7,     is  dated   I)<'c.  I.">, 


I'tit,  sii  that  the  survey  ninst  have  hec.  very  actively 


laslicc 


I.    to   h 


to 


It  a-i  was  claiiiied.  over  •_'(>((  ruinecl   ediiices  in  so  Miorl   a  tiiiii 


•iiawin.;-;  a'coiiipanied  this  report 


it  they  have  i 


lever  heeli  ))! 


III. 


r-""' Antonii)  Iternasconi,  royal  a'i'hitect  in  ( Miatcmalii 


ihli 


.^<nnc 


denid 


til  conliiiac  the  survey,  which  he  did  between  l'"eh.  'J.'i  and  .liiiie  l;i,  when 
lie  liaiiilcd  ill  his  report,  accompanied  hy  drawiie..;s  nov  r  ])nlilisheil  so  far  a.s 
I  kiiipw.  I'.criia-icoiii's  report  with  all  those  ])reieiliii;_'  it  was  sent  to  Spain, 
uml  froiii  the  inforniation  thus  j^iven,  ^.  l>.  Miirioz,  l!o\al  llistoriouranher, 
iiukIu  a  n  port  on  American  iintiiiiiities  hy  order  of  (he  kin,;.'. 

"       ■    ■     if  March  I.'),  17S(i,  .Antonio  del   liin 

With  the  aid 


la  a  riiidance  with  a  royal  cedi 


w-A 


S    ll|( 


■ri 


hv  Ivsiiuheria 


lit  seven  I 


-nine  natives 


Del  1! 


ilplete  the   ilivesti;Ljatio 
iroceeded  to  fall  the  tn 


mil  tl 


Mic  of  ih,.  au.ient  city  by  am'iieral  coiitlai.'ratic 


th 


His  e.xaminatioii  iastc^l 


to  .1 


uiio  'I,  aiK 


I  h 


^paiii. 
ot  llic- 
il'l  kf 


report  with  isiany  urawiiiiis  was  sent  to 


iipies  were,  however,  ret'dned  in  (iiiatemala  and  .Mexico,  and  one 


11  Hrasseur's  collection  under  the  title  of  I )i 


I'l'ijirioii. 


tiiiat 


//  iiiihliii'ioii   initiifiia,  dr.     .\notlier  copy  was  found,   ]!art   in 


eiii.i'a  aad  the  rest  in  Mexico,  i>y  a  Dr  M'<  h 


It 


was  I a ken 


to  V. 


tr,i: 


.it; 


Vol.  IV.    la 


111  piiblished  by  Henry  IJerthou  1,  to;,'etlRr  with  a  com- 


2on 


iniNs  OF  rALi:N(,tUE. 


About  tlie  year  ir)()4  ;i  Doniiliican  misslonaiy.  wirli 
a  few  Tzoiidal  natives  wlio  liad  been  convurtid  to 
the  true  faith  by  his  labors  in  their  l)elialf,  chose  uliat 
lie  deemed  a  suital)le  location  for  future  evan^'clicul 
efforts,  and  founded  the  little  town  of  Santo  Doniiiitfo 
del  I'alenque,  some  seventy  miles  north-east  of  Sun 

inciitary  by  I'aul  Felix  ("abrrra,  out'  '  1  Ten/rn  Crifiro  Ami'rlrdiiu.  all 
miller  tlif  jieiitral  title  of  lhsrrii>liiiii  nj  (tii  Aiirinit  I'ifif,  etc..  Luniliiii, 
IS.'J.  The  work  was  illustrated  witli  eij,'1iteeii  litli();,'ra|)liie  plates.  Ky  M. 
l''ri'(l,  WaMeek.  <iste!isil)ly  fnmi  l>el  liio's  (lra\viii;,'s;  Imt  it  is  elscwliciv 
stated,  Aiifi/.  Mix.,  toin.  i.,  div.  i.,  p.  vi.,  that  Del  Itio's  (lra\viiiu:s  ilid  Hdt 
aeeoiii|iaiiy  the  wiirk  at  all.  it  this  lie  Iviic,  the  piihlished  I'lales  iiiii>t 
jindialdy  have  heeii  taken  from  the  Latour-.Mlard  eojiies  of  Caslnru'das 
dra\viii;is,  of  which  I  shall  ]ieak  presently,  and  indeed  a  eonipariMin  wiili 
Kin,i,'slioron<,di's  jiiates  shows  almost  eoneliisively  that  such  was  in  .sninn 
cases  at  least  their  orij^iii.  llumiioldt  speak.s  of  the  Latoiir-Allanl  ]ilatc  ni 
the  cross  a.s  differing  entirely  from  that  of  Del  Rio.  This  diflerciicc  dors 
not  appear  in  my  copies.  It  is  possible  that  the  plates  in  my  co]iy  of  IH, 
llio's  work,  the  only  one  I  have  ever  seen,  are  not  the  ones  Avhicli  ori;.'in.illy 
appeared  with  the  book.  A  French  translation  by  M.  Warden  vas  ]inMis!nil 
by  the  Socii'te  do  G(V)graiihie,  with  a  part  of  the  plates;  and  a  ( irnnaii 
translation  by  J.  H.  von  Mmutoli,  with  an  additional  eommontaiv  ly  tiio 
translator,  appeared  in  Berlin,  IS:?'2,  as  licschrcihunii  einer  alien  S/irli.  vU\ 
This  contained  the  plates,  totrether  with  many  additional  ones  illu-itriitiii;' 
Mexican  antiqiiitiea  from  various  sources.  The  German  editor  says  tliiit 
the  \vIk)1c  I'hi'^lish  edition,  except  two  copies  of  proof-sheets,  \va<  dcstrnyoil; 
but  this  would  seem  an  error,  since  the  work  is  often  referred  tn  liy  dii- 
fei'ent  writers,  and  the  price  paid  for  the  copy  consulted  by  me  dor-  imt 
indicate  ijrei'.t  rarity.  Stephens,  Criif.  Amcr.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  'JflO,  speaks  i>\ 
this  as  'the  lirst  notice  in  Karope  of  the  discovery  of  these  ruins. '--iTicm- 
rectly,  unless  we  understand  pruifcl  notice,  and  even  then  it  n;:st  1"' 
noticed  that  Juarros,  J/ist.  Onaf.,  1808-18,  pp.  18-10,  gave  a  brief  acconiit 
of  I'alenque.  Del  Rio,  in  15rasscur's  opinion,  was  neither  artist  nor  archi- 
tect, and  his  exploration  waa  less  ccmiplete  than  those  of  CaMcron  ami 
li'jrnasconi,  whoso  reports  he  probably  saw,  notwithstanding  the  greater 
force  at  his  disposal.  'Sin  eml)ar;i;o  de  siis  distinguidas  c'ircnnstaiicia<, 
do  noticias  historiales  para  lo  que  pedia  la  materia,  y  deailivid 


carecia  lie  noticias  iiistoriales  para  lo  que  pedia  la  materia,  y  de  aiiivKnui 
para  lojxrar  nii  perfeeto  descubiimiento.'  liri/i.i/m    Viin.,   to.ii.   i.,   p.   .S'J*. 
The  ori;,'iiial  Spanish  of  Del  Kio"s  report,  <lat'ed  June  24.  1787  (V),-/^"./"'"""' 
tlitilo  iKir 
inihlished 


ipanisli  or  l»el  Kio  s  rep^ 

A II  1(111  io  (h'l  Rio  III  hiiiiuilirr  1).  Jiisi'  Kstiirlii'riii,  i/r.-  \\:\* 
jnililislied  in  IS.'i."),  in  the  l)irrliiii(irio  Uiiii:  lie  (Inii].  r/r.,  toMi.  viii..  |i|i. 
r)JS-;{,'{.  See  also  an  extract  from  the  same  in  M^iMiiro  .Urx. ,  inin.  ii,.  ]<\<. 
XV)  A.  In  Aiili'i  Mix.,  toni.  i.,  div.  ii.,  p.  It),  it  is  stated  that  .liilin  Car- 
rido  wrote  a  work  on  Pulenquc  about  1805,  which  was  not  published.  I'liiit 
is  all  1  know  of  it. 

l'"roni  ISO.")  to  1803  ("apt.  (Jnillamne  Dupaix,  in  conqiany  with  l.iiciain 
Castaneda,  ilrau^hlsman,  and  a  com])any  of  Mexican  .soldiers,  liy  nnli' 
of  Carlos  IV..  Kin;;  of  Spain,  made  three  expeditions  lo  explore  I  lie  anti 
(piiliesof  southern  Mexico.  Dnpaix's  MS.  report,  and  14.")  drawing's  ji.v 
Castanedii,  were  deposited  in  the  .Mexican  archives  to  be  sent  to  Spain; 
bat  the  revolution  breakiii;,'  out  soim  after,  they  were  for  sonic  .vcar-  ''"■• 
gotten.  Copies  of  most  of  the  drawing's  were  obtained  by  M.  I.ateiir- 
Allard  of   I'ari.s,  jiassed  fhrou;,di  the  hands  of  Ilumtjoldt,  who  ilid  \\'>\  p"''- 

lish  them,  and  later  into  Kn^lish  hands.     They  were  en,L;raved  in  I '"H. 

18J;!,  without  any  aecompan,\  in;;' explanation,  and  M.  Warden  n'|iriiiliii('il 
u  part  of  them  in  u  ineinoire  to  the  French  (jleoyraphical  Society.    Tlicsc 


niULIOGUAPIIY  OF  PALENQL'E. 


291 


Crist('>val,  the  state  capital,  on  a  trilmtary  of  tlio  IJsii- 
in.itiiita,  not  over  twetity  miles,  ])erliaps  less,  from  the 
licad  cf  iiavij^atiou  for  canoes.  Nearly  two  centuries 
liitir  a  group  of  majTCiiificcnt  ruins,  whoso  existence 
]i;i(l  lieen  before  utterly  unknown,  at  least  to  any  hut 
natives,  was  accidentally  discovered  only  a  few  leagues 

an'  (crtiiiiily  tlic  plates  in  my  copy  of  Del  Rio.'aiul  I  liavc  but  little  doulit 

thiit  tlifV  lire  the  tiulv  ones  '.iiat  ever  aecouipanieil   iiis  ])itlili.->lie(l  work. 

li.illni'k."  .N'/.r  Mmitlis'  Uisp'riicr.  in  Mi:i\,  \t.  .'Wtt,  says  he  <'opie(l  Castafie- 

(lii's  ilniuiiijrM  in   Mexir<  ,  \H'2'^,  Itut  he  puUlisiied  n<nie  of  tlieiii.     In  IS.'U, 

(■iiiiii-- lit  tiie   l,.itonr-A!.iir(l  copies,   niaoe   liy  tlie  artist  Aglio,   \vere  \ni\>- 

li^liiil  liy  Lcinl  Kinji-il  aroniili,   in  vol.  iv.  of  his  Mi.riinn   Aittiquitir.i,  to- 

I'l'llicr  with  tii(!  Spani-h  text   of  Unpai.x's  report,  ohtained  from    I  know 

iiui  wiial  source,  in  vol   v.,  and  a  I'arelcssly  made  Knj,dish  translation  of  the 

same  in  vol.  vi.  of  the  same  \v(u-k.      In  IS'JS,  the  ori;.dnal  text  and  dra\vin;,'s 

were  delivered   liy  tin-   .Mexican  authorities  to   M.  liaradere   -at  least  Sr 

|(:i/a.  ( iinilcir  of  the  Mexican  .Museum,  eertilied  them  to  Ik-  the  oriLtinals; 

hilt  Sr  (iiiMilra.  afterwards  curator  of  the  same  institution,  assured   Itras- 

scur  liiat  these  also  were  only  copies, — and  were  ]>uhlished     the  text  in 

S|iaiii-!i  and  I'rcuch     in  1SI.'{,  h\  A  iiliijiiitis  M< wiriiinrs.     The  faithfulness 

willi  uliicli  the  dcsci-iptions  anil  <lra\vin;,'s  of  Dupaix  and  ("astancila  were 

made,  has  never  licen  called  in  (luestioii;  hut  Castafieda  was  not  a  very 

hlull'ul  artist,  as  is  ailnntted    hv  ^I.  Farcy  in  his  introdnctimi  to  AiiIhj. 

M'.i-.,  and  many  of  his  faults  of  perspcctiv<!  were  corrected  in  the  plates  of 

that  wiirk.     M.  l''arcy  states  that  all  |iri^vious  eopii's  of  the  i)lates  were 

Mi\   faulty,  includin,^  those  of    Kiniishoroii^jh,  althou;;h   lluinhohit,   in  a 

leliiTto  .Ni.  l,atour-Allard,  testilies  to  the  accuracy  of  the  latter.     .\  coni- 

ii.uImiii  of  the  two  sets  of  ]dates  shows  much  diU'ereuce  in  the  details  of  a 

leu  lit  them,  and  those  of  the  ollicial  edition  are  douhtless  superior.     The 

I'lciuli  editors,  while  criticisiuf^  Kinjisl)orouj;h's  plates  more  severely,  as  it 

Willi-,  tl,  lu  thev  deserve,  say  notliin;^  whatever  of  his  text;  yet  lioth   in 

the  S|iaiiisii  aud  translation  it  varies  wiihdy  from  the  other,  sliowini;  nn- 

ihi  rolls  onii-isious  and  not  a  few  evident  hinnders.     .Stephens,  secoiideil   hv 

]'>ra--Miir,  (ilijeels  to  the  slij;litin^  t»uie  with  which   I)i;paix's  editors  speak 

(if  |)rl  \Vui\  report;  also  to  thi'ir  (daim  that  only  b''    ;overnment  aid  can 

such  expliiratious  he  carried  on.      M.  Walde<'k  ...lys    I /'''■itrjiir,  p.  vii.,  that 

111' tried  III  preveiit  the  ]iuhlicalion  of  the  plates  iii  Kin.,slmron;;irs  work  on 

ai'i'iiinit  of  their  iiiaccnracy,  altho':j;;i  how  he  e>  I'd  at  that  dale  pretend 

til  lie  a  JMil^^e  in  the  matter  docs  not  aiipear.      it    :s  irne  that  ( 'astuneda's 

ilrawiiins  MIC  iinl  cijiial  to  those  of  WahU'id'C  and  Stephens,  hut  they  never- 

lliili-.s  j;i\c  ail  excellent   idea  of  the  },'eneral   features  uf  all  riiiiis  visited. 

Miiiclei  Na\s  iif  I  >uiiaix's  report :     '  Ce  dociimeiit   est  encore  aujonrd'lii'.i   it; 

ji'i.N 'iirieiix  ct  le  plus  interessiint  one  muis  possi'dons  snr  les  mines  de  l*a- 

ltiii|iic,'   !'(///(((/,■,  tom.  i.,    p.  "-'(i.S;   'I r'trr/s,  ]>.  !)(>,      It   was  diirin;,'  the  third 

('X|ird:tiiiii,  hi'Liim  in   Deecmher,  ISII7,  that    Dnpiiix  visited   l'aleni|ue  with 

n  tune  of  natives.      His  survey  lasted  several  months.     The    results  may 

111' iniiiid  as  follows:     /hi/x''      ti'iiic  I'.r/in/.,  in  Aii/iii.  Mr.r.,  torn,  i.,  div.  i., 

ii]i.  Ill  lii'i,  torn,  iii.,  ]d.  xi.-    ',i.,  with  an  ex|danatnm  liy  .M.  I.cnoir,  toni.' 

ii .  iliv   i.,  p|i.  7;{  SI;  Kiii(isli<iroiif//i\i  Mrx.  .iitfii/.,  vid.  v!,  pp.  '_>!)4-:};v.»,  vol. 

M..  I'll.  ITIi-S.'t,  Vol,  iv.,  pi  xii.-xlv.     To  econouii/e  space   I   shall  ref"r  to 

tlii'M-  wiiiks  hy  the  siin])le  names  of  J)ii/iiiix.  rnd   Kiiii/shf.rniiij/i,  with  the 

iiiiiiilii'r  nf  pa;,'e  or  jdiite;  aud  I  shall,  moreo>e,-,  reft-r  directly  to  Kini^shor-' 

iiii;;li  uiily  when  diU'erenees  may  appear  in  text  or  plates. 

I'r  I''.  Ciirroy,  a  {''reiich  physician  of  Tahasco,  lived  20  years  in  the 
I'liiiiitiy  and  made  several  visits  to  Faleiupie,  elaimin;^  to  know  more  ;'hon.^ 
the  mill--  than  anyone  else.     An  inscription  on  one  of  the  untruiiecs  (.>f  tha 


233 


RUINS  OF  PALENQUK. 


iV.jiii  tho  town  ill  the  midst  of  a  donso  forest.  Since 
their  discovery  :  i  the  middle  of  tlio  eigliteeiitli  ecu 
tiiiy  the  ruins  have  heen  several  times  carefully  i\- 
])l(>rod  both  })y  puhlic  and  private  enter[)rise,  and  all 
their  j)rominent  features  have  l)een  clearly  ln'ouulit  hi 
the  linowledi^e  of  the  world  by  means  of  illustiatiw 

Taliino,  shown  in  Wahlrrk,  \i\.  ix.,  reads  'Francois  Cnrrny  de  tori'erviii;;c 
cMi  eslas  niinaslos  dii-s  'I'l  di'  .\j,'()«t().  IJnicn  liL'sti'iiador  do  holl.is.  Cdii  >ii 
l'",s]H)sa  y  Ija.'  lie  fiiriiished  suiiie  inforinatioii  from  ISi'lt  to  is;!'_' in  the 
l''i(Mi(li  (ieoj^raphieal  Society,  and  speaks  of  14  drawinj^s  and  a  MS,  lii>iuiv 
i)i  Ills  j'ussussion.  Sor.  Groij.,  linlletiii,  toni.  ix.,  No.  CO,  I.S'JS,  p.  ||is; 
Aiifi/.  Mi.n.,  torn,  i.,  div.  ii.,  p.  70.  Col.  Juan  (iaiindo,  at.  oiic  time  cini. 
necteii  with  the  ISritisli  ('entral  Anierieau  service,  also  (iovernorof  I'ctcn, 
and  correspond! nj(  meniher  of  the  London  (ieoj^ra])hical  Soiitiy,  hcnt 
inni'h  information,  with  maps,  |>lans,  ami  sketches  to  the  French  Smiii:' 
de  ( lei)i;raphie.  His  letter  dateil  April  27,  1S31,  descrihinj,'  the  l':ilciii|iii' 
ruins,  is  |irinted  in  Anfiq.  Mr.r.,  torn.  i..  div.  ii.,  pp.  ()7-7'-,  also  an  l',ii;:li>li 
triinslation  in  the  Liln-nrif  Gazrtff,  No.  "<>!),  London,  \i<'M.  which  was 
reprinted  iu  the  Lotii/.  Ircui/.  Sar.,  Juiir.,  vol.  iii.,  jjp.  (!()-2.  liiifoiiil,  Cr.//- 
OH'S,  toni.  i.,  p.  1 1'i,  states  tliat  Nehel  visited  l*aleni[ue,  and  MiiMcr,  I'n-'- 
l/(/i<)iicji,  ]).  -l.V.MiO,  also  imjilies  that  this  traveler  explored  the  ruin-;  luit 
this  is  prohahly  erroneous. 

On  .\pril  1-J,  18:Ji»,  M.  Frederic  de  Waldeck,  the  most  indefali-nLIc  nii.j 
Buccessful  exnlorer  of  l'alen(|ne,  arrived  at  the  ruined  city,  ilhi>tniliM! 
](!atcsof  whicli  he  had  enuraved  ten  years  hefore  for  Hel  Itio's  work.  Tlii-t 
veteran  artist  -(i4  years  of  a;^eatthat  lime,  accurdinj;  to  lirasscuiV  stiiii- 
meut,  I'li/ni'/iir,  p.  vi.,  liut  (17  if  we  may  credit  tiie  current  report  in  tin' 
newspapers  that  h(>  cclcliratiMl  his  lOittli  hirthday  in  Paris  on  I>cc.  7.  \^'H. 
heiiiu' still  hale  and  iiearty  -  hi 'it  a  cal)in  amoni,'  the  ruins  anil  s|iini  lu  i 
V  hole  years  in  their  examinatio  IJrassenr,  /V^/cz/^/zr,  p.  vi.,  iiicnnviily 
H.iys //(/vv  years.  '  Deux  ans  dc;  si'-jour  sur  les  lieux,'  ]V<tl(l(:rh\  ]'iiij.  I'll'.. 
p.  (is,  translated  'in  a  sojourn  of  twelves  years,'  Itnii{for<r.f  Aimr.  Anliq.. 
J).  Sli, — Ids  expenses  l)i>ing  paid  hy  a  suhsi'ription  which  was  lic.nliil  li> 
file  Mexican  (iovernment.  Niore  than  '.'00  drawiiij^s  in  water  iinil  "il 
colors  were  the  result  of  his  labors,  and  these  drawings,  more  foriMiuiii' 
tiian  those  made  the  next  year  in  Yucatan  -set;  p.  11"  of  llii>  miIuiih' 
-  escaped  contiscation,  althonj,di  Stephens  erroneously  states  the  idiiiian, 
»ind  were  hroujfht  to  l''rance.  Wiililrrk,  Vnif.  I'itt.,  p.  vi.  For  varinii- 
r.  isous  WaldtH'k  was  unahh:  to  puhlish  hi  pro])osed  work,  ami  nvti'  ;iii 
yi  'rs  elapsed  hefon;  the  result  of  his  lahiu's  was  made  piildic.  cmciiI 
throu^fh  commuiMcations  dated  Au;r.  28,  and  Nov.  I,  1SI{'2,  sent  td  tin' 
( ieoi;i;iphical  Society  at  Paris.  Lafoinl,  I'lti/aifr.s,  toni.  i.,  ;i.  II-  I 
shall  speak  a;j;ain  of  his  work.  Mr  Friederichsthal  visited  Paleiii|iii'  in  iii> 
Central  .\mericaii  travels  hefore  IS41,  hut  neither  his  text  iku-  plaice,  sufai 
us  I  know,  have  ever  l>eeii  pulilisheil.  Ilnis.siur  tie  Jiriirhtmrij,  I'"!' k'ihi, 
inlrod.,  p.  It.     See  pp.  IK! -7  of  tliis  vol. 

In  ISIO,  .Messis  Stephens  and  ( 'atherv  ooil,  after  their  ex])ioralien  nf  tlii' 
Hntii|iiilies  of  lloMdurasaud  (iuatesuala,  reached  PaleiHiiie  oii  Ma\  'i,  n- 
iiiainiiig  until  .lime  4.      Such  are   the  dates  ;,'iven   Ity  JJrasscur,     l.ic  "iilv 

anticjuarian   except   myself  who   has  ever  had   the  liardil I    U>  t  \|ilnri' 

Stofilieiis'  writin.Lrs  for  dales,  hut  tln^  actual  examinaticui  of  tlic  iniiis 
lasted  only  from  .May  II  to  .(uiie  1.  The  results  an?  found  in  >'./'A'/iv 
yiic,  vol.  ii.,  jip.  2Si»~:{i;.'),  with  ;!1  ]ilates  and  cuts  from  ("athcrwouil-iiiinv- 
ifl;:s;  and  iu  rutlin-inn,:!'.^  ]'irir.i  nf  Anc.  Mi.ii.,  N.  York.  ISU.  •_'•">  i  nlnirii 
litho-rapiis,  with  text  hy  Mr  Slephens.  A  I'rencli  translation  of  Sli'|ilu'iin 
deseripliou  of  Paleii<|ue  is  yiveii  in  Brasseur  dc  Bvurboui-ij,  I'lil' ni'ii,  if 


■<:i 


IJIBLlOLillAI'IIY  OF  PALENQUK- 


29;} 


I  rest.  Siii('i> 
iteoiith  ct'ii- 
•jirurully  i\- 
>i'isc,  iiiid  all 
y  hron^iit  tn 
t'  illustrative 

)y  de  terrcr  via;:i' 
(io  hfU.is.    Cull  m: 

■(•J',)  to  is;v.'  Ill  till' 

anil  ii  MS.  iii-tniy 
(iO,  IS-JS,  |i.  \%; 
,  at.  it^^<'  tiiiM'  niii- 
iovoriior  <it'  I'ctcii, 
ical  Socirtx ,  scut 
he  Vrciicli  Smii'ti' 

llill^r    till'    I'illflliUll' 

J'l,  also  an  r.ii;:li>li 
lS:il.  wliiili  «iis 
)-l.  I-afiiiiil,  ('(///• 
and  Miillfi,  I'm'- 
reil  the  iiiiii-:  Imt 

t  indcfati^iaMi'  aii'l 

id  fity,  illii>tnili\(! 

Hill's  work.    Tills 

[D  Urasi-i'tn's  stall'- 

rent  ri'iinit  in  tin; 

on   l)i'('.  7.  1^1 1. 

s  and  s|iriil  fw'i 

vi.,  iMi'iiii'i'i'tly 

lihrk,  ]■"//.  /''■''.. 

y/'.v  Aimr.   A  nil']., 

I  wan  luMilol  liv 

u    water  ami  "il 

rs,  iiiori'  I'orliMiati' 

(,"'  of  this  volii 

vtcs  till'  nmirary, 
vi.  For  viiriiiin 
ork,  and  nvcr  »• 
,,.  i>nlilii',  fM'i'jit 
1S;W,    sent  !ii  '111' 

1.  i..  ■.'•  I'--  .' 
il  raii'ii'inf  ill  lii'* 
t  nor  jilatr--.  sufar 

linlinj,     l'"l'ii'l'", 

■  (.xjiloralioiiiif  till' 
,^,1,.  on  Ma\  ''.  ij- 
irassciir,  lai'  ""l,^' 
lihoi.d  to  t^l'l"'''' 
at  ion  of  I  hi'  ni'i't 
finuid  in  >''l""" 
•;illu'rwon,r-arau- 

■U  IS  1 1.  -J-"'  i"'."i''"! 
dation  of  Sli'iili''"' 
m-'j,  7v/'"/"M'l' 


iilati'S  and  descriptive  text.  Waldeck  and  Stej;liciis 
arc  the  liest  and  most  c()nii)]eto  authorities,  l)ut  tlic 
ri'pni'ts  of  Antonio  del  llio,  (Juillaunie  Dupaix,  Juan 
(ialiiido,  and  Desire  CMiarnay  att'ord  also  nmch  valua- 
lilc  iiiloi'ination,  ospeeially  in  conneetiou  with  tlie  two 
istaiulaul  authorities  mentioned.      After  a  most  eare- 

1 1-J7.     llcspocliiif,'  the  a1)ility  of  these  cxjdorers,  and  the  faithfulness  of 


11 


ii'ir  I'.'Xl  ami  ilrawinj. 


apa-  i~  i'\i'i 


lied 


there  eaii  lie  hut  one  opiiii 


ri 


leir  work  m 


Ch 


on 


y  hy  that  of  the  same  j;eiitlenieii   in   Yucatan.     See  [>, 


J  Ki  111  lliis  V(d.  Without  aid  from  any  ;;i>verninent,  they  aceomplislied 
'JO  days,  at  the  hei;;lit  of  the  rainy  season,  tiie  most  unfavorahle  fur  sueli 
\Mirk,'  mure  atisfaetory  results,  as  Stenheiis  justly  elaims,  Cmf.  Anirr., 
vnl  '.,  ;.  :  ■(,  than  any  of  their  jireueeessors — cxcciit  WaldeeU,  whose 
lirai  i.i.;.s       I      '(  then  lieen  puhlislied. 

.'ii  lo.iy  ..s  aceount  of  the  ruins  aiijieared  in  184")  in  tlic^  RnjIsfTO 
l'.'-,.'  ,  iiaii.  i.,  j)[i.  .'US-'2l'.  M.  Morelet,  of  whom  k  liavi;  already 
s|iiiki'ii.  |niii  il  fortuijiht  herein  1S4(>.  Vai/fttjcs,  torn,  i.,  ii|i.  '2(!-t-iSl;  '/'nir- 
(.'..■,  [iji.  lil-lll,  with  (Uits  from  other  sourees.  In  l.sr>8,  M.  Desire  Charnay, 
Cliar^'i'  d'uiie  mission  ;.ar  le  iniuistre  d'Ktat,  a  reti'et  d'e.\|ilorer  les  mines 


itiirrii-aiiiiv 


visi 


ted  I 


iileniiui' 


sfiil  licie  ihan  elsewh 


hut  h 


ihoti 


o'naiihu'  e 


d  of  tlie  four  vie 


W.S  |)l 


[•flort 


s  \Ncre 


h 


lilished   in  his  At!. 


that  of  till;  lahlet  of  the  eross,  is  of  jfreat  value  in  testini.;  tl 


IS, 

le  ae- 


iiarv  III  prei'edinir  artists.     His  deseriiition, 


how 


ever,    is   interestm''  am 


I 


i.iliialilf  as  showing' the  elleets  of  time  on  the  ruins  sinee  Stephens' visit. 
•li'ifinni,  Hiiiiirs  Aiarr.,    I'aris,    ISfi.'J,   pp.    411-41,   phut.    I'J-'J'J;  liemarka 


M.  V 


ii.lletde 


Dii 


PI 


7-'-:{. 


In  Isiio,  a  eomniissioii  a|ipoiiited  hy  the  I'reneh  government  examineil 
111  ri'jiiirii'd  upiin  Waldeek's  eolleetioii,  whieh  wasfoiind  to  contain  iiiiiety- 

"  ,'  to  I*alen(|iie,  and  ninety-seven  represent- 


I'lic  iliawiiiu's  reiatiii''  e.\clusivelv 


III;;  iiiiiii  Is  iiom  other  localities.  The  I'aien((ue  drawiii<;s  were  reported  ti 
*!■  far  siqicrior  to  any  others  in  existence,  a  somewhat  too  decided  iniichniit 
mix  i-i-sliiiir(tlii)ii    heini^  tie  only  defect;     a  defect,  however,  which  is  to  :i 

^Hi.'"  in  the  work^^  of  all  antiiiuarians,  seveial 


.'icatcr  iir  less  extent  o   -e 


Ml'  I'allirrwi 


ate> 


'r.-IP, 


onfessedlv  restorations. 


Il 


rl  iif  li.e  C(iiiii-.;issi,>n,  the  whole  collection  was  |iurchaseil,  and  a 
IM  select  a  portion  of  the  plates  for  ]iuhlicatiiin. 


the 

siili-i-iiiiiiinssion  ,ipj'  till!'' 
Il   wa^  ilcrided,  hu'.  '^vi 
MHiii'  iiilniilmiory  liKittti 
iii'iillv  i|'ialilicil  for  tlie  ;• 


n  accordance  with 


iihstiMite    for   M.   Waldeck 


lirojii 


text 


\i>ilril   ralcmine.      He  afte'V'.  .i.  Is,  however,  |ia 


he  tvritten  hy  the  .\hhe  Itiasseur,  a  man  emi- 
tll''   i^;ii  at  the  time  In-  had  never  personally 


h7!. 


till'  ^.'I'lii'ral  title  Mniiii 
I'lirati'ilsiili-titles.     It 


inioni'  the  niiiis. 


Th 


sell  a  ]iart  of  the  nioiilli  of 
der 


inallvaiiiieari'd  in  I8(!(>,  ui 


Its  A I 


ih(  Mr.riiiKt',  in  lar;,'e  folio,  with  com- 
ile  upas  follows:  -I.  Annif  i'm/uis,  ]>]).  i.-xxiii. 


iiiilaiiiiii;,' a  hrief  notice  of  some  of  the  writi'rs  on  American  .\ntii|nitieH. 
ami  a  iniii|ilctc  account  of  the  circumstances  which  led  to  the  piililicalinii  o 


I.I  ex 


III  ."Il 


f 

</r  I'lilniijiiv,  |)p.   I  •■_'7.  a  hislmiial 
|iloraliuns,  with  translations  of  ditl'ereni  reports,  includiiiL:  that, 


till-  «iirk;   II.   Iii/nif/iii'f 


IDH  iiii.r  ICinins  < 


jiiii'iis  iic.'irly  ill 


full;     III.    lirr/irrr/,, 


//■.s-  II' 


ilMII','  tnr  I 


ic  iniisl  !    >t  speculations  on  the  on;,fii 


)f  All 


pp.  -J'.l-s.-j, 
lericim  civiliziition, 


^^illl  whiiji  I  have  .  -  in^  to  doat  present ;  j\'.  Pisiripliim  (Irs  Uidm 
I'v  M.  \\  aldcck,  i;..  .iii;  V.  Fiftv-six  larij;e  litliojrraphic  plates,  of  wliic-h 
•^""  i  .  V.  \ Iii.,  and  1  .  l;(te  to  I'aienijue,  including;  a  tine  map  of  \'uc;ita!i 
anil('liia|ii.s.  I  shali  .  i  r  lotlic  plates  simply  hy  the  name  Wuhlrd: i\\\>\  the 
■  iiiiiKii'  iif  III,.  |,|ate.     hy  the  prccedin;,'  list  of  contents  it  will  he  seen  that 


lliw  I 


ny  lar  the  most  in 
■d.     'I'l 


portant  and   coni|)lete   work  on   tiie  suoject   e\er 


iiDlislicil.    'I'hu   publiohurs  ^irobably  uctcd  wi.icly  in  rejoetiii;,'  NNaldeck's 


294 


RUINS  OF  PALENQUE. 


■  ■■■'<' 


i.i 


fill  study  of  all  tliat  has  boon  writton  on  the  siiljjcct, 
J  shall  endoavor  to  _o-iv^e  the  reader  a  clear  idea  of 
ruined  structures  which  have  given  rise  to  more  faith- 
ful investigation  and  absurd  speculation  than  any 
others  on  the  continent. 

The  aboriginal  name  of  the  city  represented  by  tliis 
group  of  ruins  is  absolutely  unknown.  Palencjiic,  tIhj 
name  by  which  it  is  known,  is,  as  we  have  seen,  sim- 
ply that  of  a  modern  village  near  by.  The  word  y»/- 
Iciiqae  is  of  Spanisl  <  ri:>iM  and  moans  a  stockade  di- 
enclosure  of  palisade^;,  w  it  came  to  be  apj)liL(l  to 

the  village  of  Santo  1/  ..  ingo  is  not  explained,  luit 
there  is  not  the  slightest  reason  to  su})pose  tliat  it  lias 
any  connection  with  the  ruins.^  Sr  Ordonez,  already 
mentioned,  applies  in  his  unpublished  writings  tlio 
name  Nachan,  'city  of  the  Serpents/  the  same  as  tlio 

text  as  a  whole,  since  liis  arclia-ologioal  Hpeculatinna  arc  always  inure  nr 
less  absiint;  Imt  it  would  have  heeii  Itetter  to  j;'ive  iiis  descriptive  matter 
more  in  full;  and  fault  may  lie  justly  foun<l  with  the  confused  arraii;.'eiiieiit 
of  tlu^  matter,  the  constant  references  to  numl)ers  not  found  in  the  iiiales, 
ami  with  the  alisence  of  scales  of  measurement;  the  latter,  altlioii;:!!  Lieii- 
erally  useless  in  tlie  illustrations  of  an  octavo  V(diime.  are  al'.vays  valualile 
in  lar;;er  plates.  In  addition  to  the  preceding'  standard  authorities  mi  I'a- 
len(|ue,  there  are  brief  accounts,  nuule  up  from  one  or  more  of  those  men- 
tioued,  and  which  1  shall  liave  little  or  no  occasion  to  refer  In  in  my 
description,  as  follows:  linlihrin^s  Aiic.  Aiiicr.,  pp.  1(U-I1;  /'j-iif/'sAnin: 
Antiq.,  pp.  'ilti-?;  I'onili'r's  Mi.t.  (fitaf.,  vol.  ii.,  p]».  ir>7-(i!*;  M'-<'itlliili's 
Ri'srinThcs  in  Aiiicr.,  ])|i.  "204-303;  Kltiiiiii,  Ciilttirdr.schirhtr,  toiii.  v..  iip. 
l(>l>-3;  Ariiiiii,  Das  Ilciitiiji'.  Mi\t.,  pp.  73,  S")-',)! ;  Wuppiins,  (Iror/.  h.  Sf,ii., 
]t.  148;  Xoft  niitl  (iliddoii's  Iiiiliij.  Jiarrs,  pj).  184-5;  J/Ch'/tii/iii/.  Vnt/niii; 
]ip.  .'?r>4,  3r>(i,  ])late,  restoration  from  I>uiiai.\;  /V/.v.v"//,  Afrj'i<iiic,  ]t\>.  ."iT.'i.  ."iiW-ii; 
same  account  in  Escakra  and  Liana,  Mrj.  lli.J.  Ik.srrip.,  ]<\t.  'XV2~>\:  /."■ 
J'ltnd,  Voi/at/r.i,  torn,  i.,  pp.  13!)-44;  /irtid/i)r</'s  Anirr.  Aniiq.,  pp.  Nii'i 
Jhniin'falir  limiun,  vol.  i.,  ]>.  38;  lirassrnr  dc  linnrhourff,  Hist.  Sat.  I'ti:, 
torn,  i.,  PI).  82-94;  Daris  Am:  Anifi:,  pp.  4-8;  Maltr-Hntn,  J'rn-i.s  ,l,!,i 
(T/''ti;f.,  tom.  vi.,  ])]).  4t)4-r);  Fnisf's  I'irf.  Hist.,  |)p.  71-7;  Willson's  Amir. 
Jf'st.,  pp.  74-();  Janrs'  Hist.  Anr.  Anirr.,  ])]>.  0'./-S(i,  127;  Mid/ii;  .Imn'l- 
kanisrhr  Urrrlitjion^'n,  ])p.  4()2,  408;  Mosairo  Mr.c,  torn,  ii.,  ]).  XW.  eiit, 
restoration  from  l)u|iaix;  Mi(/ilcnjtf(irdt,  Mijivo,  torn,  ii.,  ]).  21;  It'i-isiii 
Mr.,  tom.  i.,  ]).  4'.)8;  liitsrliniunn,  Ortsniunrn,  ])p.  117  20,  181;  .Mninr'-i 
M( .c.  Aztir,  etc.,  vol.  ii.,  |).  180,  cut, erroneously  said  to  he  a  Vucat.in  ,ihar; 
J.ittrva.  Tasrli,rnl}ia-k  dir  Drutsr/nn,  in  Jin.ss/aiid,  pp.  04-5;  Furfii/n  ijnm: 
liri'ifir,  vol.  xviii.,  p]i.  250-51;  Larniaiiiliiri',  Mix.  Gnat.,  p]i.  ;{ON--'li.  «itli 
plates  from  Stephens;  Xarman's  llandilrs  in  Ynr.,  pp.  284-1(2. 

3  '  Uiie  enceinte  de  hois  et  de  pallisades.'  Ura.ssnir  de  Jiiinrltiinr'i.  /'''■ 
/rn'/nr,  p.  32;  see  also  the  Spanish  dictiomiries.  ''J'al  ve/  es  coriiipeimi  ili^ 
la  palahra  (a/te<') />'»/'n/7'^/,  cosa  podrida.'  Orozrn  y  lii'rrn.  Ilnniiiij i" .  ]'■ 
84.  '.Means  lists  for  liy;litin|^.'  Daris'  Anr.  Anirr.,  ]>.  5.  I  rcmcniher  aKo 
to  have  seen  it  staled  somewhere  that  paleiii|ne  is  the  name  applieil  in 
tlie  ]ioles  hy  which  boatmen  propel  their  boats  on  the  waters  of  the  tieiia 
ealiente. 


NAME  OF  THE  ANCIENT  CITY. 


295 


Aztci-  Ciilhuacan,  to  Paleiujue,  but  so  far  as  can  bo 
kiiowii,  without  any  authority  whatever.  This  naiue 
has  ItLL'ii  adopted  without  (juestiou  by  several  writers, 
and  it  is  (juite  common  to  read  of  "tlie  ruins  of  Cul- 
liuiicui,  improperly  termed  l^alencjue."*  The  old  tra- 
ditions t)f  the  primitive  times  when  Votan's  jji^reat 
t'in|iii'e  flourished,  apply  the  name  Xibalba  not  only 
to  the  em[)ire  but  to  a  great  city  which  was  its  C}i])i- 
tal.  Palenijue,  as  the  greatest  city  of  ancient  times 
in  this  region  which  has  left  traces  of  its  existence, 
niav  have  l)een  identical  with  yil)all)a;  the  difficulty 
of  iHsproving  the  identity  is  e(piaied  oidy  by  that  of 
proving  it.'"'  The  natives,  here  as  elsewliere,  liavo 
often  applied  to  the  city  a  name  which  simply  indi- 
cates its  ruined  condition,  caHing  it  Otolum,  '  [)lace  of 
falling  stones,'  a  name  also  borne  by  the  small  stream 
on  whicli  the  buildings  stand.  Waldeck  writes  it 
Ototiun,  'stone  house,'  which  he  derives  from  the  na- 
tive woixls  ofofe  and  tiunich.  Stephens  calls  the  stream 
Otula.  If  tliere  were  any  u'ood  reasons  for  abandon- 
iiig  the  designation  Paleufpie,  and  there  certainly  are 
none,  Otolum  would  i)ei'haps  be  the  most  ai)proj)riate 
name  to  take  its  place.*'  The  name  Xliembol)el-Mo- 
yos,  from  that  of  another  modern  village  of  this  region, 
.suonis  sometimes  to  have  been  used  by  the  natives  in 
connection  with  Palencpie ;  and  in  a  Tzendal  manu- 
script the  name  Ghocan,  'sculptured  serpent,'  is  said  to 
be  used  in  the  same  connection;  while  one  author,  draw- 

*  Ifiiiilhohfl 


*  Iliiinhnhli^  ill  Xoin'rUi'ii  Aiiiirtlrs  drx  Vol/.,  toni.  xxxv.,  ]i.  327;  Fovfc;/, 
}['.riijiii\  |i.  ,'{73;  ,]f(i//r-Jirilii,  I'rii'i.s  (/i;  Id  (rcii;/.,  toiii.  vi.,  |>.  4(!  J;  Jicirrn.s, 
Hixl.  (liiiil.,  p,  HI;  /yOrhiffiiff,  Viii/'i;/i',  p.  .'?.">>;  lirtissriir  ilv  Uniirliitiirii, 
lli^>.  A//.  ('//•.,  toiii,  i.,  p.  (iS>.  liriissL'iir,  liowcvcr,  i'li;uij;t'il  his  iiiiiid  alxiiit 
tlio  iiaiiic  ill  later  works.  J'dlciK/m',  ]t.  ',i'l.  Doiiioiu'cli,  J}i:-<ir(s,  \»\.  i.,  p. 
IS,  c.ilis  iii('  iiiuiic  I'iii-lian,  j)nili:iltiy  l»y  a  typi>;,frapiiiciil  error. 

'■>  llriis\i  iir  i/i'  ISuitrhuiinj,  Hint.  Xiif.  dr.,  tuiu.  i.,  p.  Ill;  /(/.,  I'opol 
Villi.  Mini  .Viiiiriirz,  Hist.  I'lid.  (iiidf.,  jtassiiu. 

''  '.li'  |iriiiive,  en  etl'et,  <laiis  inoii  oiivraire  sur  res  celfchres  mines,  qno  ce 
sont  k's  ,i..|ins  .ie  la  ville  iroti.tinn."  1Vd/i/rrk,  V,,//.  r,(t.,  p.  111.  M»t..lnni, 
fi'st  a  ilirc  Tfrre  iles  picrres  (lui  s'cM'rouli'nt.  C"est  li;  noni  dc  la  petite  ri\  ii'ie 
<|iii  tiavcist!  les  mines.  M.  Waldeck,  lisant  ee  nom  dc  traver.s,  en  fail  Ofn- 
tiini,  i|iii  lie  si;,'nilie  rien.'  lirdxsnir  <lr  Huiir/ninni,  Hist.  Xdt.  ('ir.,  tinn.  i., 
1'  •>'.'.  I  liiive  restored  to  them  tin?  trne  name  of  Otolnm,  which  is  yet  the 
iiiuiic  of  tiic  stream  rnnninjf  throiiyh  the  ruins.'  JiaJ/iiicujuc,  quoted  in 
J'ni\si'ii  Ami:  Aiitiq.,  j).  2iU. 


296 


RUINS  OF  PALENQUE. 


V 


itiuc  lieavily  on  his  iina^'iiiiitioii,  s{)oal\s  of  tin-  ''iiii- 
niuiisu  city  of  Culluuicaii  or  Hiicliuutlapallaii, "  tiius 
idoutifyiug  PaluiK^uu  with  tho  famous  city  wlu'iicc  tlio 
Toltocs  startod  in  their  traditional  miiL>'ratioii  to  Aii;i- 
liuac.''  By  tho  Spanish  inhabitants  and  most  (tf  tliti 
native  |)o[)ulatioii  of  Santo  J)oming(),  the  ruins  iiic 
commoidy  spoken  of  as  tlie  Casas  de  l*ie(h"a. 

The  structures  tliat  have  attracted  the  attiMition  df 
and  been  described  by  all  the  successive  exjiloivrs, 
are  ;L>-enerally  the  same,  and  in  their  descrij)tions  kss 
exa-ji-i^eration  is  found  in  the  earlier  reports  than 
niii^-Iit  naturally  !>o  expected.  In  extent,  however, 
the  city  has  gi-adually  dwindled  in  the  succrssive 
rei)orts  from  two  hundred  buildiuf^s  stretchiiiL;'  (i\cra 
space  of  twenty  miles,  to  less  than  the  ai'ea  of  a 
modern  town  of  humble  pretensions.  A  few  scat- 
tered mounds  or  fragments  in  the  surroundinu;'  coun- 
try, which  very  ])robably  exist,  but  which  have 
esca})ed  tho  attention  of  modern  travelers,  ea'j;vi'  to 
investiui-ato  the  more  wonderful  central  stiiKliues, 
are  probably  tho  only  basis  of  tho  statements  by  tlie 
hrst  explorers.  The  earlier  visitors  doubtless  e(.«!,;;!te(l 
each  isolated  fragment  of  hewn  stone,  or  other  trace 
of  the  antiL»"Uos'  work,  as  representing*  an  al)e'iiL;iiial 
edifice.'*  Doubtless  tho  condition  of  PaleiKpie  lias 
chanued  materiallv  for  tho  worse  since  its  discoverv. 
The  rapidity  with  wJiich  structures  of  solid  stone  are 
destroved  bv  tho  u'rowth  of  a  troi)ical  forest,  when 
once  the  roots  have  gained  a  hold,  is  noted  with  sm- 
pri  by  every  traveler.  In  tho  work  of  destriietien, 
moreover,  nature  has  not  been  unaided  by  man.  ami 
few    visitors    have    been    content    to    depart   wiilioiit 

^    /)'/''f\ .'•;'/•  ff'  rtiiiir'i')iir(i,  Pulrnqu^,  ]>.  32;   Jlitri!,  }r''.i''q)n\  ]>.  'JT. 

'^  Cililt'iM.i  .Liivos  a  list  lit'  •iitll  Uuililiii,^s  mure  or  li-ss  in  ruins,  r.ciii;!-- 
cdui  ;iivi's  tlic  cilN' a  I'irciiiiifi'ri'iicc  ipf  (i  1('m;;iii's  and  UtJI)  varas.  ]u\  llio, 
I >i  s'tIji.,  J).  4,  jfivi's  liic  ruins  an  extent  of  7  or  S  lea.i,'nes  Ironi  ea>i  I"  "i"'. 
aloM;,'  till'  foot  of  a  nionntain  raiiLre,  lint  speaks  of  only  I  1  liuiliiinu"^  in 
wliieji  trai'es  of  roon;s  \V()re  yet-  visilile.  Aci'onlin;.;  to  (lalindo  llie  lity,''.^" 
tends  •_'!)  miles  on  the  summit  of  the  ehain.  !.<uiil.  fii'inj.  Sm'..  n"1  m  • 
)i.  (ii).  Waldoek,  ]).  iii.,  says  that  the  nrea  is  less  tliiin  one  si|uiiii'  1im,-|"'- 
Mr  Stephens,  vol.  ii.,  \i.  ."{."ir),  pronounces  the  site  not  larj^er  tiian  the  P.inc 
in  New  York  cit\. 


LOCATION  OF  THE  IIUINS, 


297 


tlir  '"ilii- 
lan,'  tiiiis 
^■luMlft;  tlio 
11  to  Aiia- 

lost  (»r  till! 

ruins  arc 
[I. 
.ttoiitioii  (if 

OX])lnlvrs, 
iptiolis  less 
[H)rts  than 
,,  liowcver, 

SUccrssive 
liii'^'  tiver  a 

ai'uii  ot"  a 
.  tow  scat- 
diiiu;'  ciniii- 
liich  liavi! 
!;,  cauvr  to 

sti'uctiuvs, 

iiits  liy  tlic 

jss  coViiiti'd 

otlii'i'  ti'aco 

al)oi-iuinal 

eii([U('    lias 

discovery. 

stone  are 

)rcst,  wlieii 

I  with  sur- 

I'stniftioii, 
man.  and 

rt   witl)out 

i-n\\\<.      ]>rn:\- 

uas.      lifl  l!i". 

nil  ca^t  In  "■i'>t, 

1  t  Iniildiiiu"^  i" 

1,1,,  tlic  lily  lA- 

Snr.,   vol.  iii.. 

S.|UIMV  \i-.vsw- 

tliaii  llu'  l''">< 


sitint^ 


rclie  l>rokon  fi'oin   tlie  walls.      Del   Rio,   if 


wo 


111  iv  crcilit  his  own  words,  sooius  to  liavo  attoin[)tod  a 


Wll't 


lesalo   dostriictioii   of   the    city;    ho    sa\', 


(lint  of  porsevorauco  I  etlootod  all  that  was  nocossary 


til  \k'  (lone    S( 


)  that  ultiiuatolv  thoi'o  romaiiiod  iioiti 


lor 


a  window  nor  a  doorway  hlockod  iij),  a  jiartitioii  that 
was  not  thrown  down,  nor  a  room,  coi-ridor,  coui-t, 
tiiwer,  nor  sid)toi*ranoaii  passajjo  in  Avhich  oxcavation,' 
Were  not  offoctod  from  two  to  throe  varas  in  do})th, 
l*al(.'n(juo, — for  1  shall   heroaftor  a})})!}'  this  namo 


"it 


exolusivclv 


to    tl 


le    nuns, 


-is    situated    alK)iit   six  or 


seven  niilos"'  south-west  of  Santo  J3ominL>"o,  and  some 
sixty-five  miles  north-east  of  San  ( 'rist(')val.  The 
tM|i()MTaphy  of  the  rei^ion  is  not  d:;!initcly  marked 
out  on  t!io  maps,  and  the  nomenclature  of  the  streams 
iiiiiuiitains  is  lio})elessly  ccjnfused;  hut  many  })ar- 

l 


and 


aiK 


alli'l  streams  How  north-westward  from  the  hil 
uiiito  to  ibiin  a  branch  of  the  Usuniacinta  sometimes 
called  the  Tulija.  The  Otolum  on  which  the  luins 
stand  seems  to  bo  a  tributary  from  the  north  of  one 
of  the  paralhd  streams.  The  location  is  consoquenily 
ill  a  small  valley  lii'di  in  the  foothills,  thi'ouoh  whi(di 
juiis  n  inouutaiii  stream  of  small  size  clui'iiii>^  the  dry 
season,  but  becoming  a  torrent  when  8\^'ollen  by  the 
raiiis.'^ 

■■'J)rsrr:j,.,  r-  ^■ 

"Stc'iiluns  s.iys  oi,i:;Iit  miles,  vol.  ii.,  p.  2S7;  Diipnix,  a  littlo  over  two 
leaguis,  |i.  14;  Moi-elct,  V'li/nni',  toni.  i.,  p.  '2t.'>,  twu  ami  a  ludf  li'airue.s— 
'Irnrds,  p.  (U.  two  leagues;  t.'liaoiay,  ]).  4lli,  twchc  kiloiiu'tres.  'J'lic 
liiiips  rtiiiTsiiit  tlie  distance  as  sonicwliat  le.ss  tliaii  eiiriit  miles. 

11  il>..:u  .  ..  J  1 1 r    ii    .  1  -11  ...  i.  ..1 ..i..    \  c   ii.  .    .  L  i. .:..,. 


n  Kiiiiixhoiouiili,  vol.  vi.,  p.  47;t,  '  oee\niie(l  a  spuui 
I't  ^.".111111(1  seven  miles  and  a  half  in  extent.'  'Au  nuid-ouest  ilu  villag* 
iiiiliiii  de  Santo  ])oiningo  de  raleinpu'',  dans  la,  ei-devant  province  d( 
Jzi'iididi  s.'  Jhiiiiliulill,  in  2\'oun'lli.-i  Annalif  (Ic  I'oi/.,  toni.  .x.xxv.,  pp 
•i-iS.  (Iiiliiido,  AuI'k].  Mc.f.,  torn,  i.,  div.  ii.,  p.  (i!).  deserilies  the  locatiol 
i'*  iiii  till'  .Mimiiiit  of  the  range,  and  readied  liy  stairways  from  the  Vidlej 
l'^'lHW.  On  a  ]ilaiii  eigjit  leagues  long,  which  extemls  along  the  foot  of  tin 
I'ii^litst  iK(..uiitaiu  ehahi.    MuhUiq'/unll,  JJiJko,   turn,   ii.,  p.   lil.     retrifuo 


298 


RUIN'S  OF  PALENQUE. 


:i 


TIic  present  extent  of  tlie  ruins,  their  distrihtttlon, 
and  their  reLitive  size  are  shown  in  the  'iccompanyiiiif 
plan,  taken  witli  slii^ht  chaiiLfes  to  he  mentioned  in 
their  proper  phice,  from  Wahleck.*^  The  structmvs 
that  have  l)een  descrihed  or  definitely  located  hy  iuiv 
author  are  numhered  on  the  plan,  the  unmnnliLivil 
ones  hoini^  heaps  of  ruins  whose  existence  is  meiitioinil 
hy  all,  and  the  exact  location  of  wliich  M.  WaKlLck 
in  his  lon.,^  stay  was  ahle  to  fix.  It  will  he  seen  that 
the  hnildinns  all  face  the  cardinal  points  with  a  vtiy 
slii^ht  variation.  So  thick  is  tlie  forest  on  the  site  ami 
over  the  very  huildin^'s  that  no  one  of  the  latter  can 
be  seen  from  its  neig'ld)or  or  from  the  adjoining-  hills. 
M.  JMoi'elet,  on  one  occasion,  lost  his  hearinn's  in  tlio 
inimed'iate  vicinity,  and  althoUL^'h  he  did  not  perlia})?) 
i(o  a  half-mile  from  the  ruins,  yet  he  had  the  i^'reatcst 
difficulty  in  returnini*-,  and  comini^  from  a  contrary 
direction  thoui^ht  at  first  he  had  discovered  new  niDii- 
lunents  of  antiquity.  When  the  trees  are  cut  down, 
as  they  have  been  several  times,  only  a  few  yeais  aro 
necessary  to  restore  the  forest  to  its  ori^'inal  density, 
and  each  explorer  has  to  begin  anew  the  work  of 
clear!  ni>\^^ 

I  boi^in  with  the  largest  of  tlie  structures,  markcJ 
1  on  the  plan,  and  commonly  known  as  the  I'alacc, 
although  of  course  nothing  is  known  of  its  oiigiiial 
use.  From  a  narrow  level  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
sti'eam  rises  an  artificial  elevation  of  pyramidal  feria, 
with  ({uadrangular  base  measuring  about  two  huiidnil 
and  sixty  by  three  hundred  and  ten  feet,  and  soiuo- 
thing   over   forty  feet    in  height,  with  sloping  sides 

tions  of  iniirliie  shells  from  the  ruins  prosorvod  in  the  Mcxiran  Miisonm. 
Goiiili-'i,  in  I'irsriitt,  llist.  I'nnii.  .l/c/'. ,  toni.  iii.,  p.  (i. 

'^  Widdrvk,  j)l.  vi.  Ste|)li('iis'  iiliin,  vol.  ii.,  p.  'XXJ,  iiirrees  in  tin' 
with  this  hut  is  much  I"ss  couiiilete.  Dupiiix,  p.  IS,  found  only  r.m 
u;ul  sciittoroil  ruius,  iuhI  decliiivil  it  inipossilile  to  make  a  eorn>i'i  |>l:iii. 

•■'  'I'ous  les  monuMU'nts  ile  Palomine  sont  orientL'saux  (jnatrc  |Miiiit: 
(lina:irc,  avoo  une  variation  do  I'i  .'  Wal'Irrk,  p.  iii.  'Oricuti'  ci 
ttutes  los  mines  (jue  nous  avons  visitees.'  I'huniini.  I'liiiirs  Annr..  p 
Others,  without  haviuLf  niaile  any  accurate  ohservatious,  speak  of  llic 
fa"iu;;  (he  eardiual  puints.  See  .Wirr/rf,  l'iii/i>i/r,  tom.  i.,  p.  •270,  ett;- 
the  experience  of  that  traveler  in  yetting  lost  near  the  ruius. 


main 

fiist'd 

s  car- 

lIlllllU 

.  4-.'l. 

'Ill  :i^ 

.,  lot 

istril)utIon, 
oiiip.'iiiyiii^' 
Mitioiicd  ill 

structinv>i 
tod  l)y  iiiiy 
umiiiilii'ivil 
I  luoiitiitiii'd 
I.  WaKLvk 
3  seuii  that 
A'itli  a  VL'ry 
tliesiti'  and 
I  latter  can 
iniiiL;-  liills. 
in^s  in  the 
not  ]>i'i'liai>.4 
,lie  i;'i't'atcst 

a  contrary 
;1  iK'W  n  11)11- 
:  cut  down, 
\v  years  aro 
lal  density, 
ho  ^\ol■k  of 

['OS,  marked 
ho  I'ahice, 
ts  orininal 
aiik  of  tho 
nidal  toriii, 
o  Ivuinh't'd 
and  soino- 
oping  sides 

xinin  ^^,He^lm. 


OS  ill  till'  iiiiiiii 
only  idiifiisi'il 

rrci't  plan. 
itrc  |Miiiits  (';ir- 
)riiMiti'  coiiiiiie 

c,-ik  "I  llit'iii  ;'^ 
27(i,  etc.,  I'lif 


'if 


1 


I 

I 


300 


RUINS  OF  PALKN'QUK. 


iind  traoos  of  l)n);vl  central  stairways  on  tlic  oast 
and  north."  TIio  sides  were  faced  with  iT^iiLir 
Mocks  of  Iiewii  stone,  bnt  tliis  facin^if  lias  hecii  ni 
lii-okcn  np  and  forced  out  of  })lace  by  the  rixtfs  of 
trees  that  the  original  outline  is  hardly  distinmii>Iia- 
ble.  J)ui)aix,  both  in  text  and  drawini^s,  divides  the 
j>yramid  into  three  sections  or  stories  by  two  prdjn'- 
tions  of  a  few  feet  I'unninLT  horizontally  round  tlio 
sides;  he  ])uts  a  siniilai"  projection,  or  cornice,  at  the 
summit,  and  covers  the  whole  surface  of  the  sidis 
with  a  polished  coatin<^  of  cement.  That  this  state 
of  thing's  existed  at  the  time  of  his  exploi'atioii  is  |ins- 
sli)le,  altlioun'h  not  very  probable;  yet  it  is  in  it  un- 
likely th  it  thj  slopes  were  orii^'^inally  covered  with 
jtlaster,  or  even  painted. 

The  material  of  ^vhicll  the  bulk  of  the  mound  is 
comi)osed  is  not  very  delinitely  stated  by  any  visiter. 
I  believe,  however,  that  1  have  discovered  a  jxriil- 
iarity  in  the  construction  of  this  j)yrami(l,  which 
may  jxissibly  throw  some  li^ht  on  the  orinin  «'f'  the 
])yranudal  structure  so  universal  amonsjc  tlie  civilized 
nations  of  the  continent.  L  think  that,  ])erha[is  with 
a  view  to  raise  this  palace  or  temple  above  the  waters 
of  the  sti'eam,  four  thiidc  walls,  jiossibly  more,  were 
built  uj*  ])erpendicularly  from  the  ground  to  the  de- 
sired height;  then,  ai'ter  the  completion  of  th.c  walls 

'*  T)iiii('iisl()iis  from  F!lrj>hrji.<<,  vol.  ii.,  p.  ,^10.  Tt  is  not  likely  iIkii  ilicy 
art' to  lie  rc^rai'ili'd  MS  iiiiytiiiiij;'  iiimt'  tiiiiii  jipproxiiiiatioiis  to  liic  ^11-11^1 
cxtiMil;  the  stiito  of  tlic  iiyniinid  rciKlcriii;;  strictly  accurate  iiicmsiih  iiiiiii< 
iiii|iiactic;ilile.  'I'lie  autliorities  diller  coii^iilei-ahly.  '1~'.\  tVet  loii'j.  ''" 'ii' 
lii;;ii.  W'dlilirh-,  y.  ii.  1(»S(»  feet  in  circimitereiice,  (iO  feet  lii;^li.  /'"/-"i.'-.  |i 
14.  •_'(>  yards  liij,di.  Ihl  Rio,  Drsm'/).,  \>.  4.  100  x  70  nii-tres  and  not  ovirl.'i 
feet  lii.uli.  C/iiiriKii/,  L'liiiirn  A  inrr.,  ;i.4"24.  Circiiiiiference  UlSO  fed.  luiL'lit 
(iO  feet,  steps  one  foot  lii;rli.  JlrKsxriir  </r  Jioiir/iniini,  Hist.  S'ul.  '/,-..  tmii. 
i.,  |).  )>.").  "iO  iiieti-es  lii;,di,  area  3S40  s(|.  ineti'es.  Mair/if,  re,'/".'/' ,  toiii.  i., 
]i.  '_'(17;  '20./'''/ lii;.;li.  /'/.  Trnirh,  n.  ,S8.  Over  ;{4(»  metres  ion;.'.  I.<if'iii'l. 
]'(ii/fiifrs,  toiii.  i.,  ]i|i.  143-4.  Wal(le(dv,  \>.  iii.,  is  the  oidy  one  who  I'lmi'l 
traces  of  a  northern  slairwa.v.  and  none  of  the  ;:eneral  views  show  sinii 
tiaces.  Charnay,  )•.  4'-'."),  thoiiM;ht  the  eastern  stairway  was  (hmlilr.  liciiiL,' 
divided  liy  a  iierpendicnlar  wall.  Ilrassenr,  Piileiiqitr,  ji.  17,  in  a  ii"ii'  tn 
liis  translation  of  Stephens,  says  that  author  represents  a  stairway  in  iiis 
plate  hut  does  not  speak  of  it  in  his  te.\t-an  error,  as  nniy  he  seen  mi  tlu' 
lollowiiiL;  pa^^'e  of  the  translation  or  on  p.  'M'l  of  the  oriu'inal.  Tlic  iniiis- 
lation  '(|m  y  montent  ilr  la  turusse'  for  'ieudiiig  ui>  to  it  oa  the  Itiraci; 
may  account  for  the  error. 


OUKilN  OK  PYUAMIDAL  STUrCTl'UIA 


?m 


n  tlie  cast 

IS    1  )(_'(■! I    so 

le  roots  (it' 
>tiiii;uislia- 
lividcs  tlio 

wo    l>l'llj(.'C- 

roiiiid  tlh' 
ico,  at  the 
tliu  sidus 
tliis  state 
ion  is  I  ins- 
is    Hot   1111- 

X'W'A  with 


to  sf nii'^tlicn  tlieiu,  or  duriiio-  the  pi-oi^ross  of  tlif 
work  to  jju'ilitato  tlu;  raisiiio'  of  tliu  stones,  tlio  iii- 
ti  rior  was  tilled  with  earth,  and  the  exterior  oraded 
with  tlic  same  material,  the  whole  heini^  Hul)se(iiiently 
I'aicd  with  hewn  stone.  ALy  reasons  for  this  opinion 
iiiav    lie    illustrated    l)y    the    annexed   cut.     All    the 


nMi:tj±,-^^ 


'  t 


'm 


b^ 


1;'^ 


ij-jk. 


Mode  of  constructinj,'  Pyraiuid. 


tl 


inoiUKl  IS 
,ny  visitor. 
d  a  jitriil- 
lid,  wliicli 
^'in  ol*  tlie 
e  civilized 

ha|is  with 
le  waters 

lore,  were 

0  thi'  dc- 
tlie  walls 

Kcly  tlKil  ilii'V 

1  till'  iiii'.'inal 
iii'Msiiiciiii'nl" 

Idii.L;.  till  tcet 

1.    /)ii/,iii.i\  \i. 

ml  iiiit  ii\crl.") 

ISO  feci.  Iici;:lit 

(//.     '    M'.,    Idlll. 

i/iii/i .  tdiii.  i., 
oiij;.  I.iifiiiiil, 
w  ulm  l.iiiiiil 
\vs  slinw  Mlcll 
(Idiilili.  lirin;; 
,  in  II  iidlc  III 
liiirwiiv  ill  hi'* 

MM'II    nil    till' 

'I'lic  mills- 
((,  the  l<iiuce' 


aiitliniiti(\s  hy  text  and  ]>lates  represent  tlie  pyramid 
with  sjopino-  stone-fa«;ed  si(U.'s,  mucli  damaoed  hy  the 
tiirs.  Two  of  them,  Stephens  and  Waldeck,  mak- 
iii.;'  excavations  friMii  the  sunnnit  at  diiierent  points, 
clearly  imply  that  the  intei'ior,  I),  is  of  eai'tli.  The 
iiei^ht  isi;iveu  hyall  the  visitors  down  to  Stephens,  as 
tVoiii  loity  to  sixty  feet.  Now  Charnay,  ooinino"  nearly 
twt'iity  years  later,  I'ound  the  eastern  side  a  jxnpen- 
(liciilar  wall,  only  fifteen  feet  hi,<4'h,  and  jiroves  the  ac- 
cural y  of  his  statement  hy  his  ])hotoi>raph,  which,  as 
lie  says,  cannot  lie.  1  cannot  satisfactorily  account  foi- 
the  condition  of  the  structure  as  found  hy  him,  excej)t 
hy  suiiposini^  that  the  stone  facing-,  loosened  hy  the 
trees,  had  fallen  frt)m  i>  to  F,  and  that  the  earth 
which  tilled  the  sides  at  EE,  had  been  washed  awav 


hv  th 


nil,   leavni]!^   tlie    ]>erpen( 


th 


diculi 


ir  Aval 


it   13 


^\e  sliall  see  Liter  that  it  is  utterly  im|K)ssihle  to  lix 
any  (hlinite  date  for  the  foundini''  of  Palencpie;  hut 
It  is  (hiuhtlc'ss  to  he  referred  to  the  earliest  ])ori()d  of 


A 


im  riraii  civilization   which    has   left  definite  archi- 


tectural traces;  and  its  claims  are  perha})s  as  stron<r 
as  tjiosi!  of  any  other  to  he  considered  the  oldest 
.Viiuricaii  city.  If  this  })yi-amid  was  the  first  ei'ected 
and  took  its  shape  as  above  indicated,  its  adoption  as 


809 


RL'INS  OF  PALKNQL'E. 


a  type  til  roil  jjfliout  tlio  rei,M(m  penetrjitod  l)y  (lie  iv- 
lii>^i(»n  and  civiliziitioii  of  its  hiiilclurs,  would  he  \(i\- 
iiiitunil,  although  the  form  would  afterwards  Itc  umiv 
readily  attained  l)y  ineauH  of  a  solid  Htnictinf.  I 
offer  thin  aw  a  conjeetural  theory  to  take  its  |ila(c  liv 
the  wide  of  many  <)thers  on  the  Huhject,  and  at  t\\v 
least  not  more  (levt)id  of  foundation  than  sevci-al  df 
its  ('(>mi)ani()ns.*'  It  is  not  iinprohahle  that  tln' 
builders  may  have  taken  atlvantai^e  of  a  slight  iiat- 
tural  elevation  as  a  foundation  for  their  work. 

The  summit  i)latform  o^'  the  pyramid  supports  the 
I*alace,  which  covers  its  whole  extent  save  a  narrow 
passatjce  round  the  edu^e,  and  the  exterior  diinciisioiis 
of  which  are  ahout  one  hundred  and  (!i<'htv  1>V  two 
Imiidred  and  twentv-eiyht  feet  and  thirty  feet  Iii^li."' 
1'he  outer  wall,  a  larnice  portion  of  which  has  fallen, 
Avas  ])ierce(l  with  ahout  forty  doorways,  which  were 
generally  wider  than  the  ])ortions  of  the  wall  tiiat 
se])arated  them,  j^'ivini^  the  whole  the  appearanci'  nf  a 
j)ortico  with  Avide  j)iers.  The  doorways  are  ei^lit  and 
a  Iialf  feet  ]\\'^h  and  nine  feet  wide.  The  tops  srem 
to  have  heen  oriiii-inally  flat,  hut  the  lintels  have  in 
every  case  fallen  and  disa[)peared,  having  heen  ])ei- 
]ia[)s  of  wood;  indeed,  Charnay  claims  to  ha\e  I'uuiid 
the  marks  of  one  of  these  wooden  lintels  coni|i()se(l  ef 
two  j)ieces,  while  Del  Kio  found  a  plain  rectangular 
block  of  stone  five  by  six  feet,  extending  from  one  df 
the  })iers  to  another.  The  whole  exterior  was  lovered 
with  a  coat  of  hard  |)laster,  and  there  are  some  traces 
of  a  projecting  cornice  which  surrounded  the  huiMiii^' 
above  the  doorways,  pi(irced  at  regular  intervals  with 
small  circular  holes,  such  as  I  have  noticed  in  N'uea- 
tan,  conjectured  with  much  reason  to  have  originally 


^^  fttcphcns,  vol.  ii.,  p.  .Slfi;  Waldrrl;  p.  vi.;  Chnrnny,  p.  4'2.'>,  plii't  '2-. 
Pupiiix's  plate  xiii.,  ti;;.  "JO,  sliowiiij,' a  sectidii  of  the  wliole,  iiidiiati's  tliat 
the  interior  may  be  tilled  with  eaitli  ainl  siiiail  Hfones. 

'Ii  S/r/)keiis,  vol.  il.,  p.  310,  exi'ept  the  lieij;lit,  wliieh  ho  drives  iit  '2.')  tVH. 
144  X  '240  X  3(5  feet.  Ihtpnix.  j).  1.5.  324  varas  in  circuint'iircnci'  iiinl  •'H' 
vaniH  lii;,'h.  KiiiqxhonvKih,  vol.  v.,  p.  2<t(>.  145  x  '240  x  'M\  left.  Hivm'ur 
de  Bunrbounj,  Hint.  Nut.  Vic,  toiii.  i.,  i>.  86. 


KXTEUIOU  OF  THi;  I'ALACE. 


;oi 


luld  ]«)ltN  which  siij)p()rt(Ml  a  kind  of  awiiiiin'.  Later 
vi>ituis  havf  fuiiiid  no  j)art  of  the  nuA'  n  niaiiiiiiijf  in 
pliicf:  l»ut  (-iu>ariu(hi,  >vh()  may  have  loiiiid  some  pof- 
tidii  >tan(hiiL'',  reju'osents  it  as  shtpin^',  plain,  and  plas- 
(,  red,  Fr<»in*  the  interior  constiiietion  and  from  tlio 
i()(i|>  of  other  Palcncjue  huihlini^s,  it  is  ])rohahK!  tliat 
his  (hawiiiijc  i^'ives  a  correct  idea  of  tlio  i'ahice  in  this 
r(S|>((t.  l)u[){iix  often  speaks  of  tlio  r(»ofs  at  J'aien- 
(|iiL'  as  heint''  covered  with  lar^'e  stone  ihiys  (hijas) 
caririilly  joined;  other  anthors  are  silent  I'espectini;' 
till  ananu'ement  of  the  stones  in  the  i'o(»fs,  Jud'_;in^' 
iVoiu  the  |iosition  of  tlie  <4'rand  stairway  that  leads  np 
till'  side  of  the  j>yramid,  and  from  the  arrani^emeiit 
(if  tlu'  intei'ior  dooi  ways,  the  chief  entrance,  oi-  front, 
of  tile  Palace,  was  on  the  east,  towanls  the  stream. 
It  is  iVoiii  this  side,  although  not  so  well  preserved  as 
sniiic  otlii'r  jtortions,  that  <j>'i.'neral  vii'ws  have  ht.'eii 
kill.''  Of  the  piers  that  separated  the  doorways  in 
outer  wall,  only  fifteen  have  been  found  standing!', 
cinlit  oil  the  east  and  seven  on  the  west,  althouuh 
tluir  Inuiidations  may  he  readilv  traced  tlirou<>hoiit 
luariy  the  whole  circumference.  Each  of  the  I'emain- 
iiiL^'  piers,  and  prohahly  of  all  in  their  original  condi- 
tion, contained  on  its  external  surface  a  has-relief  in 
stucco,  and  these  reliefs  with  their  borders  occupied 
the  whole  space  between  the  doorways.  The  cuts,  fii>-. 
I,  -,  and  .".,  represent  three  of  the  best  pieserved  of  the 
rtlift's,  drawint^-s  of  six  only  of  them  haviiiL;'  been  pub- 
lislied.  ^b)st  of  the  designs,  like  those  shown  in  the 
cuts,  were  of  human  fij^ures  in  various  attitudes,  and 
liaviii;;  a  variety  of  dress,  ornaments,  and  insii^nia.    It 


';  W,iMc(k  tliinks,  on  the  rmitiary,   that  tlio  iirin('i|iiil  cut 
<in;;iii;ill\  tin  t ill' tiiii'tli.     (Jciicral  views  are   foiiml  in  Sltiihnis, 


:tl'.);   /(. 

I'il'll 


r 


raiicc  was 
I'- 


nut 


•ji'ii.f.  pi.  xii.,  {\)i.  li);  Ki)iifnhoriiiif//i,  jil.  xii.;  ]\  iililnk,  ])1.  viii.; 
,'/,  iilini.  •J'_'.  All  l)ut  the  last  two  are,  iimre  or  less,  restorations,  lait 
vt(|it  Castaueda'.siii  a  few  ies|ieets"  caleiilatetl  t 


o  laislcat 


1.    Steph 


Mv>  ijiiit  tliis  cut  is  less  aecnrate  than  others  in  his  ■work,  ami  Cliariiay 
fiilU  hi-  piioto^'iapli  a  failure,  allhon;,'h  I  have  already  made  iniportaiu  use 
«|f  III,' i.itier.     Coiu'erniiif;  the  lintels,  see  l'/i(iniii!/,i).  4'_*7,  and  J>i/  / 


siilc  il 


/' .  I'p.  0-11.     IJiasseur,  ]list.  iVat.  t'ir.,  toui.  !.,  )>.  8(i,  says  the  ont- 


IJ!,  i>.   15. 


e  (j  feet  liij;''-     Doorwavs  4',  to  [2  ft  hi;;h,  U  to  15  ft  wide. 


;50i 


IIUINS  or  I'ALKXQUK. 


^Jl 


will  1)0  noticed  that  the  faces  are  all  in  profile,  iind  tlio 
foreheads  invariahly  Hatteiied,  This  cranial  IninnvMs 
doubtless  the  highest  type  of  beaufy  or  nobility  in  tliu 


lisiE^^  'pk.-Mi'""u:L_:t 


Ba.s-Relief  in  Stucco. — Fig.  1. 


eyes  of  the  ancient  artists;  and  of  course  tlio  nntnr;il 
ififerenco  is  tliat  it  was  artificiall}''  ])rodnce(l  hy  iiu'tli- 
ods  siniihir  to  those  einployed  by  the  ]Mav;is  ct'  vutw 
modern  times.  Ye''  many  have  believed  tliat  tlio 
huilders  of  PaleiKpie  or  the  ])riests  and  leaders  that 
directed  the  work  were  of  a  now  extinct  race,  tlif 
|)eculiar  natural  confoi'mation  of  whose  foi'elu  ad  was 
artificially  imitated  l>y  the  d('sceTKl;mts  of  tluir  disri- 
pie.-  The  many  far-fetched  exjtlanations  of  tlio'' 
stranL>-e  lii-'ures,   which  fertile  imaginations  have  u*-- 


file,  ;iii(j  tlie 
ill  toi'iii  Was 
bility  ill  the 


BAS-RELIEFS  OF  THE  PALACE.  305 

vised,  Avcnild  not,  T  believe,  be  instructive  to  the 
iv;iilri',  \\]u)  will  derive  more  amiisenient  and  profit 
troiii  liis  own   conjectures.     The  reseuiblance  of  the 


*?Sri'  ■"""^Kii^V^^iiiAiTi-?^  Y^j'i)^ 


Bus-Kolief  in  Stucco. — Fig.  2. 

li';i(l-(lri'ss  in  fii*-.  2  to  an  elephant's  trunk  is,  liowcvof^ 
^'iiihwliat  strikino-.  We  nuiy  be  very  suiv  tliat  these 
li'miivs  jilaced  in  so  prominent  a  i)ositi()n  on  tlie  oxte- 
liiif  walls  of  the  o-randest  edifice  in  the  city,  wen-  nut 
'iitivly  oiiiamental  and  without  si^iiiHcance :  and  it  is 
iiliiiM.st  e(|UaUy  certain  that  the  three  hiei'oolyp]ii(; 
H^iis  over  the  top  of  each  oroup  would,  if  tliey  could 
'"-'  ivail,  explain  their  meanin^;-.  Some  of  the  piers 
■;^tviii  to  have  been  covered  entirely  with  hii-ronlvphics 
111  stucco,  hut  better  preserved  specimens  t)f  these  in- 

\uL.  IV.     '20 


30G 


RUINS  OF  r.VLENc^LE. 


scriptions  will  be  shown  in  connection  with  other  build, 
ings  at  Palenque.  The  stucco,  or  cement,  from  wliicli 
ihe  figures  are  molded,  is  the  same  as  that  with  wliieli 


Ba«- Relief  in  Stucco.— Fij;.  3. 

the  whole  building  was  covered,  and  is  nearly  as  han 
as  the  stone  itself.  M.  Charnay  found  evidence  to  con 
vince  him  that  the  reliefs  were  put  on  after  the  regu 
lar  coating  of  cement  had  beetnne  hardened;  ])ii]iaix 
believes  tliat  some  of  them  were  molded  over  a  skc 
eton  of  small  stones,  in  the  same  way  })erha[)s  as  tlu 
gigantic  laces  at  Izamal  in  Yucatan.  Traces  of  colui 
in  sheltered  portions  make  it  evident  that  the  \)M' 
were  originally  painted.'" 


m 


•8  Dcacriiitiouis  and  (Iniwiiiys  of  tlic  bas-reliefs.  Dhjhux,  pp.  20,  !'7 


PLAN  OF  THE  PALACE. 


807 


Grouiul  Plan  of  the  PuUne. 


fi.  [il.  xi\-\xii.  Kiii;;sl>nr<)u;,'li.  vol.  iv.,  ])1.  xxvi.,  hIiows  one  «liiina;ifil  i^roup 
ii"l^'i\vii  in  .l/(//y.  .1M.\ ;  Del  nil),  />r.srri/>.,  ])]•.  it-ll,  pi.  viii.,  x.,  xi..  xv., 
xvi.  (;i^  ihcv  :mi' aniiii^r<'<l  in  iiiv  <'o|>.v— tlicy  arc  not  iiiiiiiIhtciII;  S/rp/ini.':, 
vol.  ii.,  ini,';ui,  310-17;   U'uUcck,  i>.  v.,  pi.  xii.,  xiii.     Si;c  Cliamnii,  \u 


308 


RUINS  OF  PALENQUE. 


Notliini''  further  remains  to  he  said  of  the  cxtoiiorcf 
the  Palace;  let  us  therefore  enter  the  doorway  at  tlie 
head  of  the  eastern  stairway.  The  main  htiildiiio- is 
found  to  consist  of  two  corridors,  formed  liy  tlireu 
])arallel  walls  and  covered  by  one  roof,  which  extend 
entirely  round  the  circumference  of  the  idatfonii,  and 
enclose  a  (juadrangular  court  measuring  ahout  ono 
hundred  and  fifty  by  two  hundred  feet.  This  coiiit 
also  contains  five  or  six  buildings,  bome  of  them  cdii- 
nected  with  the  main  edifice,  others  separate,  wliitli 
divide  the  court  into  four  smaller  ones.  The  wliule 
arrano-ement  of  buildinfifs  and  courts  is  clearlv  shown 
in  the  })receding  ground  plan.  At  h,  is  the  ciiief 
entrance  at  the  head  of  the  eastern  stairway;  <i,  <i,  a, 
etc.,  are  the  -itanding  piers  with  stucco  bas-rclitfs, 
which  have  been  noticed  already;  A,  A,  B,  B,  etc.,  arc 
the  main  corridors;  C,  D,  E,  F,  G,  the  smaller  en- 
closed buildings;  1,  2,  3,  4,  the  courts.^^ 

Entering  at  b,  we  find  that  the  corridois  extend 
uninterru])tedly  on  the  east  and  north,  but  aie  di- 
vided on  the  other  sides,  especially  on  the  soutli,  iiiti* 
conn»artnients.  In  the  inner  as  in  the  outei'  wall 
doorways  are  frequent,  while  the  central  wall  has  but 
few.  The  corridors  are  each  nine  feet  wide  and 
tweiity  feet  high,  the  per})endicular  walls  being  ieii 
I'eet,  and  the  sides  of  the  ceiling  inclining  inward 
I'rom  that   height  until   they   nearly   form  an  aeiito 


42(5,  and  <liis  vol.,  y.  240.  ^^(>rolct,  TV/".'/''.  <<i"i-  '■.  I'P-  274,  'J^'J.  iiiiiilii^" 
tliat  all  tlu'  stiiccd  work  liad  disaiipcaretl  at  llic  lime  (if  his  visit;  iiini  in' 
inciitidiis  a  slu'll-lisli  niinnioii  in  the  rcuinn  whidi  furnishes  ^^noil  liiiiciiiiil 
Mas  ]pn(hahiy  used  i)y  tiie  ancients.  Wahk'fk  cunchnk's  that  the  su|i|"iM'ii 
ele|)liant's  head  may  lie  that  tif  a  tajiir,  '  (jnoiiiu'il  existe  jiarnii  ir~  lucim's 
mines  des  li^jnres  de  tapir  hien  ])his  ressemhlantes.'    ['(///.  /'///.,  ]i.  .'>7. 

l'-"  The  jilan  is  redneed  from  Wnlild'h-,  \\\.  vii.  (Innind  ]ihnis  aii'  mNji 
;.riven  in  Stiiilims,  \ul.  ii.,  ]t.  'MO,  eciiiied  in  Willsun's  A/iirr.  ///-'..  |i.  i'; 
Jhi/iiiix,  |il.  .\i.;  h'iiiffs/ioriiiiifh,  vol.  iv.,  ]d.  \iii.;and  in  Ihl  liin,  lii .srri/i.,w' 
i.itter  hein;,'only  a  rouijfh  imperfect  sketch.  It  is  understood  that  »  tii'.'c  jn'i- 
tion  of  the  outer  and  southern  walls  liavo  fallen,  so  that  the  \  i>it'ii«  ilitjir 
^■lme^vhat  in  their  location  of  doorwaysai  d  some  other  uuinipoitiiiil  ilitiiil- 
Stephens'  |ilau  makes  the  whoK^  niinilier  of  exterior  dooMvays  ."d  iii-lc.nl  "' 
4't.  and  many  doorways  in  tlie  fallen  walls  he  does  not  attempt  in  liM-itc. 
I  ,i.'i\('  the  preference  to  Waldeck  Hiniply  on  account  of  his  supi  ri'H'  ';'• 
cilitiex. 


TIFi:  PALACE  COIilUDOns.  309 

juiglL'  at   the  top,     Tho  cut   represuuts  a  section  of 


Section  of  the  Palace  Corridors. 

the  two  corridors  in  nearly  their  true  proportions. 
The  walls  arc  from  two  to  threo  feet  tliick,  and  so  far 
IIS  can  ho  dcterniiued  from  the  authorities,  tliey  an; 
Iiiiilt  entirely  of  hewn  hloeks  of  stone,  witlnnit  tlui 
interior  tilling  of  rul)hle  which  I  have  noticed  in  the 
Yucatan  ruins.  Indeed,  with  a  thickness  of  three 
feet  or  less  the  use  of  rubble  would  have  been  almost 
iiiipiacticahle.  Floor,  walls,  and  ceiling  are  covered 
with  a  coating  of  the  same  hard  cement  found  on  the 
txterior  walls.  Tlie  cut  on  the  following  page  is  a, 
view  IVoni  a  point  somewhat  soutliward  from  b,  ar.d 
Idokiiig  northward  into  the  corridor;  it  gives  an  ex- 
cellent idea  of  the  present  ai)})earance  of  this  ])(»rtinii 
of  the  I'alace.  The  construction  of  the  ceiling,  both 
in  the  I'alace  and  in  other  Palen(pie  structures,  is  1  y 
mciuis  of  tlio  triangular  arch  of  overlapping  stom  s. 
;is  in  Yucatan.  A  remarkable  dilference,  however,  is 
that  the  ])r()jecting  corners  of  tlie  blocks,  instead  nf 
lieiiig  beveled  so  as  to  leave  a  smooth  stone  suiface. 
are  left,  and  the  smooth  surface  is  obtained  by  tilling 
the  notches  with  cement. 

The  doorway  through  tlie  central  ..all  at  <',  is 
ci'^litecn  feet  liigh,  and  its  top,  instead  of  being  ilat 
like    those    in   the    outer    wall,   takes  the  form  of   a 


!it 


810 


IIUINS  OF  PALENC^UE. 


ill! 


CORRIDORS  OF  THE  PALACE. 


811 


trefoil  arch;  depressions,  or  niches,  of  tlio  same 
tivfoil  form,  extend  at  regular  intervals  ri^lit  and 
left  from  the  doorway  along  the  inclined  face  of  the 
ceiling.  The  last  cut  gives  a  clear  idea  of  the  door- 
\\;\y  and  trefoil  niches,  hut  the  artist  who  copied  it 
iVoni  (Aitherwood's  plate  for  Motrlet's  Trairls,  from 
wliicli  1  take  it,  has  erred  in  representing  the  niches 
as  continuing  downward  on  the  perjiendicular  wall. 
Near  the  toj)  of  the  perpendicular  wall  was  a  line 
of  what  seem  to  have  been  circular  stucco  medal- 
lions, ]ierhaps  portraits,  at  d,  <1,  d,  of  the  i>lan, 
wliieh  have  for  the  most  part  fallen.  Small  circular 
holes,  apparently  left  hy  the  decay  of  beams  that 
once  stretched  across  the  arch,  occur  at  re<>u];ir  in- 
tervals  between  the  niches  of  the  ceiling.     The  cut 


i 

|y 
¥ 


Elevation  of  ralace  Corridor. 


shows  a  front  elevation  of  the  corridor  from  c  of  the 
plan  looking  eastward,  and  includes  all  the  i)eculi- 
arities  found  in  any  part  of  the  corridors.  The  jiosi- 
tion  of  the  medallions  is  shown,  though  they  are 
ivally  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  wall,  and  tho 
shaded  figures  on  the  left  of  the  cut  are  introduced 
iVoni  other  parts  of  the  Palace,  to  illustrate  the  dif- 
ferent forms  of  niches  which  occur  in  the  walls  The 
iiiones  on  the  right  are  in  their  proper  jdace.  The 
three  which  are  symmetrically  placed  at  each  side  of 
this  and  some  other  doorways,  are  from  eight  to  ten 
inches  square,  and  have  a  cylinder  two  inches  in 
diameter  fixed  upright  within  each.  They  would 
i^eeni    to   have  c^erved  in    st)me  way  to  support   the 


8ia 


RUINS  OF  PALENQUE. 


doors.  Tlie  T  sliaped  nlclies  are  of  very  frecjiieiit 
occiirrcuco  tlirouohoiit  the  ruins,  and  have  caiisul 
iimch  .s})eculatiou  by  reason  of  their  reseinhhiiirc  to 
the  Enyptiau  tan  and  to  the  cross,  Some  of  tliriii 
extend  <|iiite  tlirouii;li  the  walls,  and  served  prohaMv 
for  ventilation  and  the  admission  of  li<>lit.  Otlicrs  u'i 
the  same  shape  are  of  varying-  dei)ths  and  of  unknown 
use;  tliey  may  have  been  niches  for  the  recej)ti()ii  of 
small  idols,  or  possibly  designed  to  hold  the  toiclRs 
Avhich  lit  up  the  corridors,  since  INF.  Wakleck  cliiiiiis 
to  have  found  the  marks  of  lami)-black  on  the  tops  tif 
some  of  them.'-"  Nothing  remains  to  be  said  ol'  the 
corridors  of  the  main  building-,  save  that  the  intLiior 
like  the  exterior  surface  of  the  walls  bears  traces  of 
red  paint  over  the  coating  of  plaster  in  certain  shtl- 
teretl  })ortions.-^ 

Passing  through  the  doorway  e  we  enter  the  court  1, 
the  dimensions  of  which  are  about  seventy  by  (.jnlity 
feet,  its  pavement,  like  that  of  the  other  courts,  htinn' 
eight  or  ten  feet  lielow  that  of  the  corridors.  Tliis  |  vaw- 
inent  is  covered  to  a  depth  of  several  feet  with  dc'lnis, 
Avliich  has  never  been  entirely  cleared  away  by  any 
explorer.     The  court  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  last 

*"  Pliitos  illnstratin';  the  corridors  may  he  found  as  follows:  Wuh^'d. 
]il.  i>;.,  view  of  ddiuway '■  from  li,  >lio\viii<^  two  of  tlie  iiHMlalliniis.  mic  ui 
Avliii'li  is  filled  \i])  with  a  portrait  in  stuci-o,  and  is  jirohahly  a  n-iuniiiiMi; 
the  view  extends  throu;j;h  the  doorways  r  and'/,  aeross  the  eoiirt  in  the 
1>nildin^  (.'.  The  same  plate  j^ives  also  a  view  of  the  onter  coiiidipr  Ich;:!!:- 
■\vise  lodkinsi  nurtliward.  PI.  x.  gives  an  elevation  of  the  east  side  nf  llic 
inner  eorridur,  and  a  seetion  of  hoth  corridors.  1*1.  xi.,  lij;.  1,  ^iniws  tlu' 
details  of  one  of  the  T  shaped  niches.  Strji/icns,  vol.  ii.,  ]).  .'U;!  >kii(li 
corres|)onding  to  Waldeck's  1)1.  ix.,  copied  in  Marc/rt's  Tvarrh,  ami  lakiii 
from  the  latter  for  mv  work.  JIkjkn'.v,  pi.  xviii.,  fig.  '2r>,  shows  tlic  (iitliT- 
ent  forms  of  niclies  and  windows  found  in  the  Palace,  all  of  which  iiic  j;iMii 
in  my  cut.  'A  douhle  j^ailery  of  eij;hty  yards  in  len;{th,  su^taintii  ly 
ina.isive  ]iillars,  opened  liefore  us.'  Mtirht,  J'oifur/r,  tom.  i.,  ])]'.  "Jli'Vii; 
Trarrls,  ]).  (S7.  '1  he  s(|nare  niches  wiih  their  cvlinders  are  s]iiiLcii  ni  I'V 
Waldeck,  !'(///.  Pill.,  pp.  71--,  as  'pmds  de  pierre.'  H^luiint  aii\  imvcr- 
luit's  r^ervant  de  fenetres,  elles  sont  jietites  et  jrcneraleinent  d'unc  Inniif 
capricieuse,  envii'onnees,  a  riuterieur  des  edilices,  d'aralies(iucs  et  ilc  dcs- 
sins  en  has-relief,  ]iarfois  fort  •^racicnx.'  lirnssnn-  ilr  liniirlxinnj.  Hi^t- 
Ktit.  Ci'r.,  tom.  i.,  p.  O'i.  J'rincipul  walls  4  feet  thick,  others  less.  Itni.mx, 
p.  1.-). 

2'  Paint  the  same  as  at  Uxmal.  Sonic  was  taken  for  annlysii-:.  Imt  lii^t. 
Prolialdy  a  mixture  in  ei|ual  jiarts  of  carmine  and  vernnlion.  I'inliaM.v 
extracted  from  a  fungus  found  on  deail  trees  in  this  region,  and  wlii' h  ^li^'^ 
the  same  color,    ll'aldick,  Voj.  I'itt.,  pp.  100-1. 


(oritT  OF  TllD  I'ALACi:. 


813 


liv  tlir  walls,  or  jtier.s,  of  tlio  inner  corriditr,  nud  on 
tliu  sdiitli  aiul  west  by  those  of  the  interior  l)uildiiiL;s 
(_'  and  I).  The  })iers,  whose  position  and  number  are 
clearly  indicated  on  the  phm,  are,  except  those  on  the 
north,  yet  standing,  and  each  has  its  stucco  has-relief 
as  on  the  eastern  front.  Tliese  reliefs  are,  however, 
much  daniai^ed,  and  no  drawings  of  them  have  been 
iiijulc,  or,  at  least,  published.  Broad  stairways  of 
five  or  six  steps  lead  down  to  the  level  of  the  court 
piivcnieiit,  at  ;/,  (/,  </,  ;/,  and  a  narrow  stairway.  It, 
art'oiils  access  through  an  end  door  to  the  building  E." 
The  eastern  stairway  is  thirty  feet  witle,  and  on 
each  side  of  it,  at  /,  /,  on  a  surface  about  iifteen  feet 
long  by  eleven  feet  high,  formed  by  immense  stone 
slal)s  inclined  at  about  the  same  angle  as  the  stairway 
itselt',  is  sculptured  in  low  relief  a  group  of  human 
tit;urc,s  in  })eculiar  attitudes.  The  northern  group  is 
shown  iu  the  accompanying  cut.    Stephens  pronounces 


Sftiliitureil  Group  in  the  I'iilaco  Court. 

the  attitude  of  the  figures  one  of  pain  and  trouble. 
"The  dosiufn  and  anatomical  i)ro])ortions  of  the  fiijures 


*'   ;: 


"  W:il(lc('k  is  tlie  only  aiitliority  for  this  narrow  stairway,  and  his  plan 
for  the  iiiirtliern  broad  .stairwav. 


! 


814 


lUINS  OF  PALKNQlt:. 


are  faulty,  but  there  is  a  force  of  oxprossioii  aliont 
them  which  siiows  tlie  skill  ami  coiiceptivc  ])(>\V(  r  of 
the  artist.'"^'*  Stei)hens'  })late  of  this  side  of  the  couit 
shows  reniaius  of  stucco  ornaiiientatit)n  aiul  alsd.i  lin,. 
of  small  circular  holes  over  the  doorways  of  the  iniitr 
corridor.  The  o})})osite  or  western  stairway  is  nar- 
rower than  the  eastern,  and  at  its  sides,  at /,/,  aiv 
two  colossal  human  Hi^'ures  sculptui'ed  in  a  hard  whit- 
ish stone,  as  shown  in  the  cut,  in  which,  howevLi',  the 


Sculptured  Figures  in  Palace  Court. 

stairway  is  shown  somewhat  narroAvcr  than  its  inn- 
]»ro}»ortioiis.  Waldeck  sees  in  these  fi^-urcs  a  male  and 
female  whose  features  are  of  the  Caucasian  ty[H'.  At 
the  sides  of  the  stairway,  at  k,  k,  1%  stand  thnc  tin- 
ures  of  smaller  dimensions,  sculptured  on  ])ilastL'is 
which  occur  at  regular  intervals.  On  the  hastiiiLiit 
Avail  between  the  pilasters  are  found  small  s(|uaiis(if 
]iieroi>lyj)hics.^*  In  the  centre  of  the  court  Waldeck 
iound  some  traces  of  a  circular  basin. 


23  liapaix,  p.  21,  says  that  the  stone  is  {jranitc,  the  figures  11  feet  liiirli. 
and  the  s;'ulpture  in  high  rehef.  'I'euplee  de  siniuhu'res  gigiiiit(>'|iu'^<  :i 
•lend  vdiU's  par  hi  vegetation  sanvage.'  Moirlct,  Voi/oijc,  toni.  i..  |i.  -liii 
Tiiese  figures,  with  the  eastern  side  of  the  court,  are  represented  in  I'lipaif. 
pi.  xxiii-iv.,  lig.  29;  Wuldrrk,  pi.  xiv-xvi.  (according  to  a  seateil  iiMtivc  nii 
the  steps,  eacdi  step  is  at  least  2  fe<'t  high);  Strphois,  p[).  314-15;  ('/Kinni;/, 
phot,  xix,  XX.     My  cut  is  a  reduction  from  Waldecl<. 

2<  Wuhleck,  pl.'^xiv-v.;  Stephens,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  314-15.  One  of  the  small 
Bculi)tured  pilasters  in  Dupaix,  pi.  xxv.,  iig.  32. 


COURTS  OF  TFIK  PALACE. 


815 


ius(»  a  line 


The  wi'stoni  court,  2,  ine.isurinu;'  jiltout  tliirty  l>y 
liyiitv  t'lH't,  has  a  narrow  stairway  of  three  stL'})s  at  /, 
IracHiii,''  U|>  to  the  central  huiUliuiif  C  At  the  ends  of 
this  stairway,  at  o,  o,  are  two  hiriji^e  hlocks  similar  in 
iiusitidii  to  those  ni  j,J,  but  their  slojiini;'  fi-onts  hear 
ii(i  sculptured  tiij^ures.  As  in  the  other  court,  liow- 
{■\v\\  there  are  some  s(|uares  of  Iderot^lyithics  on  tiio 
liasciueiit  walls.  The  j)iers  round  this  court,  such  as 
iiiiiaiii  staiidiiiL*",  hear  each  a  stucco  has-reliei'.'"'^ 

Ill  the  southern  court,  M,  stands  the  structure  known 
;is  the  Tower,  marked  (i  on  the  ])lan.  Its  base  is 
aliout  thirty  feet  sijuare,  and  rests  like  the  other  huild- 
\]\[f<.  on  the  }»latforni  of  the  ])yramid  some  ei^ht  or 
ttti  feet  ahove  the  pavement  of  the  courts.  This  base 
i-i  sdhd,  hut  has  niches,  or  false  doorways,  on  the  sides. 
Aliove  tlie  base  two  slightly  recediui^-  stories  are  still 
>taii(liiiL;',  with  ])ortions  of  a  third,  each  with  a  dcxjrway 

whose  lintel  has  fallen — in  the  centre  of  each  side, 
.111(1  surrounded  by  two  plain  cornices.  The  walls  are 
lilaiii  and  plastered.  The  whole  structure  is  of  solid 
iiiasoiny,  and  the  fact  that  larye  trees  have  i»rown 
iVoiii  the  top,  presentinjj^  a  broad  surface  to  the  winter 
winds,  which  have  not  been  able  to  ovei'turn  the 
Tuwir,  shows  the  remarkable  stren^'th  of  its  construc- 
iii)n.  The  height  of  the  standini*'  jiortion  is  about 
titty  feet  above  the  platform  of  the  jn'i'aniid.  lic- 
siJcctino"  the  interior  arrany-ement  of  the  Tower,  I  am 
niiahlc  to  form  a  clear  idea  from  the  descrijttions  and 
ihawin^s  of  the  different  visitors,  notwithstanding-  the 
tart  that  Waldeck  •''ives  an  elevation,  section,  and 
un)un(l  plan  of  each  story.  Ste])hens  desci'ibes  the 
structure  as  consistinj^  of  a  smaller  towei-  within  the 
i.ii'u-i-.aiid  a  very  narrow  staircase  leadini^  up  from  story 
to  story.  AValdeck  deemed  tlie  Tower  a  chef  d'anivre, 
while  to  Ste])liens'  eyes  it  appeared  unsatisfactory  and 
uninteresting.      Dupaix,  without  doubt    ei-roneously, 

'^^  Tlic  only  iilatc  tlint  shows  luiy  portion  of  flu-  rourt  2.  is  ]f'ii/ifrrk,  jil. 
>^viii.,  a  view  fniiii  the  point  u  lookiu"?  soutli-eastward.  Two  of  tiio  reliefs 
ill!'  sjiowii,  re|presenting  each  a  liiiman  figure  sitting  cross-legged  on  a  low 

."'.Oljj, 


:\u\ 


IIUINS  UF  I'AI-KNQrK, 


i-('|>ivsL'iits  tlio  (li).)i-.s  as  «iii'iiioiiut(jd  Ity  regular  aiclns 
with  kevstoiiL's.'-" 

Uc'S|)t'ctiiii(  the  otlier  interior  l)uil(liiii;s  of  tlif  |',il. 
ace,  the  coiistnictioii  of  which  is  picfisoly  the  saiiif 
as  that  of  the  main  coi-ridDrs,  xcvy  little  remains  [n 
he  said,  especially  since  their  location  and  disisicn 
into  apai'tnu^nts  ai'e  shown  clearly  in  tlie  plan.  .\r. 
coi'dinn'  to  W'aldeck,  the  central  I'tu^m  of  the  hiiildiuM' 
])  had  traces  of  rich  ornamentation  in  stucco  on  its 
walls;  and  he  also  claims  to  have  lonnd  luic  an 
acoustic  tuhe  of  terra  cotta,  the  month  of  which  was 
concealed  hy  an  ornament  ot"  the  same  material,  luir 
of  this  extraordinary  relic  ho  i^ives  no  (h'scii|)ti(iii. 
Stephens  lound  in  one  of  the  holes  in  the  eeilinn'  (]'<■ 
worm-eaten  remains  of  a  wooden  pole,  al)oiit  a  ludt 
in  length,  the  only  j)iece  of  wood  found  in  I'alt  ii(|ii(, 
and  veiy  likely  not  a  pait  of  tlie  oi'in'inal  huildiii^  ar 
all.  Except  this  chaml)er,  the  huildini''  is  mostly  in 
ruins,  althouL;h,  as  we  liave  seen,  the  northern  ]tic^^ 
I'emain  standin,!^.-^ 

The  I'oofs  of  some  (,>f  the  interior  huildini^s  sirm 
to  have  heen  somewhat  hetter  preserved  than  tlm-i' 
of  the  main  corridoi's,  so  that  the  sloping*  roof,  ddulili' 
cornice,   and  I'emains  of   stucco  ornamentation  wt'v 


^o  Del  liio,  ]).  11,  calls  tlii!  li('i;;lit    I(i  yiinls  in  four  stories,  alsn  |'l:iti'  in 
front ispiccc.     (laiimlo,   in  Atili'i.  Jfi.r.,  toni.   i.,  tliv.   ii.,  p.  ?>>.  says  ii  is 
sonu'wliat  fallen,  lint,  still   100  Icct  lii;^li.  Ji/.,   in   Luinl.  ({mi/,  Sar.,  Jniu:, 
vol.  iii.,  ]i.  (il.     Pupaix,  ]>.  Hi.  says  7.">  feet  in  four  stories,  ami  liis  pi.  w- 
vi..  Ii;,'.  '22,  make  it  OH  feet  in  thre(!  stories.     Kin^'slioroii^tli's  text  iiientiiiii> 
no  liei<,'lit,  l)nt  his  |)lates  xvii-xviii.,  liy:.  'H,  inal«'  it  |0S  feet  in  foiif  >Un\i-. 
The  other  antln.rities  mention  no  hei^'lit,  hnt   from  their  plates  tlie  iniu'lit 
would  seem  not  far  from  oK  feet.     See  Wnlihch-,  pi,  x\iii-xi\-.,  ami  iill  I'l' 
general  views  of  the  I'alaee.      Wahleek,  ]>.  iii.,  severely  eritieiscs  |iii|>.i;\ 
«lru\vin;,'s.    '  I'ne  tiiur  do  hnit  eta;,'es,  dout  Tesealier,  vn  pliisieursemliiiii- 
siHitenn  sur  des  vofites  eintrees.'  llrnssiitr  ih',  Buurhuiinj,  Hist.  Xnl. 
toni.  i.,  pi).  8(!-7.      '  Kn  el  p.itio  oeei<lental  esti'i  la  torre  de  fres  cmriicis 
(lio:  on  el  jirimero  tieiu!  euatro  i)uertas  eerradas,  y  una  (jne  se  ahrii'i  I'n. 
el  dt^smonte  del  ejtpitan  liio,  y  st;  halh)  ser  uu  retrcte  de  jhico  mas  dc  : 
cuartas  y  Imiihreras  (jno  .se  ahrieron  entc'mees.'  Jiiyis/ra   Viirti/irn.  Urn.  i . 
])]>.  S19-'20.      'I)ominee  i)ar  une  tour  <inadran;,nilaire,  dout  il  suli--i>t:iil  tim^ 
etages,  separees  I'nn  de  j'autre  ])arantant  de  eorniehes.'  Muriht,  I  «)/.,  tiMn. 
i.,  p.  2(>(i.     'It  wonld  .s(!oni  to  have  lieen  used  as  a  modern  oriental  iiiinai'il, 
from  which  the  priests  Kuniinoned  the  ])eoi)le  to  prayer.'  Jiiin",  p.  .S3- 

"  Wdliliik,  ]).  iii.  One  of  the  li;^ures  iu  id.  xi.  purports  to  he  a  ciiiiiiii' 
of  this  room,  i>ut  may  pnd)ahly  helon^c  to  tlie  outer  wiills.  siiicc  iii>  "'i"'' 
author  .sjieaks  of  interior  cornices.  Stvjiheiis,  vol.  ii.,  p.  'M'y. 


SCTLPTUREDTAnLKT. 


ni: 


lar  iUflit  > 
•  tin-  Till. 

tllO    Sillllc 

■iMiiaiiis  t'l 
(1  division 
il;ni.     A'' 

lo  Ituildiii'^' 

ICCI)  oil  its 
1  lu'i'o  nil 
wliirli  was 
iti'rial,  liiit 
lrsrri|iti(»ii. 
(.•c'iliM'4  till' 
lOllt  !l  tniit 
.l*al('ii(|Uc, 
Luildiii^'  at 
;  iiiDstly  ill 
;licrii  lui'i-" 

illLt'S    Sl'Clll 

laii  tii(i^i' 
of,  (loiilili! 
jou  wcv 

also  pliite  in 
7a.  siiys  il  is 
Snr.,  Jiiiii., 
\\  his  pi.  XV- 
|c\l  llll'lllillll" 
U  t'dllV  st"lil~. 

cs  llir  lliM;.'llt 

mikI  all  111;' 
rJM's  IMl|lai^'■ 
irst'iiilriiii- '  ■ 
ist.  A'"'. 

;  iMlfrpiis 
lllllil'l  <'ll. 
mas  di'  ' 
nilirii.  tiiMi.  >■■ 
milisisiait  ti»i- 
■/,/.  ro;/.,l"ii'- 
iital  iiiiiiart't, 
hiiir-!.  i>.  f*;'' 

„  lie  iifi'Vliin' 
ilicc  111)  <i!li'' 


(il(st'fval)I('.  Ill  till!  wc'stci'ii  Jipiirtiiicnt  o^  tlu>  l)nil«l- 
iii'4'  < ',  tilt;  walls  liavu  Hcvoi'al,  in  one  plact'  as  many  as 
six,  distinct  coatiuij^s  of  plaster,  t-ach  liardcncd  and 
iiaiiittd  lii'lorc!  tlio  next  was  applied.  'I'liere  was  also 
tifed  a  line  of  what  ap|te!ir«!d  to  Ue  written  eliiii"- 


ini 


acters  III 


Maek 


k,  covered  hy  a  thin  ti'ansiiict'iit  coating' 


The  hiiildiny  K  lias  the  interioi"  walls  ot"  its  two 
iMithiJii  a|tMrtn»ents  decorated  Avitli  painted  and 
stiHTd  li<4tires  in  a  very  inutilatiMl  condition.      In  the 


wall  o 


r  one  of  them,  at  the  point  y>,  is  fjved  an  el- 
li|iti(al  stone  tahlet,  three  feet  wide  and  fonr  feet 
lii'^li.  the  surface  of  which  i.s  covered  hy  the  sciilp- 
tuivd  device  shown  in  the  cut.     With  tlic  exception 


SculiituriHl  Tablet  in  llie  Talaco. — Fig.  1. 
^  ^'';]>hn)D,  \u\.  ii.,  J).  .'^Ifi;    Wfihhrl-,   ])1.   XV,,    fi;,'.   2,  a  cniss-srction  of 


1 


■m 


m 


Ills  lj;ii.i|iii- 


sliiiw  iiig  II  "p  sliajicil  iiiclii'  in  till'  ciul  wall. 


318 


RUINS  OF  PALENQUE. 


of  the  fio'ures  in  the  court  1,  already  mentioned,  tliis 
is  the  only  instance  of  soLone-carving  in  the  Pal.iof. 
It  is  cut  ill  low  relief,  and  is  surrounded  by  an  onui- 
niental  border  of  stu''co.  A  table  consisting-  of  ;i 
plain  rectangular  stone  slab  resting  on  four  l)l()ck,s 
which  served  as  legs,  stood  formerly  on  the  i)aveineiit 
immediately  under  the  scul}»tured  tablet.  Tables  of 
varying  dimensions,  but  of  like  construction,  weit' 
found  in  several  apartments  of  the  Palace  and  its 
sul)terranean  galleries,  as  shown  in  the  plan  at  v,  v,  v. 
They  are  called  tables,  beds,  or  altars,  by  dittlreiit 
writers.  AValdeck  says  that  this  one  was  of  git'tii 
jasper;  and  Del    Rio,  that  its  edges  and  legs  were 


Sevilpturcd  ''iblet  in  the  ralace.  — Fij: 


SCULPTUKED  lABLET. 


319 


.si'ulptureJ,  one  of  the  latter  havini*-  been  carried 
awav  lt_v  liini  and  sent  to  Spain.  The  first  cut  which 
I  have  L>iven  is  taken  from  Waldeck's  drawiiii*',  Tlie 
sa'oiid  cut,  rei)resentiiij^  a  portion  of  the  same 
tiibltt,  taken  from  Catherwood'i;  plate  for  Moix'lcf's 
Trdi'cl.^,  dirters  slightly  in  some  respects — notably 
ill  the  ornanieut  suspended  from  the  neck,  rej)re- 
sfuted  by  orio  artist  as  a  face,  and  by  the  other  us  a 
(.TOSS,  or  the  subject  Mr  Stephens  says:  ''The 
juiiicipal  fin'ure  sits  cross-legged  on  a  couch  orna- 
lut'iitrd  Avith  two  leopards'  heads;  the  attitude  is 
lar^y,  the  physiognomy  the  same  as  that  of  the  other 
jiersoiiages,  and  the  expression  calm  and  benevolent. 
The  tigure  wears  around  its  neck  a  necklace  of  pearls, 
to  which  is  sus])ended  a  small  medallion  containing  a 
face;  [)ii-lia])s  intended  as  an  image  of  the  sun.  Like 
L'Vury  other  subject  of  sculpture  we  had  seen  in  the 
coiiiitiy,  the  persoiuige  had  earrings,  bracelets  on  the 
wrists,  and  a  girdle  round  the  loins.  The  head- 
(iiiss  (hth'rs  from  most  of  the  others  at  Palen([ue 
ill  that  it  wants  the  plumes  of  feathers.  .  .  .The  otlier 
ti^iuv.  which  seems  that  of  a  woman,  is  sitting  cross- 
IcLigcd  on  the  ground,  richly  dressed,  and  aj)[)arently 
in  the  act  of  making  an  offering.  In  this  sup- 
]"is(il  otKiiug  is  seen  a  plume  of  featliers,  in  "which 
tlif  licadihess  of  the  principal  person  is  deficient." 
^\al(k'(k  (Iconis  the  left-hand  figure  to  be  black,  and 
ivrogiiizcs  in  the  profile  an  Ethiopian  ty{)e.  Del  Hio 
»''os  ill  the  subject  homage  paid  to  a  I'ivergod;  and 
'iahiidi)  l)obeves  the  object  offered  to  be  a  huma'a 
l"ad.  Somebody  imagines  that  the  two  animal  heads 
arc  thds.,'  of  the  seal.-'' 

•J  \  icw  iif  till!  Imililiii;,'  fnim  the  south-wost,  rf'])rosoiitin^  it  a-i  ,i  do- 
tailiiMl  sinictiiit.,  ill  l)iij„ii.r.  \)\.  xiv.,  lij;.  21.  'I'liis  uutluu-  .speaks  of  ii 
l"'iiiiia'  iMc'ilioi!  iif  cniistriiitiini  in  this  hiiililiii;::  'Sn  ruiistniccioii  vaiia 
•ii;'iiKI  liiiiiicni,  jiiics  el  iiiicni'in'K  (jiu>  liainarcmos  ari|iiitralit'  os  ilc  una 
I'l'i'liMia  iijiiy  paiticiilar,  sc  t'unna  dc  unas  lajas  ;,'raiiilisiiiias  ilc  uii  ^^riicsi) 
l'i"|"'riii  ii:i>liM'  iiicliiiailas,  fnyiiiiiiKln  con  la  imiralla  iiu  aiit;tiloa^'ii(lo.'  Tin' 
W;iti' iiiiliiaits  a  lii;,'li  sti'cp  roof,  (tr  rather  second  story.  It  also  siiows  a 
T  liilii'il  wiiiilciw  and  two  st(>|is  on  this  side.  I'or  jilates  and  descri|itioiis 
"I  ll;i'  talilct  sec  Sln./irii.i.  v<d.  ii.,  ]..  ;US;  Walihrh:  pii.  iv.,  vi.,  pi.  xvii.; 
i>iq<'ix,  pp,  10,  -l-i,  pi.  xviii.,  lig.  'H\,  ]A.  xxvi.,  lig.  3:t;     'hi  Jlio,  p.  VA,  id. 


ilih 


320 


RUINS  OF  PALENQUE. 


The  stucco  ornaments  on  the  walls  of  the  hiiilflin<y 
F  seem  to  have  been  richer  and  more  numerous  than 
elsewhere,  but  were  found  in  a  very  dih4)i(lat((l  con- 
dition.  In  the  room  (j,  Stephens  found  tr.KLs  of  n 
stone  tablet  in  the  wall,  and  he  also  gives  a  ^kctfli  of 
a  stucco  bas-relief  from  the  side  of  a  doorway,  repre- 
senting a  standing  human  figure  in  a  very  daiiia^ed 
state.  A  peculiar  stucco  ornament  sketched  by  Cas- 
tanoda  is  |)robably  from  tlie  same  room,  and  is  per- 
haps identical  with  what  Waldeck  desci'ibcs  as  a  sanc- 
tuary with  two  birds  perclied  on  an  ele[)liant's  liead, 
the  latter,  however,  not  appearing  in  the  drawiiii^-.*' 

AVithin  the  jiyramid  itself,  and  above  the  sui'faceof 
the  ground,  although  frequently  spoken  of  as  sultter- 
ranean,  ai'e  found  apartments,  or  galleries,  witli  ^valls 
of  stone  ])iastered  but  without  ornament,  of  the  same 
form  and  construction  as  the  corridors  above.  Such 
as  have  been  ex})lored  are  at  the  south  end  oi'  tlic 
])yi-amid  and  for  the  most  part  without  the  line  of  tin' 
Palace  walls,  with  lateral  galleries,  however,  exteiid- 
ing  under  the  corridors  and  aifording  conuiiuiucatien 
with  the  upper  apartments  by  means  of  stairways. 
Tile  arrangement  of  tlie  galleries  and  their  eiifraiii\,s 
is  made  sufficiently  clear  by  the  line  lines  at  the  h(.t- 
tom  of  the  plan,  yet  perhaps  ve^ry  little  is  kiidwii  ef 
their  original  extent.  The  southernmost  galhry  re- 
ceives a  dim  light  by  three  lioles  or  windows  K'adinii' 
out  to  the  surface  of  the  pja'aniid;  the  otliei'  gaherirs 
are  dark  and  damp,  with  water  running  over  thiir 
jiavenients  in  tlie  rainy  season.  Tlie  walls  are  iiiucli 
fallen  and  the  galleries  blocked  u])  at  several  points, 
At  the  soli  til -western  cornel'  an  opening  allinds  a 
means  of  egress  near  the  surface  of  the  gi'inintl;  hut 
this,  as  well  as  the  windows  mentioned,  may  I'o  acci- 

xv.-x\ii.;  GiiUikIo,  in  .li)fitj.  Mr.r.,  (i)in,  i.,  div.  ii.,  p.  "0.  '\\  .ilili'i'k  ■^  I'l' 
\\i.,  ii;;'.  .'V  is  a  j;ri(T;ii(l  |iiiiii  slinv,  iiij;  miii-i'  drliiil  tliaii  tlic  li' iiiiiii  I'l.jn; 
iiiicl  jil.  xi.,  Ii;.'.  H,  is  a  study  of  ll.n'  (•(iinici's  C.'i  in  tlic  interior  Tlif  •^i"'!.'- 
fuifd  taltli't  iHiilialiiy  icpi-cscnt.H  Cucnlkan.  ui-  (j»ni't/alin:ill  .l/(//'''s 
7'/vM-/7.v,  ]i.  !)7.  No  diMilit  tlu(  nuMJallion  iciPi-i'scntcd  a  mui,  :in.l  lln'  I'l''''' 
lieui-atli  was  ;in  altar  to  the  snn.   Jmn-s'   lli\/.  .\iir.  A  imr. 


so  ,s'',y,/,,//.v,  \i>l.  ii..  |i.  HI!);  J)iijiiii,(.  111.    Nwii..  \\\. 


■M-   1 1' I  /.'"'.  I 


,1.  IV. 


SUBTERRANEAN  GALLERIES. 


(Itiital  or  of  niodoni  origin  and  have  formed  no  part 
(»f  the  oiigiual  plan.     These  rooms  are  variously  re- 
uiudi'd  as    sleepim^-rooms,  dungeons,    or    sepuk-hre^. 
iurtnilin.;'  to  the  temperament  of  the  ohserver.    Wha^- 
iver  iiieir  use,  they  contain  several  of  the  low  ta>>K'>i 
luciitioiicd  l)efo'-'^   one  of  which  is  said  to  have  been 
lichlv  (li'corateJ  with    sculpture.     M.   ^Morelet  ocs'U- 
piod  one  of  these  lower  rooms  durin,<>-  his   visit,   as 
lu'iiio-  more  comfortable  than  the  others,  at  least  in 
till'  dry  season.      The   chief  entrance  to  the   vaults 
irius  to  have  been  from  one  of  the  southern  rooms 
uf  the  l)uildino-  E,  at  the  point  r,  throu,i>ii  an  (•])enin,L,' 
in  the  floor.    A  narrow  stairway  by  which  the  descent 
\v;i-^  made,  is  divided  into  two  tii_L«hts  by  a  ])latform 
and  doorway,  surmounting  which  was  the  stucco  de- 


7 V Ty 


f&sm^ 


i!  h 


Vol.  IV.    21 


(.)riiiiiiu'iU  over  ii  Poiirwiiy. 


322 


111' INS  OF  PALENQUE. 


?!•  ;>' 


I 


vic3  shown  in  tlio  cut.  Wuldeck  states  tliat  wlicii  h^ 
for.nd  this  decoration  it  was  partially  covered  with 
stalactites  formed  by  trickling'  \vater.  His  cxitluiia- 
tion,  1)V  which  he  connects  the  ti<>-ures  with  alxiri"-- 
inal  astronomical  siu^ns  and  the  division  of  tiiin",  is 
too  lonuf  and  too  extremely  conjectural  to  he  n'lx'nU'd 
here.  Stephens  noticed  this  ornament  but  ^Incs  im 
drawiiiLT of  it.  It  was  sketched  by  Castaneda  toiictlier 
with  another  somewhat  similar  one.  n)u])aix  speaks 
of  two  dooi's  in  this  stairway;  I^el  Win  speaks  of  sev- 
eral landing's,  and  says  that  he  brought  away  ;i  IVul;- 
ment  of  one  of  the  ornamented  steps.  ]  susj)i(t  the 
visitoi's  may  have  confounded  this  stairway  with 
another  at  tr,  concerning- which  notliini»'  is  partieiilailv 
said.  Somewhere  in  connection  with  these  staiiways 
J)uj)aix:  found  a  tablet  of  hieroglyjihics  whicii  lie 
broug-ht  away  with  him,  and  conceruiuL,^  which  he 
states  the  remarkable  fact  that  on  the  reverse  side  nf 
the  tablet,  built  into  the  wall,  were  the  same  cliaiaeter.s 
painted  that  were  sculi)tured  on  the  face.  Opt.'iiiiies 
through  the  })avement  were  found  at  several  jMiiiits, 
as  in  the  court  1,  and  the  building  C,  which  h.d  tn 
no  regular  o-alleries,  but  to  simi>le  and  small  e\(  ava- 
tions  in  the  earth,  very  likely  the  work  of  some  early 
explorer  or  searcher  for  hidden  treasure.'^^ 

Having  now  given  all  the  information  in  my  pos- 
.session  res[)ectiug  the  Palace,  I  present  in  the  aeeeiii- 
})anyin,g  cut  a  restoration  of  the  structure  made  ly  i 
German  artist,  but  which  I  have  taken  the  liherty  t' 
change  in  several  res])ects.  The  reader  will  iietire 
a  few  points  in  which  the  cut  does  not  exactly  agr '■ 
with  my  description;  such  as  the  curved  suilactj  ei 
the  roofs,  the  height  of  the  tower  and  its  spire,  tin' 
width  of  the  western  stairway  in  court  I,  etc.,  vet  it 
may  be  reg'arded  as  giving  an  excellent  idea  el  Nvliat 

31  f^/r/J,r)is,  vol.  ii..  pn.  nifi,  .SIS-IO.  Vl,\u  of  ;:nniMii's  in  /)»/."/'•.  \<l 
xvii.,(i;;.  "Jl.  Stiici'ct  (iniiiiiiiMits,  jil.  xxv..  tij,'.  .'JO,  ."U.  llicro.Lilx  I'lii'' l'"'''''' 
1»1.  xxxix.,  li^'.  41.  I>cscii|»tii)n,  ]).  'IS.  Nidic  in  tlic  wall  ot  the  ;,'iill(i.v. 
]\'<il<lci'K\  1).  iv.,  )il.  xi.,  lijj;.  '1.  ni'corafioii  over  duKrway  (coiiinl  almu", 
Walikck,   Vol/.  I'ilt.,  \\  10.'),  jil,  xxii.;  alsu  in  Dd  liii>,  \\\    xiv. 


Till':  PALACE  HKSTOHKD. 


323 


liostunitiuii  of  tlie  Piilace. 


the  Palace  was  in  tlie  days  wlion  its  lialls  and  courts 
weiv  thronged  witli  the  nobility  or  j)rit'stliood  of  ;l 
iireat  i)i'(t|»lo.  Tlie  view  is  from  the  north-east  on  the 
haiik  of  the  stream,  and  besides  the  pahice  inchides 
the  edifiee  Xo.  2  of  tlie  i>'eneral  phin.^- 

The  struetiire  No.  2  shown  in  the  last  out  stands  a 
short  distance  south-west  from  the  i*alace,  and  may 
he  kiidwii  as  tlie  Temple  of  the  Three  Tablets.  The 
]yraiiii(I  su|)})ortin:L(  it,  of  tlie  same  construction  as 
till'  luniier  so  far  as  niav  l)e  iudycd  from  outward  ex- 
amiiiatioii,  is  said  by  Stephens  to  mcasurt!  one  hundred 
mill  tell  te'et  oil  the  sloj)e,  and  seems  to  have  had  coii- 
liiiiiDUs  ste))s  all  round  its  sides,  now  much  displaced 
liy  the  lorest.  The  cut  on  the  follow! iiil;'  pa^'e  jjivseiits 
;t  view  of  this  temple  from  the  north-east  as  it  ap- 
I'tarcd  at  tlu;  time  of  Catlierwood's  visit,  and  ilhis- 
iiates  very  vividly  the  manner  in  whicli  the  ruins  are 
'iivclojied  in  a  tropical  vegetation. 

I'iic  liiiihlinL!;",  which  stands  on  the  summit  platform 
'•nt  ddis  not    like   the    Palace    cover  its    wlude    sur- 

"■'Ciii  I'niin  Jn/iijf,  I)ii.t  IL  uliiji:  .l/.,r.,  \\.   T.'i. 


3-24 


RUINS  OF  PALEXQUE. 


THMI'LF.  OF  THE  TIlItEK  TAr.LKTS.  Ci:5 

fici>,  is  s('vei>tv-six:  feet  loiio-,  twoiity-fivc  feet  wide, 
and  alioiii  tliirty-tive  feet  liii^h.  The  front,  or  nortli- 
ri'ii,  (k'vation  is  shown  in  the  cuts.  Fiy.  1  iiichuh-s 
the  temple  with  tlie  su})i)orting  pyruiiiitl,  tiud  tig.   "J 


Teiiijilo  and  Pyramid. — Fig.  1. 


«-fl(-Tp^Hr- 

"~"T 

r; — • — •-  —  .-'B- 

■     ■     »• 

■ft-  ""'"^ 

g 

. 

AW      rf              ^ 

0-m  "tf  IfeS  -^iMIifSift^igir  !^ 


'reiii])lc  of  the  Three  Tablets. — Fig.  2. 

presoiits  tlic  huilihng  on  a  larger  scale.  Each  of 
till!  i'dur  (•(.■ntral  ])it'i's  on  this  front  has  its  has-rr- 
lit'f  ill  stucco,  while  the  two  lateral  piers  liave  eacli 
liiiirty-siv  small  scpiares  of  hieroglyphics,  also  in 
"tiicid.  The  has-reliefs  represent  single  human  lig- 
ui'cs,  staiidiiig,  and  each  hearing  in  its  arms  an  infant, 
'ir  ill  Olio  instance  some  unknown  ohject.  'i'hey  are 
;ill  vi^ry  much  nuit dated,  and  although  drawings  have 
I't'fii  piihjished,  1  do  not  tliiidv  it  necessary  to  re])ro- 
'Itiiv  tlicm.  The  roof  is  divided  into  two  sections, 
-l'>liiiiL;'  at  dilferent  angles;  the  lower  slojie  was  cov- 
i^ivil  with  painted  stucco  decorations,  and  had  also  five 
^'(iiaiv  sdlid  [trojections,  one  over  each  doorway.  '!l'he 
'lividiiig  line  between  the  two  slopes  marks  the  height 


J  ' 


J3 


826 


nriNs  or  PALKXiMi:. 


of  tlio  a]»artniLiits  in  the  interior,  tlio  vp|;or  |i;)itln;i 
l>eini>'  solid  iiiusonrv.  vVlonuf  tlie  rid'j'o  of  tlic  rddt 
was  ii  line  of  jiillars,  of  stone  and  mortar,  ei^iitein 
inches  hi^-h  and  twelve  Indies  apart,  prohahly  s(|iiaru, 
althonLjh  nothinj^  is  said  of  their  shape,  and  snnndiiiited 
by  a  layer  of  projecting  tiat  stones.  Similar  construc- 
tions may  possihly  have  existed  originally  on  soino  df 
the  Palace  rool's,  since  they  would  naturally  hcaiiioii^' 
the  first  t(j  I'all.  Waldeck's  i)late  rej)resents  a  small 
])latf()rm  in  front  of  the  doorways,  ascended  liy  tour 
lateral  stairways,  Ilespecting  the  two  scpiaic  pio- 
joctions  helow  the  jiiers  at  the  side  of  the  cciitial 
doorway  there  is  no  information  exce|)t  their  it|in' 
sentation  hy  Catherwood  in  the  cut,  lig.  2. 

The  arrangement  of  the    interior  is  shown  in  tin; 
accompanying  ground  plan.     The  central  wall  is  i'uur 


Gioiuul  i)lau — Temple  of  the  Tliree  Talilets, 

or  five  feet  thick,  and  is  pierced  hy  tlu'cc  dooiwavs, 
which  afford  access  to  three  apartments  in  tlic  rear. 
The  front  corridor  has  a  small  window  at  each  end; 
8tei)hens  speaks  of  two  slight  openings  about  thrcf 
inches  wide  in  each  of  the  lateral  apartments  nf  the 
raw;  and  the  plan  indicates  two  similar  o])eniiii:s  in 
the  central  room,  altliough  he  speaks  of  thc'ni  as  dark 
and  gloomy.  Castaheda's  drawing  shows  oidy  <iiie 
wimlow  at  the  end;  it  also  represents  the  buildinu' n^ 
having  a  roof  like  the  Palace,  and  as  standinu  oii  a 
natural  rocky  hill  in  which  some  steps  are  rut,  ii<' 
bas-reliefs    or    other    decorati(.)ns    ap[)earing   on   the 


TKMPLE  OF  Tlir:  TIIHEK  TADLKTS. 


327 


fiitnt.  Till!  interior  walls  are  perfectly  plain,  and  it 
is  iii)t  even  definitely  stated  that  they  are  plasteretl. 
ill  the  walls,  however,  at  a,  h,  and  c,  of  the  ground 
iiliiii,  are  fixed  stone  tablets  one  foot  thick,  each  ooni- 
iiiiscd  of  several  blocks,  neatly  joined  and  covered 
with  si'iilptured  hieroo'lyphics.  Those  in  the  central 
wall,  at  ((  and  b,  measure  eiijcht  by  thirteen  feet,  and 
(oiitaiii  each  two  hundred  and  forty  s(piares  of  hieio- 
ojvpliics  in  a  very  ^'ood  state  of  preservation,  while 
t!iL'  one  hundred  and  forty  squares  of  the  tablet  in 
the  rear  apartment,  three  and  a  half  by  four  i'eet,  are 
iiiurli  damaged  by  trickling  water.  Drawings  of  the 
hieroglyphics  have  been  made  by  Waldeck  and  C'ath- 
tiwddd  only,  although  other  visitors  sj)eak  of  them. 
1  do  not  coj)y  the  drawings  here,  because,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  any  key  to  their  meaning,  the  sj)ecimen 
which  1  shall  present  from  another  jiart  of  the  ruins 
is  as  useful  to  the  reader  as  the  whole  would  be. 
Tile  cut  is  a  longitudinal  section  of  this  temi)le  at  the 


tDrinLiQmiiinniiijimni:^ 


Section— Toiuple  of  the  Tlirco  Tiildets. 

I'litial  wall,  and  shows  the  position  of  the  tablets. 
Walderk's  drawing  rei)resents  the  two  lateral  door- 
ways as  having  Hat  toi>s.  Brasseur  tells  us  that, 
according  to  the  statements  of  the  natives,  the  tablets 
Wile  used  originally  for  educational  purposes.  M. 
Ihaniav  found  them  still  undisturbed  in  1859."'* 


'  .SV(///i(((.v,  vol.  ii.,  \)\).  339-43,  •with  the   euts  which  I  luive  given, 


32M 


miNS  OF  PALKNt^lM 


Somo  four  IniiMlrcd  yards  south  of  tlie  Palace  I.a 
]»yraiiii<l,  only  partly  artificial  if  wo  may  credit  hii- 
paix,  and  I'isini^  with  a  stco[)  slojiu  of  one  liniidiv,! 
ft'ot  from  thu  hank  of  tho  stivam  according-  to  Str- 
phous,  on  which  is  a  small  huildin^-,  \o.  .")  of  the 
plan,  wliich  wo  may  call,  with  WaltK'ck,  tho  T(iii|i!.' 
of  tho  In-au  lloliof  This  oditico  was  found  hy  l.it.r 
visitors  in  an  advancod  stato  of  ruin,  and  ( 'atln  r- 
wood's  drawiuL;-s  of  it  ar(3  nuu'h  l<.'ss  satisfactory  than 
in  tho  casi!  of  other  l*alon([uo  ruins;  hut  hoth  l)ii|ia!x 
and  W'aldock  found  it  in  a  tolorahly  j^imkI  state  if 
])rcsurvation,  aud  wore  onahlod  to  skotch  and  desciilic 
its  pi'incipal  features.  This  tom])lo  measured  ei'^lit- 
een  hy  twenty  I'eet,  apparently  frontini^'  the  east,  aid 
is  twenty-five  feet  hii;li.  It  presents  the  peculiaiiiv 
of  an  apai'tment  in  the  ])yramid,  inunediately  uiidn' 
the  u})[>er  rooms.     Tho  cut  gives  ground  plans — Xi. 


li\^ 


X 

LI     U  '--i 

/I  :*— 

~l              t 1 

i.               i 

Ground  plan — Temple  of  the  Beau  Relief. 

I  of  the  uppei',  and  No.  2  of  the  lower  I'oonis.  '\\u 
stairway  which  atiorded   oommunieation  hetweeii  tli 

and  also  i)lat('s  of  the  four  stucco  reliefs,  nml  the  hiero;.'ly)iliii'  l;i''!i'- 
\l'ti/(/irk,  pi.  xxxiii.-xl.,  illustratiu;,'  tlie  same  sulij'ecls  as  ('aIh(•^^|l"■  ■ 
]>lates,  and  j;iviiiic  also  a  transverse  section  of  the  imildinu'  in  pi-  \xi"i-  I'-' 
4.      WaldecU's  ^^round  plan  ie|>resents  the  hnildii 


/> 


ii/iiti.i 


pp.  -24-.-),  I 
d  tl 


XXVIU.-XXXll. 


frontin,^-  the  iiiiiili 
in<dndin''  view  of  uorlh  front.  ^;rim:. 


]ilan,  and  the  stucco  reliefs,  which  latter  M.  Lenoir,  Aiiliq.  Mi'-.  Ii'i"'  " 
liv.  !.,  p.  78,  incorrectly  states  to  he  sculjitured   in  stone.     < 'as^ificca  m 


t  of 


itliiliiv  Mini  !'. 


not  attempt  to  sketch  the  liiero;,rlv|)hics,  thron;;h  wan 

lieuce.  as  Ste]ilieussu;jjj;ests.     See  Chnmint,  J'lii/iis  Ann 

de  IliHirlMiiirij.  Hist.  Nat.  ('ir.,  toui.  i.,  \t.  Sit;  Jla/ihrui,  Aiir.  Annr..  y.  '^ 

Ihl  llift,  Jh.srrlp.,   p.    l(i;   (laliiiilo,  in  Anlltf.  JA.c,  toni.  i..  <liv.  ii..  V-  • 

It  is  to  he  noticed  that  Stephens'  ]ilan  loiates  this  temple  ncanr  llic  I'.i  i 

than  the  one  1  have  eoiiied.     Dupaix  states  thu  distance  to  he  ■_'<•'!  i>ii'i  -• 


Tiii:r.KAr  iir:Lii:F. 


;;i20 


iilacf  IS  !i 

•edit     1)11- 

1miii(Iiv,| 

;')  lit"  tii" 

0  Tciii|i!i' 

1  Ky  l;itrr 
I  (  ';itli(i'- 
•tt»ry  tlnii 

I  state  (.f 
(I  (K'scrilii' 
iX'd  c'i'jlit- 
I'.'ist.  ;r,.il 
jfculiai'iiv 
tcly  iiiidir 


I)1!1S.         1  II'' 
Itwrrll  til" 

l(';iilicr\vi""^- 
|,1,  xxiii..  li-'' 
ill--  till'  iiiiiili' 
lli-niii.  j;riiii;.'' 
\l,  ,-..  tdiii.  ii-- 
'ii>t:ififclaiii'l 
lliility  iinil  !'•!• 

4'_'1; '7''/-" ■«'''' 

\\, „'■)■..  ]<■  I'-- 

Miv.  ii..  I'-  .' 

Ivrtlic  I'.i''"' 


two,  is  also  sliowii.  ( "athurwood's  (lra\\iii,«>-,  liowcvcr, 
ivpivsciits  the  uppur  and  lower  ajiartiiKMits  aH  ulikr  in 
.vrrvtiiiii'^'  I'lit  height.  On  tlif  rear,  or  wc'stuni,  wall, 
;it  .^  was'tho  Beau  lleliet'  in  stucco,  wWivh  j^ives  a 
name  to  the  teniple,  the  Hiiest  spcciintMi  of  stucco 
work   ill   America,   shown   iu  the   accouipanyiuj^-   cut. 


lyBi^^r-r^iggSiSwaiw^^ 


I 


A*' 


Bean  Relief  in  Stucco. 


liac; 


111  INS  OF  I'Ai.r.Mji  r. 


It  was  slvctclu'd  l>y  rastantMlM  iuid  Waldcck,  In  wlmsi' 
(Ira willies  smnc  ditK-rciiccs  of  (Ictiiil  appear.  At  ihc 
tinio  of  Stc!j)liL'Mfs'  visit  only  tlio  lower  portions  iv 
niaiiR'd  lor  study;  yet  lie  ]>ronoMiiced  this  "suprrinr 
ill  execution  to  any  otlier  stuceo  relief  in  J'alen(|iii'. ' 
At  tlie  time  of  ( 'liai'uay's  visit  the  last  vestige  dt" 
this  lieaiitit'ul  relic  had  disappeared.  W  aldeck  speaks 
of  a  tonih  found  in  eonnecti<»n  with  this  jiyiaMiid. 
which  he  had  no  time  to  exj)lore,  having;'  made  tin 
tliscovery  just  hetore  leiivin<:c  the  ruins.'" 

StandiiiL;"  ahout  one  hun«lred  and  Ht'ty  yards  a  llttir 
south  of  east  fi'om  the  l*jdace,  and  on  the  op|M)sitc 
hank  of  the  stream  ()tolum,  is  the  huildinn"  No.  4  ut' 
the  plan,  known  as  the  Temple  of  the  (  Voss,  standiii'^ 
on  a  })yi-aniid  which  measures  one  hundred  and  thiit\- 
four  feet  on  the  slope.  jMr  Stephens  locates  this  ttiii- 
j)le  several  hundi'ed  feet  further  south  than  I  liavc 
placed  it  on  the  plan.  ( 'harnay  descrihes  the  pyra- 
mid as  ])aitly  natui'al  hut  fjced  with  stone.  Tin 
temple  is  tifty  feet  lon,u',  thirty-one  feet  wide,  and 
about  forty    feet  high,      'i'he  cut  shows  the  front,  or 


^ 


h>  '>HJi  Ttfi:  *  S«'«ii  i»  t )«  UN  jft^' 


: JJ:.t^.c( J-  ::^tr iC •  ^    lih.' 


£^ 


mmmmmmih 


Temple  of  the  Cross. 
^*  Stephens,  vol.  ii.,  p.  .3."),  giving  view,  section,  gronnil  plan,  mi'l  "'i^'' 


TKMI'l.i:  OF  THK  fliUSS. 


ani 


sitiitli«'i"ii  elcviition.  The  ooiistnictioii  of  tlic  lower 
iioitioii  is  precisely  like  that  of  the  othiT  Imildiriuj'H 
wiiicli  liiive  been  desci'ihed.  The  two  luteral  ))iers 
were  (((Vfred  with  hiei'only|)]ii('s,  aiul  the  central  ones 
liiiiiiaii  Hi^ures,  all  in  stucco.     The  lower  slojx;  o\' 


1 1  >Vr 


tiiL'  vnn{'   was  also  eoverec 


(1   witl 


1   stucco   decorations 


iiMiony  which  were  fVaiL^rneiits  ut"  a  head  aiul  two  liod- 
ics  jtroiioiiiiced  hy  Stej>hens  to  a|)])roach  the  (Jreek 
iiiiilcls  ill  justness  of  j)ro[K)rtion  and  syninieti'v.  On 
till'  tu|(,  the  I'oof  formed  a  platform  thirty-li\e  feet 
l;inn' iiii'l  ahout  three  feet  wide,  which  supported  the 
|ii'L'iiliar  two-storie«l  structure  siiown  in  the  pi'ecfdiiii^- 
lilt,  tit'teen  feet  and  ten  inches  hioh.  'j'jiis  is  a  kind 
di"  tiMiiii',  or  open  lattice,  of  stone  Mocks  covrri'd  with 
;i  i^riMt  variety  of  stucco  ornaments.  A  lavt'r  of  |)ro- 
JLitiii'^-  tiat  stones  caps  the  whole,  and  from  the  sum- 
iiiit,  one  liiindri'd  feet  j)erhaps  above  the  ground,  a 
111  I'^iiififuiit  view  is  art'orded,  which  stretches  ovei"  the 
wlmlc  foivst-covered  j)lain  to  ]^aL>una  de  Termiiios  and 
till'  Mexican  ,y'ulf.  'J'iiis  superstructui'e,  like  some 
that  1  lia\('  described  iit  iJxmal  and  elscwhiie  in  Yu- 
taii,  would  seem  to  iiave  been  added  to  the  temple 


ca 


\\  to   n'lve   it   a   more   imj»osino"   a}H)i;arance. 


It 


(' iiild   hardly  have   served  as  an   observatory,    since 
there  ai'e  no  i'acilities  for  inountinof  to  the  summit, 


35 


rcinaiiii'il  nf  ilic  Iicmi  Itclicf.  IVolifrr/,-,  ]>.  iii..  i)l.  \li.-ii.,  witli  ;^nniiiil  |)Iaiis, 
si'('tiiiii>,  Mini  iJi'iiu  IJi'lict"  as  jjivi'ii  alM)\t',  aiul  wliirli  the  aili^l  jiiciiKniiici's 
'iii;iiii'  il'clri'  I'liiiiiiaii't;  aux  lilils  licaiix  oin  lap's  <lii  sicclc  (r,\ii;:iist('.' 
Iti-ii\viii;.'siit'  tilt'  iciiff  also  ill  ihtjtdix,  1)1.  xxxiii.,  lij,'.  .'57;  l>il  Hi",  J>i:srriji., 
]i\.  ii.;  Kiitiisliiiniiiifh ,  ]il.  xxxvi.,  ii;;.  'M . 

^'  I't'l  Kill,  I hsiu-iji.,  |i.  17,  says  this  pyiaiiiid  is  uwv  of  tlnrc  wliicji  form 
a  tliaii^'ic,  cacli  sii|i|ioiliii^-  a  si[iiar('  liiiililiiii;'  II  x  IS  yalils.  Cliaiiiay 
I'li'ati'^  lliis  tcniiilc  ,'{011  iiii'tl'cs  to  tlie  rijilitof  tlu'  I'.ilarc.  linlnis  Aimr.,  |i. 
417.  W'lhlich,  |)1.  XX.,  is  a  liiif  view  of  this  tt'iii|il('  ami  its  psiaiiiid  as 
si'L'ii  fniiii  1  lie  main  entraiicc!  of  the  I'ahicc.  Hut  aii-onlini:  to  this  piati; 
till'  stnictini'  on  the  roof  is  at  least.  10  feet  wide  instead  of  "J  iVet  H>  ineiies 
as  Ste|ilieii>  ;;i\  i-s  it,  and  narrows  slijxhtly  towards  the  top.  This  plate  also 
s'liiws  tuii  "I"  shaped  windows  in  tlu;  west  end.  S/i ji/iciis,  vol,  ii..  pp.  ;i44- 
>i.  eli'vatiiiii  and  ;;roniid  plan  as  i,'iven  in  my  text  from  /ln/i/n-iu's  Aiir. 
•  I'""' ,  ji.  KM),  and  some  roiij^li  sUetelies  of  ]>arts  of  the  interior.  /)ii/i'iix, 
I'l.  xwv..  liir.  ;{i|  exterior  view  and  ijround  plan.  The  view  omits  alto- 
^'I'llier  till'  siiperstnietnre  and  loeates  the  temple  on  a  natural  roeUy  idilF. 
'■■iliiidi),  ill  All/,',/,  }rr,,\,  toin.  i.,  div.  ii.,  ]>.  71,  speaUs  of  the  top  walls  as 
Sii  Uxt  iiiiin  the  yrouud  and  pierced  with  si^narc  o2ieiiings. 


J   t; 


i 


ti 


'I  j 

■l! 


iy.v: 


KL'IXS  OF  PALilAQUE. 


Tlu'  intorlov  arrani^eincnt  is  made  clear  l)y  the  ad 
jjiiicd  plan.     Witliiu    {a-     central  apartment  of  ihi 


ATcrfA 


JfjnlU 


(Jidiiiid  |il;rn — 'leiiiple  of  llic  Cross. 

roar,  or  northern,  corridor,  and  directly  opposite  to  tlu' 
main   doorway   is  an   enclosure   measuriniL*'  seven    Ky 
thirteen  feet.     From  its  heiii*^  mentioned  as  an  i  n»lti> 
lire  rather  tlian  a  re^'ular  room  h}'  Ste[)heiis,  it  wdulJ 
seem  ))r(jhnl>le  that  it  does  not  reach  the  full  hri^l.; 
of  the  ch-miher,  l)ut  has  a  ctjilinn',  or  coveriuu'.  of  it> 
own.      \i  any  rate,  it  receives  li^ht  only  l>y  tludn.  r 
way.      ik'sides  a  heavy  cornice  round  the  eiiclti-i  i  ■, 
the  iloorwav  was  surmounted  hy  massive  and  uiaci.!:! 
stucco  ilccorations,    and   at    itn  sides  on   the  e\ti  tm  r 
\vere  originally  two  stone  tahlets  bearing"  each  a  I. ' 
man  li^'ur"  scul[»tui"ed  in  low  I'elief,  resemhliuL;-  in  I'ii  :i' 
general   characteristics  the    more  connnon   sfiicco  i! 
sin'ns,    hut    somewhat    more    elaborately  dra  cil   ai'! 
decorated.      One  of  them  Avears  a  leoi»ai-d-s  >in  a^s  a 
cloak'.      Tlu'se  tablets  were  sktitched  by  both  'A  •lidt.ck 
and    ( 'ailiei'uood   in   the   vllla^'e   of  Santo   J  SmiiiiL;". 
whithei'  they  had  been  carried  and  si't  nj)  in  a  imili  la 
house.      Stephens    understood    them    to    c  )nic    ii"!' 
another  of  the  ruins  yet  to  be  mentioned,  but  iliccvi 
dence   indicates   strongly   that    he    was    misinl'^rMii '1. 
Both  Waldeck  and  Stephens  entered  into  so  iic  ncLin- 
tiations  with  a  view  to  remove  these  tablets;  at  tin 


TA15LET  OF  THK  CROSS. 


333 


tiiiii'  (if  tlio  former's  visit  the  condition  of  obtaining' 
tliL'iu  was  to  many  one  of  the  })ro[)rieti'esses;  in 
Strplif  is'  tiiHi!  a  purchase  of  tlie  house  in  which  tliey 
^,t;)(l(l  w  )iil(l  suHice.      Neither  removed  tliem.*' 

Fi\((l  in  the  wall  at  the  back  of  tlie  enchtsurc,  and 
(,iV(iiii;4'  nearly  its  \vhole  surface,  was  the  tai>let  of 
till'  cioss,  six  feet  four  inches  high,  ten  feet  eight 
iiuln's  wide,  and  formed  of  three  stones.  The  ce.itral 
.stdiic,  and  part  of  the  western,  bear  the  scidptnred 
ti^invs  shown  in  the  cut.  The  rest  of  the  vestei'n, 
;iii(l  all  of  the  eastei'n  stone,  were  covei'rd  witi.  hii^a-o- 
L:lvj>Iiit's.      This   cut   is   a    photographic   reduction   ot' 


i^y 


mm^ru^ 


^d^^^^'XB\^i}^f^^^f 


Talilfl  of  till'  Cm-s. 

■''•  W'.iiilrrl-,  |i.  \ij.,   |il.   wiii-iv,;   S/cji/iriis\    \'(il.   ii.,   ]i.   .">."r_';    !>'i/iiii,c,    |)[i. 
'-!-■'.  |il.  WW  ii -\  iii. ;  (,iiliiii(ii,  ill  Aii/i'i-  .)/'.'■.,  tuiii.  i.,  <ii\.  li..  |i    71. 


f  1'! 


KUIXS  (»F  PALKN(,)ri:. 


I 


Iff 

' 

(  i 

i 

;W 

J  i 

is 

f  i  - 

■  IP 

i    ' 

.1 

ili' 

i:  ' 

ik 

i 


Wiildi'ck's  drawinsf,  tlie  accuracy  of  wlilcli  is  piovi  1 
by  a  careful  conijjarison  with  t'hai'iiay's  ])li(>t(PuiM|ili. 
Tho  subject  douUtlcss  possessed  a  religious  si'^iiitic;!- 
tion,  and  tlie  location  of  the  tahk't  may  he  con.sidt  ivd 
a  sacred  idtar,  or  most  lioly  r-lace,  of  the  jiiiciciit 
Maya  (»r  T/endal  priesthood.  Two  men,  pioliiil-lv 
priests,  cliid  in  the  rohes  and  insignia,  of  tlicir  dtliii , 
are  making"  an  otferini;'  to  the  cross  or  to  a  linl 
])erc!ied  on  its  siuumit.  'I'liis  tal>h't  lias  h(.;en  ])cili;i]i> 
t!ie  most  iViiitful  tlieme  for  antiijuariau  spcculatii  ii 
yet  discoxered  in  Amoi'ica,  hr.t  a  tictitious  iin|)(iitaihc 
has  douhth'ss  l)t:en  attached  to  it  hy  i-cason  of  Mnnr 
fancied  connection  hetwoen  the  .sculptuj'ed  cross  ai'l 
the  Christian  eud»lem.  All  a^'ree  respecting  tlir  i\ 
celleuee  of  the  sculpture.  Of  the  two  priest-,  Sti 
plieus  says:  ''They  are  well  drawn,  and  in  symuutrv 
of  ])roportion  ai'i'  ])erha})s  e(jual  to  ma^ly  thaft  aw 
carved  on  tho  walls  of  tlu;  ruined  temj>les  in  Kuy]''' 
Their  costuuio  is  in  a  style  dilK'rent  froiri  any  heictn- 
fore  o^iven,  and  the  folds  would  seem  to  indicate  tlii' 
they  were  of  a  sot't  and  })liahle  textuf'  like  cotton. 
Ste|)hens  and  other  writers  discover  a  p^/ssihlc  liki  - 
uess  in  tlu'  ol)ject  otl'ered  to  a  new-horn  child.  <  M' 
the  hiero'4ly|)hics  which  cov<!r  the  two  lateral  shuics, 
the  cut  on  the  o])posite  pa;4'e  »i4i*/;ws,  as  a  s|»eciiiHii, 
the  upjK'i-  |)ortion  of  the  western  stone,  or  what  m.iv 
bo  considered,  ])erha)>s,  the  !><  ^'iimiuii^  of  the  inscriji 
tion.  The  \;\r^^e  initial  chnnu-i/'r,  like  nm  ahori'/iiini 
capital  htter,  is  a  rcmai'kable  feutun'.  fi'i  |)iip,iix> 
time  all  parts  oi'  the  t;d;l<fc  wnn  j>r<ybab)y  in  their 
j>lace,  and  in  ^'•oo<l  <<)riditiof),  \Aii  his  artist  oli^y 
Mketchi  d.  and  that  s<;»)jew})at  im|)crC<ctly,  the  /'f//*** 
and  hniuaii  ti<jfur<s,  i/tfntf\\]'j;  the  hUt<>'j:]y[^if/'^. 
WaJdo'k  and  Ste|>})<  ns  found  aiul  «k<  tdi'  d  the  ccH 
tra'^  azotic  in  the  Untx^t  on  the  bank  of  rhc  .-t//'>v#. 
fco  wbi'b  jroint  it  }»ad  been  /«■»»»  >Vid,  accordiiiy  /■</ 1^^'*'; 
fcyruur,  \*^tli  a  vi/^w  to  lin  re\iu^^^  to  the  i'tM^.<^ 
^taiti  \»\d  n/'/'onWiv/  #0  the  latter  i^j«  ir^te^^dcd  /|*-- 
il^imtUA)    '   id    !>•  •  M    the    y\l\iiJ</ji   (;f   Hanto    /)oiniii;^// 


MAVA  IIIEUOGLYPIIICS. 


3J5 


Hf\r^     \>^ir\  v^'-,:'        ■■'MX  iJ   ^-> 

(■■'7*      /    t     %-'       \    "'.-^V       :.     il^Aiy- 


,'=^ 


ffiero;:ly|iili(s— Tillik't   of  tin;   Cniss. 


'.    : 


111" 


if 


836 


la'IXS  OF  PALENQUE. 


Stoplions  s;iys  lie  found  tlio  eastern  stone  eiitiivlv 
destroyed,  tlioii^Ii  (>liarn;'.y  speaks  of  it  as  still  in 
])!ac(!  neai'ly  twenty  years  later;  wliy  Walduck  mad" 
no  di-awinn'  of  it  does  not  a])})ear.^'' 

TJiis  teni})le  is  j)aved  with  lart^e  fla^s,  tliidiiuh 
mIiIcIi  is  an  <»penin«4'  made  by  Del  ll\n  and  iintirtd 
liy  later  visitors.  From  tiiis  place  })c\  Kio  tunk  a 
variety  of  articles  -which  will  he  mentioned  lieiealttr. 
( )ii  the  southern  slope  of  this  ]»yramid  W  aldeck  I'tniDil 
t  ivo  statues,  exactly  alike,  one  of  which  is  rej)reseiitcj  in 
tae  cut  (»n  theoj)posite  pa;n'e,  from  Catherwood  s  diaw- 
inL>'s  in  Stephens'  work.  They  are  teji  and  enc  lialt' 
I'eet  hi^'h,  of  which  two  and  a  half  feet,  not  sliowi!  in 
the  cut,  formed  the  tenon  hy  which  they  were  iiiilnd- 
ded  in  the  ground  or  in  a  wall.  The  ti,nure  stands  (»ii 
a  hieronly[)h  which  ])erha})s  ex])resses  the  naineel'tlio 
indi\idnal  or  yod  represented.  'J'hese  statues  aic  ix- 
markahle  as  beiiiLC  ^^^^  only  ones  ever  Ibund  in  cDaiKr- 
tion  with  the  l^dencjue  ruins;  and  even  these  ,r.j  n^t 
statues  ])ropei',  sculj)tured  'in  the  round,'  since  the 
hack  is  of  rou^h  stone  and  was  very  likely  indicddid 
originally  in  a  wall.  AValdeck  helieves  they  wciv  de- 
signed to  su])|)ort  a  phitform  hefore  the  central  duni- 
way.  One  of  them  was  broken  in  two  pieces.  Alter 
sketching  the  best  jireserved  of  them,  Wakleek  turned 
them  face  downward  that  they  might  escape  the  eye 
of  partit's  who  might  have  better  i'acilities  than  he 
for  reuio\ing  them;  but  Catherwood  aiterwards  di>- 
covered  and  sketched  the  one  Avbich  remained  entire. 
'I'he  resend)la!ice  of  this  figure  to  some  l'>gviitiau 
statues  is  remarked  by  all,  though  Stephens  noi.s  ni 

:i"  /)ii/iiii.r,  ]i]i,  '2'i-('i.  ]A.  xxNvi.,  fii,'.  40;  ]\'<ililicl:.  \\.  \ii..  |il  wi.ii  ; 
S'r/i/iiii.s,  \(il.  ii.,  |i|i.  :M.-)  7;  ('/inni";/,  \>.  410,  pliol,  \\i.,  r  liow  in;^  nnly  lln' 
ci'iilnil  ^liiiic.  'l'|Miii  the  top  (if  till'  ciDss  is  sciilcil  a  siuitMl  luiil.  wlii'li 
lias  two  sli'ii  <  (if  licails  aniuiiil  its  uvfk.  fnnii  wliiili  is  siis|n'iiilr.|  miiiu'- 
tliiii;^  ill  tlic  sliii|ic  (if  a  liiiiid.  |iv(il)alily  iiitcKilcd  t"  (Iciiciic  llic  iii;niit:iv 
'I'liis  iiiiidiis  tliiwcr  Wiis  the  iirncliictidii  (if  llic  tree  imIUmI  1i\  tlic  Mr\ii;iii- 
iiiiU'iiliiilxiicliil  I,  (ir  "lliiwiT  iif  the  liiiiid."'  I!r<ii//'i>i(/'.s  Aimr.  Anii'i-.y- 
N.(.  'I'lic  ,L:r;iiiil"  cmix  latiiii',  siiiniiiiiti'c  (I'lm  (•("!,  ct  jiiiiliiiil  :iu  iiiiju'i' 
iiiK- crciix  ]iliis  |i('til(',  (imit  li's  tniis  liiiiiulics  sii|ii'ri('iircs  snnl  m  lu  c-^  d  iiiii' 
ticiir  dc  loins.'  Iliiril.  .1/r./..  |i]i.  2S-i).  "I'm  cxiniicii  ii|i|ir(ifiiiidir  df  ci'lti' 
(|n('sliiiii  iii"ii  ('(iiidiiil  ;i  iiciiscr  jivcc  (•crtitiidc  ([lie  in  ciciix  ii'ilail.  cln'/ H'^ 
I'alciunii'ciis  nu'uii  si^iiu  a.'5tiuiioiui(iuc,'   W'ltUkck,  Id;/.  I'lf/.,  p.  '-'•. 


THE  ONLY  STATUE  AT  PALENQUE. 


337 


Siatiio  f)-.«iu  Temple  of  tli<    Cross. 

the  lower  part  of  tlic  ihvss  "an  imtortimatc  resem- 
blance to  iiuHlenu  jmiital«>i>iis."  Tlio  s])aco  at  the 
Western  1»ase  of   the    |»vrHmi(l  Avhere    various    r.ode- 

V.)l.  IV.    -'•-» 


'  i 


I  ' 


!^l 


Uiim 


338 


KUJNH  UF  PALENgUi:. 


scribed  ruins  are  indicated  on  the  plan,  isdescrilicd  liv 
Stei)]iun.s  aH  a  levul  esplanade  one  hundred  and  t:n\  t'tet 
wide  and  supjiorted  hy  a  stone  terrace  wall  which  rises 
sixty  feet  on  the  slope  from  the  hank,  of  the  stieani,** 
At  the  south-western  base  of  the  pyramid  of  the 
Cross,  and  almost  in  ccjintact  with  it,  rises  anotlicr  of 
smaller  hase,  hut  nearly  as  high,  with  a  still  sinallir 
companion  o\i  the  north,  res})ecting  which  latter  no 
information  i^•  given.  These  pyramids,  Nos.  o  ami 
<j  of  the  plan,  are  located  hy  Stei)hens  directly  soiuli 
from  the  Tem}>le  of  the  Cross,  as  indicated  liy  tlir 
dotted  lines.  The  building  No.  5,  sometimes  eallcil, 
without  any  sufficitjnt  reason,  the  Tem])le  of  the  Sun, 
Is  one  of  the  best  preserved  and  most  remarkal)le  tnr 
variety  of  ornamentation  of  all  the  Palen([Ue  .^triir- 
tures,  but  is  very  sanilar  in  most  resj)ects  to  its 
neighbor  of  the  cross,  having  the  same  stuccoed  [)iLis 
■md  roof      Its  front  elevation  is  shown  in  the  cut, 


r  mi 


[il 


Temple  of  tlie  Sun 
38  S/cj)hciis,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  ;]44,  341);   Wdhhrl:,  pi.  .\xv.      'Fioiii  tlu'  m-rav- 


I'KCriJAR  ItoOF  STUUCTrUKS. 


839 


iVoiii  ( 'at luT\v< )()(!.  Waldeck's  jdate  dillors  oliicHy  in 
iviiiTsfiitiui^-  tliu  stucco  oniaineiits  in  a,  more  pcrlbct 
statu;  liiit  lK)th  arc  confesscHliy  restorations  to  a  cur- 
tain extent.  Here  a<^ain  we  have  stucco  reliefs  of 
luiiuaii  li<;in'es  on  the  central,  and  hieroL^ly[)hics  of 
tiiu  f^anie  material  on  the  lateral  ]>iers.  The  roof 
lu'ars  a  superstructure  similar  to  that  already  de- 
sciilitd,  (•oni|H)sed'  of  a  frame  of  hewn  stone  blocks, 
Mipiiorting  complicated  decorations  in  cement,  several 
(if  which  are  modeled  to  represent  human  ti^ures 
Indkiiin-  from  oj)enin,i,^s  in  the  lattice-work.  The  stone 
frame -work  entirely  freed  from  its  ornamentation,  is 
>Iiu\vu  in  the  cut  from  Waldeck,  which  i)resents  both 


I:  I 


-t 


n: 


la 


B 


JZ 


o=n 


:i     1 


luMif  Structure— Temple  of  the  Sua. 


a  front  and  end  view.  Hrasseur  believes  tliat  tliese 
feef  strKvtures  uere  e'vcti'tl  by  some  ])eoi)le  that 
Mirceedv^l  the  oriuiual  buihlers  of  (he  temj>h:s.  it 
will  he  ivinembered  tiiat  in  Yucatan  similar  sii|)erim- 
|"is,(l  stnietures  wero  foiuid  Ity  Steph.'iis  and  others, 
■'iilaiv  1(11' tlie  most  pan  the  only  onis  oil  which  traces 
lit  siiicfo  work  are  ol».st.'rvahle. 

riie  diuiensiuns  of  this  temjde  are  tw.Mity-eioJit  I^v 
thii'ty-eiMht  feel,  and  its  oround  plan,  ideiitieal  Mith 
the  exrrjition  t»f  un  additional  dooj-way  with  that  of 

inu'.  F:^'y),t,  »r  Wr  Txriiin  nci.u'lilioiir.  \vn\M  itisfmiMv  .  laini  it.'  ./<;(, V 
.  •  •'*  •';',♦•,''•■  1'-  1-7.  <'i'|i,v  of  tlio  stiitiic  In. Ill  Sn'iilifus,  in  Siiiiicr'n 
.\tnin,;,i,,,  it.|.  |<v"«i, )  Mil,  ii.,   11.  ;i;{7. 


iki 


340  IMTINS  OF  PALEXQUE. 

the  Temple  of  tlie  Cross,  is  shown  in  the  cut.     The 


«T««r'>vv»>V-c  ^^•^^^■■v'-'-v  ^>>'^'-n^,*'^''>^':nv^^^^vn^"^^'^''^"     '^■^^■-V'^^^'-  ■ 


Ground  plan — Tcniiilc  of  tliu  Sun. 

central  enclosnr*^  in  the  rear,  as  is  clearly  sliowii  Iiy 
the  2)lates  and  Je.scri})ti()n  in  this  case,  has  a  riMif  (if 
its  own.  Its  interior  dimensions  are,  nine  feet  loiiu', 
five  feet  wide,  and  eiglit  feet  hi^'h.  It  has  on  the  ex- 
terior a  douhle  cornice  and  o-raceful  ornaments,  now 
mostly  fallen,  over  the  doorways,  while  at  the  sides 
stood  two  sculptured  reliefs  re})resentini,''  human  fig- 
ures, which  altliouufh  hroken  in  many  fragments,  wcie 
sketched  hy  Waldeck.  The  tablets  in  the  viil.i-i'  o\' 
Santo  I)ominii;"o  were  understood  by  Stepluns  to 
have  come  from  this  a])artment. 

Fixed  in  the  rear  wall,  occu})yin;j^  its  whoK'  extent, 
and  receiving  li^lit  only  through  the  doorway.  i<  tin' 
Tablet  of  the  Sun,  wliicli  measures  eighv  by  nine  teet 
and  is  made  of  three  slabs  of  stone,  in  i.St'J  it  was 
still  uidu'oken  and  in  place,  and  was  con^i(le!■(  li  liv 
Stephens  to  be  the  most  perfect  and  interesti'ig  iiieii- 
ument  in  Palempie.  As  in  the  Tablet  of  the  *  'i''"-^ 
tlie  sides  are  covered  with  sqinires  of  hieroL!ly!)hn'>; 
and  in  the  centi'al   portion   is  an  object  to  ^^ili^ll  twi' 


TKMFLK  OF  THE  SUN. 


ail 


lino 


■;t>;  ai'u  ill  the   m 


•t  of 


iniikiii<>'    liuinan    ottonu^-s 


ttl 


This  (TiitiMl  ()l)ject  is  a  hiduoiis  lace,  or  mask,  with 
iiiDtnuUiii,''  tonn'uo,  staiullni^  on  a  kind  of  altar  \vhi<'li 
is  siip|i()i-tc(l  on  the  hacks  of  two  croiicliiiii^-  liuiuaii 
ti^iircs.  Two  other  stoopin;^  men  HU[)port  the  priests, 
will)  stand  on  their  haeks.  The  name  Tahlet  of  the 
Sim  comes  from  tlie  face  "vvitli  protrudin;^  tongue, 
wliich   was  sometimes  re^'arded  by  tlie   Aztecs  as  a 

a  very  far-fetched  derivation  for 


tl 


le  su!> 


syiiilidl  ol 
the  name. 

Tin;  stream  on  Avlioso  hanks  tlic  rnins  stand  flows 
for  a  short  distance  throni;h  an  artificial  covered  stone 
(iuinnul,  or  acpiechict,  ahout  six.  feet  wide,  and  ten  feet 
Iii;''li,  covered  like  all  the  corridors  hy  an  arch  of  ovc^r- 
la[i|iiiiL,''  l)locks.  It  extends  fifty-seven  feet  from  nortli 
to  south,  and  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  further  south- 
f.istward  toward  the  Temple  of  the  Cross,  where  tlie 
falloii  roof  blocks  u[)  the  ])assaijfe  and  renders  further 
ixploiation  impracticable.  Such  is  the  information 
(ilitaiiiud  from  the  Avorks  of  NValdeck  and  Stephens. 
The  ])()sition  of  this  structure  is  indicated  on  the  plan 
hy  tlie  (lotted  lines  nund)ered  7,  although  Stephens 
locates  it  considerably  further  north.  There  is  great 
conrusiuii  ill  the  accounts  of  this  so-called  aqueduct. 
Biriiasconi  included  in  his  rejjort  a  description  and 
drawiiin'  of  a  vault  s(>\en  feet  wide,  twehe  feet  hiL;h, 
and  two  hundred  and  twenty-seven  feet  lono',  oxteiid- 
iiiL;'  ill  a  curved  line  from  the  I'alace  to  the  stream. 
Del  Ivio  speaks  of  a  "subterranean  stone  atpieduct  of 
i^Teat  solidity  and  durability,  which  ])asses  under  the 
largest  building."     Dupaix  states  that  a  rapid  stream, 


\\  alilcck's  ])liite  XX.  shows  tlio  pyramid  Xo.  fi  inul  indicates  Uiat  li 


"I'iilioii  (if  it  on  tin<  i)laii  is  correct.     Cliariiay.   L 


I.  i)     a  i|nel(|ne  distaMci 


N 

It'  nii'Mic 

iTiiiral  ciiMnilier;  pi.  xx 

^ri'iiiUK 


e  ee  premu 


ll' 


dit 


|.1>.    l-Jo  I. 


ilace)  edilice.  ]iresiiue  --nr 


li^Mie.'    W'dlilirk,  id.  xxvi.,  front  (d<'\atioii;  \A.  \xvii.,  (devation  of 
iiMHilier;  pi.  xxviii.,  central  wall,  roof  structures  (as  f^iven  aliovei. 


1  plan,  sections;  ]d.  xxi\-.\xx,  Tablet  of  the  Sun;  \>\.  xxxi   ii.  lateral 


"tunc  talilcts.     Stcpl 


tiini  ami 


:iiinni 


UMIS,    vol.   II 

plan  as  abiive, 


Jill.    .S")! -4,  and  frontis|iiece,  j;ives  (dc 


view  ot  a  coniiioi,  and  tlie  Talilet  of  the  Si 


also  (devation  of  central   (diainlier,  a 


Diip 


iix.  p.  'J.I 


I'l- 


XXX  IV. 


jy.  ;iS,  licMiilics  a  twosloiied  jpuilcliiin  10  li.\  lltvaras.  I'J  varas  jij^h.  stand- 
liyiamid,  which  may  proluihly  be  identical  with  this  teinide. 


:ili] 


UUIXS  OF  PALEXCilK. 


a  few  paces — Kini^sUoroUL'li's  edition  luis  it  ovci-  a 
leiiijfue — west  of  the  ruins,  runs  tliroUL;li  a  sulitma- 
neaii  atjuecluct  five  and  one  lialf  feet  wide,  elc'Vcn  fcit 
liii;li,  and  one  lunidred  and  sixty-seven  feet  Iohl;,  Imilt 
of  stone  blocks  witliout  mortar.  The  (h'awiii'^s  df 
this  structure,  liowever,  in  Dupaix  and  Kiiii^'slMir- 
oun'h's  works  do  not  bear  the  sbi^htest  reseniblanct;  to 
t)uch  other,  one  ])icturini(  it  an  a  brid<;e,  and  tlie  dtlur 
ns  a  corridor,  or  possibly  a({ueduct,  built  i>l)uvu  tlio 
surface  of  the  o'round.  Galindo  tells  us  that  a  stream 
lises  two  hundred  })aces  east  of  the  Palaco  and  is  cov- 
ered for  one  hundred  paces  by  a  ^'alleiy,  with  tiai rs 
of  building's,  probably  baths,  extending-  tit'ty  |iai('s 
further.  Waldeck  describes  the  mouth  of  a  sulittr- 
ranean  passage  as  concealed  by  a  small  cataract  in  the 
stream.  There  seems  to  be  little  reason  to  douht  tliat 
all  these  conHictini*'  accounts  refer  to  the  sanio  struc- 
ture. Charnay  tells  us  that  tlie  conduit  is  two  me- 
tres high  and  wide,  and  that  it  is  coventl  with 
innncnse  stones.*" 

Not  far  from  the  Temple  of  the  Sun  a  small  build- 
ing eight  feet  square  was  found  by  Waldeck  Hftcd 
bodily  from  the  ground  by  the  branches  of  a  large 
tree.**  On  an  eminence  north  of  the  l^alace,  at  9  ui' 
the  plan,  are  the  foundations  of  several  bui](hiiL:s, — 
eleven  in  number,  according  to  Dupaix,  in  wliosc  time 
some  of  the  arches  were  still  standing.  They  extend 
in  a  line  from  east  to  west,  and  all  front  the  south." 
On  the  sunmiit  of  a  high  steep  hill,  or  mountain,  the 
slojio  of  which  begins  innnediately  to  the  east  of  tlie 
Temple  of  the  Cross,  are  the  foundation  stones  of  a 
building  twenty-one  feet  square,  at  8  of  the  plan.  So 
thick  is  the  forest  that  from  this  point  none  of  the 
ruins  below  are  visible,  although  the  site  of  the  vil- 


4fl  ,S'/r;(/( <'/?.?,  vol.  ii.,  p.  ,3'21;  Wiildrrk,  p.  ii. ;  Brnsinir  (Ic  Ihnniionrfl. 
Pn/ciKjiir.  iiitrod.,  ]>.  7;  j)el  Itin,  Drsrrip.,  ]).  .');  Diijuiix,  \^.  'ill,  jil.  xlvi . 
%.  4S;  KiiKishuroicih,  vol.  v.,  p.  810,  ])i.  xlv.,  lij;.  4.");  (iuliiulo,  in  Anii'l- 
Mex.,  foiii.  i.,  (liv.  ii.,  p.  71;  Chanuiij,  liuiiie.s  Aincr.,  \k  429. 

^'  Wnldrck,  j).  ii. 

*^  Dupaix,  p.  18;  Charnay,  liuincs  Aincr.,  p.  4i.'4. 


MISCELLANEors  UKI.ICS. 


343 


la^v  (if  Santo  ])oiniii^'()  may  bu  seen   by  climbing,'"  ii 
li)fty  uvv." 

'iwo  liiidLjos  arc  indefinitely  lorated  in  tlie  vicim'ty 
of  l'aleii(|ue.  One  of  tliein,  .said  I)y  l)u[iai>L  to  he 
north  of  tlie  Palace,  is  fii'ty-six  feet  loni^',  forty-two 
tint  wide,  and  eleven  feet  liis^h,  built  of  lart^e  liewn 
hliicks  without  mortar.  Tlie  conduit  is  nine  feet 
widf.  liavins^  a  flat  top  constructe<l  with  a  layer  of 
wide  hlocks,  and  convex  sides,  as  illustrated  in  the 
cut.     The    second    bridL,''e   was   found    on    the   Tulija 


^  [..■■....  '■ 

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______     -- .r/^jgfji^g     -   i:' 

('(Hiiliiit  (if  a  l>ri(lj:e  iiojir  Piilciumo. 

Kivor  sonio  loaufuos  Avest  of  tlui  ruins,  and  oidy  cx- 
t  'IkIs.  ac('or(hni;'  to  (Jalindo,  jiartly  across  the  river, 
wliicli  is  now  about  five  hundred  paces  wide  at  that 
liitiiit."  The  Abbe  Brasseur,  durinj*-  his  visit  to  the 
niiiis  in  1871,  claims  to  have  discovered  an  additional 
ti'iuplc,  that  of  the  Mystic  Tree,  containing-  hiero- 
^lyiihic  tablets.'*''  Tliree  thousand  five  hun(hvd  j)aces 
>  )Uthwar(l  fn^ii  the  last  house  of  Santo  l)omin«^o,  on 
;i  .stream  su])posed  to  be  a  branch  of  the  ILsumacinta, 
Wakleek  found  two  pyramid.^.     They  are  described 

^''  Sf,-jtJ,rii.\\  vol.  ii,,  ])p.  .3'2()-l ;  Wfddrck,  p.  iii.  T'liito  xx.  also  t;ivos  a 
view  iif  tile  iiiiimitaiii  from  tlie  I'alai-i'.  A  'iiiiiiiumciit  (|iii  paraitniit  avoir 
-ivi  do  tciii))ic  ft  (le  citatk'lle,  ct  ilont  Ics  coiistnictioiis  ailii'ies  coiiiiiiaii- 
il.iii'Mt  nil  Inin  la  cimtri'i'  jtis(]ii'aux  rivjij^'cs  ile  rAtliUiticiiie.'  Jirassnir  th^ 
I'lnii  1-1,1, ni-ij.  Hist.  Nttt.  Cii:,  toin.  i.,  j).  84. 

*^ Jiiijiiii.,;  |,.  -js,  ],1.  xliv.,  lii;.  4();  Kiiignborouffh,  p.  .110,  ])1.  xliv.,  fijj. 
•■'■  llii'  latter  plate  does  not  show  any  curve  in  t''<!  sides.  Gnlliido,  in 
I''"/.  .lA'.c,  toni.  i.,  div.  ii.,  p.  (i8;  Id.,  in  Land.  Gcui/.  ,iuc.,  Jour.,  voL 
':"•.  |i.  (It. 

*>  J!ilili>jt/iiq,i,;  Mnicu-GuaUimilicnnc,  p.  x.wii. 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  MS80 

(716)  873-4503 


344 


RITIXS  OF  PALENQUE. 


as  having  been  at  the  time  in  a  perfect  state  of  pics- 
ervation,  scjuare  at  the  base,  pointed  at  tlie  toji,  luid 
thirty-one  feet  hijjfh,  their  sides  forming  equilateral 
triangles.  Pyramids  of  this  tyjie  rarely,  if  ovtr, 
occur  in  America,  and  it  is  unfortunate  that  tlio  ex- 
istence of  these  monuments  is  not  confirmed  l)y  otlu  r 
explorers,  since  without  such  confirmation  it  must  lu; 
considered  very  doubtful.**  Seven  leagues  north  fidin 
the  ruins,  Galindo  found  a  circular  cistern  twenty 
feet  in  diameter,  two  feet  high  on  the  outside,  and 
eight  feet  on  the  inside,  occu[)ied  at  the  time  of  his 
visit  by  alligators.*'  According  to  Ordonez,  one  uf 
Del  Rio's  coni[)anions  discovered  on  the  Rio  Catasali  i, 
two  leagues  from  Paleiujue,  a  subterranean  stitiic 
structure,  which  contained  large  quantities  of  valu- 
able woods,  stored  as  if  for  export.** 

A  few  miscellaneous  relics,  found  by  visitors  at  dif- 
ferent points  in  connection  with  the  ruins  of  Palen- 
que,  and  more  or  less  fully  described,  remain  to  In; 
noticed.  Del  Rio  made  an  excavation  under  tin- 
pavement  of  the  central  chamber  in  the  Tenqtle  of  the 
Cross,  and  says:  "at  about  half  a  yard  deep,  I  found 
•  a  small  round  earthen  vessel,  about  one  foot  in  diam- 
eter, fitted  horizontally  with  a  mixture  of  lime  tn 
another  of  the  same  quality  and  dimensions;  tlRw 
were  removed,  and  the  digging  being  continued,  a 
quarter  of  a  yard  beneath,  we  discovered  a  circular 
stone,  of  rather  larger  diameter  than  the  first  articles, 
and  on  removing  tliis  from  its  position,  a  cylindrical 
cavity  presented  itself,  about  a  foot  wide  and  the  thml 
of  a  foot  deep,  containing  a  flint  lance,  two  small  c.mi- 
ical  pyramids  with  the  figure  of  a  heart  in  dark  crvs 
tallized  stone;. .  .  .there  were  also  two  small  earthen 
jars  or  ewers  with  covers  containing  small  stones  and  a 
ball  of  vermilion.  .  . .  The  situation  of  thesuhterranoan 
depository  coincides  with  the  centre  of  the  oratory, 

<*  Waldi'rJc,  p.  ii. 

*'  GiiUtnlu,  ill  Aiifiq.  Mrx.,  torn,  i.,  div.  ii.,  p.  68. 
<"  Ordonez,  MS.,  in  Jirasscur  dc  Bonrhuurn,  Hist.  Nat.  Cir.,  torn,  i., 
p.  92. 


4i 


MISCELLANEOUS  RELIC-;. 


315 


and  ill  oiioh  of  the  inner  anofles,  near  the  entrance,  is 
a  cavity  like  tlie  one  before  described,"  containintjf  two 
little  jars.  The  same  author  also  speaks  of  burnt 
hricks  which  seem  to  have  been  used  sparingly,*'"' 
Waldeck,  having  made  a  similar  excavation  in  what 
he  calls  the  temple  of  the  Palace,  perhaps  the  build- 
iiiLj  ( ',  found  a  gallery  containing  hewn  blocks  of  stone, 
and  cartljun  cups  and  vases  with  many  little  earthen 
halls  of  different  colors.  He  also  speaks  of  a  fine 
fratfnieiit  of  terra  cotta  which  he  found  in  the  court  1 
where  he  also  discovered  just  before  leaving  Palenquc 
the  entrance  to  other  galleries  of  the  pyramid.  Wal- 
dec'k  also  gives  drawings  of  two  images  of  human  form 
in  terra  cotta,  from  Dr  Corroy's  collection ;  also  a  face, 
or  mask,  in  stucco  from  the  cornice  of  the  Temple  of 
Death,  wliatever  that  building  may  have  been.**  Ga- 
lindo  found  stones  apparently  for  grinding  maize,  sim- 
ilar to  the  Mexican  vwtate;  also  artificially  shaped 
pebbles,  similar,  as  he  says,  to  those  used  by  the  mod- 
ern Laeandones  but  smaller.  Both  Galindo  and  Du- 
))aix  s])eak  of  a  circular  granite  stone,  like  a  mill- 
stone, six  feet  in  diameter  and  one  foot  thick,  found 
on  the  side  or  at  the  foot  of  the  Palace  pyra- 
mid. Dupaix  found  at  a  distance  of  a  league  westward 
from  the  ruius,  a  square  pillar  fourteen  feet  in  circum- 


Palenque  Altar  for  burning  CopnI. 

»  Drl  Rin,  Drscrip.,  pp.  18-20. 

'>^\l'ul((cck,  PakuqiU,  p.  iv.,  i)l.  1.;  Id.,    Voif,  Piff.,  p.   104,  pi.  xviii., 
fig.  3. 


ur, 


RUINS  OF  PALENQUE. 


fcrenoG,  and  about  the  same  iii  lieiglit,  witli  two  s!u)rt 
round  pillars  standing  at  its  eastern  foot.  Ho  alsu 
sj)eaics  of  findinLf  many  small  altars  ])rol)al)ly  used  or- 
ii»;nally  for  liurninj,''  eoi)al.  One  of  them,  four  Hot  in 
circumference  and  sixteen  inches  high,  is  reiuescntod 
in  the  preceding  cut."  At  the  sale  of  a  colloction  of 
antiquities  in  London,  1859,  two  of  the  objects  sold 
are,  erroneously  in  all  probability,  mentioned  as  lolits 
from  ]*alen<iue;  one  was  "a  mask,  with  open  inoiith, 
in  hard  red  stone,  the  concave  surface  sculptuiod  witli 
a  sitting  figure  of  a  Mexican  chief,  surroundod  liy 
various  emblems,"  price  thirteen  pounds; the  otlur,  "a 
Mexican  deity,  with  grotesque  human  face  scul|)tuml 
out  of  a  very  large  and  massive  piece  of  grooiistoiio," 
jtrice  twenty-five  pounds.  Mr  T3avis  talks  about  "an 
idol  of  pure  gold  about  six  inches  long."^^  I'Jio  two 
copper  or  l)ronze  medals  which  I  have  already  noticed 
as  probably  not  authentic  relics  in  my  account  of  (Jua- 
temalan  anti(piities,  have  been  considered  by  various 
writers,  following  Ordonez  without  any  ai>paront  rea- 
son, as  ))elonging  to  Palenque.  The  spciculations  to 
which  they  have  given  rise,  and  their  attemj^ted  in- 
terpretations are  sj)Iendid  specimens  of  tlie  trash,  jaire 
and  simple,  which  has  been  written  in  unlimited  (luau- 
tities  about  primitive  America. °^ 

Some  thirty-five  or  forty  miles  soutlnvard  IVoiii 
Palencjue,  on  another  of  the  parallel  streams  wliieli 
unite  to  form  a  branch  of  the  Usumacinta,  is  aiiotlier 
important  group  of  ruins,  which  may  be  called  ( )('o- 
cingo,  from  the  name  of  a  modern  village,  five  or  six 
iiiiles  distant  toward  the  west.  The  same  traditions 
that  tell  us  of  Votan's  great  Maya  empire,  and  of 
Xibalba,  allude  also  somewhat  vaguely  to  another 
gi'eat  capital  called  Tulhd.  -  Juarros,  i>erliaps  fi)llow- 


«>  GnliHffn,  in  Antiq.  yfrr.,  toin.  i.,  div.  ii.,  pp.  70-2;  Diipaix,  ]ii>.  28-0, 
pi.  xlii-iii,  xlv.,  lij;.  44-5,  47. 

^*  Jiisf.  Miuj.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  lot),  quoted  from  Athcu(vum;  Ihiris  Aw. 
Ainrr.,  i>.  .'). 

"  See  this  vol.  p.  118;  Mclgar,  in  Soe.  Mcx.  Geoj.,  liolctiii,  '.M:i  I'liuea, 
torn,  iii.,  itp.  100-18. 


Ill  INS  OF  OCOCIN'GO. 


347 


iu.^r  Onlonoz,  applied  tliis  name  to  the  ruins  of  Oco- 
riiii^'o,  and  most  authors  have  followed  him  in  this 
i\s|R(t.  I  need  not  say,  however,  that  the  oidy 
authority  for  this  use  of  the  name  is  the  traditional 
existence  in  the  shadowy  past,  of  a  Tulha  in  this 
\\'/\on.  The  natives  call  the  ruins  Tonila,  which  in 
the  Tzoiidal  tongue  signifies  'stone  houses.'  Not- 
withstiiiuling  the  importance  of  the  ruins,  very  little 
IS  known  of  them.  Stephens  and  Catherwood  spent 
alioiit  half  a  day  here  just  before  their  visit  to  Pa- 
leniine;  and  Dupaix  and  Castaileda  also  visited  tliis 
point.  The  accounts  by  these  explorers  are  about  all 
there  is  extant  on  the  subject,  but  they  are  necessa- 
rily hrief,  and  unfortunately  neitlier  in  text  nor  draw- 
ings (h»  they  agree  at  all  with  each  otlier.  Both 
WahK'ck  and  Brasseur  visited  Ococingo,  but  neither 
i^ives  any  description  of  the  monuments.^* 

At  the  vilhige  of  Ococingo  Ste})hens  noticed  two 
snilptnred  figiu'es  brought  from  the  ruins,  which  he 
jironouneed  "somewhat  in  the  same  style  as  those  at 
Cnpan.'  Castafieda  also  saw  and  sketched  here  two 
tahhts,  which  may  be  the  same.  One  of  them  meas- 
ured forty-five  l)y  thirty-six  by  four  inches,  was  of  a 
yrayish  stone,  and  contained  a  single  human  fig- 
ure, whose  arms  were  bound  behind  the  back  with 
what  resembles  a  modern  rope.  The  other  meas- 
uring tliirty-six  by  twenty-seven  inches,  was  of  a 
veHow  stone,  and  contained  a  standing  and  a  stpiat- 
tint,f  fi'^nre,  surrounded  by  a  border  in  wliich  hiero- 
ulyphirs  appear.  On  the  way  from  the  village, 
.Stephens  noticed  two  well-carved  figures  lying  on  tlie 

'•  X/«y,/„/,.s',  vdl.  ii.,  pp.  25r)-01 ;  Dupaix,  i>p.  10-13,  ])1.  viii.-x. ;  fCiiiris- 
li'ii-iii'tili,  viil.  v.,  pp.  •2(>l-4,  vol.  vi.,  pj).  470--,  vol.  iv.,  jil.  ix.-x.;  I.cnnir, 
iii.j/''"/.  Ml.,:,  toin.  i.,  div.  ii.,  jip.  '_»3,  I'l-'A;  Waldcik;  Vni/.  Pitt.,  ])p. 
4ii-7,  1(11,  |il.  xix.-xxi.;  III.,  P(»/(//7«r,  p.  viii.,  jil.  liv. ;  lintsstiir,  I'iiIiik/hv, 
iiilriii/..  |i|..  •_>,  14,  1.")  ho  writes  the  name  ToiiinJl.  Jiinrro.s,  Hist.  Giint., 
!f  iSlit.  iiiiTf  iiieiitioii.  Other  autlioritie.s,  eontiviiiiii;;  no  ori.i;iiiiil  iiifor- 
iiiatiiiii,  are  as  follows:  Miihlnip/orilt,  Mrjiro,  toni.  ii.,  p.  "21;  Mnltr-linni, 
I'firis  ill'  III  drill/.,  toni.  vi.,  p.  4(5.");  linril,  Mcxiijiir,  \t.  'J7;  liinin'iii'fh's 
/Amr/.,.  vol.  i.,  ]i.''J(»;  W'itppiiiis,  Mix.  Guilt.,  p.  147;  Mii/lo;  Aiturihini- 
i-irlir  Vi-,-iliiiii,iii-ii,  p.  4()1;  Lniriiiivilii^re,  Mix.  Gunt.,  p.  320;  Munlel'a 
j'''((i'.,  |,|,.  1)7-8;  Warden,  hi  Autiq.  Mix.,  tola,  ii.,  p.  71. 


348 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CHIArAS. 


groiincl;  while  Dupaix  found  several  of  them  tlirown 
down  and  broken,  two  of  which  were  sketched.  ( hie. 
of  them  represents  a  human  bust  witli  arms  crossid 
on  the  breast,  tlie  lower  portion  of  whicli  seems  to  lie  ii 
kind  of  tenon  originally  Hxed  in  the  ground;  the  otlur 
bears  a  slight  resemblance  to  the  only  statue  foiind 
at  Palenque.  This  statue  must  have  been  removed 
by  Dupaix,  since  it  was  afterwards  seen  by  Waliltck 
in  Vera  Cruz.     Both  statues  had  lost  their  heads." 

In  the  possession  of  some  French  citizens  of  Wra 
Cruz,  Waldeck  found  a  collection  of  seven  or  tiyht 
terra-cottas  of  very  fine  workmanship  and  very  curi- 
ous form,  which  had  been  brought  from  Ocociiiiid. 
Two  of  them  are  shown  in  the  accompanying  cuts.'* 


Terra-Cottas  from  Ococingo. 


'>'>  Stcphrtn,  vol.   ii.,  i)n.   250,  2.58;  Dupaix,  pp.  10-12,  pi.  viii -ix  . 'i)-'' 
13-l(i;    \Vnl,h'ck,  V       - 


'oij.  Pin.,  pp.  4(>-7. 
M  n'alilcck,  Voy.  Pitt.,  pp.  40,   104,  pi.  xi.\-.\.\i. 


'Les  figures  ilo  ti'iii' 


RUINS  OF  OCOCINGO. 


m 


Eiigriivecl  Chalchiuitc  from  Ococingo. 

The  fisTfiirc  shown  in  the  cut  was  carved  in  bas-relief 
oil  a  liard  and  poHshed  chalchiuite  wliicli  was  found 
ill  this  vicinity.     The  design  is  represented  full-sized, 


IIioi()j;lyi)liios  from  Ococingo. 


I'uito  (jn'dii  tntiivp  (U>  temps  ii  autre  dans  Ics  cliamps  vnisins  do  crs  niiiios, 
•'""lit  liicii  iiiimI(.|('cs,  et  «ruu  Mtvle  (lui  rcvclo  uii  Moiitiiiu'iit  iirtisti(uie  ussea 
ok'vc." 


859 


ANTIQI'ITIES  OF  CHIAPAS. 


i 


and  its  rescinManoe  to  oiio  of  tlio  figures  on  Uw  .stoiic 
tablet  in  the  Palace  at  Palon<j[ue  will  be  apitaiviit  tu 
the  reader.  Another  similar  stone  bore  the  hiero- 
glyphics shown  in  the  precedint;"  cut,  which  was  al.s(» 
jL,nven  in  the  second  volume  of  this  work  as  an  ilhis- 
tration  of  the  Maya  system  of  writing.  M.  \\'ar(liii 
si)eaks  indefinitely  of  ancient  monunionts  in  this 
vicinity,  in  connection  with  which  were  stone  tiiriuvs 
re] (resenting  warriors  of  great  size." 

This  brings  us  to  the  ruins  proper.  They  are  sit- 
uated a  little  north  of  east  from  the  village,  at  a  dis- 
tance of  five  or  six  miles.  Dupaix  describes  thi'm  as 
located  on  the  slope  of  a  hill,  on  the  sides  of  Avhich 
are  some  stone  steps,  aiid  as  consisting  of  five  struct 
ures.  The  central  building  is  nearly  square,  Ituilt  (4' 
hewn  stone,  and  covered  with  plaster,  without  t;xt( - 
rior  decorations.  The  drawing  represents  a  doulilc 
cornice,  and  a  sloping  roof,  very  similar  to  those  of 
the  interior  Palace  buildings  at  Palenque.  TIkil'  is 
only  one  door,  on  the  west,  and  two  s(|uare  windows 
appear  on  each  side.  A  few  rods  in  front  of  tliis 
building,  at  the  sides  of  the  broad  stairway  leading 
up  to  it,  and  facing  each  other,  are  two  other  build- 
ings of  similar  constri'r;tion,  but  so  small  that  the  rout' 
is  pointed,  its  slopes  forming  four  triangular  surljuis. 
In  the  rear  of  the  central  structure,  in  jiositioiis  cor 
resj^onding  to  those  of  the  buildings  in  front  but  at  a 
greater  distance,  are  two  conical  mounds  of  niasoinv 
covered  with  cement.  Each  is  sixty  feet  hi^li  and 
two  hundred  feet  in  diameter,  being  pointed  at  the 
top;  indeed,  the  only  specimen  of  pointed  stuno  jiyia 
niids  seen  by  Dupaix  in  his  explorations."'* 

Stephens  also  descri^  es  the  ruins,  or  the  ])riiiciii;;l 
ones  at  least,  as  located  "on  a  high  elevation,'  lust 
the  elevation  is  an  immense  artificial  pyramidal  stiiu  t- 
ure,  built    in   five    cerraces.      The  surface  A\as  oii;:- 

•■^T  Morrti't's  Travels,  pp.  97-8,  ciits  prol»al)ly  from  Catlicrwonil'-^  ili'n"' 
ings.    Wiin/rii,  ill  An/ii/.  ^f^•.r.,  toin.  ii.,  j).  71. 
■'''  Diqniix,  pp.  ll>-13,  pi.  X.,  lig.  17. 


RUINS  OF  OCOCIXOO, 


m 


iimlly  fiicL'd  witli  stono  and  plastered,  Imt  was  so  l)rokt':i 
ii|i  in  |>I;u'c's  tluit  Stuphoiis  w.'.:;  tilde  to  iiseelid  to  the 
third  tt'i'iace  on  horseback.  On  the  suiinnit  of  tliis 
teiraced  hill  is  a  })yrainid,  liiLfli  and  steep,  whitdi 
siippoits  a  stone  biiiKlin«(  nieasurins^  thirty-Hve  Ity 
tilty  f'tet  (»ii  the  ground,  built  of  hewn  stone,  and 
covt'ifd  with  stucco.  This  is  ])erha[)s  identical  with 
till'  central  buihling  sketched  by  Du})aix.  The  oidy 
(•xtLiiiii-  doorway  is  in  the  centre  of  the  front,  and  is 
tell  lilt  wi«le.  The  ground  jdan  is  very  sinular  to 
those  of  the  tcm|)les  of  the  (Jross  and  Sun  at  l*a- 
ltii(|ii(',  except  that  the  front  corridor  is  divided  by 
|i,tititi()ii  wails,  while  tlie  rear  corridor  is  uninter- 
rupted except  by  an  oblong  enclosure,  which,  as  at 
I'alciKiiio,  seems  to  have  been  a  kind  of  sanctuary. 
Thu  (liiiiensions  of  this  enclosure  are  eleven  by  eiyht- 
tell  feet,  and  over  the  doorway  on  the  outside  is  a 
stiii'io  oiMianient  which  arrested  Mr  Stephens'  atten- 
tion from  its  resend)lance  to  the  'winged  globe'  of 
the  l'i^yj)tiau  tem})les.  A  portion  which  was  yet  i:i 
liliicc  was  sketched  by  Catherwood;  the  rest,  which 
had  I'allcu  face  downward,  was  too  Jieavy  for  four 
men  and  a  boy  to  overturn.  Waldeck,  however, 
either  succeeded  ill  raising  the  fragments,  or,  what  is 
more  liki'ly,  copied  the  standing  part  and  restored 
the  rest  from  his  imagination,  ])roducing  the  tlrawing, 
a  juirt  oi'  which  is  copied  in  the  cut.     The  lintel  of 


WiiiMfl  Glo1)e  from  Ococingo. 


352 


AXTIQl'TIKS  OF  CHIAPAS. 


this  inner  doorway  is  of  Zapote-wood,  and  in  purtlit 
} (reservation.  Tlie  entrance  to  this  sanctujirv  was 
niiich  obstructed  by  fallen  fra<^nients,  and  the  ii.itives, 
who  had  never  dared  to  penetrate  the  niystcHouH 
recess,  believed  the  passaijfe  to  lead  by  a  subtenunuaii 
course  to  Palen(iue.  Stephens  succeeded  in  eiitiiinif 
tlio  room,  and  found  its  walls  covered  with  .stiicni 
decorations,  including  two  life-sized  human  tigiirw 
and  a  monkey. 

From  the  top  of  tlu-  first  building  was  seen  another 
of  similar  ])lan  and  cgnstruction,  but  in  a  more  daiii- 
aged  condition.  It  probably  stands  on  the  saiiiL- 
terraced  foundation,  although  no  definite  infi filiation 
is  given  on  this  point.  Two  other  buildings  sup- 
ported by  pyramids  were  seen.  Stephens  also  sjjuaks 
of  an  open  table,  probably  the  former  site  of  tluj  city, 
protected  on  all  sides  by  the  terraced  striittuios 
which  overlook  the  country  far  around.  Tlure  is 
also  a  high  narrow  causeway,  partially  artiticial,  ex- 
tending from  the  ruins  to  a  mountain  rangt?,  and 
hearing  on  its  summit  a  mound  and  the  foundations 
of  a  building,  or  tower.  Of  these  ruins  Mr  Stephens 
says  "there  was  no  place  we  had  seen  whidi  gave  us 
such  an  idea  of  the  vastness  of  the  works  erected  bv 
the  aboriginal  inhabitants."^ 

I  have  found  no  very  definite  information  about  tho 
antiquities  of  Chiapas,  except  the  ruins  of  Paleiiqut; 
and  Ococingo.  In  a  statistical  work  on  Chiapas  and 
Soconusco  by  Emilio  Pineda  there  are  the  followini; 
brief  mentions  of  scattered  monuments:  In  one  of  thv 
hills  near  Comitan  is  a  stone  table;  and  a  sun,  st  iilptiutd 
in  stone,  serves  as  a  boundary  mark  on  the  lioiitiei. 

59  Sfrpfinin,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  258-02.  Elevation,  section,  nnil  jrriniiul  iilan. 
with  fra,i;iiieiit  of  tlie  stucco  onmnient.  The  latter  copied  in  /•'/"vwi/, 
I'alcnqiie,  iiilrotl.,  pp.  14-15.  Wahkck,  Paliiiqiie,  |».  viii.,  ]•].  liv.  i':'"* 
I'iiiterieiir  de  ses  moiiuinents,  un  caraetferc  d'architecture  asscz  scniMiiMiii 
celui  des  douhles  {^alerics  de  Palenciue;  .seuleuient,  j'ai  reni;in|iif  ipic  li's 
comhles  etaient  ci>ni<|iics  et  h.  anj^les  sailiantH,  coninic  des  assises  iviivcr- 
s.'-es.'  /(/.,  Villi.  Pitt.,  p.  4«.  Sliows  Jii-^lier  de^jjree  of  art  tliau  ruiiiniiW' 
Jirasscur  de  Buuruunnj,  llist.  Nut.  Civ.,  toni.  i. ,  p.  88. 


MISCELLANEOUS  RUINS. 


353 


luinains  arc  still  visible  of  the  cities  which  formerly 
stoinl  ill  the  valleys  of  Custei)e(jues  and  Xi(iui[)ilas, 
iiicliuliii},^  remains  of  giants;  also  of  those  at  Laguna 
Mora,  five  leagues  from  the  left  bank  of  the  river 
Cliiapas,  between  the  pueblo  of  Acalil  and  the  valley 
(if  Custcjieques,  believed  to  have  been  the  towns  of 
TizajR'tlan  and  Teotilac,  where  Cortes  hanged  tie 
Aztec  king  Guatimozin  and  others;  also  those  of  Co- 
uanahastla,  where  columns  are  mentioned.  There  are, 
liisidt's,  some  sepulchres  of  the  Tzendal  nobles,  two 
of  wliich  are  especially  worthy  of  note.  The  first  is 
iMtwoi'ii  the  pueblo  of  Zitalil  and  the  hacienda  of 
]>nxti(',  twenty-two  leagues  north-west  of  San  Cristu- 
val.  "Its  base  is  a  paiallelogram  formed  from  a  hill 
cut  down  on  three  sides,  so  that  at  the  entrance  one 
siriiis  to  be  ascending  an  inclined  [)lane;  but  further 
ainiig  is  seen  an  elevation  with  grades,  or  terraces, 
cliietiy  on  the  sides  which  are  cutaway.  On  the  sum- 
mit plane  is  found  an  enormous  cone,  built  of  hewa 
bldcks  of  slate,  whose  base  is  about  two  hundred 
vaias  ill  circumference.  In  the  centre  arc  the  sepul- 
chits,  and  in  some  of  them  human  bones.  The  ascent 
to  tlicin  is  by  steps,  and  the  whole  seems  like  a  vast 
winding  stairway,  for  which  reason  it  is  called  Bolol- 
chun,  meaning  in  the  Tzendal  tongue  a  'coiled  snake.' 
Similar  to  this,  is  another  at  the  hacienda  of  San 
frivgoiid,  near  the  pueblo  of  Huistan,  eight  leagues 
cast  (if  the  city  of  San  Crist6val;  but  the  latter  has 
no  supporting  mound,  but  stands  on  the  level  of  the 
L,'i»)und.  Here  are  two  Egyptian  pyramids,  considering 
tlirir  foi-ui  and  purpose."  Walls  of  masonry  arc  men- 
tioned on  the  hill  of  Colmena,  four  leagues  from  Oco- 
siicoautla;  being  nine  feet  thick,  seven  feet  high,  and 
onclo.<ing  a  circular  space  forty-five  feet  in  diameter. 
Tliere  is  also  a  wall  on  the  hill  of  Petapa,  south  of 
O.osueoautla;  but  the  most  notable  is  that  of  Santo- 
ton,  near  Toopisca,  seven  leagues  south-west  of  San 
C'iist(')val.     Two  parallel  walls  extend  a  long  distance, 

Vol..  IV.    23 


851 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CHIAPAS. 


i 


havinjTf  at  ono  end  a  ditcli,  and  at  tlio  otlier  ii  hi  rh 
stoop  mound;  within  tho  walls  was  a  town."" 

Among  tho  rolios  found  at  Huohuotan  in  Sooo- 
nusco  at  tho  end  of  tho  soventeorth  century,  and 
puhlicly  destroyed,  are  said  to  have  been  sonic  scnlji. 
tured  stones;  and  we  have  a  statement  tli.it  the 
shapeless  ruins  of  tho  city  itself  are  still  visiltl(!  (.n  a 
hill  near  tho  Pacific,  at  tho  modern  town  of  Tlazdu- 
loyan."  Tho  ruins  of  the  aboriginal  Tonal;i,  a  town 
cajjtured  l)y  Pedro  do  Alvarado,  are  said  ti.  lit;  still 
seen  on  the  hanks  of  a  laguna  communicntin.;  with 
the  sea,  near  the  Tehuantepec  frontier.  Tin-  aiiciLiit 
Ghowel,  or  Huey  Zacatlan,  is  supposed  to  hs\w  stiml 
on  the  present  site  of  San  Cristoval,  wliure  soino 
traces  are  reported.  Dupai.x  mentions  a  luuiiaii  head, 
wearing  a  kind  of  helmet,  cut  from  green  p<)i|ihyiy. 
This  relic  was  in  the  i)ossession  of  Sr  Ordoiicz."^ 

Brasseur  states  that  tho  town  of  Chiajia  dc  lii- 
dios,  twelve  leagues  from  San  Crist6val,  is  "lull  of 
ruins;"  and  he  thinks  that  ol)elisks,  on  ono  of  whidi 
there  is  a  tradition  of  an  (dd  king  having  iiis'iihcd 
his  name,  and  other  ruins  'ke  those  at  Cojtaii  and 
Quirigua  will  some  time  be  brought  to  light  in  tho 
forests  about  Comitan.  Hermosa  mentions  two  stonos 
cut  in  the  form  of  tongues,  nine  feet  long  ami  two 
feet  wide,  at  Quixte,  the  location  of  wliicdi  I  am  un- 
able to  find.  Galindo  speaks  of  some  extraoidinarv 
and  magnificent  ruins  in  a  cave  somewhoro  on  tho 
left  bank  of  the  Usumacinta  near  the  falls;  and 
somewhat  lower  down,  about  three  miles  from  Toiin- 
si(|ue,  a  remarkable  monumental  stone,  witli  insc  rilK  I 
characters.  And  finally,  among  the  wonderful  piv- 
tended  discoveries  of  Leon  do  Pontelli,  wore  tho 
ruined   cities  of  Ostuta   and  Copanahuaxtla,  soiith- 

60  Piiinhi,  Descrlp.  Gcog.,  in  Soc.  Mrx.  Geoff.,  Bolctln,  tmii.  iii.,  I'l'- 
340,  4(M)-7. 

61  I'iiHiln,  ubi  sup.;  Brnxncnr  tie  Boiirbourg,  Hint.  X(t(.  t't'r.,  Um.  i., 
p.  74;  IkiiJiciifch's  Denvt't.i,  vol.  i.,  \).  '21. 

«^  linisseiir  dc  lioiirhoimj,  Ui.'it.  Nat.  Civ.,  toiii.  iv.  ,p.  (i.'^n,  tmii.  i  !'• 
7r>;  U'it/)/)fni.s,  Mfx.  Gnat.,  p.  147;  Miihlcnpfordt,  Mfjico,  torn,  ii.,  p  -"l 
Duiniix,  3(1  Exped.,  p.  8,  pi.  vii. 


COMPAUISOXS. 


855 


wnnl  of  Pulenque,  and  in  the  Vicinity  of  San  Barto- 

I  liave  now  presented  to  the  reader  all  that  is 
known  of  Palcnque,  and  the  few  other  relics  of  an- 
ti(Hiity  tliat  have  been  found  in  Chiapas.  Since  the 
nioiniiueiits  duscri])ed  are  nearly  all  found  in  one  lo- 
cality, a  ufeneral  resunio  seems  less  necessary  than  in 
the  cliapter  on  Yucatan  antiquities,  where  the  rc- 
nuiiiis  of  many  cities,  with  numerous  variations  in 
tletail,  were  descrihed.  Yet  a  brief  consideration  of 
the  ieadiuLf  points  of  resemblance  and  contra  be- 
tween the  two  {ifroups  is  important.  In  Palcnque,  as 
ill  Viuatan,  . .  liave  low,  narrow  buildini^s  of  stont; 
anil  mortar,  stan<liiiL,'  on  the  sunmiit  platforms  of 
aitiHeiiii  pyramidal  elevations  faced  with  masonry. 
There  are  no  traces  of  city  walls  or  other  fortifications, 
(lalleries  are  found  within  the  Palace  pyramid,  and 
tliat  of  tlie  Beau  Relief;  tliey  were  also  found  in 
Yucatan  at  Maxcanu,  reported  at  Izamal,  and  may 
very  likely  exist  in  other  pyramids.  The  buildini^- 
material,  stone,  mortar,  and  wood,  were  apparently 
the  sunie  in  both  groups  of  ruins,  although  at  Palencpie 
the  wo(xl  has  disappeared.  Respecting  the  form  and 
(liineii.sions  of  the  hewn  l)locks,  our  information  is 
less  coin[>lote  than  is  desirable,  especially  in  the  case 
of  Palenque.  I  believe,  however,  that  no  importance 
can  be  attached  to  Galindo's  remark  that  the  blocks 
at  Palenque  are  only  two  inches  thick,  and  it  is  prob- 
cihle  that  the  blocks  used  in  both  groups  are  of  vary- 
iii^-  forms  and  dimensions,  as  indeed  I  am  informed 
hy  a  gentleman  residing  in  San  Francisco,  who  vis- 
ited the  ruins  in  1860.  Mortar,  plaster,  or  stucco 
Mas  used  in  greater  profusion  at  Palencne,  but  there 
is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  it  differed  in  composition 
or  excellence;  the  bright-colored  paints  also,  althoiigh 

"'  nni.i/icitr  dc  Bonrbourrj,  Hist.  Nnt.  Ch\,  torn,  i.,  p.  0(5;  Td.,  PalcvjHi, 
p.  33;  If'Tinimt,  Manmd  Gcog.,  pp.  8S-9;  Galiiido,  in  Loud.  Geo;/.  Soc, 
Jutir.,  vi)l.  iii.,  p.  GO;  Jd.,  in  Antiq.  Mcx.,  toiu.  i.,  div.  ii.,  p.  08;  Nouvdlcs 
An,ud:s  dcs  Voy.,  1857,  torn,  civ.,  pp.  221-2. 


35G 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CHIAPAS. 


hotter  preserved  in  Yucatan,  were,  so  far  as  can  he 
known,  everywhere  the  same  in  the  Maya  ruins.''* 

Interiors  here  as  hufore  consist  for  the  most  ]);ut  of 
two  narrow  parallel  corridors,  with  perpenclicular 
walls  for  half  their  height,  and  covered  by  trianj^ailar 
arches  of  overlapping,^  blocks  of  stone.  Both  walls 
and  ceilings  are  covered  with  plaster,  and  both  paiiitid 
and  stucco  decorations  occur  on  their  surface.  INdcsj 
originally  stretched  across  from  ceiling  to  ceiling,  tlio 
poles  themselves  remaining  in  Yucatan,  and  the  liok.s 
in  which  they  were  placed  at  Palenque.  At  the  sides 
of  many  doorways  on  the  interior  are  simple  con- 
trivances for  supporting  doors  or  curtains.*'^  The  ]*al- 
ace,  like  those  of  the  Yucatan  structures  which  seem 
to  have  been  intended  partially  for  the  residence  of 
priests  or  lords,  is  built  about  an  enclosed  couityani, 
but  at  Palenque  the  building  is  continuous  instead  of 
being  composed  of  four  separate  structures  as  at  I'x- 
mal;  and  the  court,  unlike  those  in  Yucatan,  contains 
other  structures.  The  strongest  bond  connectinu'  Pa- 
lenque  to  Uxmal,  Kabah,  and  their  sister  cities, 
together  with  Copan,  is  the  evident  identity  of  the 
hieroglyphic    characters    inscribed   on   their   taljlets. 


M  GaJindo,  in  Amer.  Antiq.  Soc,  Transact.,  vo\.  ii.,  p.  .')49.  TIio  stones 
tliiit  cover  tlie  arches  in  tiie  Palace  corritlors,  arc  tiiree  feet  loii^;;  tlmscof 
tlie  court  stairways  are  one  and  a  half  feet  hij,'h  and  wide.  Oxide  nf  iron 
is  mixed  with  the  mortar.  'No  es  <lecil)le  la  excelencia  de  este  ycso  (|iu'  yo 
llanio  estiico  natural,  pues  no  sc  inda^ta  visihleniente  en  su  ciuniKisicioii  (> 
iniisa,  arena  o  niiirinol  niolido.  A  nuH  de  su  dureza  y  tinura  tieiie  uii  IiIuiku 
herinoso.'  Quarries  were  seen  one  and  a  half  leajjues  west  of  ruins.  I>it- 
jmi.c,  pp.  15-17,  20.  Ued,  blue,  yellow,  black,  and  white,  the  colurs  used. 
Stcphrnfi,  vol.  ii.,  p.  311. 

••^  lirasscur  de  IJourbourpf,  Hist.  Nat.  Cir.,  torn.  5.,  p.  87,  followin.u' '':'"- 
taneda,  speaks  of  regular  semi-circular  arches  at  ['alenque,  and  stall's  lliiit 
lie  has  himself  seen  several  such  arches  in  other  Ameru'an  ruins.  Il  is 
very  certain  that  no  such  arches  exist  at  Palen<iue.  Indeed,  Dujuiix  liim- 
self,  notwithstanding  Castaneda's  drawings,  .says,  p.  17,  that  (cniii  muliir 
arches  were  not  used,  and  Lenoir,  Aiifiq.  Mrx.,  toni.  i.,  div.  ii.,  p.  74,  n- 
]ieats  the  statement;  although  tlie  latter  on  the  same  page  speaks  of  tlie 
*  vorttes  ciiitrees'  as  appearing  among  the  ruins.  Urasscur's  stauimnt 
aUout  arches  in  other  ruins  would  be  more  satisfactory  if  he  had  siiii  lit  to 
gi\e  further  iiarticulars.  'This  original  mode  of  construction,  wlii'li  I'i^- 
doses  the  lu'inciple  of  the  arch,  was  not  wanting  in  grandeur  nr  Inililiios 
of  design,  although  the  architects  did  not  niulerstand  thesi'iencc  of  iinvi>, 
and  stopped  short,  so  to  speak,  on  the  verge  of  the  discovery.'  Munhls 
Traccls,  p.  88;  Id.,  Vuifitijc,  tonj.  i.,  pp.  U05-G. 


COMrARISONS. 


357 


■Respecting  this  identity  all  writers  are  agreed,  but 
the  reader,  with  the  specimens  given  in  the  preceding 
panes,  will  require  no  other  authority  on  the  subject/'*"' 
jjiith  Palenque  and  Yucatan  are  also  alike  remarka- 
ble for  the  comparative  absence  of  idols,  statues,  ini- 
plL'iiients,  and  pottery;  and,  except  in  the  matter  t-f 
statues,  Copan  may  be  classed  with  them.  The  human 
faces  sculptured  or  molded  in  profile  in  Yucatan  and 
Chiapas  exhibit  the  same  flattened  forehead,  althougli 
the  type  is  much  more  strongly  marked  at  Palenque. 
The  absence  of  all  warlike  subjects  is  remarkable  in 
the  stucco  and  sculptured  figures  at  Palenque  as  in 
all  the  more  ancient  remains  of  Central  America. 

Together  v.ith  the  resemblances  pointed  out  and 
others  that  will  occur  to  the  student  of  this  and  the 
preceding  chapters,  there  are  also  strongly  marked 
contrasts  to  be  noted.  In  nearly  every  city  of  Yuca- 
tan there  are  one  or  more  pyramids  on  the  sum- 
mits of  wliich  no  traces  of  buildings  appear,  apparently 
designed  for  the  performance  of  religious  rites  in  sight 
of  the  assembled  people,  but  possibly  having  served 
originally  to  support  wooden  structures;  while  at  Pa- 
leiKpie  each  pyramid  seems  to  have  borne  its  edifice 
of  stone.  The  number  of  buildings  apparently  in- 
tended as  temples,  in  comparison  with  those  which 
may  have  served  also  as  residences  for  priests  or  rulers, 
seems  nuich  greater  at  Palenque.  !Many  of  the  pyra- 
mids in  Yucatan  had  broad  terraces  on  their  sides;  at 
Palencpie  none  appear,  although  a  terraced  ele^ation 
has  been  noticed  at  Ococingo.  Some  of  the  Yucatan 
pyramids  are  built  of  a  concrete  of  rough  stones  and 
iiKiitar;  some  of  those  at  Palenque  are  chietly  com- 
jHjsed  uf  eartli,  but  our  information  is  not  sufficiently 

f"  Hioin<;lyj)liics  a<  Palonqiio  arc  tlip  sanip  as  flioso  at  Copan  and  Qiiii- 
i;;iiii,  altli(iu;;li  the  inti'iMui'diate  country  is  now  occiiiiii'il  liy  rai'os  of  iiianv 
ilill'cit'iit  liiii;;uaj,'('s.  Sti'/ihi'im,  vol.  ii.,  j>.  \i4',i;  but,  as  MrassiMir  says,  I'f(/nii/iii , 
iiitnid.,  ]i.  'J'J,  'Tc'itt's  les  lan;;iu's  ijui  se  narlciit  dans  li's  n'-fiioiis  existant 
I'litrc  (iipaii  ct  Palenqud  ont  la  nii'mo  ori;,'ine;. . .  .a  I'aidc  dii  niaya  ot  dii 
ijiiiiju',  jf  (Tois  nu'on  les  eiitendrait  toii*'js,  iivee  <iuel(iue  travail.'  It/., 
Jli^f.  X'if.  'Vi\,  toni.  i.,  p.  .Si>;  Jiiiiis'  Ifi.if.  Aiir.  Aitir,,  j),  KW,  See  also 
tills  work,  vol.  ii,,  chap,  x.xiv.,  vol.  iii.,  Languages,  chup.  xi. 


dsi 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CHIAPAS. 


full  on  this  point  to  warrant  the  conclusion  that  tliore 
is  any  aniform  difference  in  the  structure  of  tlie  pyra- 
mids. The  sides  of  the  pyramids  have  in  Chiapas  no 
decorations  either  in  stone  or  stucco,  but  such  decora- 
tions in  stucco  may  have  existed  and  have  left  no  trace. 
Coming  now  to  the  superimposed  edifices  we  note  that 
none  are  found  of  more  than  one  story  at  PaleiKjue, 
wJiilo  in  Yucatan  two  or  three  stories  are  of  coiiiiuon 
occurrence.  The  walls  at  Palenque  are  much  thinner, 
are  built  entirely  of  hewn  stone,  and  lack,  so  far  as  the 
authorities  go,  the  filling  of  rubble  found  in  Yucatan. 
Wliile  the  arch  of  overlapjiing  stones  is  constructed 
in  precisely  the  same  manner,  yet,  as  I  have  said,  the 
projecting  corners  are  beveled  in  Yucatan,  while  at 
Palenque  a  plain  surface  is  produced  by  the  aid  of 
mortar.  Doorways  in  the  ruins  of  Yucatan  have  for 
the  most  part,  except  at  Uxmal,  stone  lintels;  in 
those  of  Palenque  there  is  no  very  positive  evidence 
of  their  use.  In  the  former  the  principal  exterior  en- 
trances have  arched  to})s ;  in  the  latter  no  such  struc- 
ture appears.  In  the  former  the  roof  seems  to  Jiave 
been  fiat,  cemented,  and  plain;  in  the  latter  they  were 
sloping,  and  decorated  with  stucco.  In  Yucatan  col- 
umns occur  occasionally  both  in  doorways  and  else- 
where, but  there  are  no  windows;  while  in  Cliia{)as 
small  windows  appear  in  most  buildings,  but  no  col- 
mnns.  Traces  of  a  phallic  worship  are  apparent  in 
the  Yucatan  sculptured  figures;  at  Palencpie  no  such 
traces  have  been  pointed  out,  and  there  is  not  among 
the  many  tablets  or  decorations  in  stucco,  a  single  fig- 
ure which  would  be  offensive  to  the  most  j)rudish 
modesty.  It  is  not  necessary  to  speak  of  the  oxtei'ior 
stairways,  the  isolated  arch,  the  round  buildings,  the 
fiat  wooden  roof,  and  other  peculiar  edifices  wliich 
Avere  found  in  Yucatan  and  have  no  counter})art  at 
Palenque.  The  most  marked  contrast  is  in  the  use  ot 
stone  and  stucco  for  exterior  ornamentation.  No  stone 
sculpture  is  seen  on  the  outer  walls  of  any  Palenque 
building;  wliile  in  Yucatan,  except  in  superimposed 


ANTIQUITY  OF  PALENQUE. 


359 


ornamental   roof-structures,    stucco   very   rarely   ap- 

The  resemblances  in  the  different  groups  of  ruins 
in  Cliia}»as,  Yucatan,  and  Honduras,  are  more  than 
sufficient  to  prove  intimate  connection  between  the 
kiiklt'is  and  artists.  The  differences  pointed  out 
])n)ve  just  as  conclusively  that  the  edifices  were  not 
all  erected  and  decorated  by  the  same  people,  under 
the  same  laws  and  religious  control,  at  the  same 
epoch. 

And  this  brings  me  to  the  question  of  the  age  of 
Palencjue,  the  date  of  its  foundation  and  abandon- 
ment. It  has  already  been  shown  that  the  Yucatan 
structures  were  built  by  the  direct  ancestors  of  the 
^layas  who  occupied  the  peninsula  at  the  time  of 
the  coiKiuest;  that  they  were  not  abandoned  wliolly 
until  tlie  coming  of  the  Spaniards,  although  partially 
so  during  the  two   centuries  jireceding   that   event; 

'^  'II  scrait  farile  fie  d(?niontrer,  par  une  compnraison  raisonn(5e  rles  ruiiics 
(111  YiHiitaii  ct  (le  cclles  de  Palciuiue,  que  les  inomiinents  doiit  elli's  perpe- 
tiieiit  k'  Mxivonir  avaient  uii  lueiiie  caractere  aicliitectonuiuc;  qii'lls  etaient 
iir(liiMMi''>  stloii  les  niumes  priiii'ipes  et  coiistruits  d'  apres  le.s  Mieines  ivfflcs 
ilu  rail.'  M'lir/ct,  Vo;i<i(fi',  toiii.  i.,  p.  270.  IJiasseur,  I'alen<iuc,  intiod., 
]i|i.  "JO.  'Jl,  iidtfs  a  strikiii}^  Hiiiiilarity  between  the  aiTaii};eiueut  of  hiiild- 
iii;;>  at  raliiKiue  and  Yucatan.  He  also  sjieaks  of  a  reniaikalde  inferiority 
ill  till'  luiiis  of  Palenque,  conij)ared  to  Chiclien,  Zayi,  and  Uxnial.  Jlist. 
K((t.  Cii:,  toni.  i.,  p.  88.  VioUet-le-Duc,  in  Charuuy,  liuiiics  Amcr.,  jip. 
7-  .%  says  the  ruinn  do  not  re.senible  thowe  of  Yucatan,  either  in  jtlan, 
cniistniitioii,  or  decoration;  and  that  the  face  of  the  ])ric!st  in  the  Teniplo 
lit  tlic('i(i>s  is  of  a  dili'erent  race  from  the  sculptured  heads  in  Yucatan. 
'I.a  Miilptun,' indique  uu  art  plus  savant  qii'au  Yucatan;  si  les  propor- 
tions ,lii  I'dips  huniain  sont  ohservees  avee  ]dus  de  .soin  et  tl'exactitude, 
nil  s'a]i('n;oit  que  \c  fcirr  est  mou,  rond,  et  (pi'il  accuse  jilutot  une  j)e- 
rimk'  lie  dt'cadeiice  (jue  I'ilprete  des  premiers  temps  d'nn  art.  /'/.,  p.  74. 
'Le  caractere  de  la  .scul|)ture  a  I'aleuipie  est  loin  d'axoir  Tenerf^ie  de  celle 
'luc  iKiiis  viiyuns  dans  des  edifices  de  I'Vucatan.'  /'A,  p.  t)7.  'A  jjcsar  de 
taiita  (Icsimdez,  no  licinos  rejiarado  una  jiostiira,  un  ^esto,  o  alj,Miiias  de 
ai|iiclia^  ilel  ciierpo,  al  descuhierto  que  el  piidor  prociira  ocultar,'  Ifii/iaij; 
K  'Jl.  Waiili'ck,  !'(//.  }'itf.,  p.  7-,  thinks  the  tau-shaped  li<j;iires  may  have 
liceii  sviiiIkpIs  of  the  phallic  worship.  Frioderichsthal,  in  Xninrl/ra  Anint- 
hs^lr.i  \',,ii.,  toiii.  xcii.,  pp.  300-.3,  says  of  the  Yucatan  ruins  that  'elle.s 
I'lirti'iii  iiiiliiliitahlement  (le.-,  traces  d'une  ideiitite  d'orij^ine  avec  les  mines 
'li;  I'aliiKiiu'.'  Imt  remarks  a  difference  in  the  sculittured  andnudded  heads. 
.*^ivcrs,  Milliliiiiirrikit,  p.  2.38,  says  that  the  stone  reliefs  -if  I'.xnial  helon;^ 
ti>  a  nulci'  luJiiiitive  art;  and  that  stucco  wtis  used  at  I'alempie  for  want  of 
siiitalilc  stone,  and  for  the  same  reason  fireafer  attention  was  ]iaid  to  the 
Millie  i.ililrts  at  the  latter  ruins.  See  also  li'irfittrdt,  Criitro-Anirrikit, 
It- -'I  '.I;  l'riih(in/'iilic)ivarvhvti,  vid.  v.,  pp.  3-15-(3;  Foster's Prc-JIinf.  liuccs, 


5    'I 


d60 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CHIAPAS. 


that  the  reasons  adduced  for  and  against  the  oreat 
antiquity  of  the  ruins  l)y  different  authors,  hear  al- 
most exchisively  on  the  date  of  their  abandonment 
rather  tiian  that  of  their  erection;  and  that  tlie  latter 
date,  so  far  as  anything  can  be  known  of  it,  depLiids 
chiefly  on  traditional  history,  which  indicates  tliat 
the  cities  were  built  at  different  dates  from  the  third 
to  the  tenth  century.  It  is  chiefly  by  comparison 
with  the  ruined  cities  of  Yucatan  that  the  age  of 
Palenque  must  be  determined,  since  there  is  no  tra- 
ditional history  that  relates  definitely  to  tliis  citv, 
and  it  was  doubtless  abandoned  before  the  Spaniards 
came;  for  it  is  hardly  possible  that  a  great  inliabitid 
city  could  have  remained  utterly  unknown  during  tliu 
conquest  of  this  part  of  the  country,  especially  as 
Cortes  is  known  to  have  passed  within  thirty  miles  of 
its  site.  In  favor  of  great  antiquity  for  Palenque, 
tlie  growth  of  large  trees  on  the  ruins,  the  accumula- 
ti(>.x  of  vegetable  mold  in  the  courtyards,  and  the 
disappearance  of  all  traces  of  wood,  have  been  con- 
sidered strong  arguments;  but  they  all  bear  on  the 
date  of  abandonment  rather  than  of  building,  as  do 
the  rapid  crumbling  of  the  ruins  since  their  discovery, 
the  remains  of  bright-colored  paint,  the  destructive- 
ness  of  tropical  climate  and  vegetation,  and  the  com- 
parison with  some  European  ruins  of  known  age. 
The  size  of  trees  and  accumulation  of  earth  are 
known  to  be  very  uncertain  tests  of  age  in  this 
reijion;  indeed  the  clearings  and  excavations  of  the 
earlier  explorers  seem  to  have  left  few  signs  visihle  to 
those  who  came  a  few  years  later.  The  utter  disap- 
jiearance  of  wooden  lintels  is,  however,  a  very  stroni;' 
argument  that  Palenque  was  abandoned  some  centu- 
ries earlier  than  the  cities  of  the  peninsula,  wliere 
the  lintels  were  found  often  in  perfect  preservation, 
although  it  cannot  be  conclusively  shown  that  the 
feame  kind  of  wood  was  employed.  When  wo  add  to 
this  the  more  advanced  state  of  ruin  of  the  PaleiKjUO 
structures,  and  the  utter  silence  of  all  later  traditions 


FOUNDATION  OF  PALENQUE. 


861 


rospecting  any  great  city  or  religious  centre  in  this 
rc'iijn,  it  seems  sate  to  conclude  that  Palenque  was 
aliaiidoned,  or  left  without  repairs,  as  early  as  the 
twilfth  or  thirteenth  century,  and  possibly  earlier. 

Kospecting  the  date  when  the  city  was  built,  we 
liavc  the  resemblances  to  Yucatan  ruins  already  no- 
ticed, which  show  beyond  doubt  that  it  was  built — 
iiiuler  different  conditions,  such  as  religion  and  govern- 
iiieiit  possibly — by  a  people  of  the  same  race  and  lan- 
guage, and  not  by  an  extinct  race  as  has  been 
somt'tiuios  imagined.  The  present  deteriorated  condi- 
tion of  the  natives,  and  the  flattened  foreheads  of  the 
sculptured  figures  have  been  the  strongest  reasons  for 
believing  in  an  extinct  race;  but  the  former  has  been 
shown,  I  believe,  in  the  three  preceding  volumes  of 
this  work  to  have  no  weight,  and  the  peculiar  cranial 
conformation  may  be  much  more  simply  and  as  satis- 
factorily explained  by  supposing  that  in  ancient  as  in 
niodtnn  times  the  forehead  was  artificially  flattened. 
Then  we  have  the  strong  differences  noticeable  be- 
tween Uxmal  and  Palenque,  which  lead  us  to  con- 
clude that  these  cities  must  have  been  built  either  at 
widely  different  epochs,  or  by  branches  of  the  Maya 
race  which  had  long  been  separated,  or  by  branches, 
which  through  the  influence  of  foreign  tribes  lived 
untkr  greatly  modified  institutions.  It  cannot  be  ac- 
curately determined  to  what  extent  the  last  two  con- 
ditions prevailed,  but  from  what  is  known  of  Maya 
histoi  ■  nnd  the  uniformity  of  Maya  institutions,  I 
am  iuiiiiied  to  attribute  most  of  the  architectural  and 
sculptural  differences  noted  to  the  lapse  of  time,  and 
to  allow  a  ditterence  of  a  few  centuries  between  the 
dates  of  building.  I  must  confess  my  inability  to 
judge  from  the  degree  of  art  displayed  respectively  in 
the  })euinsular  ruins  and  those  of  Palenque,  which  are 
the  older;  I  will  go  further,  and  while  in  a  confessional 
mood,  confess  to  a  shade  of  skepticism  respecting  the 
«l)ility  of  other  writers  to  form  a  well-founded  judg- 
ment in  the  matter.     Authors  are,  however,  unani- 


3G2 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CHIAPAS. 


mous  in  the  opinion  that  Palenque  was  founded  l)efor6 
any  of  the  cities  of  Yucatan,  an  opinion  whieli  ia 
supported  to  a  certain  extent  by  traditional  history, 
which  represents  Votan's  empire  in  Chiapas  and  Ta- 
basco as  preceding  chronologically  the  allied  ^laya 
empire  in  tlie  peninsula.  If  the  Yucatan  cities  flour- 
ished, as  I  have  conjectured,  between  the  third  and 
tenth  centuries,  Palenque  may  be  conjecturally  re- 
ferred to  a  period  between  the  first  and  eightli  centu- 
ries. I  regard  the  theory  that  Palenque  was  built  liy 
the  Toltecs  after  their  expulsion  from  Anahuac  in  the 
tenth  century  as  wholly  without  foundation;  and  I 
believe  that  it  would  be  equally  impossible  to  prove 
or  disprove  that  the  Palace  was  standing  at  tliu  birth 
of  Christ.  It  must  be  added  that  Brasseur  and  sonic 
others  regard  the  stucco  decorations  and  especially  tlic 
peculiar  roof-structures  as  the  work  of  a  later  jicojile 
than  the  original  builders,  or  at  least,  of  a  later  epoih 
and  grade  of  culture.*'^ 

Gs  M.  Viollct-le-Duc,  jutlging  from  ilic  nature  and  degree  of  art  (lis- 
])layc(l  in  the  ruins,  concludes  that  tlie  civilized  nations  of  Aniciicii  wire 
of  a  inixeil  race,  Turanian  or  yellow  from  the  nortii-west,  and  Aryan  nr 
V hite  from  the  north-cast,  the  former  being  the  larger  and  the  earliir  clo- 
incnt.  Stucco  work  implies  a  predominance  of  Turaiuan  blood  in  tlio 
artists;  traces  of  wooden  structures  in  architecture  belong  rather  to  tlie 
•white  races.  Therefore  he  believes  that  Palenque  was  built  during  (lie  cim- 
tinuauce  of  the  Empire  of  Xibalba,  jjrobably  some  centuries  before  Clirist, 
by  a  peojjle  in  which  yellow  blood  predominated,  although  with  sonic  Aryan 
intermixture;  but  that  the  Yucatan  cities  owe  their  foundation  to  tiic  smie 
pBople  at  a  later  eiRtch  and  under  a  nnicli  stronger  inliuence  of  tiic  wliiiu 
races.  In  Chafnuji,  lltiincs  Aiiicr.,  pj).  32,  4"),  07,  103,  etc.  '  Here  vcrc  liie 
remains  of  a  cultivated,  polished,  aiul  peculiar  jjcoide,  who  had  passi'il 
through  all  the  stages  inci<lent  to  the  rise  and  fall  of  nations;  reaclu'il  tluir 
gidden  age,  and  perished,  entirely  unknown.  The  links  which  coniiittiMl 
them  with  the  human  family  were  .severed  and  lost,  ami  these  were  the  imly 
memorials  of  their  footsteps  upon  earth.'  Arguments  against  an  cxtimt 
race  and  Egyptian  resemblances.  Sfcnhoi.f,  v(d.  ii.,  pp.  3r)G-7,  43(i-r)7.  l*ii- 
])aix  believes  in  a  ilat-headcd  race  tnat  has  become  extinct,  p.  '2'X  Mu'r 
vriting  his  narrative  he  nuule  up  his  mind  that  Palenque  was  aiitcililiivian, 
or  at  least  that  a  lIo(,d  had  covered  it.  Lenoir,  p.  70.  M.  Lenoir  sa.vs  tliat 
according  to  all  voyagers  and  students  the  ruins  are  not  less  than  liiHH) 
years  old.  Id.,  p.  73.  'Catlin,  licnir.  r/rs  Deux  Moiidefi,  March,  lSfi7,  ji.  i''t, 
jisserts  that  the  ruined  cities  of  Palenque  ami  Uxnuil  have  within  tlniii- 
eelvcs  the  evidences  that  the  ocean  has  been  their  bed  for  thousands  of 
years,'  but  the  material  is  soft  linu>stonc  and  presents  no  water  lines,  /'/v- 
ter's  Pre-IIlst.  /?((fl'',s-,  pp.  398-0.  The  work  of  an  extinct  race.  Esraln-n  ami 
Llftiio,  M('j.  Hint.  Drsrriji .,  ]y  '^33;  Vulois,  Mcirique,  j).  107;  irdj'/i'ii'",  !/'■'■• 
Gunf.,  p.  '_'47.  Judging  by  decay  since  discovery,  bright  jiaiut,  coniparisdU 
with  Gernmn  ruins,  etc.,  they  cannot  date  back  of  the  t"ou(iuest.  Sivcn, 


OLD-WORLD  UESEMBLA^'CES. 


863 


ricspcctin.^  the  vague  resemblances  in  the  Pa- 
leiiqiie  monuments  to  old-world  ruins,  there  is  very 
little  to  l»e  said.  The  earlier  observers  were  not  per- 
mitted by  their  religious  faith  to  doubt  that  the 
laiilileis  nuist  be  connected  with  some  race  of  the  old 
world;  they  were,  however,  allowed  to  use  their 
judniiient  to  a  certain  "Bxtent  in  determining  which 
sliuuM  have  the  credit,  and  most  of  them  discovered 
the  strongest  similarities  to  Egyptian  antiquities, 
iilthou^h  Dupaix  could  find  no  likeness  in  the  hiero- 
olvpiiics.  Later  authorities  are  not  disposed  to  ad- 
mit a  marked  likeness  to  the  monuments  of  any 
jiartieiilar  nation  of  Europe,  Asia,  or  Africa,  although 
tiiidiiig"  vague  and  perhaps  accidental  similarities  to 
those  of  many  of  the  older  nations.  My  acquaint- 
ance ^vith  old-world  antiquities  is  not  sufficiently 
tlioioiigh  to  give  any  weight  to  my  individual  opinion 
in  the  matter,  and  I  have  no  space  for  the  introduc- 
tion of  descriptive  text  and  illustrative  plates.  I  give 
ill  a  note  the  opinions  of  some  writers  on  the  subject.*" 


Mitliiiiiiirn'l-rf,  pp.  237-47.  'All  of  tlicni  were  the  Work  of  the  same  Peo- 
I'le,  (ir  ><i  Nations  of  tlie  same  Itace,  datiiij^  from  a  lii^^Ii  aiiti<iuity,  and  in 
liliMiil  mill  l:ui^'iia}^e  i)rei'isely  the  same  Kat-e, . . .  .that  was  fouiiil  iii  Occiipa- 
tiiiii  111'  ilicCouiitryuy  the  Spaniards,  and  who  still  eonstitnte  the  {.Teat  IJnlk 
III  i\w  l'i)|iiilation.'  Sqiiicr,  lu  I'a/itiid,  Carta,  pp.  D-IO.  (.'opan  and  t^uiri- 
L'ua  ]ir('Cfilnl  Palenipie  and  Ocoein;,'!)  as  tiic  latter  ])rei'eded  the  cities  of 
Viii'iitaii.  //).  'The  sonlptiires  and  temples  of  Central  America  are  the 
viiik  III  tlie  ancestors  of  the  present  Indians.'  'J'i/lor\s  Jic.icarr/ics,  \)U.  18i), 
1S4.  Ill  M^rc  tiie  riilns  rank  as  follows:  ("opan,  Utatlan,  Uxmal,  Mitlu,  I'a- 
li'iHiue.  Kdiiiliitrfi  licricir,  July,  1SG7.  'Una  autij^nedad  no  menos  quo 
iuitoiiiiiiviaiia.'  llrgiatro  Yur.,  torn,  i.,  p.  ^'1'2.    'Approximative  caleiilations, 

iiiiiMiiiiiiiiu'  to  all  hilt  certainty would  carry  its  ()rij:ciii  «>*  fm"  hack  as 

t«ciit>  ifiitiiriesat  h'ast.'  Driit,  Ervinr,  vol.  i.,  ]).  38.  '  Ccs  iiiines  etaieiit 
ilijii  I'liit  ancicimes  avant  meme  <iue  h  -  Toltwiiies  soiii,'easseiit  a  (luitter 
Tula.'  /''/vvi//,  Mi-.nqiii;  p.  5fiG.  Foumlcd  hy  the  Toltecs  after  they  left 
Aiialiiiar  in  the  lltii  century.  They  afterwards  went  to  Yucatan.  Mairlif, 
V'i'jifr.  tiiiii.  i.,  pp.  !2(iit-70.  l'a]en([uc  much  older  than  Yucatan  accordin;^ 
tn  tlic  Kalmies.  JVnli/rrk,  J'oi/.  I'itt.,  pp.  -ll-'A,  103.  Walileck  found  u 
ticewliiix"  ring's  indicated  an  ajje  of  nearly 'J()00  years.  I<l.,  J'dlfiHjnr,  p. 
y.  'I!  I'-i  piuliahle  (lu'elles  a]tpartiennent  a  la  premiere  inTiode  de  la  civ- 
ilizatimi  aiiicricalne.'  Uras.iriir  i/r  Jiniirho>ir<i,  Jfist.  Xaf.  L'ir.,  tom.  i.,  ])p. 
N'>,  h7,  S't.  Copau  huilt  first,  Palemiue  secontl,  anil  I'xn'al  third.  Joias^ 
lll-^t.  .I-'.  Anin:,  jip.  SO,  7-2,  7<>.  Hiimholdt,  Viirs,  tom.  li.,  ]>.  '284,  thinks 
il  iiiiprulialile  that  the  foundntion  of  I'aleiKpie  dates  hack  further  than  the 
IStii  or  I  Itli  century;  hut  he  never  saw  the  ruius  and  does  not  pretend  to 
liavp  aii\  means  of  accurately  detc-mininj^  their  a^e. 

•^ 'l'alciii(U('',  dans  quelnues  has-reliefs,  a  des  intentions  assyriennes.' 
t'/'iuivcy,  linuaisAmcr.,  p.  lii.     'The  writing  of  the  inscriptions has  no 


864 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CHIAPAS. 


I  close  my  account  of  Maya  antiquities  witU  tha 
following  brief  quotations  respecting  Palenquu,  and 
the  deufree  of  art  exhibited  in  her  ruined  monuinont^i 
"These  sculptured  figures  are  not  caricatures,  hut  dis- 
play an  ability  on  the  part  of  the  artists  to  reinesent 
the  human  form  in  every  posture,  and  witJi  anatum- 
ical  fidelity.  Nor  are  the  people  in  humble  life  here 
delineated.  The  figures  are  royal  or  priestly;  some 
are  engaged  in  offering  up  sacrifices,  or  are  in  an  atti- 
tude of  devotion;  many  hold  a  scepter,  or  otliur  baton 
of  authority;  their  apparel  is  gorgeous;  their  head- 
dresses are  elaborately  arrayed,  and  decorated  with 
long  feathers."^'-  "Many  of  the  reliefs  exhihit  the 
finest  and  most  beautiful  outlines,  and  the  neatest 
combinations,  which  remind  one  of  the  best  Indian 
works  of  art.""  "The  ruins  of  Palenque  have  been 
perhaps  overrated;  these  remains  are  fine,  doubtless, 
ill  their  antique  rudeness;  they  breathe  out  in  the 
midst  of  their  solitude  a  certain  imposing  grandeur; 
but  it  must  be  affirmed,  without  disputing  their  aielii- 
tectural  importance,  that  they  do  not  justify  in  tlieir 
details  the  enthusiasm  of  archoeologists.  The  lines 
which  make  up  the  ornamentation  are  faulty  in  recti- 
tude;   the   designs   in   symmetry;   the   sculpture  in 

more  rclntedncsa  to  the  Pliocnieinn  than  to  the  Chinese  writinf:;'  iinr  i< 
tliere  any  re.seiiibhmce  in  tiie  airiiiteoture.  Baldiviu's  Aitc.  Aimr.,  |).  17-1. 
liOny  arguments  a<;ainst  any  resen»l)lant'e  of  the  Central  American  cities  to 
Ejjyptian  nionnmcnts.  Stejihois,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  43G-57;  which  .Imics,  lUxl. 
Aiic.  Aiiier.,  pp.  100-37,  labors  to  refute.  No  resemblance  to  K<,'yptiim 
pyramids,  exceiit  in  lK?ing  used  as  8ei)ulchres.  Foster's  Prc-Hist.  /i"ir\, 
vp.  180-7.  'Ihe  Palenque  architecture  has  little  to  remind  us  of  the 
ligyntian,  or  of  tlie  Uriental.  It  is,  indeed,  more  conformable,  in  the  pir- 
penaicular  elevation  of  the  walls,  the  moderate  size  of  the  stones,  antl  tlie 
general  arrangement  of  the  parts,  to  the  European.  It  must  be  ailinittiMJ, 
however,  to  have  a  character  of  originality  peculiar  to  itself.'  J'lrsmtl'* 
Mex.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  407-8.  'Un  bas-relief  representant  nn  enfant  ((msaire 
h,  une  croix,  les  t«5tes  singuli^res  ii  gran<is  nez  et  Ji  fronts  rcietcs  en  arrierf, 
les  bottines  on  caliguUe  h.  la  romaine  servant  de  chaussurc;  la  rcsscnililiime 
frap|Mint«  des  figures  avec  lesdivinites  indiennes  assises,  leS  janibcs  crdisii's, 
et  ces  figures  uu  jMiu  roides,  niais  dessindes  dans  des  pronortioiis  cxactes 
doivent  inspirer  un  vif  iiiteret  h  quiconque  s'occupe  de  rhistoiic  piiinitif 
du  geni-e  humain.'  Humboldt,  in  Nouvelles  A niiales  des  Voy.,  tuni.  xxxv,, 
p.  328.  See  also  Juarros,  Hist.  Guat,  p.  19;  Diipaix,  p.  3'2.  ami  obe« 
where;  Larcnaudiire,  Mix.  Gitnt.,  pj).  326-y;  Sckerzer,  Quirigiui,  p-  !!• 

'0  Foster's  Pre- Hist.  Bares,  pp.  338-9,  .302. 

^'  Kleinm,  Cultur-Gcschichte,  torn,  v.,  pp.  161-3. 


AIIT  DISPLAYED  AT  PALENQUE. 


3C5 


finish;  I  except,  however,  tlie  symbolic  tablets,  the 
sculi>tiuo  of  wliicli  seemed  to  me  very  correct."  "I 
iiilinire  the  btis-reliefs  of  Palenque  on  the  fayades  of 
her  i)Ul  i)ulaces;  they  interest  me,  move  me,  and  fill 
luv ilna^•ination ;  but  let  them  betaken  to  the  Louvre, 
and  I  see  nothing  but  rude  sketches  which  leave  me 
cold  and  indifferent. '""^  "The  most  remarkable  re- 
iiiiiins  of  an  advanced  ancient  civilization  hitherto 
discovered  on  our  continent."  "  Their  general  char- 
acteristics are  simplicity,  gravity,  and  solidity."^' 
"While  superior  in  the  execution  of  the  details,  the 
Palen(pie  artist  was  far  inferior  to  the  Egyptian  in 
the  luunber  and  variety  of  the  objects  displayed  by 
hull.''* 


'mm-rfrt,  Vntjagr,  torn,  i.,  pp.  273,  264. 

'J  MKi/n-'s  Mix.  Aztec,  etc.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  172;  Brasseur  de  Bourbourg,  Ilist. 
Stit.  I'ir.,  tiiiii.  i.,  p.  85. 
Ii  I'lxiscotfs  Mex.,  voL  iii.,  pp.  408-9. 


CHAPTER   VII. 

ANTIQUITIES  OF  OAJACA  AND  GUERRERO. 
Naht'-v  Antiqimtiks— Home  of  the  Zapotecs  anh  Miztecs— Rkm  mns  in 

TkIIIANTKI-KC — FoRTIKIKli  lIiLL  OF  (ilIEX<;OLA— I'ktai-a,  M Ai.HAI.K.NA, 
AND   LaoLLAHA— IjUIOOE  at   CmiiriTLAN — CkoSS  OF  Gl'ATlLKi— TlTt- 

j'Ec— CiTv  OF  Oajaca   and    \'i('iNrrY— Tlacolula — Etla-  I'kSoi.ks- 

Q^'ILAI'AN — RlINS   OF   MoNTE  AlHAN — ReMC'S   AT  ZAt'HlLA— ClII.APA - 

Palacks  of  Mitla— Mosaic  Wokk— Stone  Coi.rMNs— Si'I!Tkuii\xkan' 

GALI.ElilEH — I'YKAMIDS — FoKTIFICATIONS— CoMPAUISOV  WITH  (,'i;STIiAL 
A.MKIUCAN  RlINS— NoRTHEKN  MoXTMENTM— QlIOTEPEl  — CkIIKci  UKL\-i 
J  IN  TAS  —  TuXTEPEO  —  HUAHCAPAN  —  YaSOUITLAN  —  AXTIyl  ITlhS  Uf 
GCERKERO. 

I  now  enter  what  has  been  classified  in  a  jtrcocJ- 
ing  voUinie  of  this  work  as  the  home  of  the  Xaliua 
nations, — nations,  most  of  which  were  at  tlie  time  u( 
the  Si)anish  conquest,  and  during  the  precodiiio-  crii- 
tury,  subjected  to  the  alHed  powers  of  Anahuac,  and 
were  more  or  less  ehjsely  related  to  the  nations  of  the 
central  valley,  in  blood,  language,  or  institutions.  It 
has  been  seen,  in  what  has  been  said  on  the  subject,' 
that  the  dividing  line  between  the  Naluias  ami 
Mayas,  drawn  across  the  isthmus  of  Tehuantcpoc,  is 
not  a  very  sharply  defined  one.  Many  aiialo^iis, 
linguistic,  institutionary,  and  mythologic,  wen-  fi'iin<l 
between   nations  dwellinjr  on    different  sides  ot  the 


'  Sec  vol.  ii.,  clmp.  ii.,  of  this  work. 


NAHUA  MOi:UMEXTS. 


367 


line;  so  in  nionumontal  relics,  and  in  traditional 
history,  vo  shall  find  many  points  of  similarity;  but 
(111  the  whole,  the  resemblances  will  be  so  tar  out- 
weighed hy  the  differences,  as  "to  indicate  either  a 
.sijiarate  culture  from  the  be^innin<^,  or  what  is  more 
jnoljiiljlc,  and  for  us  practically  the  same  thinj^,  a 
|ir(ii,Mxs.s  in  different  paths  for  a  long  time  ]>ri()r  to 
the  iiMning  of  the  Europeans,"  to  repeat  the  words  of 
a  pii'ceding  chapter. 

The  relics  to  be  described  in  the  present  cha|)ter 
are  those  of  the  isthmus  proper,  and  of  that  portion 
(if  the  ^[cxican  Republic  above  the  isthmus  which 
li(^s  ill  general  terms  south  of  the  eighteenth  parallel 
of  latitude,  including  the  states  of  Oajaca  and  (luer- 
roid,  and  stretching  on  the  Pacific  from  Tonala  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  Zacatula,  a  distance  of  between 
tive  and  six  hundred  miles.  The  province  of  Tehuan- 
topec,  belonging  politically  to  the  state  of  Oajaca, 
iiR-ludes  the  central  continental  mountain  chain,  with 
tlio))lains  on  the  Pacific  at  its  southern  base,  a  region 
siiiiic'what  less  fertile  and  attractive  than  those  in 
mIiIlIi  many  of  the  ruins  already  described  are  situ- 
ated. The  two  chief  mountain  ranges  of  the  AFexi- 
eaii  I^epublic,  one  skirting  the  Atlantic,  the  other 
the  PaciHc  shore,  draw  near  each  other  as  the  conti- 
nent narrows,  and  meet  in  Tehuantepec.  The  south- 
ern j)()rtions  of  these  two  converging  ranges,  the 
hroad  mountain-girt  valleys  in  the  angle  formed  by 
their  junction,  and  a  narrow  strip  of  tierra  caliente 
on  the  southern  coast,  constitute  the  state  of  Oajaca, 
the  home  of  the  Miztecs,  Zapotecs,  and  other  tribes 
somewhat  less  civilized,  powerful,  and  celebrated. 
The  interior  valleys  are  for  the  most  part  in  the 
tierra  teinplada,  and  include  some  of  the  best  agri- 
eultural  land  in  the  country,  with  all  the  larger  towns 
groiijiL'd  round  the  capital  as  a  centre.  Guerrero  is 
niade  uj)  of  the  very  narrow  lowlands  of  the  coast, 
tile  ^ouiliern  mountain  ran<xo  extending;  throutjfli  its 

111  o  o 

whole  length  from  north-west  to  south-east,  and  the 


308 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  OAJACA. 


valley  of  Iho  Zacaiula  further  north.  It  is  a  ictrion 
but  little  known  to  truveli-rH,  except  alonj^f  tiu!  i;i(iit 
national  highway,  or  trail,  whit-h  leads  IVoni  Acajjiilco, 
tho  njost  iuii)ortant  j)ort  of  the  state,  to  the  city  of 
Mexico. 

Five  or  six  leagues  from  the  city  of  Tehuaiitrpco, 
the  capital  of  the  pi'ovince  of  the  same  name,  aiid  in 
the  south-western  corner  of  the  province,  have  hcLii 
found  the  remains  of  an  aboriginal  fortification  i»f  fur- 
titled  town,  which,  according  to  the  traditional  iiiiiiuls 
of  the  country,  was  built  by  the  Zapotecs,  n*>t  vnv 
long  before  the  Concjuest,  to  resist  the  advance  of  tin; 
Aztec  forces.  The  princi[)al  I'emains  are  on  a  loftv 
hill,  the  cerro  of  Guiengola,  but  the  fortified  teriit(»iv 
is  said  to  extend  over  an  area  measuring  one  and  a 
half  by  over  four  leagues,  the  outer  walls  being  visi- 
ble throughout  the  entire  circumference  at  cveiv  iiat- 
urally  accessible  [)oint.  Besides  the  protecting  walls 
there  are  remains  of  dwellings,  all  of  stone  withniit 
mortar,  except  a  cornice  on  the  larger  walls.  Thivu 
fortresses  covered  with  a  coating  of  hard  plaster  arc 
mentioned.  Ditches  accompany  the  walls  and  add  lo 
tho  strength  of  the  works.  From  a  subtenuneaii 
se])ulchre  were  taken  about  two  hundred  pieces  of 
pottery,  including  vases  and  imitations  of  vaiioiis 
animals.  The  tombs  had  a  coating  of  conjpact  cement, 
and  tho  skeletovs  found  in  them  N»ero  lying  face  down. 
Tho  preceding  iformation  I  take  from  a  very  vayiic 
account  writtc  by  Sr  Arias  and  ])ublished  in  t.lio 
^^us(^o  Mexican  Arias  visited  the  locality  in  18.?:1; 
he  clainis  to  lu  -j  sent  some  very  interesting  relics, 
found  at  Guieng  la  and  other  localities  in  the  vicinity 
of  Tehuantej)ec  to  the  museum  at  Oajaca;  but  tin; 
man  to  whom  they  wore  entrusted  })robably  disin)SL'(l 
of  them  in  a  manner  more  profitable  to  hinisclt,  it 
less  advantageous  to  tho  museum.  Several  natural 
eaves  are  s[)oken  of  by  Arias,  and  one  of  theni,  sev- 
enty feet  deep,  showed  traces,  accordinsj:  to  the  (icr- 
man  traveler  Miiller,  of  having  been  formerly  mluiu- 


HUINS  OK  (aiKXCJOLA. 


aoo 


itt'd.  Till-  latter  also  foimd  vesti^'t'S  <»f  dwell iii^'s 
.<iiitti  rcil  til  rot  i!4'l  lout  the  viriiiity,  uiid  H|»i'aks  of  ;i 
\\(ll-|>rtsi'rvc'd  tmnuliis  stiiiidin^'  not  loni^  iKitori!  liis 
vi>lt  ill  !i  valley  close  by.  It  was  thirty-three  feet 
liiji,  with  a  haso  of  ninety  hy  one  jiundred  and  five 
flit,  ,111(1  a  siiniinit  ])1atforni  sixty  hy  seventy-five  feet, 
ivailicd  hy  a  stairway  of  twenty-five  wide  steps.  At 
till'  si(l(!  of  this  tuiiiuhis  was  a  nui"1»"ilateral  elevation 
ciivriiii"'  itii  area  of  about  two  aeres,  and  eiieloscd  hv 
a  wall  (i'^ht  feet  ]ii,i,di  and  twelve  feet  thick.  Whether 
thof  sti'iK-tures  j'vu  identical  with  the  'castles'  of 
Arias   is  uncertain.     A  correspondent  (jf  JlKfchliK/.^ 


J  A 


<j(i:ni('  in  1858  describes  a  Mall  of  rou_i;h  stones 
jiiiir  lilt  thi(  k  and  thirty  feet  hii^'li,  said  to  extend 
iiiiiL'  miles.  This  writer  s})eaks  also  of  buildinL-s  with 
jiillars  ill  their  centre,  and  of  (piarries  from  whi<'h  th 


e 


stdiii'  was  onu'ina 


lly  tal> 


en. 


►Sou 


lie  plans  acconipaiiie( 


I 


Arias'  report  hut  were  not  published.  Uns.itisfactory 
as  it  ecitainly  is,  the  preceding  is  all  the  information 
txtaiit  respectintf  these  remains,^  or  at  least  referred 
(hliiiitely  to  ()!uien,i''ohi  byname;  but  some  remains 
Were  (lescrihi'd  by  Dupaix  and  sketched  by  Castaneda, 
at  a  iioiiit  three  lea^rues  west  of  Tehuantepec,  wliicli 
uiidoiihtedly  belonged  to  this  group,  and  were  j)rol)- 
iiltly  the  same  ruins  whicli  the  other  writers  so  vaguely 
iiiLiitidii.     ( )n  the  top  of  a  high  hill,  surrounded  by 


tiler  nraiid  ruins,  are  two  ]iyrami«. 


Is  of  hewn  stoiu 


1111(1  mortar.  The  first  is  fifty-five  by  one  hundred 
and  twenty  feet  at  the  l)ase,  and  thirty  by  si>  ty-si\. 
I'-et  at  the  summit.  The  main  stairway,  tliirtv  feet 
le,  (if  foi'ty  steps,  leads  u})  the  centre  of  the  west- 


WK. 

irii 


slope 


tl 


lere  are  also  n^irrower  stairwavs  on  the 


iiorili  and  south.     The  pyramid  is  built  in  four  ter- 
lua-.,  the  walls  of  the  lower  one  being  perpendicular, 


■  Aiiii-i,  Aiiti'iiiii'ihHlc.'}  Zapofrrri/t,  in  Mimrn  Mtw.,  toin.  i.,  y\i.  240-8, 
Miilhr,  ],'iisiii,  iiiiii  ii.,  pp.  ,S.")(!-7;  Uiitcliliiii.s'  ful.  Mn;/.,  vol.  ii..  jip.  ',VX>; 
•*i-4l;  Urii.-ixi-iir  ill-  BiiiiflKiiinj,  Ilial.  Xnt.  dr.,  toiii.  iii.,  ]).  |{'>!*,  witli 
ii'tfii'iii'i' tn  <  Vov/'v/o,  Eslnilliis  hint.  1/ entail,  ifrl  Kstailu  Oiutnijin  im,  Imii. 
li .  iiiiiKiiil.  i. ;  diiiiiij,  licconuciiniciito,  p,  llOj  /(/.,  iSiiriri/,  pp.    ll:;-l:{; 

Id.,.lrl..    |,|,.     7il-,S|. 
VuL.   IV. 


2i 


870 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  OAJACA. 


and  of  all  the  rest  sloping'.  Tho  Avliolo  surfiKM^  was 
covered  witli  a  l»rilliaiit  cement  of  lime,  sand,  and  ivd 
ochre.  No  remains  Avhatever  were  found  on  tlirvnn). 
mit.  A  remarkable  feature  is  noticed  on  the  smfac,. 
of  the  second  story,  from  which  ])roject  thniiiLilidiit 
tlie  whole  circumference,  except  where  intt'rrujittd  liv 
tlie  stairways,  four  ranges  of  Hat  stones,  formini^-  luiii- 
dreds  of  small  shelves.  The  only  sus^u'estioiis  m.idc 
resjxictinLif  the  possihle  use  to  which  these  sIrIws 
Avere  devoted  are  that  they  su[){)orted  torches  or  hu- 
man skulls. 

The  second  pyramid  is  shown  in  the  accompaiivIiiLT 
cut.     Tlie  dimensions  of  the  base  and  summit  })lat- 


,4*SrfftM(ffr?^ 


Pyraiuiil  near  Teliuantepec. 


form  are  about  the  same  as  those  of  the  fornirr  jwra- 
mid,  but  the  heiu'lit  is  over  fifty  feet.  The  chief  stai:' 
way,  shown  in  the  cut,  is  on  the  east,  and  iiai'vwi  • 
stairways  also  afford  access  to  the  suimnit  eii  the 
nortli  and  south.  The  curved  slope  of  the  lowei' steiy 
constitutes  a  feature  not  found  in  American  jtyi.iiiiid-; 
farther  south,  and  rarely  if  at  all  in  the  north.  Ihr 
u[)per  story  has  three  ])rojections,  or  cornices,  en  its 
])orj)endicular  sides;  and  between  them  is  set  ;i  i'<'W 
of  blocks,  said  to  be  white  marble,  bearing' sculptuivd 
desiii'iis    in   bas-relief.      Three    of    these    l>lo(l;>-    witii 


MOM'-MKNTS  OF  Ti: IirANTKPKC. 


371 


tluir  sculptured  fiijfurcs,   fmincl   by  C.-istaneda  at  tlio 
tout  of  tliu  pyramid,  are  shown  in  the  cut.     Ut'  the 


Marble  Tablets  from  Tehuantepec. 

huildin.!:?  which  apppears  on  tlic  summit  nothing  is 
known  further  tlian  may  be  gathered  trom  tlie  cut. 
The  sides  of  the  pyramid  were  covered  witli  cement, 
which  was  doubtless  in  a  much  more  <lila})idated  con- 
ilitiou  than  is  indicated  in  the  drawing. 

Near  the  pyramids,  and  perhaps  used  in  connection 
with  them  as  an  altar,  is  a  structure  comprised  of 
ci^iit  circular  masses  of  stone  and  mortar,  like  mill- 
stones in  shape,  })laced  one  above  another,  and  di- 
minishing in  size  towards  the  top.  The  l)ase  is  ten 
feet  and  a  half  in  diameter,  and  the  summit  about 
four  feet  and  a  half,  the  height  being  about  twelve 
iuot.  Kinusborouuh's  translation,  without  anv  ai)- 
parent  authority,  rej)resents  this  monument  as  stand- 
iiin'on  a  base  sixty-six  feet  long  and  twelve  feet  high. 

AIiDiit  a  hundred  paces  in  front  of  the  sect)n<l 
pvianiid,  stands  a  structure  precisely  similar  to  the 
lower  story  of  that  just  described,  twelve  feet  in 
diameter  and  three  feet  high.  IJoth  of  these  ahar- 
likc  ii'iiniids  were  built  of  regulai'  blocks  of  stone, 
and  cdvcred  with  a  hard  white  plaster.  J)u])aix  sug- 
gests that  the  latter  was  a  gladiatorial  stone,  or  possi- 
Itly  intended  for  theatrical  representations.'' 

in  tiie  city  of  Tehuantepec,  or   in    its  immediate 

'  Diiit'ii.r.  3ii  oxppd.,  pp.  t)-7,  1>I.  iii.-v.,  fi.L'.  0-!>;  Kiiiff.ibnroufjh.  vol. 
Vi.,  |i  li'i'.t.  Mil,  iv.,  ]il.  iii.-v.,  li^'.  (i-lt;  f,iiirii(ui'//i  n\  M'.r.  (Innf.,  pi,  viii., 
fiMiii  itu|i;ii\.  sbdwiny;  sei'oiiii  pyraniid;  Minjcrs  Olisrrrii/ituis,  |tp.  •_'.">•(», 
"iili  iiii  III  till'  lir.st  I'ltar  rejtreseiitiiiy  its  succt'ssive  iilatforiiis  as  tDrming 

a  ^jiinil  ii.Hccnt. 


fm 


j  n. 


Ill 


AXTIQl'ITIKS  OV  OAJACA. 


vicinity,  Dnpaix:  fouiul  a  flint  lance-lioad  of  pet  uliar 
shape,  liaviiiL;'  tliroo  cutting'  cd'^'es,  like  a  Imvoiict. 
Its  diiiioiisions  were  oiiu  aiul  a  lialt*  by  six  inches,  aiid 
the  cud  was  evidently  intended  to  be  fixed  in  a  smkt  t 
Oil  the  shaft.  Cuts  of  four  terra-cotta  idols,  sent  to 
ihc  ^[exicau  Museum  i)i\<)al)ly  l)y  Ai'ias,  ahvadv 
mentioned,  are  ^-iven  in  ^  ^lexican  ma^-azine,  and 
jilso  ill  a  .S})anish  edition  of  Prescott's  work,  'I'wiini' 
llieni  wear  horrible  masks,  the  main  feature  of  wliirli 
is  the  projection  from  the  mouth  of  six  lar^e  tu.sks, 
like  those  of  some  tierce  animal  or  monster.  Tin 
same  Arias  speaks  ot  a  statue  ivpresciiting  a  nakul 
Avoman,  but  broken  in  pieces;  also  a  stone  tablet  cov- 
ered with  hieroi>'lv|)hics,  A  small  earthen  bowl  or 
eenser,  with  a  lon<>"  handle,  was  presented  to  tlic 
American  ICthnological  Society,  as  comiuL;'  from  soiiiu 
jioint  on  the  Tehuante})ec  interoceanic  loute.* 

In  the  reo-ion  of  Petapa,  a  town  forty  or  lil'tv  miles 
north  of  Tehuantepec,  a  stalactite  cave  is  niciitidin d 
]>y  Jiirasseur,  on  the  walls  of  which  figures  jiaiiitul 
in  black  are  seen,  inchidinn'  the  im})rint  of  huiiian 
hands  like  those  on  the  Yucatan  ruins  except  in 
color.  A  labyrinth  of  caves,  with  some  ariilicial 
improvements,  is  also  reported,  where  the  remains  dt 
jii'inces  and  nobles  were  formerly  de])osite(l,  and 
Avhere  an  arriero  claims  to  have  seen  ovei'  one  hun- 
dred burial  urns,  painted  and  i-an^vd  in  ordir  inimd 
the  sitles  of  the  cave,'"  ' 'uly  I'our  leagues  fioni  Tc- 
huante[)ec,  near  ^Ma^'dalena,  Burn'oa  sj)eaks  ol'  ;i 
statue  of  AVixepecocha,  the  whitediaired  returnier 
and  pro})het  of  the  Zapotecs,  which  Pi'asseur,  Nviil'- 
out  naniino;  his  authoi-ity,  states  to  have  been  still 
\  isiblc  a  few  years  before  he  wrote,"  Lalbnd  biittly 
mentions  three  pyramids  on  the  isthmus  without  (Icti- 

<  rhi/Ku'.i;  M  oxpcd.,  ]).  fi,  ])1.  ii.,  fi^'.  ,'>;  out  (if  same  liiiicc-lii:!'!  n\ 
(!h,ii/i<i,  ill  I'irsnitI,  Hist.  Ciiii'i.  Mix.  t.nii.  iii..  p.  S.'),  ]A.  \i\.;  I/";;" 
M.ilniito,  toiii.   i.,  Y\\.   iMS-K,  torn,   iii.,  \\\i.   i;i.')-7;   Hint.   M"'J-,  \"''  "i' 

1'   -^" 

■'  liriissinr  ih'  PKHirhniirii,   Tin/.   Trhiiiii).,  ]i|).  r2'J-."). 

•'  Hni-i/iiii,  <riiii/.  /h\r-ri/i.,  tiiiii.  ii.,  viiji.  Ixxii.;  lint.ssr.iv  dc  Jluny'iiiiiiV. 
llii!.  \i(l.  Vic,  toiii.  iii.,  lip.  y-lU. 


MOXl'.MKNTS  OF  TKmANTKI'KC. 


873 


nitilv  1i)cat!i),n"  tlit'in; — tlmt  of  Tt'lmniiti'poo,  soventy-' 
two  t'l'tt  lii^h,  that  of  Sail  Ci'i.st(')val  near  tliu  former, 
;i!ul  that  of  .Vltaiiiia  in  a  Inroad  plain.''  At  Laolhi^'a, 
scvtii  Iciguos  from  Tuluiantcpt'c  in  a  dircrtion  not 
statril,  Arias— very  vaguely,  as  is  the  custom  of 
Mt'xitan  and  Central  American  ex[)lorers  of  h)cal 
aiitii[iiities-— describes  a  i;'roup  of  mounds,  some  of 
wliifh  arc  seventy  or  ei.^lity  varas  sipiare,  huiit  of 
stniirs      (»r  stone    adohos,  as    tlie   author  calls   them 


lil'ce 


feet    lonu'    and   half   as    thick.      In   conn 


ec- 


ti'iii  with    these  mounds,  ilint    and    co})per    hatcliets 
liaw  heeu  found,  tt)n"ctlier  witli  many  anclK)r-shape<l 


ts  of  Avhat  is  spoken  of  as  brass.      A  cavt^  c( 


)n- 


tainiiin'  some  relics  was  rejiorted  to  exist  in  the  same 
vicinity;  and  at  another  point,  some  fourteen  leagues 
fiMiii  tlio  city,  is  a  mound  seventy-five  feet  high,  on 
the  >i(le  of  which  was  discovered  a  l)lack  rock,  cov- 
vwA  with  hierou'lvphic  characters.*^  At  (/hihuitlan,  a 
iliys  journey  from  the  city,  a  bridge  of  aboriginal 
oiiistnirtioii,  wti'etches  across  a  stream.  The  britlgo 
is  twt'lve  feet  long,  six  feet  wide,  and  nine  feet  high 
alinvo  the  water,  having  low  })arapets  guarding  the 
^idis.  The  conduit  is  nine  feet  wide,  and  is  formed 
liV  two  innneiise  stones,  which  meet  in  the  centiv. 
Acc(ii(hng  to  ( 'astaneda's  drawing  these  two  stones 
Iiav,'  curved  surfaces,  st»  that  the  Avhole  ap}>roaches  in 
\'i\v\n  a 


ci 


(li 


regular  arch.      The  whole  structure  is  of  tin 
known    as    cyclopean,    built  of   laige    irregular 
;,  without  mortar.^ 
iii'^lHi'ting  Tehuantepcc  anticpiities,  T  have  in  ad- 
tiwii  to  wliat  has  been  said  onlv  brief  mention   bv 


>t(llU 


i<arav  ot 


the   following   reported    relics:      ( )n  a  clllf 
the  Cerro  del  Veutido,  is  the  sculptured  tigiire  <if 


t 


til* 


'   Ti! 


'  Lnfoiuf,    I' 


5// 


.1/- 


'Iffifir,  tnni.  i..  p.  1.1ft. 
,  tiiiii.  i.,  |i.  'J4S. 


•2«<!). 


'/" 


q' 


III    M..  p.   4(i'.l.  vol.    IV.,    ](l.    V 


S,    pi.    vi.,    fi;,'.    in;   A' 


n-     10;   [.■ 


\  iiir/\lirjfiiii;//i 


//'. 


I'- 


'I'iu^Il  calls  the   name  of  tlic   locitlitv  of  llicsc   iciiiuiii^  < 


ir> 


'1.      Kiii;^>- 


liiiltr 

t.lUr.j, 

i-liilK',^ 


iKiw-.  rcizular  mi 


iMclrilatcr.il  ii|ii'niiiu'>*  Iil   tl 


11' 


iiliiiii  l.'iii. 
/Iiil. 


Hi 


I'liitc  tln'v  ii|p|it.'ar  ot  irR'gii 


lai-  f< 


iraiii'ts.  w  liilc  ill  ( 'a-- 

■      ■         ■  I  of 


iriii,  as  it  iiiailc  liv  tin'  ruiinAa 


37 1  ANTKiUlTIKS  OF  OAJACA. 

ji  drvv,  wlionco  c'omos    tlie  naiiio  <jf  tlio   liill. 
miles  cast  of  the  same  ]iill   tlie    Indians  pointid 


T 


-Mill." 


(lilt 


till'  Ideation  of  a    valk 


If 


cy  whore  they  said  M\i'e  tl 
vcmaiiis  of  a  lar^-o  town  of  stono  l)llildill^s.  Tl 
Corro  du  Coseoinate,  near  Zaiiatepoc,  is  said  to  liuw 
a  sculptured  iiua^e  of  the  sun,  with  an  inscription  in 
uiikiiown  characters.  And  tinally,  relics  havi'  1 
found  on  the  islands  of  ^roi'.,i])ostiae,  Tileiiia, 
Arrianji;i.n1)aj ;  those  on  the  first  bein^-  in  the  t 
of  earthen  idols,  while  in  the  latter  were  the  foil 


X'Cll 

aiiij 
nni. 


li(l:i- 


tions  of  an  ahori-'inal  tow 


n 


10 


At  the  ])ort  oi'  (Juatulco,  south-west  from  'IVIiii 


aii- 


tepec  on  the  Oajacaii  eoast,  there  may  yet  he  seen,  ji' 
]3rasseur's  statement  is  to  he  credited,  traci's  o\'  tlie 
roads  and  l)uildiiiL;s  of  the  ancient  city  that  stuod  in 


this  locality,  and  transmitted  its  n; 


ime 


to  tl 


le  llHule: 


town.      Guatidco  was   likewise  one  of  the   many  I 
calities    descrihed    l)y  the    early  Catholic  writers  a 


containing'   a   woi 


derful 


cross, 


left  1 


lere  i)roi)al)l_v 


Saint  Thomas  durini;'  his  sojourn  in  America.  ^\i; 
are  not  very  clearly  informed  as  to  the  mateiial  o!' 
this  relic,  hut  we  know,  from  the  same  authoiitio, 
that  all  the  powers  of  darkness  could  not  destroy  it, 
not  even  the  famous  Englishman,  Sir  Francis  Drake, 
who  subjected  it  for  three  days  to  the  tier*  'st  llaims 
Avithout  art'cH'tiiin'  its  condition.  B.asseur  also  tells 
us  that  the  remains  of  Tututepec,  a  great  almriuiii;!! 
south-coast  capital,  are  still  to  be  seen  three  or  t*iiii 


1 


eagues 


iVoHi    the  sea,  between    the  Kio  A'erdi 


and 


L; 


live 


Chicaliua 


u 


Passing    now    to    the    interior  valleys    al)out    the 
a[)ital   city  of  Oajaca,   where    the   chief   I'eniains  n| 


)ori«'iiial    works    are 


fouii 


I  lew    miscellaneous    relics  ot    minor  importaiitt 


d,    I    si 
f 


lall    mention    In- 


in  ( 

An/. 


niniff. 

ri'.  7 


I'oiiiiiiiiiii' 


!)-S  I . 


iild,    J)]!.    110-12;    TiL,    Siirrri/,    \)]t. 


li: 


IM' 


"  I'mri/iiii,  I 
.,  I.    140 


"'".'/• 


I)(\iri/i..  titiu.ii..  )>. 'J'.tS;   I'll  I  nil  rid.  llixl. 
ill-  liiiiiriiiiiiiif,    Hist.  yn/.  >'ir.,  Iiiiii.   iii. 


/./, 


I'.i.  -^'1, 


13 


MISCELLANEOUS  ItEMAINS,  375 

rtt  ]iM-t  only  sliii-litly  known  to  (.'X[)l()rers,"  be- 
,,iiiiiiii^-  with  the  city  of  Oajaca,  whore  ])u})ai.\. 
tiiiiiid  two  iinciont  ornaments  of  »^reat  beauty.  The 
lir>t  was  a  })entagon  of  polished  transj)ai'ent  at>'ate, 
iilioiit  two  inches  in  diameter  and  an  inch  and  a  half 
tiiick.  The  surface  bore  no  marks  of  the  instruments 
liv  which  it  was  polished,  and  a  hole  was  bored 
tliKHi^li  tlie  stone  presumably  for  the  insertion  of  a 
string".  The  second  was  a  hexagonal  piece  of  black 
tniuh-stone,  of  about  tlie  same  dimensions,  spriidvled 
witli  urains  of  t'-old  or  I'opper,  and  like  the  ibrmer 
luilliantly  polished.  The  hole  in  this  stone  was  bored 
in  the  form  of  a  curve,  by  an  unknown  ])rocess  wliich 
must  lia\e  been  accompanied  by  no  little  dilHculty." 
At  Tiacolula,  some  twenty  miles  south-east  of 
();ij;ua,  ^[r  Midler  re})orts  tlie  openini>;  of  a  mound 
twrlvo  feet  liiL^h  and  ei_i>ht  I'eet  in  diameter  at  the 
hasi'.  It  was  sim[)ly  a  hea})  of  earth,  and  the  only 
artiticially  wroui^ht  objects  found  in  the  excavations 
Were  an  earthen  tube  two  inches  in  diameter  antl 
iiiailv  two  feet  lony',  closed  at  each  end  with  a  stone 
]ilu^',  ibimd  in  a  horizontal  ])osition  somewhat  above 
the  natui'al  surface  of  the  i^'round,  and  a  bowl-shaped 
rill;;' ot"  the  same  material  lyinn*  in  a  vertical  j)osition 
over  the  tube  near  the  centre  of  the  mound,  but  se|)- 
aratcd  from  the  first  relic  by  a  layer  of  eaith.^*  lle- 
iiiaiiis  of  the  ruined  fortress  of  Quiyechapa  are  said 
to  have  been  seen  by  travelers  at  a  [>oint  some  twenty- 
live  leagues  east  of  Oajaca.''  At  Ktla,  two  leagues 
iioithward  from  the  capital,  two  subterranean  tombs 
wi.iv  o[)ened,  and  found  to  contain  what  are  sujiposed 


'- Ili'^idcs  rciiiiiiiis  iittrilnitcMl  to  i)iirtiiiiliii'  liii'.ililirs,  sco  Mn-mi  lAr., 
tiiiii.  iii.,  ]).  i;),"),  cuts  iiiid  (Icscriptioiis  lit  t'luir  ciiillicii  iiluls  fuiiini  in  tliis 
^t,lt^'■,  I'liiri/tiii,  (!<'ii<l.   Pr.irri/).,  tiilll.  i..  fnl.   I'iO,   lliti,   \'i).   IK7,    Imil.   ii.,  fnl. 

-7"i. 'J'.IS.  .•!'H».-.M,  :{:iO,  :U4-">,  .Id:? iitimi  inul  >li-lil  cli'si  ri|iiiiiii  i.i'  Imiial 

lilaiT-i,  I'Mvcs,  ti-mplcs,  oti'.,  of  tliu  natives,  smiu'  nf  tlicm  seen  liy  ilw 
aiilliur;  .\l,i/,/,  „/,/;, n/t,  Mrj.,  ti»iii.  ii.,  ii|(.  ISC).  i;ri, -iOl,  121111.  •_'!•_',  •_•  I."),  ^li-iit 
iiiriilinii  iif  M-Mlli'i'i'd  relics;  Min/rr'.s  .Ui.\\  ArJr'\  cle..  viij.  ii..  |i.  "JIS,  eiU.s 
til  lliice  lieiiii>  ill  I'eMiisei)  eidlt'etinii,  said  to  liuM-  come  Iroiii  Oajaca. 

"  li'i/nn'x,  -Jd  ex|ied.,  |i|).  '2S-'.). 

"  !/"///(■.  h'li.srii.  tiiiii.  ii..  p.  "-'S^.  with  cut  of  the  liii;^'. 

1'  l!,(i.-<.si:ttr  dc  Buiiv'iuarj,  Hat,  Xitl.  Cic,  toiu.  iii.,  p.  47. 


37G 


ANTIQUITFES  OF  OAJACA. 


^  .•iS 


to  have  been  cartlicii  tordi-bearers,  or  iniao-os  in  dis. 
torted  human  form,  with  a  socket  in  tlie  head  u  liich 
in(h('atos  tlieir  former  use.  Similar  iniiiges  IuimkI  at 
Zachila  will  1)e  noticed  later  in  this  chajitrr.  A 
wooden  fac-simile  of  the  tomb  is  mentioned  li\  Sr 
( Jondra  as  jtreserved  in  the  Mexican  Museum."'  At 
Penoles,  seven  leau;-ues  from  Oajaca,  a  skull  coNcicd 
and  preserved  by  a  coating  of  limestone  was  rniiiid." 
On  the  western  boundary  of  this  state,  perliaps  across 
the  line  in  Guerrero,  at  Quilapan,  formerly  a  i^ivat 
city  of  the  Miztecs,  an  axe  cast  from  red  copper  was 
found,  one  fourth  of  an  inch  thick,  four  inches  loiio-, 
and  three  and  a  half  inches  wide.  From  a  nKMind 
opened  in  the  same  vicinity  some  fragmei'^s  of  statues 
and  of  pottery  were  taken. ^"^  Ft)ssey  tells  us  that 
conical  mounds  in  great  numbers  are  scatteicd  nver 
the  whole  country  between  Oajaca,  Zachila,  and  Ciii- 
la})a.  The  mounds  are  from  fifteen  to  Hfiy  I'cet  lii^li, 
and  are  formed  in  some  cases  of  simple  eartli,  in 
others  of  clay  and  stones.  Human  remains  are  Iniiiid 
often  in  the  centre  together  with  stont3  and  eai'tlicii 
figures.  Those  figures  which  are  i. added  in  limiiau 
form  agree  in  features  with  the  Zapotec  featurrs  of 
modern  times.  CV)pper  mirrors  and  hatcdiets  liavo 
also  been  found,  according  to  this  author,  as  wr!l  as 
g(dden  ornaments  and  necklaces  of  gilded  beads." 
3[.  (yharna}''  saw  in  the  second  valley  of  <  )ajaca  as  lio 
came  from  Mexico  the  ruins  of  a  temple,  tlif  hiilld- 
ing  of  which  was  begun  by  the  Spaniards  in  the  time 
of  Cortes,  on  the  site  of  an  aboriginal  temple.  Tli" 
ruined  walls  of  the  latter  were  of  ad(d)es,  and  si  r\cl 
■for  scafiblding  in  the  erection  of  the  former,  and  1  nt!i 
ruins  now  stand  together.  The  whole  valley  was  cov- 
ered with  tumuli,  probably  tombs,  as  the  author  th:ak>; 


1"  (liiiiiJra,  ill  Prifirotf,  ITIsf.  Cnnq.  Mr.v.,  toiii.  iii.,  ]i.  '.H. 
'"  Musrii  .]fi.r..  tdiii.  i.,  \>.  '24',). 

'•*  Ihi/iiii.v,  ;{(l  csiK'd.,  ]i.  (■),  111.  ii.,  2(1  oxjicd.,  p.    ">'.. 
'■>  /'(/.v.vr//,  Mr.n'(/iir.  |i|).  :{7")-ti.     N"  luitliui'ity  is  givt'ii,  iiini   M.   I  ">-i'y 
Wiis  not  hiiiisoif  ail  aiiti<iiiariaii  exiilorur. 


KUINS  OF  MONTE  ALIIAX. 


377 


hat  tlio  iiiitlvos  would  neither  help  to  innlvo  excava- 
timis  nor  jicniiit  strangers  to  make  thein.'"^ 

Ill  ,i(l(!iti<)ii  to  the  relics  deserihed  in  the  few  and 
uiisatislactory  notes  of  the  preceding  ])age.s,  three  ini- 
pDitaiit  groups  of  antiipiities  in  central  Oajaca,  I'eniaiii 
to  lie  noticed:  ^NFonte  Alhan,  Zachila,  and  ^Fitla;  our 
iiit'iii'niation  res[)ecting  the  two  former  heing  alsi;  far 
fruiu  satisfactory. 


^Fiintc  Alhan  is  located  immediately  west  of  the 
citv  (if  ()ajaca,  or  Antequtn'a,  at  a.  distance  of  from 
lialt'  a  mile  to  five  miles  according  to  ditfcrent  author- 
ities. These  differences  in  the  statements  of  the  (hs- 
taiirc  ])crhai)s  result  f-^'n  the  fact  that  some  visitors 
istiiiiati.'  it  in  au  air  line,  while  others  include  the 
bindings  of  the  road  which  must  he  ti'aveled  over  a 
iiioiiiitainous   country  in   order   to  reach   the    ruins, 


which  SCI. 


ni  to  he  located  on  a  hiuh  hill  or  on  a  ran 


o-e 


of  hills  ov 


erlooking  the  town.    Dupaix  and  Castaneda 


visited    this   ])lace 


lurmir 


theii 


d 


r   second    oxpeaition 


liti 


.hiaii  !).  Carriedo  made  in  1833  a  mamis('ri])t  atlas  of 
11(1  drawiiiLrs  of  the  remains,  which  has  never 


jiiaiis  a 

Ill'L'll    ]1|1 

the  Mi 


iHslied,  hut  which  is  said  to  he  preservi-d  i 


.A[ 


AL 


C 


III 


)l()red 


txican  Jluseum.     Jose  ^Maria  ijrarcia  ex[) 

Moiitti   Aii)an    in    1855,    and    hi.?   re[)ort  with  some 

drawings  was  puhlislied  in  the  hulletin  of  tlu'   Mexi- 


can 


ii'(ii' 


raphical  Society,  ^[idler,  the  (Jcrinan  trav 
clcr.  visit(.'d  the  place  in  1857  with  one  Ortc'ga,  and 
puMi^lifd  a  plan  in  his  work.  Finally  we  have  ( 'liar- 
iiav's  description  from  an  ex})loration  in  IS5S  or  I,s59, 


lllKK'iH) 


iii[>anie(l,  however,  hy  photogra2)hi(^  view; 


'  r!,i, 


'II,  /' 


A I 


I  Hill 


])]).  240-r)l. 


■Jil  ox|p('il.,  Y\i.   17--.'?,   I>1.  xxi-viii.,  I'lu'-.  (Vt-T 


■>l, 


>l. 


I'.l-r.l.     ('ill  Til 


l>p.  4U-(>,  v( 


A.  U 


lllifshuriilliill 


iK 


XIX-X.W  . 


(i 


77;  /.'- 


\i\'^  Atlii.'i  di'  uiui   Fiirliilrzii  y.iiiiiih 


mciiii(ii;iil  hy  (iiiiiilrn ,  in  I'nxiiitl,  ilixt.  I'miii.  Mcx.,  tciiii.   Hi.,  ji.  ill,  ami 


III    U 


.lA 


tmu.   1.,   \).  '2W. 


Tl 


lit( 


le  (Miitors 


'i"iiiiiiii  ilii'ir  iiitciiticiii  to  ]iiililisli  tlic  iliiiwii 


itf  tlic  latter 


ma'. 


!«•  climiiVfd 


It  I 


111  as  tlic  i>lat('s  coll 


.1 


ivi'  not  s<'('ii  tin;  vdliime  in  \\liich  tlicir  \iu 


cinifil  iiiit.  if  iiidccil  it  was  fvcr  carricil  out.   (lania's  ri'iinrt 


rpiiM'  wan 


<:•',.,„    l!„/rl, 


Ml  >'. 


|||.  '-Ml- 


'".  tiiiii.  vii..  ii|i.  '_*7(lK  with  plates;   Miilhr,    It 


Ml., 
tiiiii.  il 


ill  /'/., 


Willi  |p|ate^ 


C/i 


iiiniiii/. 


Aiiii'i:,   ]>]!.   i.'."i(|.:{;    ]'ii,//, /-/,-/) 


in; 


Alli 


|).  ■_*.")-(l.    with    cut.    Other   references   to  slight   iKilici 


'III ' laiiiiii''  iioori'iinal  iul'oiniatiiPii  iUv.—Lari 


i/ii 


Ml 


if  Mmitt 

duiit., 


t? 


878 


ANTIQLITIES  OF  OAJACA. 


Xotwltlistandiiis^^  this  aiTay  of  aiitliorities,  wliicli 
oii_!4'ht  to  jji'ive  a  cluar  idoa  ot"  a  slii^lo  oroiiji  ut'  iv- 
inaiiis,  the  reader  will  find  the  following-  (Ilm  riptidu 
very  iiiipcrlect,  sinco  each  of  the  visitors,  as  a  rulf, 
dcst-riljL'S  a  diliurciit  part  of  the  ruins,  and  they  do  iidt 
often  a^reo  in  their  remarks  on  any  one  stnutiu., 
The  plan  in  the  annexed  cut  is  C'0})ied  from  that  in 
MuUer's  work,  and  shows  all  the  remains  marked  uu 


^  ll 


riaii  of  Riiiiirt—Monfe  Albaii. 


the  original,  e\eo])t  four  small  structures  on  a  iiortli- 
ern  eontinuation  of  the  hill,  or  spur   ((,  shown  in  tlic 


)•].    i.,   fniiil   l>li)mix;   Jinisunir  dr  Jioiirlniiirif.  Hist.  Xnt.  dr..  tcmi.  iii.. 
.S4();  l-'tissti/,   Mc.rt'/itf,    jip.    .'{70-1.     Tliis   wiitor    locates   tlii'  iiiin- 
lca,:;iu'  from  tlie  city,   h'.scahnt  and  Llano,   Mij.,  \\.  'XVl;  Bul'lii-nt  ■ 
A  nil  r.,  p.  Ul. 


i.t  ii 


RLINS  OF  MONTE  ALBAN. 


879 


iinrth-castorn  part  of  tlie  ])lan.  As  the  plan  indicates, 
t!;r  niiiis  ai"(j  .situated  on  a  jdatoau  oi'  some  tlii'ct; 
liuiidird  Ity  ninu  hundicd  y.irds  along  tho  sunnnit  of 
ji  1,111-1'  of  liiu'li  hills  with  prt.ripitous  ascent,  risinif 
the   hanks  of  a  stream  which  ^[Uller  calls  the 


li'i'iii 


Kill    Xn\(l. 


T\ 


le  works  nientionud  as  not  inc 


•hided 


in 


till'  plan,  ai'o  dcscrihcd  hy  ^1  idler  as  the  ivniains  of 
t',i!ir  wnlls  which  form  a  parallelogram.  All  he  tells 
\\>  n\'  (lie  works  at  <l  and  /j  is  that  the  terraces  are 
nivricd  with  walls  and  end)ankments  parallel  or  at 
ri'Jit  angles  to  each  other.  'J'he  structure  at  c  is 
(IrM-iilud  as  a  }»yraniidal  elevation  fifty  feet  hii;h  and 
twii  liiiiidred  and  fifty  varas  scpiare  at  the  hase,  from 
t!i>'  Miiiiiiiit  })latform  of  which  rise  a  smaller  terrace. 


(ir  lllnlllK 


1,  at  the  north-west  corner, 


and  various  otliei 


iiiiliankiiK'iits  and  ruined  walls  not  ])ai-ticularly  de- 
Miilit  (1,  l)Ut  indicated  on  the  })lan.  The  structures  in  the 
rial  ])()rtion  of  the  main  })lateau,  at  //,  are  s[)oken 


(Til 


(if  as  jiaiallel  emi)ankinents  ahout  thirty  feet  hij^h. 

Tn  the  ruins  thus  far  mentioned  no  out)  but  ^l idler 
ivt'iis  (li'Hiiitely,  althoui^h  others  speak  somewhat 
va^iH'ly  of  the  ruined  emhankments  and  walls  that 
oivcr  the  whole  surface  of  the  jdateau.  ^  hily  the 
Miatlit'iii  remains  at  e  seem  to  have  attracted  the 
attciitinii  of  all.  I'hese  ^lidler  hrielly  represents  as 
nil  ciiihaiikment  fifty  feet  hiyh,  enclosini;'  a  (piadri- 
liitri'al  sjiact!,  on  which  emhankmeiit  were  two  l>yra- 
iiiiils  oi'  iiiouirIs.  One  of  the  latter  was  jtroved  hy 
t\ia\atiiiL;'  to  have  no  interior  a[)artments  or  iL;'al- 
Kri">;  the  other  was  j)enetrate(l  at  the  hase  hy 
ualKi'ii's  at  rin'ht  angles  with  each  other,  and  leading" 
tn  a  ci'iitial  dome-shajted  room,  the  toj)  of  which  had 
talli'ii,  (larcia  repi'esents  the  scpiare  court  as  eii- 
(■lii>('(| 


mil'. 


not  hy  a  continuous  emhankmeiit,  hut  hy  four 
iiioinids,  haviiio'  a  slight  space  between  them  at 
tlif  I'lids.  The  southern  mound  is  the  largest  of  the 
tniir.  hrino-  about  foity-five  feet  hiu'h,  and,  according' 
tn  ( laicia's  ])lan,  about  twelve  hundred  feet  Ioiil;' and 
tlnvt'  huiKLjd  feet  wide.     It  seems,  from  the  draw- 


4.^nf; 


i\U 


m 


nRO 


ANTIoriTIKS  OF  OA.I.UA. 


inufs,  to  1)0  notliiiii;-  Imt  a  sIin[)lo  heap  of  onrdi  .umI 
rough  stones,  altlioiigli  tlic  slones  of  tlic  sides  .nitl  •  inl, 
were  tloul)tlcss  regular  originally,  perlia])s  i'Nch  I'ln ,  il 


A\ 


ith    masonrv,  and    tla^re    are  traei's   of   a   stair 


v.iv 


U'ading  nj)  to  the  summit  platform  fron\  the  court,  ( )ii 
the  summit  of  the  mounds,  and  also  in  the  couit.  nv 
many  conical  mounds,  four  of  which  Averc  particiilaiiv 
noticed.  These  mounds  were  the  onlv  remains  on  tlio 
I>lateau  of  Monte  Alhan  which  attracted  tlu' atteiitidii 
of  l)u|)ai.K  and  Castaneda,  and  are  representtsd  l)y  tliiiii 


IS  Ileal >s  or  rouir 


f 


rh  st 


ones,  111  some  casus  AVitli  iiKutai 


C()vcred  on  the  exterior  with  cement,  and  traverse 
the  hase  hv  ualleries,  the  sides  of  which  are  faced 


■(I  at 
with 


lewn 


hlock^ 


( 


narcia  sj 


ly 


th 


le    mounds    are   aiintit 


tv 


tweiitv-four  feet   liiuli;   hut  Diniaix   calls    one    fur 
feet,  another  sixtv,  and  a  third  still  hiijher, 


( )iie  of  the  mounds  stamls  at  the  head  of  tlic 


•tair- 


wav  from  tlie  court,  and  the  <>-allerv  throutih  it  at  the 
hase  is  descrihed  l)y  CJarcia  as  having  a  hend  in  thu 
centre,  heiiig  six  feet  high,  wide  enough  for  two  [ht- 
sons,  an<l  according  to  the  jilate,  surmounted  hy  lai^i' 
iiudined  blocks  of  stone  resting  against  each  otlu  rand 
forming  an  angle  at  the  summit.  Dupaix  dcsc  rihis 
one  of  the  mounds  as  traversed  from  north  to  south 
hv  a  Li'allerv  nine  feet  hiu'h  and  six  feet  wide,  which 
makes  a  turn,  or  ell)ow,  near  the  centre,  thus  foiiiniiL;' 
a   room  ahout  twelve  feet  sriuare   and   of  tli 


anil! 


lieii>'ht.     The  two  mounds  may  very  likely  lie  ithnti- 
cal,  for  although  Castaneda's  plate  rei)resei)ts  a 


Ml- 


lar  curved  arch,  Kiiigshoroiigh's  copy  has  tlie  |H.inttil 
arch  of  large  stones.  Another  of  these  artitii'ial  .-to'ii! 
hills,  according  to  Dnpaix,  has  in  the  centre  a  ihuui 
eighteen  feet  square,  and  thirty  feet  high,  with  a  >cnii- 
circular  or  dome-like  top,  the  surface  being  foinn  d  o, 
hewn  stone.  From  the  centre  of  each  side  a  galhiy 
thirty  feet  long,  seven  and  a  half  feet  high,  and 
i'eet  and  a  half  wide,  with  a  regular  arch,  leads  to  tl 


InUl' 


aiY'' 


open  air.     The  whole  is  said  to  be  l)iiilt  on  a 
rectangular  base  of  masonry,  the  dimensions  of  whii  h 


KlINS  «»r  -MONTE  AUJAX. 


881 


iir-j  iii'i  nivcii.     Garcia  moiitlons  a  siiuilai'  ihouikI,  but 
>|)(Mks  ot'  tlie  central  room  as  l)uiii,<4'  ciivular. 

;\iint!u'r  of  tliese  Htructuivs,  rcsL'iiil)lin^'  at  tlie  time 
(,!'  J)ii|i;ii\'s  visit  a  natural  liill  covurod  with  trees,  is 
.^ixtv  tret  lii.u'li,  and  has  a  ^-alkny  seven  and  a  lialf  feet 
lii.jli  and  six  feet  wide,  with  arched  top,  extcndint;' 
tM.viiitv-ei^lit  feet,  or  nearly  the  whole  diameter  from 
(Mditli  to  north.  The  left  hand,  or  western,  wall  of  the 
nall.rv  is  composed  of  <^ranite  blocks,  j^-enerally  about 
t\\i:itv-ciL;'1it  by  thirty-six  inches  and  ei,L;'hteen  inches 
tiiitk.  on  the  surface  of  M'hich  are  sculptured  naked 
1.11111:111  Hu'ures  m  profile  facing  northward  toward  the 
iiit  rii>r  of  the  mound.  Four  of  these  figures  were 
(-lu  tilled  by  Castaneda,  and  one  of  them,  from  whose 
had  liiiiig^  something  very  like  a  Chinese  (pieue,  is 
,-!iu\vu  ill  the  out.     Garcia  locates  this  mound  or  au- 


.Sculpturcd  Profile  from  ^loiitc  Allian. 

oilioi"  very  similar  one  in  the  court,  and  he  also 
!-kttrlir(l  some  of  the  figures,  ))ut  very  sliglit  if  any 
iVM'iiiliLiiicc  can  be  discovered  between  his  drawiiiiJTs 
!'.ii(l  tliiise  of  Castaneda.  ^[tiller  s}»eaks  of  one  of  the 
lalilits  tlie  scul[)tured  design  of  which  represents  a 
Miiiiiau  giving  birth  to  a  ball.  Garcia  states  that  hu- 
man lioiics  and  fragments  of  pottery  have  been  dug 
li'i'in  tliise  ruins,  Dupaix  found  some  bones,  and  ^l. 
btih.ir  Niignests  that  the  figures  in  bas-relief  were  por- 
traits of  persons  buried  in  the  tombs.     Dui)aix  men- 


ti 


if 


I 


I' 

I  -I' 


7 


ns2 


ANTigrrrii'.s  of  ua.iaca. 


tioiiH  a  foiirtli  inoiiiid  similiir  to  tlio  otliers,  liavi 


uMi,nil;u'  cc'ilinuf,  and  a  pavuintMi 


it  (.f  I 


iiiK.'  aiK 


iil;"  ;iu 


IIU 


(,'liaj'niiy  (k'Sfrihcs  tlio  platoau  as  bciiiL;-  |»;iiti;il!v 
artilifial,  and  as  coveriiijjf  aliout  oin;  halt'  a  M|ii;nv 
Ica^iiu,  covc'i'i'd  with  masses  of  stmie  and  iiiurtar, 
torts,  osphiiiados,  iiarroNV  suhti;rranoan  ])assai,Ts,  and 
iiniiiL'ii.su  scndjttui'od  Idocks.  Tlie  aivlies  of  thi'  yiil- 
lei'ics,  contrary  to  ])ii[)aix's  statements,  are  Ini nud 
by  hir<40  inclined  hhu'lvs.  Tliu  oTandest  ruins  inv  ,it 
tho  south  end  of  tlio  plateau;  they  are  mostly  s(|ii;nv 
truncated  pyramids,  about  twenty-five  feet  hinli,  ai;d 
]iavin<jf   steep   sides.      Enormous    masses   of   ni.isoinv 


re})resent  what  once  were  pi 


nous 
ices. 


temj)les,  ajid  Inits.-^ 


Three  smooth  cubical  stones,  seven  and  a  half  fn  t 
hii*"h,  tour  and  a  lialf  feet  wide,  and  eighteen  iiiclh  > 
thick,  of  granite,  accordin;^  to  (Jarcia,  but  of  rnl 
])orphyry,  in  the  o}»inion  of  Midler,  were  \\>\uu\ 
during'  the  ascent  of  tho  hill,  ]H'rhai)s  at  h,  oi-  </.  <<\' 
the  ](lan.  Two  of  the  stones  were  standini;'  close 
toLifether,  while  the  thii'd  had  fallen;  all  are  supposid 
to  have  fonned  an  altar  or  ])edestal.''^  At  the  soiitli- 
ern  l)rink  of  the  plateau  !N[uller  found  a  cniiiililiiiL;' 
stone  covered  witli  hievo<r]ypliics.  On  the  slope  et" 
the  hill,  stones  covered  with  sculptured  hieroelyjil 
"Were  noticed  by  ])u])aix,  also  at  tlie  western  1 
lono;'  cubes,  some  jdain  and  othors  scul[»tui'e(l.  ( Mu 
of  the  latter  six  feet  loniJi'  tucr  feet  and  a  hall'  wide 
and    eighteen    inches    thick,    was    sketched    hy  (a^ 


lies 

ia>e 


Aliorifiinal  Coin  from  Monte  Alban, 

^  ^''0  nntlioritics  i     ,ire('0(liii;r  note. 

'^'>  Plate  isliowiiij,'  the  stones  in  .bW.  .l/cx.  Gioij.,  lioklin,  toni.  vil 


•2Tft 


liKLics  AT  Monti:  ai-uan. 


383 


taiK'ili.  ti)L;vtlii'r  with  a  circular  stdiio  tliroo  varns  and 
M  liiilt"  ill  circuint'crcnco.  J  lis  ]>latcs  also  iudiul.'  a 
-riiii  splicricnl  minor  of  copper-covorod  lava,  tluvo 
;iii(l  ;i  Iialf  inches  in  dianictcr,  with  hcatitifiilly  pol- 
jslicd  siirfacc  and  a  Jiolo  driih'«l  tlii'ounh  tlie  hack;  a 
(•(i[)|)(  r  chisfl,  seven  inches  lonj^'  and  one  inch  in  (hani- 
itcr;  ami  tinaily,  the  cast  c<){»[)er  ini|>lcni(3nt  shown  in 
\\\r  invccchnLf  cut,  one  of  two  hundred  and  seventy-six. 
nf  till'  same  form,  hut  of  slii>'htly  vai'vin<jf  dimensions, 
wliicli  were  found  in  an  eartJien  jar  duuc  up  in  this 
vicinity.  'Die  dimensions  of  the  one  shown  in  tlij 
entail!  ahout  eiyht  hy  ten  inches.  I?ieces  of  copper 
(pf  tills  form  were  used  hy  the  Xahua  ])eoi)les  for 
iiiomy,  and  such  was  douhtless  the  purpose  of  these 
Oajaciii  relics.  A  precisely  similar  article  I'rom  one 
^\i  till'  Mexican  ruins  lies  hefore  me  as  1  writ(>. 
Chiii'iiay  states  that  the  plateau  is  covered  with  frai;-- 
inciits  (  '■  \ery  fine  jn^ttery,  on  which  a  hrilliant  red 
ulaziiin'  is  ohservahle.  He  states  l"urther,  that  an 
Italian  explorer,  openiuij;  some  of  the  moun<ls,  found 
necklaces  of  ai;'ate,  fragments  of  worked  ohsidian,  and 
L'Vcn  golden  ornaments  of  tine  workmanship. 

lus]ii'ctiniL(  these  ruins  Charnay  says:  "Monte  ^\1- 
liaii,  ill  mir  oj)inion,  is  one  of  the  most  ])i'ecious  remains, 
and  \i  ry  surely  the  most  ancient,  of  the  American 
civilizations.  Nowhere  else  have  we  found  these 
stiaii'41;  profiles  so  strikiuufly  original."  lie  pro- 
nipiiiicis  the  arch  similar  to  that  employi'd  in  Yucatan, 
I'lit  tliis  opinion  does  ncjt  a^ree  with  his  desci"ii)tiou 
'III  auetlier  pai^'c,  where  he  represents  the  ceilini^'s  of 
tln!  L;alleiMes  as  formed  of  lar^'e  inclined  hloeks  ot' 
stiiiic.  \'iollet-le-])uc  lii^ives  a  cut  indii'atin<>'  the  lat- 
ter toim  of  jivh;  and  I  think  there  can  he  no  <loul)t 
that  Diipaix  and  Castaneda  are  wroiii*-  iu  representing- 
><cniiciicular  arches.  ^I.  Viollet-le-])uc  deems  the 
^'■uliitiire  different  iu  type  from  that  at  Paleiujue  hut 
vcty  similar  to  the  Egyptian.  He  regards  the  works 
ii^  tertilications  and  speaks  of  the  galleries  as  pene- 
tnitiny  the  ramparts.     Miiller  and  Garcia  also  deem 


"t 


ii 


M 


iUll 


381 


ANTIQllTIKS  OF  OAJACA. 


tlio  I'cinaiiis  tlioso  of  rortifications,  Avliilo  ()i't(.>L;;i  socles 
lo  IniMii  tluMu  inti)  a  stately  capital  rull  <»!'  inv,!  ji.il, 
aces,  ti'iuples,  and  line  edifices.  (Jarcia  tells  ns  timt 
tliest>  works  were  erected  l>y  a  Zapotet' kiiiu,  wiili  a 
view  to  lesist  the  advance  of  tlio  ^liztecs;  wliiK'  llias- 
seiir  Relieves  that  hero  was  the  fortress  of  Jliiawarac 
Iniilt  1)V  tlie  Aztecs  ahout  the  year  148(),  aiul  ijairi- 
soiled  to  ke(>|)  the  country  in  subjection.'* 

It  si'eiii^  to  nu,'  that  the  jirecedini;'  (K'scriptioii.  im. 
perft'ct  as  it  is.  is  yet  more  than  sntlicient  to  piMVt' 
that  the  structures  on  Monte  All)an  were  iK-vcr 
erected  hy  any  people  as  temporary  works  ol'  iK  frnsi'. 
The  choice  {)\'  hn-ation  shows,  however,  that  t'acilitv 
of  defense  Mas  one  of  the  objects  sou^'ht  hy  the  luiild- 
ers,  and  renders  it  very  imi)robahle  that  a  citv  pioin  r 
ever  stood  here,  where,  at  least  in  modern  times,  thcii' 
are  no  spriiii^'s  of  Avater.  On  the  other  hand,  thccdii- 
ical  mounds  as  re]>resente(l  by  C^istaneda's  diawiii^s 
seem  in  no  way  titted  for  defensive  works,  ninl  wdc 
almost  certainly  erected  as  tombs  of  Za|>ott'c  iiiiKKs 
or  jtriests.  Tlu!  jdateau  Avas  jirobably  in  ahcri'^inal 
times  a  strongly  fortified  holy  })lace,  sacred  \o  tlio 
rites  of  the  native  worship,  but  sorviny-  ])i'ilia|is  as  a 
])lace  of  refu^•e  to  the  dwellers  in  the  surr.uiipliii'^' 
country  when  thri'ateiied  by  an  advanciiiii'  foe.  It  is 
moreover  very  likely  that  in  the  period  of  civil  strifes 
and  foreign  invasions  which  ])receded  the  Sjiani>Ii 
C'oii»|Uest,  these  works  were  striMin'tluMun!  and  ticcii- 
])ied  by  the  Za]totecs,  and  })ossibly  by  the  A/trcsal>i> 
in  their  turn,  as  a  fortress.   . 

Zachila,  fen  or  twelve  miles,  according;'  t(>  flu'  ina]^. 
southward  iVom  Oajaca,  was  the  site  of  a  qi'i'ai  Za|ii»- 
tcc  capital.  .\  wiiter  in  a  i\rexican  mana/.iiic  nmi- 
tions  till'  base  of  an  ancient  ]>yramid  as  still  \isi!ilo 
near  the  church  of  the  modern  town.  With  tlucx- 
oe[ition  of  !his  brief  inentit)n  all  our  iiifoim atinii 
resjiectiny-  the  anticjuities  of  Zachila  comes  fiom  lln' 

SI  ilr<(^s<  III-  ill-  Hiiiir/itiiini,  Hist.  Xdt.Cir.,  toiii.  iii.,  I'P-  ."!.'>".•- H'. 


HKMCS  AT  ZACIIILA. 


885 


work  oi'  nujinix  ;  aiul  this  writer,  so  far  as  ponnaneiit 
iiiDiiiiiiii'iils  are  ooiuvniod,  only  spoaks  t;\>Morally  of 
nil  iimn'iiso  i^roiij)  of  mounds  in  conical  form,  huilt  of 
cutli  and  a  few  stoni ;-;,  and  of  the  imprint  of  a  oi^-antic 
j'ddt  |iri>l»alily  markinn'  tli'.'  meridian  somewli.-it  south 
dt"  tilt'  iiioimds.  From  excav;\tii)ns  in  these  tunudi, 
stone  and  day  statues,  or  idols,  were  ohtained,  together 
with  |iittterv,  hurnt  hricks,  pieces  t)f  human  hones,  and 
tVa'iiiu'i'.s  of  ruined  walls.  Of  the  ohjects  tako!<  from 
ilic  timuli  or  found  in  the  vicinity,  ovi-r  twenty  were 
(lisi  ■jhcd  and  sketched  hy  l)u[)aix  and  (astnneda. 

;     A    st>ated    human    iinnu'e    with    arms    and    leL»\s 
di'vi  d  as  shown  in  the  cut.    It  is  carved  from  a  gray- 


Stoiu'  "^(.itr.o  Irom  Ziicliila. 

i-li  vi'llow  0-!  indstoni'-liko  material,  and  is  nhout  a  foot 
ill  liii'^lit.  It  was  iound  in  a  tond»  tuni'tlier  with 
>"U\r  limiian  hones.  The  rear  ^icw  in  the  original 
>liin\s  till'  hair  falling' «lown  tile  hack  and  cut  s(|uare 
;i'it'>s;  wliilo  the  helt  ahout  tlu'  vaist  is  pass(>(l  hc- 
twciii  ill,'  I, .MS  and  is  tied  in  a  knot  hcliind.  '2.  A. 
■-'■itri'  ,,  iii.ui  fioiu'e  in  o'ranite,  eighteen  inclu's  liii^h. 
iIk'  ainis,  iVom  elhow  to  wrist,  are  free  from  tlu'  l>')dy, 
;iii(l  till'  hands  rest  on  the  kuei's.  A  strini;'  'A'  heads 
"1'  |Harls  is  suspended  iVom  the  neck,  and  a  mask  w  i(h 
'I'ltastir  tioin-(.'s  in  relief  covers  the  fac*'.  in  (hi>  top 
"1  ilii  Iic.id  is  a  hollow,  and  (he  ima:;-e  seen>s  to  luive 


\..l..  IV. 


:•► 


886 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  OAJACA. 


leen  designed,  like  many  others  in  the  same  looulitv, 
for  a  vase  or,  perhaps,  a  torch-bearer.  3.  A  stated 
human  figure,  twenty-seven  inches  high,  cut  iVoiii 
white  marble  and  painted  red.  The  arms  and  ImmK- 
are  concealed  by  a  kind  of  semicircular  ca|)o.  Tho 
hands  appear  below  the  capo,  holding  some  intlus(iil)a- 
ble  object.  A  necklace  of  beads  or  pearls  surrouiuls 
the  neck,  the  face  is  apparently  masked  or  at  lea.st  tin,' 
features  are  ideally  fantastic,  and  an  immense  head- 
dress, as  lariife  as  all  the  rest  of  the  fiyuic,  sur- 
mounts  the  whole  in  semicircular  form.  A  serpent 
appears  among  the  emblems  of  the  head-dress.-^  ! 
A  stone  twenty-seven  inches  long,  twelve  indies 
high,  and  three  inches  thick,  of  very  hard  and  heavv 
material.  On  one  side,  within  a  plain  border,  aic 
four  human  figuies  in  low  relief,  two  on  eaeli  sido 
facing  a  kind  of  altar  in  the  middle.  All  are  s(|uat- 
ting  cross-legged,  one  has  clearly  a  beard,  and  another 
has  a  bird — called  by  Dupaix  an  eagle,  as  is  his  cus- 
tom respecting  every  bird-like  sculj)ture — f'onniii;^'  a 
part  of  his  head-dress.  The  stone  was  badly  lirokeii, 
but  seem  to  have  been  carried  by  the  finder  to  Mex- 
ico.^" 5.  A  bird  bearing  considerable  likeness  to  a!i 
eagle,  liolding  a  serpent  in  its  beak  and  claws.  This 
figure  was  scul})tured  in  low  relief  on  a  blocdv  oi'  hard 
sandstone  three  feet  square,  built  into  a  modern  wall. 
6.  A  human  face,  nuich  like  what  is  in  modern  times 
drawn  to  represent  the  full  moon,  three  feet  in  diam- 
eter, and  also  built  into  a  wall.  The  material  is  a 
brilliant  gray  marble.  7.  Three  fragments  witli 
sculptured   surfaces,  one  of  which  has  among  other 

25 'EIlo  ropn-sciite  iiii  <lieu  dont  Ips  attriltiita  raracti'risoiit  Ic  priiiripi^ 
actif  <le  la  nature  (pii  inddiiit  li's  t^raiiis  ct  Ics  fruits.  ("I'st  li' iliiii  i|iii 
cree,  cdiiservo  t^t  est  i-ii  lio.stilittj  poriiiaut'iite  avf,  lo  (ienif  dcsinirlciir  i|im 
j^ouveriio  luinsi  le  iiioiido.  Son  «'a.s(|uc  ou  ssiiu  iliadenie,  oniltnij;!'  >l'iiii  |''- 
nai'luM-oiisidi.'ral)lu  et  i|ni  atti'sto  .sou  iinportaiici',  <>st  orni'  dc  Im  tiiinuli' 
(•(uileuvri',  UDUiiiK-u  aussi  par  Ics  astniiionies  niodcrncs  lo  .srr/inil  il' Ij'i,  <1"1i' 
la  pruaetu'c  dans  le  eiel  auuonce  la  saiscui  des  recoites.'  Lcimir.  in  •' "'.'.'/■ 
M(.e.,  Unix,  ii.,  div.  i.,  pp.  .")7-8.  Cut  also  in  Mttijir's  Olis.,  p.  .TJ.  ]il.  m . 
from  the  ori;;inal  which  is  preserved  in  Me.xieo. 

!"*  I'iate  ulso  ill  Goiidru,   in  Prcucutt,   Hist.  Conq.  Mr.r..  tm".  ii:  .  I'l' 
C4-5,  pi.  xi. 


l\ 


RELICS  AT  ZACIIILA. 


887 


fiivnros  several  that  seem  to  represent  flowers.  8,  9. 
Two  niiisked  images,  siniiJar  in  some  respects  to  No. 
2,  l)ut  of  terra-cotta  instead  of  stone.  One  of  tliem 
is  shown  in  the  cut.     They  are  about  a  foot  and  a 


Terra-Cotta  Image— Zachila. 

half  lii.uh,  hollow,  and  present  some  indications,  in 
the  form  of  a  oocket  at  the  back  of  the  liuad,  of  liav- 
\\\'^  been  intended  to  hohl  torches.^^  10.  A  terra- 
cotta fi^^ure,  about  nine  inclies  liigh,  ajiparently  i"ep- 
ivse'iitiiin-  a  female  clad  in  a  very  peculiar  drt'ss,  as 
tehuw!;  ill   the  cut.-*^     11.   An  earthen   cylinder,   live 


Tcrra»rotta  Itnagc— Zacliila. 


^  >  i-'ii'sof  plates  in  Mityrr'.s  Ohs.,  p.  32,  pi.  iii.;  Iff.,  .Vr.r.  A:frr,  etc., 
VM.  ii,,  p|,._-J|S-l;). 

'"  Kup.iix  siiysdf  tliis  iniatrc;  '  KHe  parliriiic  iin  yn'ii  ilii  stylf  i';,'\  jiticn. 
'•uit.>t  iiiuMMtetle  tiiii.-*  vt'teiueiitf.  i|iii  iToiseiit  Tuii  siir  I'uiilic  »}iiiotri<|iie- 


'i:ii 


S'  J  'I 


388 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  OAJACA. 


inches  in  dianiv'tcr  and  nine  inclies  liig'li,  on  tlic  ton 
oF  wliicli  is  a  liead,  possiljly  the  caricatui'o  of  a  dt^, 
from  wliose  open  jaws  looks  out  a  tolerahly  wtll- 
formed  human  iace.  12-17.  Six  heads  of  animals  or 
monsters  in  terra  cotta.  18-'2."3.  Six  earthen  dislus 
of  various  forms,  one  of  wliieh,  in  tlie  form  of  a 
platter,  has  within  it  a  re})resentation  in  clay  of  a 
human  ,'kull. 

A  ttM.  '>  '-  said  to  have  heen  opened  at  Zadiila  in 
Avliiclt  wc  ••■oral  tiers  of  earthen  platters,  cmcIi  cdii- 

t. lining  a  sk^  ;.  Some  of  the  vesstjls  have  hollow  1l'i.;s 
with  small  halls,  which  rattle  ^^•hen  they  ai'c  iiiovcd.-^ 
At  Cuilapa,  some  distance  north-east  of  Za«'liila,  tlic 
existence  of  tumuli  is  mentioned,  hut  a  (Jerniaii  ix- 
plorer,  who  visited  the  locality  Mith  a  view  to  (>\hm 
some  of  them,  is  said  to  have  heen  stoned  and  diivrii 
away  hy  the  infuriated  natives,  notwithstaiidiiiL;'  tin; 
fact  that  he  was  i)rovided  with  authority  from  tlio 
local  authorities.^ 


The  finest  and  most  celehrated  o-ronp  of  ruins  In 
Oajaca,  prol)ahly  the  finest  in  the  whole  Xahua  ter- 
ritory, is  that  at  ]\Iitla,  ahout  thirty  miles  slightly 
south  of  east  from  the  capital,  and  eight  or  nine  niiks 

ir.ont,  et  qui  sout  Itnnli's  do  frnii<:es.  La  tote  est  ovik'o  tic  trox-  ipii  tmit 
(U'viiicr  li!  sexc;  Ics  (iri'illcs  ct  lo  c<tii  soiit  jiarc's  dc  liijoiix;  I'liiiii  tmiti'  iilli' 
li^iire  est  I'tiaiiLre.'  iid  ex|ied.,  ]).  40.  This  iiiiaj^c  in  llie  (i|iiiiiuii  nt  .M. 
Leiinir.  .I////7.  j/'.c,  tmii.  ii.,  div.  i.,  jjp.  (50-1,  n'lprcsciits  tlic  McNiiuii  ;;iii!- 
di'ss  Tdci,  and  tlic  inccfdinj^  one  the  jiod  of  war.  Iliiil/il(i|iiiciilli.  Him' 
iniaucs  are  now  in  tiie  Mexican  Mnseiiin,  and  plates  of  tliciii  wftv  piili- 
lishcd  hy  Sr  (iondra,  in  I'lrsnitt,  Jlisf.  Cuinj.  J/r.c.,  tuin.  iii.,  pp.  '."'••''.  |'l- 
x\ii.,  wholly  iKMucans  a.Liiccs  with  JA'uoir's  eonclusions  ideal  ih  in.i;  lln'i'i 
with  Aztec  deities,  although  he  agrees  wit  li  Dupaix  respecting  tlnir  |'i"li- 
uhle  use  as  chandeliers. 

■''■' .\uthorilies  on  anti'inities  of  Zaeliila.  Diijini.r.  '2il  ''xpcd..  pp. -H-.i). 
)d.  xlvii.,  lig.  '.t.'>-ll(i;  KiinisliiiviiiKjh,  vol.  v.,  jip.  •Jt>',»-7.S.  vol.  vi..  pji.  t.'i'^-i". 
vid.  iv.,  pi.  xlvii. di.,  lig.  '.tlJ-llT.  '  Kingshorougii  aUo  atiriiiatcs  tig.  Ilsl'.' 
to  Zaciiila,  lint  according  to  the  otlieial  e(lition  the  relics  rcprociilcd  I'V 
those  nuinhers  came  from  Ti/atlan  in  'I'lascala  Lnmir,  in  Anlni.  M'j.. 
toni.  ii.,  div.  i.,  ]ip.  .')7-<i:{.  The  ahoriginal  name  of  the  place  was  /ii.uliil- 
l.ifloo.  lhijuiii\  pp.  .l4-.">.  Iirasseur,  W'st.  Xn/.  dr..  lom.  iii..  p.  47.  >|'c:ik-* 
of  a  fortress  visited  hy  several  trav(ders,  hnilt  hy  Zaachila,  the  gicat  Za- 
iiotee  eoucineror,  on  the  lo|)  of  a  lofty  rock  '2')  leagues  east  of  Oajani 
Nieiition  of  ruins  and  two  cuts  of  figures  in  Ilii\lr<iviiiii  M'J-,  toiii.  iii,  M'' 
3li7    S.   tS(»;    h'srii/ini  and  IJniia.    Mij.  Hist.  Ih'sirip.,  )!.  "J'-'ti. 

^"  E-h-hU'ik  and  IJuiitt,  Mj.  Ilmt.  Lc.scriji.,  p.  -J'-'ti;  Fossiij,  .lA  -•..  Y-'^''^- 


MITLA-IIOME  ur  THE  DEAD. 


obJ 


nortli-east  of  Tlacolula.  Hero  was  a  o'voat  roli^'ious 
ci'iitio  ol'tuii  mentioned  in  the  traditional  aiuials  ot"  tlie 
Zajintecs.  The  original  name  seems  to  have  heen 
hioliaa,  or  Yohaa,  'the  ])laoe  of  tombs,'  called  by  tlie 
Aztecs  ^riijuitlan,  Mictlan,  or  Mitla,  'jdaee  of  sad- 
ness,' '(Iw'cllin^-  of  the  dead,'  often  nsed  in  the  sense 
(if  •lull.  '^  The  buildings  at  Mitla  were  at  least  ))ar- 
tiallv  in  ruins  when  the  Spaniards  came,  but  their  di- 
i.HiiJation  probably  dated  only  from  the  Herce  con- 
ti'sts  waned  bv  the  Zapoteo  kings  against  the  Aztec 
|i()\V('rs  in  Aiuiliuat  u  u'ing  one  or  two  centuries  pre- 
ceding the  (.-on([Uest;  and  as  we  shall  see  later  there 
is  no  reason  whatever  to  doubt  that  the  place  was 
(iirupied  by  the  Zaj»(jtec  })riesthood  during  t^  e  long 
period  of  that  natit)n's  supremacy  in  Uajaca  and  the 
.siuitlit'rn  Anahuac.*" 

The  gloomy  asj)ect  of  the  locality  accords  well  with 
tile  (li'oad  signiHcation  of  its  name.  The  ruins  stand 
ill  the  most  desolate  ])ortion  of  central  Oajaca,  in  a. 
lii'^li,  nai'row  valley,  surrf)unded  by  bare  and  barren 
hills  The  soil  is  a  powdery  sand,  which  su}»i)(jrts  no 
vegtatiou  save  a  few  scattered  pitahayas,  and  is  borne 
throiiiiii  the  air  in  clouds  of  dust  bv  the  cold  dry 
wind  which  is  almost  continually  blowing.  A  stream 
with  [)arched  and  shadeless  banks  Hows  through  the 
Valley,  hcctuning  a  torrent  in  the  rainy  season,  when 
the  adjoining  country  is  often  flooded.  No  hirds  sing 
iirtli)wei's  l)loom  over  the  reniains  of  the  Zapotcc  heroes, 
iiiit  Venomous  spiders  and  scin'pions  are  abundant.  Yet 
ii  Miudern  villa''-e  with  few  iidiahitants  stands  amid  the 

o 

^'  I.tiitia,  'Scjiultiira;'  Mii|iiitliiii.  'iiifii'rno  <^  Imtmi-  di'  fri^tczii.'  fiii. 
P'li.i',  "Jil  cxprd.,  p.  ;{(t.  Li'itUu,  or  Euiva,  'sijHdhin;'  Miiiiiilln n,  •lieu 
'li' iir'siiliilldii,  lieu  (Ic  tristi'ssc'  '  Hinitliii/i/f,  I'mw  tciiii.  ii.,  |i|i.  "JTS-'.t.  \'i)- 
]yM,  l,vn|p|i.  (ir  Voliaii,  'tcnc  des  totiilics; '  Mictlan,  'Ni'jiiiir  des  Moits.' 
l'iiii-i.<i,i,- J,  l!tiiir/iiiiir<i,  Hist.  Xiit,  ('ii'.,  toiri.  i.,  )i|i.  liO^-.'),  tmii.  iii.,  \k  !1. 
i-iipliaii.  '|i1mi'i' of  n'sl.'  S(ir.  Mr.r.  (ti'iiij.,  linhthi,  loin,  vii.,  |i.   170. 

^'  '("no,  llaiiiado  Mictlan,  i|UO  ((uicre  dccir  inticrno  I'l  lii;;ar  dc  inucitos, 
iiilo  ImiIhi  CM  ti(.||||i()s  pasadns,  |sc;;nn  liallaroii  las  nincstrasi  cdilicios  mas 
imlalilcs  y  dc  vcr  (|uc  cii  otra  parte  de  la  Nucvii  Kspaua.  Ilulio  uu  teniplo 
lii'l  ilciriiiiiid  y  apoMMitos  do  sns  niiiiistros,  inaravillosa  cosa  I'l  la  vista,  en 
t^lifcial  una  sala  conio  de  artosones,  y  la  ol)ra  era  lal>iada  tie  pieilra  ile  niu- 
iliiis  laziis  y  luliores.'  Mindivla,  Hint.  Erlis.,  pp.  WXtA'}-,  linnj'ja,  Dcscrip, 
i^cuj.,  luui.  ii,,  t'ul.  '2M,  etc. 


390 


AXTKiUITIES  OF  OAJACA. 


ruins,  and  the  natives  <^o  tlirou^'li  forms  of  wor.slijj)  in 
honor  of  a  foreign  deity  in  a  modern  churcli  over  the 
tomhs  of  tlieir  ancestors'  kings  and  priests,  ^v hu.su 
faith  they  were   long  since  forced  to  ahandon.'" 

^lost  of  the  early  Spanish  chroniclers  s}H';ik  of 
Mitla  and  of  the  traditions  connected  with  the  ])liur, 
hut  what  may  he  called  the  modern  exploration  of  the 
structures,  as  relics  of  antiquity,  dates  from  the  ycur 
1802,  when  Don  Luis  Martin  and  Col.  de  la  Liigiiiia 
from  Mexico  visited  and  sketched  the  ruins,  it  was 
from  Martin  and  from  his  drawings  in  the  hands  of 
the  MiJ'quis  of  Branciforte,  that  Humholdt  ol)taiiu;d 
his  information.  In  August  1800,  Dupaix  arid  L'as- 
tancda  reached  Mitla  in  their  second  exploring  tour. 
In  1830,  the  German  traveler  Miihlenpfordt,  duiiiiLf 
a  residence  in  the  country,  made  plans  and  drawiiiLjs 
of  the  remains,  copies  of  which  were  retained  l»y  .liian 
B.  Carriedo  and  afterwards  puhlished  in  a  ^Mexican 
])eriodical.  Drawings  were  also  made  hy  one  Saw- 
kins  in  1837,  and  pul)lished  hy  Mr  Brantz  ]\Iayor  in 
a  work  on  Z;-potec  antiquities.  ^[.  de  Fossey  was  at 
Mitla  in  1838,  hut  his  descrii)tion  is  made  u[)  rliicHy 
from  other  sources.  Sr  Carriedo,  already  mentioiit'd, 
wrote  for  the  f/asfracion  Mcjicana,  a  statement  of  tliu 
condition  of  the  ruins  in  1852,  with  measures  wIiIlIi 
had  been,  or  ought  to  be,  taken  by  the  govornnitiit 
for  their  preservation.  Mr  Arthur  von  Tcin|isky 
spent  part  of  a  day  at  the  ruins  in  February,  Ih54, 
})ublishing  a  description  with  several  })lates  in  tlic 
account  of  his  Mexican  travels  which  he  nauail 
Mitla.  Jose  ]\Iaria  Carci'a  saw  the  ruins  in  Octolxr, 
1855,    as   is   stated    in  the    bulletin  of  the  ^hxicaii 

3^  'Du  liaut  dc  la  fortercssc  do  Mitla,  la  w\e  ploiif^c  rlaiis  la  viillic  it  sc 
repoMc  avec  tristesse  siir  iles  roclu's  iii'K'os  et  ile.s  solitudi's  aiiilcs.  wniv^y  ili' 
(Icstnictioii  jirojire  ii  relevcr  ri'tl'tit  dos  palais  de  Liid)aa.  In  tdirciii  ircaii 
na]ei!(?),  (|iii  !sc  jfontlo  avoc  la  tL'iii|)Ote,  coiiit'  au  iniliini  'les  salilcs  imuhIiciix 
<iu'il  ciitraine  avei;  lui.  Les  rives  sunt  s^clies  et  sans  ornlna^^'cs;  m  I'tiinf 
voit-on  lie  distance  en  distance  iineliiiies  nopals  nains,  on  (|tic]iiiii's  iinivriiTH 
du  PeroM,  uiissi  inai<,'res  tjne  le  terrain  oil  ils  ont  j)ris  racine.  SiuliMii'iit, 
du  Cote  du  village,  la  verdure  sombre  des  niagueys  et,  des  cactus  i\->\\w  an 
tableau  I'aspect  d'un  jardiii  d'liiver  plaute  (le  buis  et  de  sapius.'  t'omij, 
Mi'j^iqitc,  J).  371. 


F.XPLORATIOX  OF  MITLA. 


891 


)X  .llUlll 
IcXK'ilU 

(i  S;iw- 

iiyor  ill 

was  at 

t'liicHy 

tioiied, 

ot'thu 

wiiicli 

IllllCllt 

npsky 

,1.^54, 

ill  tlu; 

1  Kill  ml 

(■tiihi'i', 

Ii'xicaii 

iiiiiV  I't  ^e 
iiii;i:;('  ill" 

■rnii  'I'l'iui 
|iiinilri'iix 

-;  M    |ifilli! 

V'uli'llll'll'. 

iloiiiic  an 


( !('oi;rn]tliii'al  Society,  l)ut  no  description  resulted  from 
his  cxploi'.itiun.  Finally  Charnay  came  in  1859,  and 
>ii(C(.'c(led  after  many  ditHculties  in  obtaining  a  series 
,,(■  most  valuable  and  interestiiiL,'  i)liot()ii;'ra|)lis.''* 

The  number  of  ruined  editices  at  ^fitla  is  variouslv 
>tati'(i  by  (liferent  autliors,  aecordmLf  to  their  methods 
lit'  cMuutiiiiL;';  for  instance,  one  explorer  reckons  four 
hiiihliii"s  euclosiny,"  a  court  as  one  i)alace,  another  as 

5>  lfiiii(!"ifi//,  Viirs,  toiii.  ii.,  pp.  278-85,  pi.  xvii-viii.,  fol.  cd.,  pi.  xlix-l; 
//..ill.!////'/.  .1/('.<'.,  toiii.  i.,  (liv.  ii.,  pp.  2S-;{(),  siip!.  pi.  viii.;  /(/.,  A'.s.siii 
I'.J..  |i]i  •Jii.'i-.'t.  Ilunilxildt  .speaks  oi  Aliutiii  as  '  iin  arcliitccto  nicKicaiu 
nvsili-iiiiu'iit'.'  I)ii/Hiix,  '2il  L'.vpcd.,   i)p.   ;U)-44,  ]il.   xxix-xlvi.,   li;^.  78-!).'<; 


wvii-xli. 


//(,    vol.    v.,    pp.    "irw-OS,     Vol.    vi.,    pp.    447-.")(),    vol.    iv.,    j 
ii''.    81-flr>;     Lntoir,    in   Ati/io.    3Ic,r.,    toni.    i.,    <liv.    ii.,    u 


.1. 


•_':!-»,  ")2-7 


.Miilileii)>fonlt,  Mrjifo,  toiii.  i.,  prcf.,  ]).  .">,  claims  to  have 
lici'ii  fur  some  time  Director  of  road-constniction  in  tiie  state  of  Oajaca, 
iiiil  >t:it('s  liis  iiitciitioii  of  publishing;  at  some  future  time  IS  or  '_'()  lar;fe 
i,i|i|nM'|ilatc  eii;;raviiij;s  illiistratiiij;-  the  antiquities  of  Mitla  and  others, 


:alc: 


u>  tar  as 


I  k 


now,  Imvc  nevei 


<qven  to  the 


Car- 


IKiuied  .Miihlenpfordt,  or  Miheienpforott  as  he  writes  the  name, 
1  |)ulili>iM'd  some  of  the  dra\vin;;s,  ]ierhaps  all,  in  the  IlnslnifiiDi  M<'ji- 
II.  tdiii.  ii..  pp.  493-8.  Some  of  the  (ierman  arti.sts'  de.^.riptive  text  is 
ii|iiiilcil  fiom  I  know  not  what  source.  Tcinjislcifis  Mitla,  pp.  'ioO-.S,  with 
t  have  been  made  iii>  for  the  most  part  from  otlier  sources 


nil's  w 


lii.'h 


tli;iii  till' author's  own  observations.     (.Jarcia's  visit,  >V 

/. 


Mrx.  (iriiif,,  111 
tiiiii.  vii.,  pp.  •271--.  Sawkin's  exploration,  in  Mnfrrs  Ohsirnilioiis, 
|i.  'JS.  I't  sei|.,  with  plates.  It  will  he  shown  later  tiiat  Mr  Sawkiiis'  draw- 
ings nil'  without  value  to  the  archa'oloj;ical  student.  I'ossey's  account, 
1/  ii'iiii\  pp.  ■■{(>.")-7(»;  Chiininji,  Jiiiiiies  Aiiur.,  pp.  "itil-O,  phot,  ii-xviii.; 
\',i,lhi./,./>/ii\  ill  III.,  pp.  74-104,  with  cuts.  After  Charnay  had  coiii- 
I'ii'U'il.  as  he  ihou^ht,  the  work  of  jihotojiraphiiif;  the  ruins,  all  his  ne;j;a- 
tivi's  well'  spoiled  for  want  of  proper  varnish.  He  was  therefore  coini)elleil 
t'lntiini  alone,  since  he  had  exhausted  the  somewhat  limited  jiatience  of 
lii^  iiali\i'  assistaut.s,  and  to  work  day  and  iii;j;ht  to  take  a  new  set  of  ))ie- 
iinvs.  Miiller,  Jlri.srn,  toni.  ii.,  jip.  '270-81,  seems  also  to  have  made  a  ]ier- 
Miiiai  ('\|iloi'atioii.     (Uher  references  for  Mitla  containiii<j  no  ori'Miial  infor- 


iiialiiMi  are  as  follows:  —  linliln't 

111  1 1 
.1,. 


At 


j.p, 


11 


iTl,  Wl 


th  t 


wo  cuts 


II  Cliaiuay  and  two  from  Tempsky,  all  jjiveii  in  my  text,     dullatii),  in 
/.,   v(d.   !.,  ]>.    17.'{;  liriiitfiird'a  Anin:  Antlq., 


El  In 
I'll.  SVd;   L, 

li'l- 


1/. 


(•/'/••v 


tni'lirrr,  in  Xoiinllrs  Ainmlrs  ilr.f  I'oi/.,  tom.    xxxiv.,    ]ip. 

iiiiih<i,'\\\  Prrsrolt,  Hisl.  Ciiiiq.  Mix.,  U)\\\.   iii.,   ]>]».  *.M)-5,  ]il.   xvii.; 

Mi.i:  unit  Witti,  i)p.  ^ol-ll;  III.,  Ml. I-.  Aziir,  vol.  ii.,  \)\\.  '2i:M(i; 
iM'iiiiii.  Viil/iir-disr/iir/ifi',  torn,  v.,  jip.  ir)7-(i<);  Munlil,  fnifni/i,  tom.  i., 
I'p.  ".iTll-l;  /'/.,  Trinrl.s,  p.  92;  Mitlhr,  Amrrihiiiusrhr  I'rrrliijiitnni,  j).  4t»2; 
I'ri.mitt'.i  .]fi\y:.,  vol.  i.,  )).  14,  vol.  iii.,  pjt.  4()l-ti;  .Miillr-llrid),  I'nii.i  ilc  hi 
''""/.,  toni.  vi.,  p.  4(i3;  Mr.iintiii.sr/ii-  Ziitfiniilr,  tom.  i.,  )i]t.  4().'i-4;  ll'u/i/iini.^, 


II, 


il.,   p.    1(V2;  I.riiipriirr,    Mr.rii/iir,  li.    144;  lliissil,  Mc.r.   (hint.,   ]i. 
iiiisii,  Miiuiifil  (ri'oii.,  i>.  ]'i't;  EaritliTit  and  IJnint,  Mr.r.,  iii).  327- 


pp. 


line  as  in  Fo.s.sctf;  Litfniiil,   Vni/fifj/s,  tom.  i.,  p.  139;  liuiiiii/ra.'i 


lie's 


■^/I'lii. 


.liiirr.,  vid.  i.,  p.  154,  vol.  ii.,  p.  '233;  D'Orhiipiif,  ]'itifiiifr,  p.  350; 
i''iiiii'i'r's  .Mr.r.  Glint.,  vol.  ii.,  i)p.  13(»-4;  Ditlbf,  Ritrr.s  Itiiliii.,  jip.  lG-17: 
}li<-<iillir,;nff,  Lif,-  Hitmlmlilt,  pp.  314-15;  'Mill.s'  Hi.tf.  Mcr.,  p.  158; 
M'.rin,iii  IS'i.',  p.  77;  Uriissinr  (le  ISniirhuiirff,  Ilist.  Nat.  dr.,  torn.  ii..  p. 
lii">;  l.iirriniiiilii'ir,  .W-x.  Glial.,  pi.  ii-vi.,  from  Dupaix;  Delajicld's  Antiq. 
Ama\,  pp.  55,  59-GO. 


:!■  iisi 


802 


RUINS  OF  MITLA. 


four.  Tlio  only  general  i)lan  ever  puMislied  is  tlint 
inado  by  Miihlcnpfordt,  and  publislied  l»y  Cairiedu, 
from  wliich  the  annexed  cut  waH  prepared.^'     ^lu.st  v( 


t 


i 


cza 


D 


d^ 


D 


'Cr 


General  Plan  of  Mitlii. 


the  visitors,  liowever,  say  soniethino-  of  tlio  lioni'i/i^'  df 
some  of  the  huiklinos  from  the  others,  and  tlu.t'  an 
only  very  i'ew  instances  where  such  remai'ks  scriM  to 
differ  from  the  ]»lan  1   have  jjfiven.     The  stnictuivs 
usually  spoken  of  as  palaces  or  temples,  are  loiir  in 

35  Cliarnay,  phot,  xvii.,  f^ivcH  a  general  view  of  tlio  ruins,  from  wliirli. 
however,  no  clear  idea  can  lie  fornicil  of  the  arran;.'enu'iit  of  tlic  >piiiiiin« 
The  hnihlinjfs  are  named  or  nuiniiered  as  follows  1>\-  (he  (liHiTciii  :niilii'i>; 
Dupaixnuinherstlieni  astliey  are  marked  on  my  plan;  Carricdoaiicl  Miilili  n- 
pfordt  nnite  Xos.  1  and  2  nnder  the  name  of  1st  I'alai'e,  niakiiii:  N"  •"!  ^" 
2,  and  No.  t  No.  3;  Charnay's  1st  or  f>rand  palace  is  liie  northcni  IniililiiiL' 
of  No.  1;  his  2d  is  the  eastern  hnildin^j;  of  the  same;  his  Hd  and  lili  intiln' 
northern  and  western  lniildin;?s  respectively  of  No.  2.  My  No,  ;!  is  rnllcil 
hy  him  the  Honse  of  the  Curute,  and  No.  4  in  only  mentioned  l>y  liim  ^'i'''' 
out  name  or  number. 


(iUANI)  IWLAt'K 


3'.):} 


nuinlH'V,  iiinrkcd  I,  2,  3,  aiul  4;  5  and  7  Jiro  pyramids, 
moiiiids,  or  altars;  and  G  .shows  tlie  position  of  the 
hoiisrs  in  the  modern  village. 

I  ln^in  with  the  best  preserved  of  all,  jialace 
Xo.  1  of  the  plan.^"  The  arrangement  of  its  three 
hiiildiiii^s  is  shown  in  the  ac'«'()mj>aiiying  ground 
plan,  a  reduction  from  Castaneda's  drawing.     Three 


Gronnd  Plan  of  Palace  No.  1. 

low  ohlong  mounds,  prohahly  of  rough  stones,  only 
five  <))•  six:  feet  high,  enclose  on  the  east,  noi'th,  and 
Mcst,  a  c  urt,  E,  whose  tlimensions  are  in  general 
terms  one  hundred  and  twenty  hy  one  hundred  and 
thirty  feet,  and  each  of  the  mounds  su})ports  a  stone 
Ituildiiig.  The  walls  of  the  northern  building  -.we 
still  in  a  tolerable  state  of  j)reservation ;  the  eastein 
une  lias  mostly  fallen,  and  of  that  on  the  west  only 

^1  At  tlio  CoiKincst  tlic  riiiiiH  covered  an  immense  .area,  1)«t  they  tidw 
consist  of  six  iiaiucc«  and  three  ruined  i)yraniid».  C/ianiai/,  liuiucti  Aiinr., 
[>.  201. 


a: 

ft" 


I  ht ! 


H 


394 


UU IXS  OF  MITLA. 


slio'lit  tnicos  of  tlio  fomidiitions  n^mnin.  Tt  is  j  i»>si- 
l)le  that  orin'iiiiilly  tliui'u  was  a  toiirth  iiioiiiul,  uitli 
or  witliout  its  biiildiiin-,  on  the  south."" 

The  lateral  ))uihhii!^s,  <l,  J,  are  ahout  iiinettcii  liv 
ninetv-six  feet  on  the  mTouiicl.  Of  the  iioithcrn 
Imihling,  the  southern  ])ortion,  A,  is  about  thirtv-six 
hy  a  hundred  and  thirty  feet,  the  nortliern  portion,  (', 
sixty-one  feet  s(juare,  and  the  whole  not  liii-  fidiii 
eio'hteen  feet  hij^h,  the  walls  l»eini4'  from  ft>ur  td  ninr 
feet  in  thifkness.'"^  Other  details  will  \tv  Kadilv 
learned  from  the  ])lan.      Three  doorways  o|k'Ii  on  tlic 


e< 


)urt  from  each  huildiniif,  and  a  bioad  stairw;iv  o|' 


ll'W 


stejis  leads  up  to  the  doorways,  at  least  on  tiio  iioitli. 
The  southern  win<^  of  the  northern  laiildiuL;,  A  of 

if.sr 
known  and  one  of  the  best  preserved  of  all;  and  tlu' 


the    ])lan,    may    be    first    described,    beinii^   tlic   1 


I  one  of  the  best  preserved  of  a 
structure  of  the  walls  naturally  claims  attention  first. 
In  Yucatan  we  have  found  a  filling-  of  rou^li  stones 
and  cement,  faced  on  botli  exterior  and  interior  with 
hewn  blocks;  at  ]*alen(jue  the  walls  ai'e  built  en- 
tirely of  hewn  stone;  at  ^litla  the  mode  of  constr 
tion  somewhat  resenddes  that  in  Yucatan,  but 
tillino'  st'cnis  to  be  clav,  instead  of  C(;ment,  an  it 


w 


I  nil 


adi 


•oul 


mixture  ot  n-reoular  stones,  varynio-  m  (|U,!iitity  ii 


ditfereiit  parts  of  the  walls. 


39 


^"  Diipaix's  jirounil   i)lan.  pi.  xxix.,  fij;'.  7S,  roprcspnfs  siicl 


I  n  siiiiiliciii 


Imildiii;;' and  iiiminil,  altlioui;!!  vcrv  sli'jlit,   if  aiiv,   liai'fs  iciiiMiinii  "i  tin 


f(i 


at  tlie  tiiiu'  of  liis  visit.     .Marti 


11  ,S   ]! 


Ian,  ''ivcii  iiv  11iiiii1mi1(||,  ^ll(l^vs 


two  slioitiT  iiioiiiuls  witliout  ))iiiiiliii;j:.s;  whilo   Cariii'ilo's  jiiaii   Imiiii's  iki 
stnicturt'  wliati'ver  south  of  the  court,  and  I  have  omitted  it  in  \\\\  |>l.i 


'■''*  Tiie  dimensions  are  very  nearly  those  of  the  ])]ans  of  .Maili 


„IC 


tanoda,  who  diller  only  very  .sli<,ditly.     The  dimensions  <;iven  hy  the  iliU'cr- 
ent  autiiorititss  are  as   follows:     A.    12^x474  varas.   Canto fiviln;    l.'iix-lli' 


varas. 


Mart 


run. 


111 


lliouhtihlt;    40  metres   lonj;,   C/ainiai/;    ISO  t'ei't 


Ti'iii/is/,//;  \IV2  feet  Ion;;,  Fosari/,  C.  '2'2x22  varas,  Casfaiiri/ii  and  Mai-lin; 
(/,  7y.li'<!i  \i\n\s,  Casta iln fa;  7ix344  varas,  Martin.  Walls  U  to  lil  vimis 
fiiiek,  Casta uitla;  U  varas,  Martin.  Hci;;ht  5  to  (!  metres.  Ihi.nhnhlt; 
14  feet,  Fos.siji.  The  hei;;ht  of  the  inner  coliinins,  to  he  s])oUeii  <ii  liiUr, 
siiows  sometiiiii^'  respeetin;;  the  ori^nnal  hei;,dit  of  tin-  walls. 

39  Charnay,  ]>.  2(14,  deserihes  the  material  of  this  (illin;;  as  'terie  li.ittiic, 
melee  de  pos  eaillou.\.'  His  jihoto^raphs  of  walls  where  the  fai  iiiu  li;i> 
fallen  show  in  some  ]>la('es  a  mass  of  lar^e  irregular  stones,  even  liiiil  witii 
siMiie  re;j;uhirity  in  a  few  instanees;  in  other  ])arts  of  the  ruins  tlnic  sccin 
to  Ije  very  few  stones,  but  only  a  mass  of  earth  or  elay;  and  in  siiH  "iln^i 
parts  the  wall  has  every  apjiearanee  of  regular  adoiies.  I)iipai\.  |>.  ''>'\ 
Bays  that  suiul  uud  lime  are  nii.xed  with  the  earth.     'El  iiiaiizo,  "  -nii.'>u 


CONSTUrCTION  OF  WALLS. 


T!ic  cxtt-rior  fjifiii<if  of  tlu-  wall  is  shown  vn-v 
iliiirlv  liv  tlio  two  tolluwiijuc  cuts,  which  rcpresLMit 
ilif  southern  fii^'ade  of  the  l)uil(lini^-,  A,  iis  seen  IVoni 
ihf  couit.  The  first  cut  I  luivo  reducucl  ])hoto- 
Mi:i|ihi<'aliy  from  Charnay's  orio-iiial  photoj^raph ;  tho 
siritiid,  sliowiui^  tho  rest  of  tho  facade,  was  tak«!ii 
tiMiii  the  same  |)hoto<^ra|>h  for  IVfr  JJaldwiii's  work. 
The  faciuLf  is  of  stone  blocks  cut  in  diti'ereut  I'onns 
,111(1  sizes,  phiocd  against  or  in  some  cases  slii^htly 
iMiutiatiui,''  tho  inner  filliui''.  First,  a  doid)le  tier  of 
vtiv  lai'i^e  blocks  are  phuted  as  a  base  alon;^  the  sur- 
t';ic.'  ot"  the  su])|)ortini*'  mound,  projecting*  two  or  tliree 
tirt  fi'oMi  the  line  of  the  wall,  the  stones  of  the  ii|)|)or 


til  r  slojtuiuf  inwar 


d.      On  this  base  is  erected  a  kind 


tVame-work  of  lars^e  liewn  blocks  with  }>erfectly 
]il;iiii  uiiscul[)tured  fronts,  which  divide  the  surface  of 
till,'  wall  into  obloui^  panels  of  different  dimensions. 
These  panels  arc  then  filled  with  a  peculiar  mosaic 
of  small  brick-shajied  blocks  of  stone  of  differ- 
t  si/.es,  set  in  different  positions,  so  as  to  form  si 
Liivat  variety  of  reo-ular  patterns,  usually  siK>ken  of  as 
No  mortar  seems  to  have  been  empl(.)yed 


Will' 


vw 


;Tuc(iuus 


lUl 


ill'  las  pMicdos  so  componp  do  una  tiiM-r.-i  inozclnda  y  iKMioficiadii  con  aroiia  y 

I  il.'    '])(:  tii'ira  |in>|iai'aila,  liollaila  <»  ticiii'liriada  ciiainlo  t'icsca  y  ])ast()sa.' 

TiiM|isky,  \i.  vl'tl,  (lei'lari's  tho  niatcrial   to  Ik;  roiii^li  hoiildcrs  in  conicnt. 

ll'iiiiliiililt,  \'i(i:i,  torn,  ii.,  ji.  'J.S3,  siieaks  of  'iinu  niasst;  d'arj^iU;  ^ni  paroit 

ii!ii|ilii'  riiiti'rit'ur  di's  inur.s.' 

'"  •|.ii>  nimpartiniieiitos  divididos  por  unos  tabloros  (Miadri!on;io?<,  tcr- 

iiiiiiailiis  |iipr  anas  nioldiiras  cuadradas  ([ue  Hohri'salcn  a  la  iiiica  dc  la  niii- 

ralla,  'uiilii'iicn  en  isiis  pianos  nnas  j^'recas  de  alto  ridicvc  dc  una  liclla 

iiiviiiiii)M,  ]Mi('H  sus  ditaijos  prcst'iitan  unos  cnlai'i's  couiplicados  airc^ilados 

li  una  cxMilisiiiia  ^'coniotria,  I'ou  una  ;,'raudi'  union  entic   las  picdras  (pu; 

l'i>  niiMpiiiica,  las   (pie  sou   de  varios   j,'niesos,  y  conli^^iiiacioncs;  adcuias 

■••■  ailvii'itc  inia  jicrfecta  uivelaei(Mi  en  toda  esta  adniiralde  ensanililadnia  ' 

/'"/w/,i',  •_'d  I'xped.,  p.  .IL     A  mosaic  of  soft  sandstone  cut  in  hlocks  7  x  -i 

>;  I  iinlics,  aad  .ill  forniin;^  a  sniontii  exterior sni'lacc.    Tiiiipshii's  Millie,  pp. 

'.'■'1-2,  Willi  11  verv  faulty  cut.     Tiie  statement  al>ont  tlie  sinoolli  surface  is 
I,;,. I,- .' r.  I. ..1.1..  .i...t .: .1 : {  .1...   1.I....1.  . 


\i,  1  Ue    S(illi*IM('lll    (loom      UK-    MIMMMII    MllliOt*    IM 

'ilaiidv  ciroueoiis,  as  is  probaldy  that  res])cctinj;  the  size  of  the  Idocks. 
'I's  aiahcsipies   forment    uuo   siu'te   <le    mosanpie,    compos(!e   de    petites 


\  I's  aiancsipies   torment    uuo   siu'te   <le    mosanpu^,    composee   de    petites 

iirri's  canccs,  (pii  sont  ])lacecs  avec  beaucoti])  d'art,  les  unes  a  c("it(''  des 

iilivs."  Hiiiiiliiildt,  Viics,  toui.  ii.,  p.  '_'.S3;  with  cuts  of  three  styles  of  this 

msiii'  from  .NLirtin.     'Hri(iuett(>s  de  dillerentes  ^jrandeurs.'     The  iiiodeni 

'  iiiirrli  is  liiiilt  of  stone  from  tlio  ruins.     The  natives  carry  away  the  hlock.s 

III  iiiiisaic  ill  the  helief  that  they  will  turn  to<;(dd.   ('/idrmti/.  Ilninis  Aiiirr., 

I'  '-'.VJ.  'Ji;;!-,'!,     I'liot.  v-vi.,  view  of  southern  fa(;ade.     i'l  dillerciit  stvlcs  of 

;;iiTi|ii,.<  nil  this  front.  Fossry,   Mrri'/iir,  jip.  307-8.     Cuts  of  l(j  dillerei-t 

:)IVlf>N   ill     //i/.'/,.....i'...>      ir.it'        4.^.ki       I'i         1.      "«Ol 


,-  [■ '  ■■■>      iiii.T      II. rill,.      i(/.>  ■!.•.#,       ira'   ,'  I  •  I  " '   ^ 

siyliia  ill  llimlrucion  McJ,,  toni.  ii.,  p.  501. 


''m 


)    !■■ 


P" 


3X5 


liLlNS  OF  .MllLA. 


riUST  l'.\I-A('i:  ATMITLA. 


307 


E?    '-- 


3'M': 


■yiii 


II 


H '  ^' 

P 

398 


RUINS  or  MITLA. 


ill  tills  fj icing- of  stone;  at  least  its  use  is  n^t  incii- 
tioiied  by  any  author,  and  J)M])aix  states  expicsslv 
that  it  is  not  found.  Some  of  the  blocks  used  in  th  ■ 
base,  frame- work  of  the  panels,  and  lintels  of  tlu' 
doorways,  are  very  large.  One  of  the  latter  is  de- 
scribed by  ditferent  writers  as  from  sixteen  iu  ninc- 
teeii  feet  long,  and  is  said  by  Dupaix  to  be  of  gi'anite. 
The  only  sculpture  on  the  facade  is  found  on  tluse 
lintels,  the  surface  of  which  is  re})resented  as  caivcj 
into  regular  figures  in  low  relief,  corresponding  with 
the  mosaic  in  the  panels.  The  doorways  are  iilidut 
seven  feet  wide  and  eight  feet  high,  and  in  tlu'  upjur 
jiart  of  tlie  |)iers  that  sejiarate  tiiem  are  noticed  I'diii- 
round  holes,  which  may  be  supposed,  as  in  other  ali- 
original  structures,  to  have  served  for  the  sn|i|i()it  nt' 
an  awning,  although  the  natives  have  a  tradition  that 
they  were  orii>inalIy  occui)ied  by  stone  lieatls  of  native 
deiti(!s."  The  only  other  peculiarity  to  be  noticed  in 
this  front  is,  that  instead  of  being  ])eri)en(liciilai',  it 
inclines  slightly  outward  from  the  base,  as  do  many 
of  tlie  walls  at  ^[itla." 

The  interior  of  the  building,  A,  has  a  pavcniciit  ef 
flat  stones  covered  with  cement,  which  latter  li;is 
moslly  disappeared.  The  inner  surface  of  the  walls 
is  of  roiigli  stones  and  earth,  probabl}'  the  same  as 
the  interior  tilling,  and  covered  with  a  coat  of  ]»laster. 
a  greater  ])art  of  which  remained  in  1859,  ami  i- 
shown  in  Charnay's  pliotogi-aph ;  there  were  alsi 
traces  of  red  paint  on  thc^^e  walls  in  J)u}»ai\'s  tune. 
There  are  no  windows,  or  other  openings  except  the 

J'  All  Iiidiiin  woiiiiin  whh  roiiortotl  to  liavc  fine  ot  tlic  liciuls  finin  \hr-o 
holes,  liiiilt  into  tin-  Wiillisof  Ikt  house,  lint  it  could  not  lie  foninl.  Iiiij,iil.i. 
tM  e\nc'il.,  p.  ;U. 

■•^  r>('siilt's  tlin  ])liotiijii';iipli  ciiiiied  jiliovc.  Chariiay's  iphotii;.'ra|ili^.  vii- 
viii.,  ini'sent  views  fioin  the  east  and  west,  sliowin;;  that  the  saiiu  >tvlr"t' 
eoiistinctioii  and  oinainentalioii  extends  eoin|det(dy  round  the  liinhliii-'- 
l)ii|iaix"s  |ilale  \x.\.  re|iresenls  tiiis  facade.  Init  shows  only  a  small  |i.iil;"ii 
<it'  the  stoiii'-work.  Kinirslioiinijrh  j,'i\es  in  its  place  a  iiia;riiiliceiit  |ihiti', 
1  X">  feet,  showin;^;  the  wi',,ie  front  restored  in  all  its  details,  lie  ;;iM'^  iiNn 
the  plate  from  AnH'j.  M<.r..  Imt  refers  it  to  the  palace  No.  '1.  pi  '.  ~  \i-.  ti- 
,S."i.  See  descriiition  of  the  walls  ipioted  from  IJiiryoa,  in  Suf.  .'/•  ■■  '"■;'■. 
litihliii  ,\uu\.  \ii.,  |i]i.  I70-|{, 


STONE  COLUMNS. 


899 


(louru.iys;  l)ut  on  the  nortlieni  wull,  ut  ini(l-liei,<»lit, 
tiieic  is  ;i  iiielic,  perhaps  more  tliaii  one,  one  or  two 
\[v[  (li  i|>,  s(|uare  in  form,  and  enehjsed  l»y  lour  hkn-ks 
lit"  stdiic.  Extentliiijjf  in  a  line  along  f'e  centre  of 
this  apartment,  are  six  round  stone  pillars,  <j,  </,  of 
tin'  [ilan,  each  al)out  fourteen  feet  hi^'h,  thi'ee  feet  in 
iliaiiittci-,  and  cut  from  a  sini^-le  l)lock  oi'  porpliyry  or 
LiTuiiitr.  The  t(){)s  are  sliy'litly  smaller  than  the 
liasis,  and  five  or  six  feet  of  each  stone,  iu  additic  n 
to  tin:  height  mentioned,  are  buried  in  the  yround.^' 
The  t'oliuwing  cut  1  take  from  Baldwin's  work,  for 


Interior — South  wiu"  of  the  Fir.st  Puhicc. 


1:  M 


*' "i.H  iiif'trcs  liijrli;  (iiKMliinl  i(f  the  licijilit  Imriccl  in  (lio  jrnininl.  Uinii^ 
liiildf,  r»,.v,  tdni.  ii.,  [I.  "JS'J.  4  vaiiii  aluivf  ^nilaic.  •_'  vains  IicIdw.  I  -am 
iliaiiii'ici-.  /,/.,  ill  Aiitii/.  Mix.,  snppi.  |il.  viii.  Of  llic  n'atfrial.  lliiin- 
lii'Mt -;i\-.:  •t^dicliiucs  ]icis(nin('s.  lii's-iii^truitcs  en  inimrald^^ie.  ni'ont  <lil. 
'I'"'  I'l  |iiriic  est  tin  lican  |Mir|iliyre  ahi|ilillii:!iij;ii':  il'anlrcs  ni'mit  assiin- 
i|Uiiii-t  nil  irii'iiite  |niriilivntii|ne."  I'_*  feet  lii^^li,  '.tj  feet  in  riiemiit'eienee. 
^"M.i/,  .l/,,r.,  |)|i.  ,'{(i7-S.  Aliinii  14  feet  liiLrli,  t'li<irii<iii.  llniitrs  Anicr.,  |i. 
-''■{; 'Vj  VMiie;  iii^li,  1  vara  in  tlianieter,  material  jxranite.  />ii/i(n\i',  ]).  .'U . 
'•\ri' .")  \,uas  liij:li.  /liini'i'i,  in  Sof,  Mi.r.  (Irmi.,  liiihliti,  tinn.  vii.,  ]>.  171. 
l-'ifi't  lii-li.  »  feet  (jianieter,  Tiiii/>.sl,'i/'s  Mi/hi,  ]^.  '2:>:\.  Id  feel  Kll  inrlics 
alidvc  ui'iiiiiil,  liver  (i  fci't  lielow,  .S;\  varas  in  eireninferenee;  material  ]>i>v- 
pliviv  Hii^fi-iirimi  Ml  J.,  toin.  ii..  jii>.  4'.l.')-().  Sii  larue  that  twi,  men  ran 
liiinllynMrJi  mmul  tiiem,  5  fathoms  hiyh.   Mtmliilu,  lli.st.  /A/i.v.,  \\\).  ;W.')-ti. 


M 


400 


HUINS  01'  MITLA. 


u  ; 


wliicli  it  \v;is  copied  from  one  of  Tein]isl<y's  ]>lat(_s. 
It  is  very  faulty,  as  is  proved  l)y  Chariiay's  pliot()L;iaiili 
taken  from  the  same  ])()iiit  of  view,  in  I'epiu  scntinu' 
the  walls  as  if  built  of  lar^-e  rou<4"h  stones  uitliniit 
mortar,  in  puttins^  a  doorway  in  the  central  part  of 
the  iiortliern  wall,  and  in  making-  the  colunnis  di- 
minish in  size  towards  the  to})  much  more  than  is 
actually  the  case.** 

Passing  now  to  the  northern  wing  of  this  Imildiiio', 
C,  the  exterior  walls  are  the  same  in  style  and  ciai- 
struction  as  those  of  the  southern  wing  just  dcsciihrd, 
as  is  proved  hy  the  })hotographic  views/"'  'fhf  coint. 
C,  is  ahout  thirty-one  feet  s<|uare,  and  its  [•a\eiiuiit 
was  covered  with  cement,  a-  that  of  the  larger  ((Hiit, 
E,  may  have  l)ecn  originally.  The  ground  plan  shows 
the  ai'rangement  of  the  four  aj>artments,  h,  1),  1).  1). 
although  it  is  to  be  noted  that  other  jtlans  d\\\'vy 
slightly  from  this  in  the  northern  and  western  loonis, 
'"'he  onlv  entrarice  to  the  northern  court  and  reeiiis  is 
from  the  southern  wing  through  the  })assage  /',  y', 
which  is  barely  wide  enough  to  admit  one  ]ierson. 
'J'he  interior  facades,  fronting  on  the  cou)'t,  aiv  ]nv- 
cisely  like  the  southern  facatlo  of  the  southeiii  wiiiu\ 
A,  being  made  up  of  mosaic  work  in  jianels/'"'  The 
interior  walls  of  the  small  apartments,  b,  b,  b,  h,  un- 
like those  of  the  southern  apartment,  A,  are  t'enntd 
of  mosaic  work  in  regular  and  graceful  patterns,  e\- 
cej)t  a  s])ace  of  four  or  five  feet  at  the  bottoiii.  wliich 
is  covered  with  plaster  and  bears  traces  of  a  kind  <it 
fresco  painting  in  bright  colors.  The  mosaic  gi'e<'i|ni's 
or  arabi's(pies  <»f  the  up|)er  ]»ortions  are  an-angcd,  not 
in  ])antds  as  on  the  exterior,  but  in  three  parallel 
bands  of  uniform  and  nearly  e([ual  width,  extending' 
round  the  whole  circumlereiice  of   ea; '    room. 


IC 


!SIatoi'ial  a  ponms  liincstono.  VioUil-lc-Diic,  in  Chunuiij,  Hiiiiu.-i  Amn:, 
l>.  7>s. 

U  Sec  C/inrdci;,  |»lmt.  x. 

<■'*  ('/ifiniiii/,  ]iiiiit.  vii.-viii. 

•16  Clun-iiiiii.  iiliut.  xi.  I'lato  in  Timpslii':^  Miflu,  pp.  2:f2-:\,  \<'iy  ii"'"r- 
rt'ct,  as  aic  iii'ariy  all  of  this  autlior's  illustrations. 


MOSAIC  GRECQUES  AT  MITLA.  401 

cut  is  a  f'ac-simile  from  Clianuiy's  j)hutogni})li  of  one 


I 


mi'm  IT.fgf  TL'.^^ 
:  h/777X  ^km%  v7/r7~A 

iPTnrww  TJT!i^',wii'...     . 

,« 


1 


liii*(jllt;:!!..illlil.i./;il.;:'i|l.||.'ffll,il.*r..-i'*iii«;i«..i?-J 

Grccqucs  oil  Interior  of  Ilooiii  at  Mitla. 

iif  tliosu  iiitofiors,  and  o-lvos  an  exci'llciit  idea  of  the 
tliivc  mosaic  bands  that  extend  entirely  round  etuh 

I  iiitw  liave  to  speak  of  tlie  roof  wliii-li  ()rii>-inally 
vnvd  this  huihHiiL;',  since  in  tlie  other  hiiildiiiys  and 
alaccs  nothing'  will  be  found  to  throw  any  additional 
lijit  (III  the  subject.  it  seems  e\i(lcnt  tliat  the  col- 
iiiiiiis  ill  the  southern  "wini^  were  intended  to  support 
till'  I'euf,  an<  if  there  wert^  no  contradieturv  evidence, 
till'  iiatui'al  conclusion  Avould  be  that  the  coverimjc 
Was  of  wooden  beams  stretchin<4'  completely  across 
till'  iiai'i'ow  apartments,  and  ri-sting  on  the  pillars  of 
tln'  witlij-  ones,  as   we  have   seen  to  be  the   case  at 

■'■  Cli'ini'ii/,  iilmt.  ix. 
V.iL.  IV,     'JO 


CI) 


M  I 


I 


402 


RUINS  OF  MITLA. 


Tuloom,  on  tlio  eastern  coast  of  Yucatan.*''  TMiruna. 
in  whose  time  it  is  not  inipossi]>le  tliat  sonn'  of  tin 
roofs  may  liavc  l)een  yet  in  place,  tells  us  that  tin  v 
were  formed  of  lai'ne  stone  blocks,  rcstiny'  on  tlir 
colunms,  iuid  joined  without  mortar.*''  Jiuiiilidldr 
states  that  the  roof  was  su])})orted  hy  lai'^f  suliii,, 
l)eains,  and  tliat  three  of  these  hetuns  still  I'nn.iiiidl 
in  |)1'U'(;  (IS()-J).  According-  to  Dupaix,  hotli  tli. 
roofs  and  floors  in  the  northern  win^'  weie  fonihd  !  v 
;i  row  of  heanis,  or  rather  loin's,  of  the  <i/'nc/,mir,  a 
kind  of  pine,  a  foot  and  a  half  in  diameter,  hiiih  \\\U> 
the  top  of  the  wall,  and  stretching;'  fi'om  side  to  ^-idr. 
He  does  not  inform  us  what  traces  he  found  to  .-.up- 
jiort  his  o])iiiion.  !^riihlenpfordt'"  found  traces  oi'  a 
roof  in  one  of  the  nortliern  rooms  sulHcit'iit  to  cuii- 
vince  him  that  the  oriL>'inal  "consisted  of  i-oiiml  d.ik 
timhers,  el'^'ht  inches  in  diameter,  placed  aci()>>  tin 
room  at  a  distance  of  ei<>'ht  inches  one  from  aiidllu  r; 
these  wei'e  tirst  covered  with  mats,  on  N\hicli  wcir 
]>laced  stone  llaii's,  and  over  the  latter  a  coat  of  linn  ; 
forming'  thus  a  solid  and  water-ju'oof  co\(riiiu. 
Fossey  s])eaks  of  one  worm-eaten  heani,  hut  [Udlialilv 
obtained  his  information  from  .Humboldt.  Tcnqi-kv. 
notwithstandin'4'  the  shortness  of  his  exp'ior.itiun. 
made  the  remarkable  discovery  that  (»ne  of  the  nortli- 
ern rooms  was  still  covered  by  a  Hat  roof  oi"  stu!.''. 
He  also  found  windows  in  some  of  the  bui'iliiiL;>. 
What  woidd  he  not  lia\e  found  had  he  been  aM'  t  ' 
remain  a  few  hours  lonn'ci' at  Mitla  ?  A'iollit  Ic  l!i;i 
jud^'es  from  the  (|uantity  and  (piality  of  the  dcliii^  i:: 
the  south  wiiiL;',  that  the  roof  could  not  have  hi  i ,;  ni 
stone  in  lai'j^e  blocks,  but  was  formed  by  laru'c  lic;iiii- 
extendiii'j-    lon-'itudinallv   I'rom    iiillar    to    piil.ii'.  I'.ii'l 

4''  Sec  |p.  'J.'iT  III'  tlii-^  vnlilinc. 

■•9  Miin/i'Ki,  ill  S(,c.  M,,r.  (I'riiii..  Ptohiln,  toiii.  vii.,  l>p.  i7(l-;i-    '  I'c  LHaiuli 
dalles,  di'   plus  dc  deux   iiicds  d't'^pai  v-i'iii',    icim^iiiil    siir  lic-   piliri'^  il  "'" 
liaiilcur  dc  triiis  nii'trcs,  t'lirniaiciit   \v  plafimil  dc  I'l's  pal:ii>:  au  ili>-^ii>  i'" 
voyait   line  ciiriiiclu'  saillaiitc  nniiW'  dc  sciiliiliircs  cajirii'li'ii-i'-. 'ii;iil  I  I'l'- 
><('nil)l('  fiiniiait  ioiiinn'  iiiir  snrti'  dcdiadi'iiic  pnsi'  siir  li'  suiiiiiu't  di'  1  nlilii'i 
Jirns.siiir  i/<   llniirli'nini.  Hist.  Xnl.  i'ii\,  tmii.  iii.,  p.  '.'(i,  I'tillnwiii'j  liiir;".! 

'•''^  As  ijiu)ti.'d  ill  Ili(slnti:iijn  M'j.,  toiii.  iL.,  p.   J'.Mi. 


.!,;■.  ^i 


IIUOF  STKUCTUKKS. 


403 


s;iii|H)rtiiiL;'  two  transverse^  raiii;"cs  of  smaller  timliers, 
laid  close  together  t'nau  the  eftiitre  to  either  wall,  the 
whole  lieiiii;'  surinouiited  hy  a  mass  of  concrete  like 
tiiat  which  constitutes  the  bulk  of  tiie  walls;  and 
liiiallv  coN'ered  with  a  coatin^i;'  of  cement.  I  have  no 
(loiiht  that  this  author  has  o'iven  a  correct  idea  of  the 
iirioinal  roof  structure,  altliouL>h  in  attempting- to  ex- 
plain ill  (It  tail  the  exact  positiou  which — 'il  y  a  tout 
iii.ii  (Ic  croire' — each  tind)er  occupied,  it  is  possihle 
that  the  distiui^'uished  architect  has  gone  sonievvliat 
lii'Vond  his  data.''^ 


As  1  have  said  Ixffore,  the  western  huildiui^-  of  the 
palace  No.  1  -  -like  the  southern  huildiuj^',  if  any  evci- 
>rniMl  (111  the  south  of  the  court — has  entirely  fallen. 
ilfthi'  I'astern  huildinn".  '^  theix;  remain  standing'  a 
small  portion  of  tli'.'  wall  fronting  on  the  court,  in- 


View  from  Court  nf  I'ahu'i'  No,   1. 

■''   Vi'illi  l-h  -riilr,  ill  C'<iiiiii'ij.   I' lit  III  s  Aim  r.,  [i[i.  7-'   0. 


11 


is 


if 


"  Sill 

mm 


404 


TtUIXS  OK  ^nTLA. 


cludliiL;'  ;i  doorway  and  its  lintel,  and  also  twn  i.t'  tlir 
livo  columns  which  occu])ied  the  centre  of  tlir  luiilil- 
in<if.  The  condition  of  this  side  structure  sctins  imt 
to  ha\'e  clianu'ed  materially  hetween  J)u]iai\"s  nml 
('harna.v's  visits,  a  i)ei'io( 


I  of  over  liftv  veai's.     T 


preceding"  cut,  taken  hy  Baldwin  from  'rriii]isky"s 
work,  n'ives  a  tolerahly  correct  idea  of  what  ivmains 
of  it,  e.\ce[)t  that  the  lintel  had  a  sculptui'cd  t'lunt. 
it  is  a  view  from  the  south  side  of  the  court,  and  in- 
cludes an  imperfect  representation  also  of  the  nurth- 
ei'ii  la-'ade.'"'"^ 


Tl 


le  palaces  o 


f  !^ritla  are  differentlv  nunil 


uTi'd 


I  wi 


different  writers,  and   much  that  has  heen  wriitci 
them  is  so  vau'ue  or  confus(;d  that  is  difficult  to  di' 


termme   m  manv  cases  w 


diat 


V 


irticular    sti'uctin'c  i~ 


referivd  to;    I  helieve,   however,    that  the  ])rcci'dii 
]>a_^vs  include  all   that  is  known  of  the   pal; 


hered 


on  my  <>"eneral  plan. 


I 


ICC     llUlll- 


close  n-v  accdiiiit  nt 


this  ]>alace  hy  presenting'  on  the  o})i)osite  pauc  a  cut 


CO 


pied    for    JJaldwin's  work  from   one   of    rh.iriii 


IV 


•lit 


iiitl 


])hotoi;'raphs,  a  o'eneral  view  of  the  ruins,     'f 
is  a  distant  view  of  the  ]»alace  No.   I   IVoni  tl 
west,   and  cainiot  he  said  to  add  very  materially  h* 
our  knowle(i!L;-e  respecting  this  huildinn'.*^ 


SI  I. 


S'  C/iiiniiii/,  ])li()t.  xii.,  ]).  2()4;  Dn/m/.r,  ])|).  ."I-'J.  |il.  wxi. 
■>'■>  [li  the  iiri'ccdilij;  im^vs  it  will  !«■  iKitici'd  lluit  I  Imvc  ])iiiil  iin  :!llriili"i! 
tn  (he  i)liiti's  iiiiil  (k'siTi]ptioii  hy  Mr  .1.  (i.  Sawkiiis.  finiii  an  cxiili'inlinn  in 


is;{ 


/,  as  uncn  h 


vCiil.  Iliaiitz  .Mavt'i'  in  liisO. 


isi  ri  lUiiiKS  nil 


Mr. 


Ilish: 


inid  A  rrliiciiliiifii,  |inlili>li('il  anion.!;'  tlif  Siiillhstiiiinii  ('uii/ri/iii/niiis  /•,  A (/■■"■/ 


'/;/'• 


Mv  icasons  for  ilisiviianlin^'  Sawkiiis 


itliiiritv  aiv,  tlial   llic  sii^ 


(l(>sci-iptii)iis  an<l  plates  an;  just  sntlicicntly  aci'uiati'  to  idcnlifv  |ialMi'c  Nu. 
1  with  the  diR'  rct'circd  to,  hut  otliciwiso  cuiistitulc  (inc  of  tlic  iim-t  hiiii'- 


fac(.'(l  frauds 
Till'  fdllowi 


(led  ill  the  annals  of  ,mti(|nai'ian  e.\|d(iratioii  ',    Aimrn-i. 


])iiiiits  are  more  than  sullicient  to  siil)stanti 


■ale  wliiii  I  liii^'- 


said: — 1st.  Sawkiiis  iv\erses  the  eardiiiai  [.niiits,  re: 


jiertiii;^-  w 


hiih  ilnM.tliiT 


utli 


unties  a,::i-ee.  iilaciii,i,'  the  iiriiin|ial   luiildiiiL;'  on  the  ( 


■ast  oi  i!ic 


mil 


>tead  of  tl 


le  iioitli,  eti 


'I" 


)  avoid  repetition  and  contiisioii. 


II  ill  tli( 


owinir  reiiiai 


foil 

ill  its  ]m 


e(UTe('t  this  error  anil  spe.ik  of  eadi  imililiii: 
'1-  ioeation.     "Jd.   Sawkiiis  found  li\e   slandiiiu'  enliiiiiii-^  in  di 


ks.  h 


astern  Imildin^',   (/,    four  of  which  siipjiorted  ])aits  of  a 


wall.  "Iiili'  llii' 


other  staiidiii;;- apart  was  taller  than  the  rest;  now  the  eoliiiiiii- >ii!'|i"""'K 
the  wall  may  have  heen  the  jiiers  hetween  the  doorwa\  s  — hut  miix  tin'"  "1 


these  were  staiidinj;'  in  ISdIi  (see  />>i/ 


mix,  1)1.  x.Wl 


);  and  the  tallrr  nihiiim 


standin.L;'  apart 


aurees  wel 


eiioii-h  with  the  truth,  e\ee])t  thai  ilieir  win' 


liro  of  them  staiidin.L;  in   l.S.">',(.     (See  ('li<ini<ni,   Hnims  Annr..  \'\\'A.  mi 


Oil  the  west  our  explorer  eorreetly  found  evei\\ 


thill--  olilitenili  >1.  aihl  tli'' 


V!i:\V  OF  PALACE. 


406 


mm 


m 


"ii  I 


Uhi 


406 


KUIXS  OF  .MITLA. 


Tliu  rcinainiiiu;'  ))al;ic('s  of  ^[itl.i,   X 


OS.   •_', 


and 


in; 


ly  1)0  more  hru-tly  ui.spo.scM 


My  di 


(I  of, 


smco 


ill  tl 


If    <'Oll>tl'lll 


tioii  of  tlicir  Willis  they  are  precisely  the  same  as  Nd. 
1,  hut  are  not  in  so  o-ood  a  state  of  ])rest'rvati(iii.  Xd. 
2  is  located  .south-west  of  No.  1,  and  almost  in  con- 
tact with  it,  so  that  hoth  ^ronps  have  l)een  hy  s(»iiir 
visitors  de.scrihed  towther  under  the  name  of  Fir>t 


Pah 


ice. 


It 


consists  of  four  l>uildinLrs 


I)IU 


It 


Oil     |(I\V 


mounds  like  those  of  No.    1,  from  seven  to  nine  fuct 


lliol 

th 


1,  ahoiit  a  stiiiare  coui 


th 


•t.      All    f 


dpi 


hich 


our  are  ]»i"ccis(iv 
(lent! 


le  same  in  tneir  n'rouiul  plan,  AViiicli  is  identicil  wuh 
that  of  the  western  huildint^  in  palace  No.  I.  The 
dimensions  of  the  four  l)uildin.L!^.s  arc  also  the  sauiu, 


cordiiiu'  to  Castafu'das  ]> 


•Ian,  1 


)eini»'  a 


hout 


en 'lit 


L'Ch 


hy  ninety-two  EiiLilish  feet;"^  hut  Muhlenptbrdt's  plan, 
so  far  as  it  can  he  understood,  makes  the  easfi  rii  ainl 
Avestern  huildinus  about  one  hundred  and  foitv  fcrt 


'cninililiii''  anil  indistinct  walls' wliicU  he  found  on  the  sonll 


•cell  |iait  ol   |pa]ai'(: 


N. 


1  liKiy  li;i\c 
:M.   ("oinin;,'  now   to  tlif   iioitlicrii   ImiMiiiL' 


Hawkins  found  in  tlit'  front  4  doorways,  so  narrow  and  low  tliat  only  mu' 
jicrsou  at  a  time  ('(Uiid  cuter,  and  that  only  hy  stoo]iiu.u;  durinL;  llir  ii<'\t  L'n 


year.- 


th 


ii'sf  doorways  'new 


rcuiarkahiv  in  size,  and  dccrca-^i'd  i 


M  iiiniiliiT 


since  Charuay's  ](hoto;^raiph  siiows  3  doorways  with  standin;.'  iiiiMiaii  li: 


in  two  of  thciu,  not  olilii^cd  to  sti 


mav  lie  seen  in  tlic  coiin 


I 


niucii 


1  [ircssci 


I  for  clliou  ruiiiii.  :i~ 


;;ivcu.     4th.   Sawkins  found  all  the  ail 


incuts  removed  from  this  facade;  they  were  ])erliai)s  reiilaccd  lici'iiic  Cliiii- 
nay's  visit.  .')lii.  In  the  interior,  A  of  the  plan,  .Sawkins  found  uiclio  in 
the  end  walls  not  seen  hv  any  other  yisitor.     (!th.   Tlie  six  coluniiis  rcpn- 


seutcd  hv  Martin  and   I) 


]uid  all   lieeu  r 


cuiovei 


upaix  as 


'<tanil 


Ml' 


in 


at   the  timeot  Sawkins  vis 


tl 
kin 


le  centre  of  this  a|iartniciii. 


■-it.      It 


freak  of  the  camera  to  picture  lliein 


was  II   ,-ll':ili;;r 


in 


jdace  •_'(»  years  later.     Ttli.  I>in 


Charuay's  |iliotoMra|iliic  apparatus  had  yet  other  repairs  to  ni.ikc.  t'nr  in  iln 
iiortlicru  wiiiiT,  '',  tlie  walls  of  tlie  inti'rior  apartments  had  all  disi|i|iciii(il, 
aude\eu  the  interior  surface  of  the  outer  walls,  which  enclosed  the  i|ii;i'l 
no  mosaic  work,  hut  the  panels  presi'iited  only  '.)  loii^  icccsm- 


raii.yle 


had 


in  three  tiers  on  each  side.     ]Mr  Sawl 


<1 


kins   |)lates  are  two 


in  nuiiilici':  niic  "I 
il  :illl 


lelii   presents  a  ji'encral  view  ot   this   palace  troni  the  west,  ami  .iHIiiiiil'Ii 
f.uiltv,  indicates  that  the  artist  may  have  actually  visited  .Milla;  the  mini 


ly  1 
is  a  rear  view  of  the  northern   hiiild 


111' 


;iv 


es  a   tolerahlv  corrci 


I   iili 


;i  111 


the  coiistriiclioii  of  tlie  ^valls  and  may  possihiy  have  het'U  made  ii|i  fn'm 
the  larue  plate  in  Kiii;;slMiroii;:h's  work.  I  iiave  no  more  spact'  to  ilcvntc 
to  Saukiiis.      Me  may  have  lieeii  already  'shown   ii])'  hy  some  critic  "li"~i 


V!illii;;s  lia\i'  escapeil  my  notice. 


It 


is  1- 


to  add  that  as  Col.  MnV'T 


ni'y  I'oiisulicd  only  lliiniholdt's  description  of  Milla.  it  is  nol  at  nl 
slraii;L:'e  tnat  this  zealous  iii\  (■sti;.(ator  and  usually  correct  writer  was  ilc 
eeiveil  hy  a  pretended  explorer. 


M  I>,, 


( 'arriei 


or 


d. 
^liihl 


xwii. 


liu'.  HI,  wlien^  the  dime 


nsions  ari>  (i 


ami 


tl 


le  western 


huild 


ciiplor>n  s,    plan,  p 


makes  the  court  111" 


iii'U  I'JS.il  teet  on 


tl 


le  inside;  <ui  pa.uc 


led. 


411.').  I'.ii'l  on  nil- 


other  plan,  it  is  imiilied  that  the  eastern  niound  never  Imre  any  hiiiMin 


TIIK  SECOND  PALACK. 


407 


liiiin'.  the  nortlioni  uiul  soutlierii  briii^'  about  twenty 

l,v  one  hundred  I'eet,  and  the  t'urmer  smueNvliat  larger 

il'iaii  tlic  latter. 
The  Western  buildino-  is  tlio  best  preserved,  bein^', 

Ml  far  as  can  bo  judi;ed  l)y  luunan    linures  in  Cliar- 
v"s  ](hut(»t;ra|)lis,  about  seventee!!   i'eet  JiJL^b.     Tlie 
trni  buihliuL''  lias  fallen,  and  only  its  Inundation 


I  III 


r;i> 


.tones    reniani   by  Avliieh    to    trace    its    ])lan 


Tl 


iree 


.iiuwavs  ()])en  on  the  court  from  each  building",  and 
ill  till.'  rear  wall  o])])osite  the  doors  sijuare  niches  are 
Mcii.  There  are  no  traces  of  colunuis  in  any  of  the 
apartnieiits;  nor  was  any  part  of  the  roofs  in  ])lace  in 
l^(M).  The  outer  walls  are  composed,  as  in  jialace 
\ii.  I,  (if  dblonu'  panels  of  mosaic;  whether  anv  mo- 
•<:iif  work  is  found  in  the  interi(»r,  is  not  stated.  The 
riiiirt  is  said  by  Miihlenpfordt  to  be  covered  with  a 
.uatiiiL;'  of  cement  tivo  or  six  inches  in  thickness, 
jiaintrd  ivd  as  was  also  the  exterior  of  the  l)uildin_L,''S. 
The  same  writer,  and  ]Muller,  noted  that  the  supjiort- 
i:i'^'  mounds  were  dou])le,  or  terraced,  on  the  exte- 
liiii:"'  and  the  latter,  that  one  of  the  central  doorways 
iliiiiiiiislies  in  width  towards  the  top.  \(  this  latter 
^tatclllt  lit  be  true,  it  must  be  one  of  the  doorways  in 
the  southern  buildin^^  of  which  no  photoL;ra[)hic  view 
was  taken. '"^  Views  of  the  southern  facade  of  the 
tliirn    buildinn'   are    j^iven    by  C'harnay,    ])u])aix, 


IIU 

Ml 


d  T 


iiiiii'iiptordt,  and    Lem[)sRy;  or  tUe  co 


f  til 


irt  facade  of 


the 
a:i( 
a  lit 


western  l)uildin;4-,  by  Charnay  and  ^[iililen[)fordt ; 
I  t'harnay  also  took  photot;i'aplis  of  the  western 
I  southern  facades  of  the  latter  buildiiiiiV'^ 


ruder  tlie  northern  buildino-  of  tliis  palace  there 
i>  a  suhterranean  gallery  in  the  form  oi"  a  cross.  The 
'■Mti'aiice  to  this  gallery  is  said  by  several  writei's  to 
li:ive  been  originally  in   the  centre  of  the  court,  but 

'■>''  nnstriifioii  Ml]'.,  toni.  ii.,  p.  405. 

'f_  Miilln;  nrlani,  tuiii.  ii.,  ji.  '280. 

'■'' I'liiini'ii/,  Jiiiiiiis  Ann  I .,  j.'iiot.  xiii.-xvi.;  Diipftir,  ]>.  .'!;?,  ]il.  xxxiii., 
Ii„'.  8.'  .'!;  KiiKisliiiriiKijIi,  vol.  v.,  |i]).  •J.")S~!),  vol.  vi.,  |i|).  4.")((  1,  vol.  iv.,  pi. 
N\\..  liir  S);  fjfiiiiir,  ill  Aii/ii/.  Mi.r.,  torn,  ii.,  <liv.  !.,  |)|i.  .").'{,  1(1;  Miih/iu- 
t'J'ii-i/l,  III  llKslrurlun  Mj.,  \>.  500,  pi,  vi. ;  I'tni/L'^hi/'^  Milla,  ]ip.  :J.")()-1. 


I  r* ! 


n 


:h 


ill 


|i|;i 


'if 


m 


RUINS  OF  MITLA. 


this  socma  to  rest  on  no  very  good  antliority,  and  it  is 
not  uiilikuly  tliat  thu  entrance  was  always  wluic  it  is 
now,  at  the  hase  of  the  northern  nionnd,  as  sIkiuii  in 
the  pliotoijcrapli  and  in  other  views.  The  ct'iitic  df 
tile  cross  may  l>e  supposed  to  l)c  nearly  uiidrr  tlf 
centre  of  the  a[)artnient  ahove,  and  the  noithcin, 
eastern,  and  western  arms  are  each,  according'  tu  (mn- 
tafieda's  drawiiin's,  ahout  twelve  feet  loni;',  iivc  jiikI  ;i, 
half  feet  wide,  and  six  and  a  half  feet  hin'li.  Tiic 
southern  arm,  leading'  out  into  the  court  is  soiiictliin^ 
over  twenty  feet  lon,n',  and  for  most  of  its  length  imlv 
a  little  over  four  feet  hii^'h;  its  Hoor  is  also  s(\(  i;d 
feet  lower  than  that  of  the  other  arms,  to  the  Icvrl 
of  which  latter  four  steps  lead  n)>.  Neai'ly  the  whoL' 
de[)th  of  this  o-allery  is  ])rol)al)ly  in  the  Ixxly  of  th^' 
supportiuij;'  mound  rather  than  really  suhtciiaiiiai!. 
The  top  is  formed  of  lariL»"e  blocks  of  stone,  stictcliin,;- 


ac 


ross  from  side  to  side,  and,  according-  to  Miihl 


pfordt,  plastered  and  polished.  The  floor  w; 
covered,  if  we  may  credit  jMidler,  witli  a  poli-lnd 
coat  of  cement.  The  walls  are  ])anels  of  mosaic  wmk 
like  that  found  on  the  exterior  walls  ahove.  Miihh  n- 
pfordt  noticed  that  the  mosaic  work  was  less  skiliruliy 
executed  tlian  on  the  npper  walls,  and  therefore  jin 


alily  nuich  older.  Tlu'  lar^e  dall  that  covers  tlic 
crossing'  of  the  two  galleries  is  sup})orted  l)y  a  circu- 
lar ])illar  resting  on  a  s(piare  base.  Accoi'diiii:'  to 
Temjjsky  the  natives  call  this  'the  pillar  of  di  atli. 
believing  that  whoever  embraces  it  nuist  dii'  .shuitiy. 
The  whole  interior  surface,  sides,  flooi-,  and  c(  iliiij. 
are  ])ainted  red.  No  relics  of  any  kind  haxc  hci  ii 
found  hei'e.  Fossey  says  that  this  gallery,  or  at  Ica^t 
a  gallery,  leads  from  the  ]ialace  to  the  easteiii  I'.vi'i- 
mid — meaning  ])robably  the  western  ]»yrannd,  N".  ■ 
of  the  ])lan — and  fi'om  that  ])oiiit  still  fuithci'  wt  >t- 
ward,  where  it  may  be  traced  for  a  league  to  the  laini 
of  Saga,  and  extends,  as  the  natives  believe.  >"iii'' 
three  hundred  leagues.  Tradition  I'elates  that  lln' 
Zapjtecs  originally  had  their  tem])les  in  natural  cav- 


TIlli:i>   I 'A  LACE. 


400 


tl» 


(1 


(■nis.  wlucli  tJu'y  •^■r.'KiUiuiy  impi-ovrd   t(»  nun 
iviiiiircii 


■t    tl 


It'll* 


luiits,  1111(1  over  wliich  tlu  y  tiiially  hiiilt  tlu-so 
Tlioru  firo  cuiise(|UL'iitly  iiiiiiiy  iil)sur«l  rumors 
jliiat  rcspcctiiii;'  the  extent  of  the  suhtt;ri'imeaii  ]>as- 
hut   Motlihin'   has  ever   heeli  tUscovered  to  iiidi- 


i;l  litres. 


.sa,nvs, 


r,\ 


te  the  existence  oi"  natural  eaves  or  extensive  aiti- 
ticial  exeavations  at  tliis  [)oint.  At  the  time  of 
('lianiay's  \isit  the  openini;'  to  the  nailery  liad   heeu 


ii|),  an( 


I  tl 


le  natives  woiih 


I  all 


o\v  no  one  to  re 


IIImVC 


the   ohstruetioiis,    on   the  t^njund    that    liidde 
tl 


n 


treasure   was   the  ohjeet   st)u<j;ht. 


I'aiace  No.  .'^  of  tlio  plan  is  said  to  have  no  sup- 
jiortiiii;'  mound,  but  to  stand  on  the  level  of  the 
.'riuiml.  Its  n'l'ound  ]>lan,  accttrdiiiL;'  to  Castaheda, 
tliu  eiily  authority,  is  shown  in  the  cut.     Tlio  whole 


Grouiul  I'liiu— rahicf  Ni..  ."?. 


VhI. 
1,1; 


D' 


•pa 


M 


'.1.    VI 


oxpod.,   PI 


32-3,   ]>1.   X 


fis 


ilir/siliorDlli/ 


I.   vi.,   ]).   4.")l,   vol.    iv.,   pi.    x.wii.-iii.,    li;.'.   .S(i  7,  ^rnniiii 


III,  iiiid  M'liiiMi  slidwiii^i  iiinsaic  work;    Ilnslrn 


1A 


■I'.'.V.Miii,  |,1,  iv..  v. 
:ill 


111 


.lilt.  V 


/.,  tlllll.    II.,  p 


iIKmv  iiTiiiiciHisly  uiulcr  tiic  niirtlioni  wiiij.'  of  piiliici! 


torn,  ii.,  lip.   'JTS-S-i,   places  tli( 


1,  with  ail  I'li- 


tiaiii 
hul.i; 


I'     111     111! 


Ill 


It     til 


If    I'llllllllll     ( 


•liaiiilicr.    Miii'i/iiiii,  ill  Sm'.  Mr.i-.  <!i-iiti.. 


iiiiii.  \ii.,  pp 


17t>-3,  I'roiii   IJiiii'oa.  alioiit  tl 


ic  caves  on 


wliicli  llic 


«l;in-  wiTu  liiiilt.   Mull,- 


toiii.  ii.,  p.  -SO;  Trill jt.skij's  Mitii,  pp. 


I: 


I 


i 

;  i 


i  \ 
III' I: 


I'' 
li 

r 

it  i 
■  i 


410 


UriNS  OF  MITLA. 


stnictiiro,  divided  into  tliroo  courts,  is  ahoiit  two 
Imiidrcd  jiiid  cinlity-lour  feet  loiii;-  mid  one  liinidnd 
juid  ei;;iit  feet  wide,  tiie  tliickiiess  of  the  walls,  not 
shown  in  the  )»liin,  l)eini>'  fi\e  or  six  feet.  Neailv  all 
the  walls  ha\e  fallen  except  those  of  tlu;  hiilldin^s 
al)oiit  the  central  c«)urt,  IJ,  whicli  iiave  heen  ii  [lairtil. 
covered  witli  a  roof  of  tiles,  and  are  oc(ii|iit'(l  hy  tlio 
curate  of  the  ]>arisli  as  a  residence.  In  the  western 
fi'ont  a  doorway  has  heen  cut,  before  which,  su|i|Mirt- 
inn"  a  halcony,  or  awnini,'',  stand  two  stone  cohiinns 
which  were  evidently  hrou^lit  from  some  other  |i;iii 
of  the  ruins.  Both  on  the  extei'ior  and  court  walls, 
the  re^idar  ])anels  of  mosaic  AVoi'k  ai'e  seen  in  tlu' 
Uj)|)er  portions;  the  lower  ])ai'ts  ha\e  heen  repaired 
with  adobes,  and  newly  ])lastered  in  many  |iliees. 
Tile  modern  chui'ch,  (juite  a  lar^e  and  imposiiin'  stiiut- 
ure,  stands  either  upon  or  adjacent  to  a  part  of  this 
t  iialace.''-' 
The  cut  is  a  ground  |ilau  of  pah.ee  Xo.  4,  whieli  is 


ancien 
'1^ 


C-  'r 


±Zh 


£ 


(Jnuiiul   I'laii — I'alai'o  No.  4. 


.   Inlll. 


'2r)0-l;  Fd^srii,   Mi.i\,  y.   'M^'■^\  t'liiiriKii/.   Uiiliici  Anii'r..  ])[>.  i'Cit-.'i: 
Olisrrrtitioiis,  ji.  ;{(),  witli  ciils  I'miu   Diipaix.     Lriidir,  in  An//'/.  M 
ii.,  (liv.  i.,  ]i.  .">;{.      'I'll  a]i|iartc'iiK'iit  sniitcrraiii  (|Mi  a  '11  iiu'lio  ilc  Inn:.',  it 
H  ill' larjio.'  Jlinii/iii/i//,  Kssui  V,,!.,  |i.  •_>(;(. 

'■>'■>  C/tiinitii/,  Itiliius  Ann  I'.,  ji.  L'O.'i,  jilidt.  iii.-iv.;   IiHjidl.r,  -Jil  cximiI..  pp 


roiirni  pai.ack,  and  i'yiiamids. 


Ill 


;il>ii  s.iid  to  stiiiid  on  tlu!  oriii'in.'il  K acI  of  the  uroiiiid. 
'Hk  walls  arc  sitokoii  of  hy  all  visitors  as  almost  cii- 
tiii  Iv  ill  iiiiiis,  and  as  |)rrs(jJitiii!4'  no  |K'<Mdiaritic'S  of 
,  iti>tiiiition  wlu'n  t'oni|»are(l  with  th';  otlitT  |ialac('s. 
j'Vniii  oik;  of  tliu  jMHtions  still  stan<lin;4',  liowovi-r, 
Miililciilifordt  copit'd  soniu  IVai^'nii'iitaiy  paintings, 
iviiivsciitiii;^'  proci'ssions  ot"  rudely  |)ictnr('d  human 
ti'urcs,    as   hIiowii    in    the    {ic'foni|»anvinLi'    cut.      Thu 

\    v'"'^TrtX'-^  rY^-        tK^N^  %-^n   ^^'X^'-  rr//  -..■•'■ 


Paint iii;^'  tm  Dnorway— Palace  Xn.  4. 

sii,  0  autlioi'  Speaks  of  similar  ])aintin!is,  very  likely 
iiui  tiif  Work  of  the  oi'in'inal  huilders  of  ^litla,  on  the 
walls  of  some  of  the  other  buildinii'.s.''" 


fwo  mounds,  or  cj'ronps  of  mounds,  stand  west  and 
Miutli  of  the  other  ruins  at  5  and  7  of  the  plan.  No. 
.)  was  photon-i'a})hed  hy  Charnay,  and  is  dijscrihed  as 
liiiilt  of  adobes,  ascended  by  a  stone  stairway,  and 
lieariiin'  now  a  modern  elnipel.  Aecordini^  to  Cas- 
tifirda's  drawiuL;'  pi'obably  re|)resentino-  these  ])vra- 
iiiiils,  the  principal  structure  liad  four  stories,  or  ter- 
1  Kcs,  and  was  about  seventy-five  feet  hit^h,  nieasnrinn' 
!t  the  l»ase  about  one  lunubvd  and  twenty  i'eet  on  its 
shortest  sides  from  east  to  west.  'J'he  stairway  faces 
Westward  towards  the  court  formed  by  the  smaller 
iii'iiiiids  whicji  liave  only  two  stories.  ()i'ou|)  No.  7 
i>  rcpivseiited   by  Castafieda  as  consistini.;'  like  No.  f) 

.'):;,  :i.')-ii.  \xxvi.,  fiLC.  S;?;  Kimishoroiifih,  aoI.  v.,  ]>.  2.')!t,  vol.  vi.,  ]).  l.")!, 
^"1  iv.,  xxxiv.,  liu'.  SS,  tliis  iiliiii  (lillVis  from  tlic  i>iic  ;.'ivfii  iilntvi-  in 
iiialiiiiL;  ilic  |Piissii,;x(w/ sti-:ii.L;iit.    1 1  nslracldii  M'j.,  tmii.  ii.,  ip.   I'.Ml. 

''"  Ihi/iiii.,-^  ],1.  xwvii.,  ti;;-.  S4;  KiiiifnlinriiiKih,  viil.  iv. ,  ]il.  xxxv.,  Ii,:,'.  Sit. 
rill'  liittiT  |il;iii  i(']in'S('iits  tlircc  ili)c)i'\vays  in  I'acli  nf  tlic  lMiil(liii;^>i  fronting,' 
"II  tlir  Hiirtlii  111  I'durt,  ('.     See  also  rctViTin'cs  of  [iid'cilinu'  note. 


I-   3 


412 


UriXS  or  MITLA. 


1 ; 


«i,. 


of  a  liirq;c  mornd  and  three  small  ones,  of  two  .hhI 
one  stories  res[)ectively,  oiirroundint;'  a  court  in  wiiost.' 
centre  is  a  ])li'r]v,  or  altar,  wliicli  JJnpaix  tliinks  mav 
conceal  the  entrance  to  a  subterranean  jiassaoc. 
^CiihlenpFordt  i'e[»resents  the  arran^'eniciit  of  the 
mounds  as  on  my  [)lan,  and  thiidvs  tlie  smallci-  cltva- 
tions  may  have  l)orne  orin'inally  buildings  like  tli'' 
northern  palaces.  In  one  of  these  mounds,  accdrdini; 
to  the  last-mentioned  author,  atond)  Avas  tbnnd.  |)ii- 
])aix  also  describes  two  tond)S  found  under  leoiiiul.-. 
the  locality  of  \v!iit-h  is  not  s[)ecili(;d.  <  )iuj  ot'  tlirs.' 
tond)S  Avas  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  witli  aims  alMnit 
thi'ee  by  nine  feet,  six  \'cvt  Id^li,  coNered  witli  a  vtn,\ 
of  Hat  stones,  and  in  its  construction  like  tlic  L;all(  rv 
under  ]talace  Xo.  2,  e.\ce[)t  that  the  small  brick-sliapi  il 
l)locks  t)f  which  its  sides  ai'e  formed  are  not  arraii^' il 
in  ]i>'i-ec'(|ues,  but  laid  so  as  to  pi'esent  a  ])lain  surlacc 
The  second  tomb  was  of  rectan^'ulai'  ibrm,  about  tiiui' 
by  ei_L>'ht  feet  in  dimensions.  In  one  of  tlniii  snin  ■ 
human  remains,  Avith  fragments  of  line  blue  >u>\^' 
were  discovered.''^ 

At  a  distance  of  a  league  and  a  half  eastwaid  if 
the  village,  Dupaix  dest-ribed  and  Castaficda  ski  h  In d 
a  small  ])lain  sipiare  stone  I)uilding,  divided  into  tm:!' 
apartments,  standing  on  the  slope  of  a  high  inckv 
hill.  ( )n  the  })late  there  is  also  show  n  the  iiitiainv 
to  a  subterranean  gallery  not  mentioned  in  Dupaix  > 
text.*''^  Three  fouilhs  of  a  league  Avestwai'd  fioni  tln' 
village  is  --i  hill  some  six  hundred  feet  in  height,  wuli 
orecipitous  sides  natui'allv  inaccessible  save  oii  <'!i' 
side,  towai'd  Mitla.  The  sununit  ])latfoi'm,  prohal  ;y 
leveled   by  artificial    means,   is  enclosed  by  a  Mall  (>i 

lii  I)ii/iin\i:  pp.  :U,  :?!».  pi.  \N\lx  xl,,  xiiii-iv..  li;:'.  S(',-~,  !»]  •_';  h'in'h- 
huriiiuth.  vol.  v.,  p|i.  'ii'ill-l.  Vol.  vi.,  )ip.  4r)l-,'{,  veil.  i\.,  pi.  x\xvii-i\..  I'm. 
'.tl-4;  f.riiiiir,  in  Aiillij.  Mi  r.,  tmii.  ii.,  <liv.  i.,  pp.  ."i.')-(i;  (hiiriinii.  p.  :.'•..".. 
]ili((t.  ii.;  Mii/ihii/i/'on//,  in  lliislniflun  Mi'j.,  tiiMi.  ii.,  p.  VM\\  l''ii>-rv.  .1/ .f- 
/'/"<'.  pp.  l!(iS  '.1,  Idcati's  tlifsc  pyianiiiliil  jrioiips  (■:!>!  and  nurlli,  iii^liiul  1 1 
Miutli  and  wi'st  of  palace  No.  I.  lie  alsti  menlion.s  a  .manile  Mnik,  nr 
allar,  4.',  iVet  liiii^^and  one  f(»it  tliiek. 

!•-  /Ill/Ill/' r.  p.  ;{4.  pi.  xxwiii.,  ii;,'.  S.");  Kiiii/.s/iiiroini/i,  \nl.  v.,  ]i.  :'.'''X  vd. 
vi.,  ]i.  4'1,  \ul.  iv.,  )il.  xxxvi.,  lijf.  iM».  KiiiLisliipii'a^liV  plale  npii-iiit- 
tlie  will    as  mostly  fallen,    l.riioir,  in  .In/i'j.  Mi  ;■.,  loiii.  ii.,  div,  i..  \<.  '''l 


rORTIFIKD  HILL. 


41:5 


stoin'  a1)out  six,  foot  tliick,  ei^'litocii  ft'ct  liiu'h,  niid 
nvw  ;i,  lailt'  in  ciiviiiiit'croiico,  f()nniiiL>'  many  iiin^lcs,  as 
is  slidwii  ill  the  aiHiL'xed  plan.     Un  tlio  eastern  and  ac- 


I'l.iii  (if  I'ditrcss  lu'jir  Mitln. 

rrs^ilili;  side,  tlio  wall  is  douhlc,  the  inner  wall  l)eiii<jf 
lii^liiT  tiiau  the  v/Uter;  and  the  entrances  are  not  oidy 
iH.t  (iji|i()site  eat'h  other,  hut  ])enetrato  the  walls  oh- 
lii|iirly.  Heaps  of  loose  stones,  c,  c,  c,  were  found  at 
varjdiis  ])(iints  in  the  enclosure,  <louhtless  for  use  as 
wcipKiis  in  a  hand-to-hand  contiict.  Outside  of  the 
walls,  nioreo\'er,  larn'o  rocks,  some  three  i'eet  in  di- 
;iiii''ti'r,  were  carefully  ])oised  Avhere  they  mi^ht  ho 
tasily  st.ii'ted  down  the  sides  aL;ainst  the  athancin^' 
t'" .  Within  the  fortress,  at  sex'eral  j)laces,  d,  t\  f\ 
;/.  aiv  slight  remains  of  adohe  l)uildinL;s,  ]>rohal»ly 
livi'ird  Ww  the  accomodation  of  the  ahoi-i^inal  garri- 
>>ii,  All  we  know  of  this  fortivss  is  derived  from 
tlif  Work  of  Dupaix  and  Castaneda.''^ 

''  /'"/'"'i'.  ]i|i.  Kt  1,  ]il.  xliv.-v.,  fiii.  OH-f,  viow  of  liill,  nml  |il;ni  ('(i])ic(l 
iij|'i\f.  !\iiiijsi,nr(iii'ili,  viil.  v.,  I ).  ■_'(),"),  vol.  \i.,  \\.  4."i.").  Vol.  i\ ..  |il.  \l.-i.,  lijf. 
'.'i;  l.'iiuir.  ]i.  ,">().  Diipaix's  pliitcs  iuc  coiiii'il  in  Maxniin  Mi,i\.  toni.  ii., 
Pi'  -M  -\.  .111.1  Ariiiii).  A'/r  .}[,:,:,  p.  •_>!»(»;  Fu.s.sif/,  Mr.,.,  p.  :f7(>.  I'liitc  from 
^i"l%iii-' (Iniwiiiu-,  (liU'cii'iit  from  tlmt  of  < 'iistafiL'tla,  but  of  foiuso  uiir(;li- 
iii'V'.  ill  Miij.rs  U')x<:rci(/i'jiis,  [t.  ;i'.'.  pi.  iv. 


'»feii 


m 


;!^ 


]f^ 


1 


n 


i; 


414 


RUINS  UF  MITLA. 


Du]»aix  claims  to  ]i;ivo  found  tlio  quarries  wliic!: 
furnifsliL'd  material  for  tliu  Mitla  struetuivs,  in  a  liiil 
three- fourths  of  a  league  eastward  from  tlie  luins, 
called  hy  the  Zapotecs  Aj^'uilosoe.  hy  the  Spaniiirils 
^lirador.  The  stone  is  described  as  of  such  a  natmv 
that  lari^e  Mocks  may  he  easily  split  oti'  hy  niiaii<  nf 
wedges  and  levers,  and  many  such  blocks  were  scat- 
teretl  about  the  place;  the  removal  of  the  stone  tn 
the  site  of  the  palaces,  here  as  in  the  case  of  mniv 
other  American  laiins,  must  have  been  the  chief  ditti- 
culty  ovei'c((nu3  by  th(3  builders.  Stone  wedL^vs.  tn- 
i^'ether  with  axes  and  chisels  of  hard  co})])er,  arc  siii| 
to  have  been  found  at  Mitla,  but  are  not  ])articiilarlv 
ilescribed.''^ 

A  head  in  terra  cotta,  wearinpf  a  peculiar  licliin  t, 
was  sketched  here  by  (.'ast.ineda,  and  is  sliowii  in  the 
cut.     Another  terra-cotta  image  represente'i  a  nia.^kid 


Head   ill  'I'cmm  Cntta  -  Mitla. 

human  fl^'ure,  s(puittini>'  cross-K'^^-^-ed  with  hand--  I'l 
knees.  A  larn'e  semicircular  ca|)e  ]'eaches  I'r.ini  il;i 
neck  to  the  i;;round,  showiiiu'  only  the  hands  and  N  >  t 
in  fi'ont.  The  whole  is  wry  similai'  to  some  nl  ili' 
liyures  at  Zachila,  ab'eady  (lescrii)e(h  Imt  tlic  till" 
\vhich  may  l"j  su})j)osed  to  have  ludd  a  torch  miui 
nally,  [>roJects  al)ove  t\\v  hv-ad,  and  is  an  iinli  and  ;i 
half  in  diameter,      'i'he  only  specimen  of  stone  iniajt  ~ 


(iHNEKAL  ui:mai;ks. 


ilo 


(,r  idols  found  in  connection  with  the  ruins,  is  shown 
in   the   cut.     It    represents    a   seated    figure,  carved 


Stone  Iiiui'n'  fiuiii  Mitla. 


fidiii  a  ]iar<l  red  stone,  and  hrilhantly  polished.  Its 
liti^ht  is  ahout  four  inches.  Tcnijtsky  tells  us  that 
the  cliiMreii  at  !Mitla  offered  for  sale  small  idols  of 
clay  and  sandstone,  which  had  heen  taken  from  tlic 
iiiiuT  palace  walls.'"' 

Tli(3  ruins  of  ^[itla  resemhle  Palenquo  oidy  in  the 
!hi;^'  low  nari'ow  form  of  the  huildinos.  sinco  the  low 
sii|i|ioitiiii>'  mounds  can  hai'dlv  he  said  to  rest.'nil>le 
tlu'  lofty  stone-faced  jiyramidsof  Chiapas.  ^\  strong- 
li'  likriioss  mav  he  discovered  when  they  are  com- 
[lartd  with  till!  structures  of  Yucatan;  sinco  in  hotli 
cases  \\o  (iiid  long  narrow  windowless  huildings,  raised 
I'll  l<i\v  mounds,  and  enclosing  a  rectangular  court- 
yaiil.  walls  of  I'uhlilc,  and  facings  of  hewn  stone. 
Hie  contrasts  ai'c  also  strong,  as  seen  in  the  mosaic 
':ivc(|ii('s,  the  ahsence  (if  sculpture,  and  the  ilat  roofs, 
HI  soiiio  cases  suppoi'ted  hy  columns:  nlthough  in  one 
'ity  on  tln>  cast  coast  of  Y'ucatan  Ilat  roofs  of  wdoden 
'"ains  were  I'ound.  Whether  the  mosaic  work  of 
Mitla  iiidicati's   in   itself  an  earlier  or  lati'r  <le\'elop- 

'■'  I)ii/„i,:i\  '2d  cxiicii..  pp.  ft7-S,  |il.  xli.-ii.,  ti;,'.  SS-OO;  h'iiifi<:hornirii/i,  v<il. 
^.  p  -"il,  Mil.  vi..  |i.  H7,  \i>I.  iv.,  pi.  wvi.,  lig.  7S-S((;  l./iioh;  in  Aiifi'/. 
•1^.'.,  ]>[:  •-•:{-(,  :,.-.;    Taiipsl.JS  Mithi,  \K  -J.-)!. 


I 


416 


lU'IN'S  (>:•   MiTLA, 


inoiit  of  al)orii4-inal  art  tlian  tlic  ela1)orately  scu]]itur(il 
faeatU'8  of  UxiiiaJ,  I  am  unable  to  decide;  luit  tlic 
Hat  roof  supported  1)V  [lillars  would  seem  to  iiKliciti' 
a  later  architectural  develo[)nieiit  than  the  oxcilaj)- 
]»iuo-  arch.  The  iiitiuence  of  the  builders  of  Palciii|Ut; 
and  the  cities  of  Yucatan,  was  doubtless  fult  l>y  tln' 
builders  of  ]\ritla.  How  the  inHuenco  was  exerttd  it 
is  very  difficult  to  determine;  A'^iollet-le-])nc  .ittiil)- 
utes  these  northern  structures  to  a  branch  of  tlu.' 
southern  civili/ation  separated  from  the  ])ai'ciit  stuck 
after  the  foundation  of  the  !Maya  cities  in  Vucutaii. 
]\Iost  anticpiarians  have  concluded  that  Alitla  is  less 
ancient  than  the  southern  ruins,  and  the  condition  df 
the  remains,  so  far  as  it  throws  any  li^ht  on  tin'  >ii!i- 
ject,  coiifii'ins  the  conclusion.  This  is  the  last  ruin 
that  will  l)e  found  in  (nir  ])roo'ress  northward,  which 
shows  any  marked  analo^i^y  with  the  Alaya  Uioiiu- 
ments,  save  in  the  almost  iniiversal  use  of  supportiuii' 
mounds  or  pyramids,  of  various  forms  and  dimensions. 
it  has  already  been  shown  that  the  Zaj)otet'  lannuaLi'c 
has  no  likeness  whatever  to  the  Aztec,  or  to  the 
ACaya,  and  that  so  i'ar  as  institutions  are  coin'  riicd. 
this  ]»eople  mi^'ht  almost  as  properly  be  classed  with 
the  ^laya  as  with  the  Nahua  nations.  The  Ahhc 
Brasstjur  in  one  part  of  his  writing's  e\pre»es  the 
o]iini(»n  that  Mitla  was  built  by  the  Toltc-s  iVoni 
('holnia,  who  introduced  their  reli,e-ion  in  ( >ajaca  in 
the  ninth  or  tenth  century.  Alitla  is  also  fre(|nrnf!y 
s[»oken  of  as  a  connectino-  link  between  the  ( 'ential 
American  and  Mexican  remains;  this,  howcM)',  is 
niercdy  a  ])art  of  the  old  favoi-ite  theoiy  of  one  ci\ih 
i/.ed  peojile  orii^inatino"  in  the  far  noi'th,  nioN  iiiL;' ,L;i';id- 
ually  southward,  and  leaving-  at  each  steppin^-plarc 
traces  of  then-  constantly  im}>rovino'  and  di\-elo|iini;' 
culture.  Thei'e  seems  to  have  been  no  ti  adit  inn 
amono"  the  natives  at  tiie  Con([Uest,  indieatin-'  that 
j\!itla  was  built  by  a  peo})lo  preceding-  the  Za|"iiirs. 
On  the  contrary  Burooa  and  other  early  ('ajacan 
«  hroni(ders  mentioi;  the  place  frequently  as  a  ZapotLi' 


COMPARISONS. 


41< 


holv  place,  devoted  to  tlio  burial  of  kind's,  tlic  resi- 
(luiK-O  of  a  certain  order  of  the  priesthood,  ^\■ho  lived 
here  ti>  make  ex])iatory  sacrifices  for  the  dead,  and  a 
blacc  iA'  royal  inoiirniug,  whither  the  king  retired  on 
the  (Itath  of  a  relative.  Subterranean  caverns  were 
used  lor  the  celebivition  of  religious  rites  Ijefoi'e  the 
upper  tcin)>les  were  built.  Charnay  fancies  tliat  the 
jialaccs  were  l)uilt  by  a  peo])le  that  afterwards  nii- 
t^iatcd  southward.  He  noticed  that  the  \valls  in 
;>liLltLivtl  places  were  covered  with  very  rude  paint- 
iiiii'.s  -  a  sani[)le  of  which  has  been  given — and  sug- 
I'V^ts  that  these  were  executed  bv  occuijants  who 
succctded  the  original  builders.  It  will  be  a])pai'ent 
h)  the  reader  tliat  the  ruins  at  Mitla  bear  no  restan- 
iilaiK'o  whatever  to  other  Oajacan  monuments,  such 
as  those  ;!t  (jJuiengola,  ]\[onte  All)an,  and  Quiotepec; 
and  tl)at  tluy  are  either  the  woi'k  of  a  ditferent  na- 
tinii,  or  what  is  much  more  probable,  for  a  ditferent 
jiuriiosc.  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  Mitla  was 
iiiiilt  hy  the  Zapotecs  at  a  very  early  period  of  tlu;ir 
c'ivili/atinii,  at  a  time  Avlien  the  builders  were  (strongly 
iiitliieiiccd  by  the  Maya  pi'iestliood,  if  they  were  not 
tliciiiselvt's  a,  branch  of  the  ]\Iaya  ])eople.*^**' 

The  mosaic  work  undoubtedly  bears  a  strong  rc- 
si'iiililaiue  to  the  ornamentation  observed  on  (Jlrecian 
\ast.s  and  other  old-world  relics;  but  this  analogy  is 
far  tVttiii  indicating  any  communication  between  the 
aiti>t.-  ())•  their  aut'estors,  for,  as  Humboldt  says,  "in 
all  /.111 us  nifu  have  bet^'U  pleased  witli  a  rythmic  rcpe- 
titiiiii  (if  the  same  forms,  a  repetition  which  consti- 
tutes tlie  leadiniif  characteristic  of  wliat  we  vau'Uuly 
call  grec(|ues,  meandres,  and  Arabes(jUes."" 

^  Unnjiiii,  (,'itirj.  Dism'/i.,  fol.  'i.lT-CiO;  I<f.,  in  Sue.  .1/r  .c.  d'lnij.,  Ilnlrtln, 
'"tii.vii.,  |),  170,  (.'t  s('(|.,  ]iii.  •_'71--;  III.,  ill  Ihisli'ii-imi  Mrj.,  tdiii  ii.,  p.  IDI; 
/'A,  ill  llrnssi  iir  i/r  liiiiir/iiiiir'i.  Hist.  X<il.  dr.,  lom.  iii.,  ji)).  I'l-.'MI.  liias- 
•-I'iir  si\s  iliat  llii'  ti'iiiipje  Imilt  hmt  ii  sulptcriaiiciLU  laliviiiilii  was  called 
)iili(i|iclicli,  111  rczi'lao,  'sii]ii-ciiii>  t'Ditios-;  (if  I'czciad.'  liiiilt  iiiidcr  Toltfc 
i:iliiU'iiM.  A/.,  tdiii.  i.,  i)i>.  .•{(n-r>,  tdiii.  iii.,  y.  It.  Sacked  iiy  liie  .\zt0(;8 
u^iiiiit  I  I'll,  Mini  llic  |)ij(".t- i-arried  a>  ca|i1ive?s  to  Mexicd,  /(/.,  tdiii.  iii..  p. 
•ti*<;  Tiil'n's  Aiti<liii(ii\  |i,  i:{(|.  niiiltliii^fs  (if  ditferent  a;.'c.  hKpni.r,  "Jd  ex- 
I"'''-,  |i|>.  :U-.");  Cliiiniiii/,  llitities  Amir.,  pp.  •jr>'2-:i,  'iO.');  Ilumljijldl,  I'ucs, 
'"111.  ii.,  p.  L'Ti). 

"■  Jlxiiiliff'ifi,  T'^'v,  toia.  ii.,  |ip.  '284-').     'Lls  palais  fiineraire.s  do  Mitlfi 

Vol.  IV.    21 


418 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  OAJACA. 


!?; 


i"! 


In  the  nortlicrn  i^jirt  of  Oajaca,  towards  tlu'  liouiul- 
ary  line  of  Puubla,  remains  liave  been  fDiind  in  sev- 
eral localities.  Those  near  Quiotepec  arc  ext^iisivo 
and  important,  but  are  only  known  by  the  (Icscrlii. 
tion  of  one  explorer,  Juan  N.  Lovato,  who  visited  the 
ruins  as  a  commissioner  from  the  government  in  .bm- 
uary,  1844."**  Lovato's  account  contains  many  details. 
but  the  drawings  which  originally  accompaiiicil  it 
were,  with  two  exceptions,  not  published,  and  IVdin 
the  text  only  a  general  idea  can  be  formed  respectinif 
the  nature  of  the  ruins.  Tlie  foll(Aving  are  .siuli 
items  of  information  as  I  have  been  able  to  extract 
from  the  report  in  cpiestion. 

A  hill  about  a  mile  long  and  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
wide  at  its  base,  and  over  a  thousand  feet  liii^li, 
known  as  the  Cerro  de  las  Juntas,  stands  at  tlie 
junction  of  the  rivers  Quiotepec  and  Salado.  At  tlie 
eastern  end,  where  the  streams  meet,  i\\o  ascent  is 
precipitous  and  inaccessil)lc,  but  the  other  sides  aiid 
the  snnnnit  are  covered  with  ruins.  The  sl(»|»es  are 
formed  into  level  platforms  with  perpendicular  t(  iiace 
walls  of  stone,  of  height  and  thickness  varying  ac- 
cording to  the  nature  of  the  ground.  In  ascendini::^ 
the  western  slope,  thirty-five  of  these  terrace  walls 
were  encountered ;  on  the  southern  slope  there  wtio 
fifty-seven,  and  on  the  northern  eighty-eiglit,  innnt- 
ing  only  those  that  were  still  standing.     One  of  the 

roprodiiiscnt  en  certains  cas  I'ordonnancc  dos  dcmonros  cliiiioisc-i,'  flinr- 
ii((i/,  Itid'iirs  ^liiin:,  [).  ui.  Theruinsof  Miilii  'ikims  jianiissi'Mt  ;i|iiiarti'nir 
a  la  civilisiition  qiiiclu'O,  riuninuc  ]»tsti''ri('nrs  a  'Mix  dc  ^^'ul^llall.  I.:i 
])erfc'cti(m  de  ra|i]!areil,  les  i)an'inc'nts  vci'ticaiix  dos  salli's  avi'c  Iciirs  i'|iiiii^ 
do  coliniDos  jimtaut  la  cliaiin'iitc  dii  cDiiiido,  ra1)>eiH'0  (■(Piuplric  ilim- 
itatiou  do  la  coiistniotion  do  IioIh  dans  la  docoration  cxtoriciin'  mi  iiiti'- 
rieiire,  roriionientation  olilonne  sculoniont  jiar  Tjissomldaj^o  dcs  iiicircs  suns 
sciilptiin',  doiiuont  aiix  oditicos  de  Mitla  nn  caractoro  jiMrliiMditr  c|ii  les 
distin^nio  nottonieiit  do  ooux  do  rYucatau  ct  qui  indiquorait  aii^>i  inn'  date 
plu.H  rofoiito.'   VioUil-li'-I )!(<•,  ill  III.,  lip.  lOO-l. 

68  Lovato's  ri'port  was  imldisliod  with  two  of  the  nino  plates wliiili  mv'- 
in;;!',*'  acoompaiiicd  it  in  tlio  Miisco  Mrx.,  toni.  iii..  p.  IVJO-H.").  and,  witlnmt 
the  plates  ia  I.'iccioiinrio  Uiiir.,  toni.  ix.,  jip.  ()St7-7ll(>.  .Miiilcr,  ll-f<''ii, 
toiii.  ii.,i)p.  251-4,  ffivos  an  aecoiiiit  which  socnis  to  have  liccn  iiiailc  up 
mostly  from  Lovato's  report,  althocijih  he  iiia.v  have  jiersonally  vi-itc'l  ili« 
ruins.  A  short  description,  also  from  the  ^^ll.'tl■o  ^fc,^^.,  may  lie  I'UiikI  iu 
Mai/cr's  Mc.c.  ..Lzlec,  vol.  ii.,  p.  "217,  and  /(/.,  OOscrcalioits,  pp.  'J'liJ. 


nrixs  OF  (,>rioTi:i'i:c. 


419 


Willis  at  tlio  .summit  is  about  three  liundred  juul 
twtiitv  iVt't  long,  sixty  feet  high,  and  live  and  a 
lialt"  tk't  thick. 

Scattered  over  the  hill  on  the  terrace  jjlatfornis, 
tlic  fnuiHlations  of  small  buildings,  su}){)osed  to  liave 
liifii  dwellings,  were  found  in  at  least  a  hundred  and 
thiitv  places.  In  connection  with  these  buildings 
sdiiio  ti»inl)s  were  found  underground,  box-sha])ed 
with  walls  of  stone,  containing  human  remains  and 
some  fragments  of  pottery.  Tumuli  in  great  iium- 
IxT.s  ai'c  found  in  all  directions,  probably  burial 
UK  muds,  although  nothing  but  a  few  stone  beads  has 
Inrii  t'duiid  in  them.  Other  mounds  were  apparently 
(ksin-iu'd  for  the  support  of  l)uildings.  At  diffe:-ent 
points  towards  the  summit  of  the  hill  are  three  tanks, 
(ir  reserve /irs,  one  of  which  is  sixty  feet  long,  twenty- 
I'liiu'  feet  wide,  and  six  feet  deep,  with  traces  of  steps 
kadiiig  down  into  it.  In  the  walls  traces  of  beams 
are  seen,  sup[)osed  by  the  explorer  to  have  supported 
the  sealfolding  used  in  their  construction. 

Besides  the  terrace  walls,  foundations  of  dwellings, 
and  the  remains  that  have  been  mentioned,  there  are 
also  many  ruins  of  statelier  edifices,  presumably  ]tal- 
aies  and  temples.  Of  these,  the  only  ones  described 
are  situated  at  the  summit  on  a  small  level  plateau,  of 
a  luuidred  and  twenty-two  by  two  hundred  and  forty- 
ei'^'ht  ieet.  These  consist  of  what  are  spoken  of  as  a 
lialacG  and  a  temple,  facing  each  other,  a  hundred  and 
-ixty-six  feet  apart.  Between  the  two  are  the  bases 
"f  wliat  was  formerly  a  line  of  circular  pillars,  lead- 
iui;-  from  one  edifice  to  the  other.  The  l)ases,  or  j>ed- 
t'stals,  are  fourteen  inches  in  diameter,  five  inches 
lii,i;h,  and  about  fourteen  feet  apart.  The  'I'emjde 
tat'L's  iiortli-east,  and  its  fi'ont  is  sliown  in  tlu;  accom- 
panying  cut.  This  is  a  form  of  the  i)yrami(hd  stiuct- 
urc  viiy  different  from  any  that  has  been  met  before. 
Its  dimensions  on  the  ground  are  fifty  l)y  fifty-five 
tt't.  The  Palace  is  desci'ibed  as  thirty-nine  feet 
liigii  in  front  and   thirty-three  feet  in  the   rear,    and 


if 

'i 

'Si 


i 


'•  m 


;  J  i,  'i 


!■? 


■i;  !  i 
.1.  1 1 
'i    :  i 


423 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  OAJACA. 


Temple  Pj'ramid — Ccrro  do  las  Juntas. 

lias  a  stalrwiiy  of  twenty  steps  about  twoiity-ci-Iit 
loot  wide,  loadinsj;-  up  to  the  summit  on  tlio  t'lunt. 
JudgiuLj  l>y  tliu  ])lato,  this  so-called  palaoo  is  a  sdlid 
olovatiou  with  })orpeudicular  sides,  onuiuionttd  with 
three  i)lain  cornices,  one  end  of  which  is  iiccnjiKl 
througliout  nc.'arly  its  whole  width  by  th<;  staiiway 
niontionod.  Th«  material  of  the  two  structiiics  is 
the  stone  of  the  hill  itsolf  cut  in  thin  regular  M(Mk>, 
laid  in  what  is  descrihed  as  mud,  and  com nd,  ;is 
is  shown  by  traces  still  left  in  a  few  jiaits,  with  i 
coatini^'  of  jilaster.  Both  the  structures,  accordiiiu'  to 
the  ])lates,  have  a  rather  modern  aj)pearance,  and  dif- 
fer widely  from  any  other  American  moiuunonts,  Imt 
there  seems  to  be  no  reason  to  doubt  the  rolialiil'ty 
of  Sr  Lovato's  account,  considering  its  official  natuic, 
and  r  cannot  suppose  that  the  Spaniards  ever  oitrttil 
such  editices.  The  foundations  and  arches  of  tine 
.small  apartments  are  vaguely  spoken  of  as  l.aviii.;' 
been  discovered  by  excavation  in  connection  with  thi; 
]*alaco,  but  whether  they  were  on  its  sununit  or  in 
tlie  interior  of  the  apparently  solid  mass,  duts  imt 
clearly  appear,  although  Midler  states  that  tho  lattti' 
was  tile  case.  On  the  summit  of  the  3'alace  a  coiKil- 
ti'ee,  one  foot  in  diameter,  was  found.  Fivo  sculp- 
tured slabs  were  sketched  by  ^Midler  at  Quintt'iHr, 
hat  he  does  not  state  in  what  part  of  the  ruins  thtv 
wei'e  found.  Each  slab  has  a  human  figure  in  protilr. 
surrounded  by  a  variety  of  inexplicable  attiilmtis. 
The  foivheads  seem  to  be  flattened,  and  four  ;>f  tliu 
live  have    an    immense  curved    tongue,  pos.'^iMy  the 


TIXTKI'KC  AND  IirAIirAPAX. 


421 


\v '11  l^m^wn  Azteo  syinltol  of  speucli,  pr()tni(liiic»"  from 
the  iihMith.  SoiML'wlicrc  in  tliis  vicinity,  on  tlio  pcr- 
|iiii(li(iil;ir  Iwinks  of  rock  that  form  tlio  i-lianncl  of  the 
i;ii)  Tccninava,  painted  tinnrcs  of  a  snn,  moon,  and 
liainl,    arc    reported,    at    a    yreat    liei;^lit    from    the 


IVJ 


Avutcr. 

Xi;n'  the  town  of  Tuxtcpec,  some  fifty  miles  east- 
waid  t'inm  (^)uiotepec,  near  the  Vera  Crnz  houndary, 
tli(  IV  is  said  to  he  an  artificial  mi»und  eighty -thri'e 
f.rt  !hl;Ii.  known  as  the  Castillo  do  ^[onteznma.  A 
|ia>-i.;v  leads  toward  the  centre,  hnt  nothing  further 
i-.  kiiiiwn  of  it,  excej)t  that  some  stone  idols  are  men- 
tioiiid  1)V  another  writer  as  havinn'  heen  duy'  from  a 
iuouikI  ill  a  town  of  the  same  name,™ 

At  1  Iiialiiia|)an,  ahout  fifty  miles  Avestward  of 
(j>iiintr|icc,  Dupaix  found  the  sculptured  hlock  shown 
ill  the  rut.      It  is  four  aiul  a  half  feet  lony,  and  ti  foot 


Sculjiturod  Block  from  Iliialnuiinm. 

:iii(l  a  half  hit^'h ;  the  material  is  a  hard  hlue  stone, 
•'mil  tile  sculpture  in  low  I'elief  seems  to  re[)re-eiit  a 
kiiiil  (if  coat  of   arms,  from   which  projects  a   hand 

'''  V'lK'ii  M,,v..  (mil.  i..  [i.  l.Sfi.  T.dvatii's  ('\|il(ir,i(ii>ii  \xms  ihikIc  Ii\  the 
'■riJiT  lit  Cell.  I,, .(,11,  mill  till' ai'cniiiil  fiiniislicil  fur  inilpliralioii  l>\  Sr.I.  M . 
I"inrl.  ill  lii'scriliiii;;  tlii'  Toiiiiilc,  the  three  tli;;lits  of  stairs  are  saiil  to 
line  |o,  s,  Mild  (i  steps,  respectively,  wliii'li  does  not  aj^ree  witli  tlie  plate 
ii-iii|iiiMl  ;iliiiv(>.  Miiller  ;,dves  the  liiliiilii'r  of  small  hiiildiiiirs,  or  dweliiii.i:^', 
«liiiM'  fiiuiiiJaiioMs  are  visilile  as  TJO  instead  of  Kid;  he  also  j^ives  in  his 
iiiiiiciiviMiis  iiil'tres  instead  of  varas,  which  wiiiiid  increase  tlu'Ui  in  l'",n;^!ish 
t''H  ill  ilie  proportion  of  '.IL'  to  Id'.t.  He  further  states  that  the  structures 
iarc  tlic  I'liidiiial  points. 

'''''"'"■  ill  ■"<<"■■  .lA.''.  ("riif/.,  Biihtiii,  ida  e[ioca,  torn.  !.,  ji.  3(i;  ^tiism 
-•'■J'-,  toiii.  i.,  p.  iioU. 


.,  ij 


422 


ANTIQUITIKS  OK  OA.IACA. 


ii 


^i^nispiiif^  an  oLjcct,  fi  pait  of  uliicli  Ix'urs  m  ;>tinii._^' 
rL'suiubluiicu  to  tliu  Aztec  syinlx)!  of  watri'.  Tiii> 
rolic  was  found  in  a  hill  called  Tallesto,  alidnt  ;i 
leaLjue  east  of  the  town." 

In  another  Iiill,  called  Sonibrcrit*^,  only  li.ilf  a 
K'a^nie  IVoni  the  town,  a  laborer  in  l8ol  jilowcd  up 
an  ancient  ^rave,  waid  to  have  contaiiunl  Iniiiian 
l)ones,  fine  })ottery,  with  ;,old  heads  and  riiiL;.<.  All 
the  relics  were  huried  again  hy  the  tinder,  cxccjit 
ibur  of  the  ring's,  which  came  into  tlie  p<^s,sl.'s^i(»ll  uf 
the  liishoj)  of  Pnehla,  and  two  of  which  are  slidwii 
in   the   cut.      With  some   doubts   respecting-  tlii;  an- 


gPSp 


i    lis 


(JoM  Riii;,'s  from  Htiahuapan. 

thcnticity  of  these  relics  I  oive  tlio  cuts  for  wliat 
tiiey  are  worth.  Tiiere  are  accounts  and  diaw iiiL;>  ct 
several   rudely  carved   stone   images    from  the  same 


region. 


72 


At  Yanguitlan,  ten  or  fifteen  miles  south-east  o'l! 
Huahuapan,  several  relics  were  found,  including  a  hu- 
man head  of  natural  size  carved  from  red  stoiic;  two 
idols  of  green  jasper,  slightly  carved  in  human  iikcncss; 
three  cutting  implements  of  hard  stone;  and  tin:  t\\n 
objects  shown  in  the  cuts  on  tlie  oj)[)osite  jiagc.  TIil' 
first  is  a  spear-head  of  gray  fiint,  and  the  sccdiid  a 
very  curious  relic  of  uid<nown  use,  and  whos''  ni.it;  - 
rial  and  dimensions  the  finder  has  neglected  to  nitii- 
tion.  It  is  of  a  red  color,  and  is  very  beaut it'ully 
wrought  in  two  })ieces,  one  serving  as  a  cover  lor  tin 

"'  Jh(jif(l.r,  2(1  cxjkmI.,  ]i.  14,  1)1.  xix.,  fi;,'-  •"';  Kl)iijshnriiii<ih.  vol  \..  \k  -H- 
viil.  vi.,  [1.  -442,  v<il.  iv.,  jil.  xvii.,  [v^.  ").">;  Linoir,  in  Andq.  Mr..  \'>u\.  ii . 
iliv.  i.,  |i.  47. 

'*  Miisvu  Mix.,  tdiii.  i.,  pp.  'J4!),  41)1,  with  plati's  of  tlic  liiiirs  ami  7  -i"»'' 
reli'b. 


AMTUiLlTIES  OF  GLEllUKKO. 


423 


llelu's  from  Yau^iiitlan. 


other,  apparently  intended  to  l)e  joined  by  a  cord  as 
rquvsciitt'd  in  the  cut.  Ainoni;'  tlie  uses  .suggested 
arc  those  of  a  een.ser  and  a  kuitern.."' 


lu  spccting  tlie  relics  of  the  state  (jf  Guerrero,  my 
only  niforniation  is  derived  from  a  statistical  \V(jrk 
liy  Sr  ( '(.'Iso  Munoz,  contained  in  the  report  of  (Jov. 
Francisco  ( ).  Arce  to  the  legislature  (A'  the  state  in 
1S7-.  This  author  mentions  such  relics  in  tlie  dis- 
trict of  Hidalgo,  north  of  the  liio  Zacatula  towards 
the  Ah'xicau  boundary,  as  follows:  1st.  "The  mo- 
//'(u7/c\,  or  tond)S  of  the  ancient  Indians,  which  are 
fmiiid  in  almost  all  the  towns,  although  they  are  con- 
stantly disappearing,  and  abound  especially  in  the 
iiiuiiicij)ality  of  Cocula."     2d.   "Traces  of  ancient  set- 

'''  IiKfiiilx,  2(1  cxpcil.,  pp.  ir)-ir>,  i>l.  xix.-xx.,  fy^.  ."O-Ci^;  KiiH/shnniiii/fi, 
viil.  V,,  |i|i.  •_'44-."),  vol.  vi.,  pi).  44"_'-3,  vol.  iv.,  pi.  xvii.-xviii.,  li;:.  ."i(i-{i;{. 
lti.'s|i(  rtiii;;  the  j;ispi!r  lij,'iirfsM.  Dujiaix  says:  '  Lr  iioiiilni-  de  ci'llfs  <|ii' 
I'll  Imiivo  ilaiis  ll's  st'])iiituri's  de  la  nation  zapotociuf  f.-^t  iiiliiii.  Klli'.s  out 
ili'iix  ii  tiiiis  pidiii's  lie  liaiit;  clU's  soiit  ]in'.-i|ii(;  timtcs  de  forme  triant;ii- 
l:iiii',  i|iiiiilr,in-iil;iire,  on  ])ris;natic|ne,  et  sont  sculptei's  en  .jasiie  vcit  foiu'e, 
iivaiit  iii\Mrialilt'iiiciit  la  inenie  attitude  senihlalde  ii  eelle  d"liis  on  irOsiris, 
limit  li  -  |M'iites  iiloles  etaieut  destinecs  a  aeeonipairner  les  nioniies  i';:.v])- 
'it'iiiii'-."  I'lu'  litile  in  tln^  hack  (lart  of  each  is  drilled  in  a  curved  line. 
Lciiuii;  hi  Antiii.  J^fJ^-i  toni.  ii.,  div.  i.,  pp.  -I'-S. 


f 


i 

'■■■I 

l    !■ 
A'- 


si!-'      .:! 


nil 


: 


434 


ANTKil'ITIKS  OF  OAJACA. 


tk'inonts  of  till)  al)()iiniiK's,  who  citlicr  iK't-aiiic  <  xtinct 
or  iiiiL^'ratc'd  to  otlu;r  loculitics:  such  !ir(!  seen  mi  the 
liill  of  IIui/t(M'o,  ill  tlu!  miiiiicipality  (tf  Tasco,  in  ,|i;it 
of  Totipjui  ol  Yic'jo  iiiid  of  ( 'oatlaii  I'l  \'i<'j<>,  nf  Ti - 
tipMc,  of  (Jociilatopil,  of  Pi('<h'a  C  JijiikK;  or  San  ( Ia>|i;ir, 
I'ci^'ion  of  li^'lcsia  \'it.'ja,  Cocula,  and  many  othcis," 
.'id.  At  ^ro|)ocoac'uil('o  "there  ai'e  traces  very  chailv 
detiiied  of  many  fouiulatioiis  of  lioiises;  and  in  cxci- 
vations  tliat  liavo  been  made  tliere  liave  hccn  luiiiid 
many  i(h)ls  and  flint  weapons,  especially  lanci  s,  vi  iv 
Avell  preserved,  and  other  ctirions  ivlics  o|'  Aztir 
times."  4th.  At  Chontalcnatlan,  there  are  traces  nf 
the  anciinit  town  on  a  liill  called  ('oatlan  cl  \  ii  ju, 
Avhere  there  is  also  said  to  be  a  block  of  porphyiy  >nu' 
or  two  metres  in  diameter,  on  the  surface  of  which  is 
bcul[>tured  a  coiled  serpent.^* 

71  MiiDnz,  Eslnili.ilirn  (hi  DIstrllo  ih'  JTIdiihjn,  in  G iirrnvo,  }fi  iiturin 
prcsciitdilii  I'l  III  11.  Lcijislatura,  jtui  cl  Gubcrnadur,  i'raii.  0,  .Inr^  Ls7l', 
pp.  45,  luO,  ^72. 


CHAPTEU  vrn. 

ANTIQUITIKS    OF    VERA    ClU'Z. 

I'llV>l(   \l.     r'F.ATtrM'.S    OK    TMK     STATE- KXIM.onATION'     AND    ni-.Pni!TS— 

('\\\i'\  AMI  Tixii.A  Ni;(iit()  IIi;ai)-I!i:i.I(s  fiin'M  Isi.amiim'  Sa- 
(i.iiKHis     Kastkkn  Si.oi'i;  liiiMAlNs  -  Mi:in;i,iN     Xkalamii     Itio 

r.l.Witi       AmaTI.AN   OlMZAVA-     ('i:MI'OAI.A       I'l  I;.\  II;  N  MKiNAI,    - 

V.\-n  hi;  ()\  K.rAs  -Hitatisco— FoktiI'Ications  and  I'vka.mih.s  ok 
('i:\ri, \     I".i,   Castillo-  FoifTiiKss  or  TLA(OTi:i'i:r     I'ai.millas— 

ZA(  I  \:'AN  -  iNSClitiTION  AT  ATLLVCA  -  CONSOC^I  TILA  roKT  AND 
ToMi;  (ALCAIIfALCO— ItllSS  OK  MlSA.NTLA  (lit  MoNTK  liKAL  1»LS. 
TlMi  I  n|-  .lALANCINliO  I'VI.'AMIDOK  TATANTLA  MaIMLCA  I'VUA- 
Mlli   \Mi  I'ol  NTAIN  AT   Tl  SAI'AN-  I'lllNS  OK  MkTLALI'OVI  (    \       ItKL- 

lo  M.Aii  rANUco— Calo.ndkas,  San  Nicolas,  anu  Tuimdad. 


I*;t^sin<v  now  to  the  eastern  or  nrnlf  coast,  I  sliall 
ilrvotc  the  present  cliapter  to  the  anti([iiities  of  Vera 
(  ruz,  tlif  ancient  liome  of  tlie  Totonacs  in  the  north, 
;iii(l  the  Xicalancas  and  Nonoluuilcos  in  the  sontli. 
A  t  ra  (  iiiz,  witli  an  averatij'e  Avidtli  of  seventy  miles, 
i'\tt.iii|.s  IVoin  the  Laofnna  de  Santa  Ana,  the  wi^stern 
liiiundaiT  of  Tabasco,  to  the  nioutli  of  the  liiver  JVi- 
iiuiii.  a  (Hstance  of  about  five  liiindred  miles.  Its 
tiiritiiy  is  about  e(|ually  divided  lenotliwise  between 
til''  I'lw  iiiaUirious  tierra  caliente  on  the  immediate 
U'lilf  ^lllll•e,  and  tlie  eastern  sh»|>e  of  the  lofty  sierra 
tliat  bniiiids  the  Mexican  phiteau.  Two  or  three 
laudi  traveh'd  routes  lead  inland  from  the  ]»oi't  of 
^|^a  i'rwA  towards  the  city  of  ]\re\ico,  and  tiavelers 
make  Iiaste  to   cross    this    i)laL!Ue-belt,    the    hii'kin<>-- 


■Mil 


i:i 


I 


m'  if 

h 


m 


iii;: 
11 


420 


AN'TIQUrnES  OF  VEIIA  CUUZ. 


plr.eo  of  the  deadly  voiiiitt),  turning"  noitliei-  {<>  tin; 
r:".i>'lit  nor  left  to  invcstii^'ute  the  past  or  j)ies(iit.  A 
raili'jad  now  com[)leted  renders  the  transit  still  imni' 
direct  and  ra[)id  than  hefoi'e.  Away  from  tiK>f 
routes  the  territory  of  this  state  is  less  known  than 
almost  any  other  portion  of  the  ^Mexican  lie|)uljlie, 
altlioiit^-h  a  })ortion  of  the  southern  Goatzaroak'o 
re^i^'iou  has  heen  ])retty  thoroughly  ex])lore(l  ly  sur- 
veyors ot'  the  Tehuante})ee  interooeanie  rt)utcs,  ami 
by  an  unfortunate  French  colonization  conijumv  that 
settled  here'  early  in  the  present  centurv.  The 
mountain  slopes  and  jdateaux  twenty-five  or  thirty 
miles  inland  are,  however,  fertile  and  not  unhealthy, 
haviniif  heen  crowded  in  ancient  times  ^ith  a  (l(ii>,e 
ahorii>hial  population,  traces  of  whoso  fornun-  ]iiv>- 
ence  are  found  in  every  direction.  Most  of  (»ur  in- 
formation respecting  the  anti(iuities  of  tliis  state  is 
derived  from  the  reports  of  Mexican  cx})loreis.  only 
one  or  two  of  whom  have  in  most  cases  visited  cadi 
of  the  many  groujis  of  ruins.  These  exjilorers  lunc 
as  a  rule  fallen  i'vto  a  very  natural,  j)erlia})S,  Imt  at 
the  same  time  very  unfortunate  ei'ror  in  tlu  ir  desciip- 
tioiis;  for  after  havinuf  displaved  o-reat  ener-jv  ami 
skill  in  tlie  discovery  and  examination  of  ;i  ruin, 
doubtless  forming  a  '-lear  idea  (»f  all  its  details,  tluy 
usually  compress  these  details  into  the  space  of  a  t'cw 
pai-agra])hs  or  a  few  i)ages,  and  devote  the  larger  pait 
of  thcii"  )'e]>oi-ts  to  essays  on  the  Toltee,  C'liichinin-. 
or  ()lincc  history-  -suhj'ects  on  wh'ch  th 'v  -'an  thmw 
no  light.  They  neglect  a  topic  )f  tho  (lcc|H-^t  in- 
terest, concerning  which  their  an  hoi'ity  would  Ih'"! 
the  very  great(.>st  weight,  for  anoti  er  resjK'cting  which 
their  conclusions  are  for  the  most  part  valueless. 


I 


I 


The  "uins  of  an  ahoriginal  city  are  mentioiu'd  at 

(Jaxaj>a,  hetweeti  the  volcano  of  Tuxtla  and  tlif  ''last 

in  the  southei-n  pai't  of  tlu'  state.^      In  the  viciniiy  "t 

'ru\tl;i,  at    the   south-Westel'U    has  '   of  the    voh;i:in.  a 

'  Mii/(/riijif(ir(//,  Mijicii,  toll),  ii..  ji.  li'J;  M  .i-ikmiisi-hi'  Ziifitxiiil .    '<\\\A.. 
]).  31. 


KELICSAT  SACUinCIOy  ISLAND- 


427 


colossal  «4'i';mIto  Load,  six  feet  liigli,  was  found  by  a 
lalioiii-  ill  IS()2,  while  making-  a  clearing  for  a  niilpa. 
Tile  head  was  pliotog'raplied,  and  a  eo})y  of  the  plate 
piiMished  hy  the  Mexican  Geographical  Society,  to- 
ot tlior  with  an  aeconipanying  text  jjrepared  hy  J.  ^I, 
]\h!gar.     A  eo})y  of  the   plate  is  given  in  the   cut. 


Eriiijjtan  n<-ad  J  Granite. 

T!io  most  noticeable  ]ieculiarity  in  this  licad  is  the 
lU'i^ro  east  of  the  features,  and  Seiior  !Melg.-"  devotes 
lii-  article  to  the  negro  race,  which  as  he  su])poses 
llveil  ill  Ainerica  before  the  coming  of  the  8})aniards.^ 
On  the  island  of  Sacriticios,  in  the  harbor  of  Vera 
Cruz,  one  author'  states  that  remains  of  the  ancient 
teni|)le  are  yisible.  This  is  probably  an  eri'or,  but 
iiiiiu' r(»ii>  small  relics  have  been  cU^'j  up  on  the 
i>l;iiid.  ^^ally  of  the  relics  were  articles  of  jtottery, 
olio  ef  which  of  very  peculiar  furm  is  shown  in  the  cut 


Eartl)en  Vaj^o  -ImIo  of  Sacrificios. 

2  >■,,,.  1/,,.  Cidiii.,  Bull  tilt,  I'da  I'poca,  tmii.  i.,  )>|i.  'i'.Vi-T.  toiii.  iii.,  j>]>. 
I'M-'.i.  \nlli  l^^l(  [ilatos  it'incsfiitiii;,'  the  coldssal  licuil,  arifl  stvt'ial  Dtliur 
rclii-^  lr,,iii  senile  locality  not  iiiiMitioncil, 

'  ii'i-ii-,,,,  in  Xuttnllc^  Aiuia/'jii  ik^  i'"l/-,  1S>33,  toia   li.\.,  p.  01. 


;.n 


i)\ 


■nai 


f 

1 

1; 

1 

It.:  I 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  VFAW  i  IIVZ. 

from  W;il(lc'cl<.  Tliis,  like  most  of  the  otlur  ^r- 
ticles  found  hero,  is  preserved  in  the  jNTiisciiin  ,,f' 
Mexico,  and  was  sketelied  l>y  Mayer  and  hy  W'.il- 
deck.  Mr  'ryh)r  pi-onounces  it  not  the  work  of  die 
natives  before  the  Conijiiest,  in  fact  a  fraud,  "dUc  ,,( 
the  worst  cases  I  ever  noticed."  Tliere  is  no  ddiiht 
of  tlie  accuracy  of  tlie  draw  ini;-,  and  Sr  (londin  ;is 
sured  <  'oh  Mayer,  as  the  hitter  informs  me,  th.it  tin- 
relic  is  an  autlientic  one.'  AVorknien  enj^^ancd  in  l.iv- 
ino-  tlu'  foundations  of  the  modern  fort  fo(nid.  ,it  ;i 
deptli  of  six  feet,  vases  of  liard  material,  wliiili  in 
the  o])iiuon  of  M.  Baradei'e  reseniMed  \asts  riiat 
have  lnH'U  hrou^'ht  from  Japan. '"^  ( 'ol.  Mayer  i^ivcs 
cuts  of  thirtetm  relics  du<4'  fi'om  a  suhteri'anean  rlniin- 
])er  or  grave  in  I8'i8.  Two  (jf  these  were  of  wliiti 
mar])Ie  or  alahaster,  and  oin  of  them  is  shown  in 
the  cut.     ^I.  JJunianoir  ma4e  uu  excavaftivjij  ulsu  in 


WhU*'  MhkI'''"'  V'asf     Vera.  Crm. 


I'Vr/f 


1841,  findiiij^  a  Hepulch/V'  containirifjf  udl  |»i 
human  skelet<m><,  eartlien  VdM^fi  pi/mi't'di  and 
i^Jz/JH,  \mn'/i-H,  jlmV'/detM,  it't^h  '/ noyrti  ,khA  \\il<l  hi  ;i>t-, 
and  marl/f<',  or  iihilmMif,  urns  Plate-  (A'  f/j.iny  >>^ 
Hie    relics   hav<'  \fi>A{ti  |mhlished.- 

4  fi' "'///.  r<ih„ii,if,  |,i.  xfix ;  ryA//.v  A/id(m\  ^  ^  i. 

■'  A»/if/.  A/fj-..  toiii.  i,,  4i\,  ii..  u.  ^">, 

f'  .V//'/v".v  M  r  11^  il  M'./v.  \,y.  m  -f;  A/..  M  ,    .-r-Y//',//-..  ^^^l  i;i     1^  r.i, 
Willi  ^^-iWs;  ht.,  Ill  !<'1n,iil,iiitl'ii  At'i'h.,  \iA   vi.,  |>  .".t«,  jrf.  VI,  |<-    "•  /  * 

H     f'l:  ''-riyli-d.  ill  l't<'i,lli   Jliif,  t'oii'/.    Mi.r..    rmu      rii  .  fffi    Ml.  I''     \^'/ 


REMAINS  OX  TIIK  EASTKIIX  SLOPE. 


429 


Fmiii  rlif  city  of  Vera  Cruz  two  iiiaiii  I'outcs  ol' 
tra\i  I  li'iid  iiilaiid  toward  the  city  of  Mexico.  The 
tir-t  (Ateiids  iiorth-westwartl  via  Jala|)a.  and  the  sec- 
ond xiiith-westwai'd  via  Orizava.  After  cr(».s.siiii>-  the 
lir-i  Inl'ty  luouutaiii  hai'i'ier  which  divides  the  coast 
tVdiii  the  interior  j)lateaii.\,  tlie  roads  a])])i'oach  eai-h 
iitliLi'  .nid  meet  near  Putjhla,  ( )ii  the  eastern  hlojje, 
tlic  iDiids  with  tlie  iiKJUiitain  ran^e,  whicli  at  this 
jioinr  I'Vtends  nearly  iioi'th  and  south,  t"oriu  a  tri- 
aiiL^li'  wltli  e(jUid  sides  uf  ahout  ei^'lity  miles,  at  the 
,111^1, •>  iif  which  are  the  cities  of  W'l'a  < 'ruz,  .Iala|ta, 
aii<!  <)iiza\a,  or  more  accurately  poiii:>  ten  or  tifteeii 
iiiilr>  ahove  tlie  two  latter,  'i'his  comparatixely  small 
triaiiLiulac  area,  round  whicli  so  many  traveleis  ha\e 
passed  ill  their  journey  to  .\n;ihuac,  is  literally  cov- 
ered uiih  traces  of  its  ahori^inal  ]>oj)ulatit)n,  in  the 
slia|ic  of  }>ottery,  im{dements,  foundation  stones  of 
dwelliip^s,  fortihcations,  pyramids,  and  graves.  1 
(jUnre  rlic  followiiiL»"  from  an  artitde  on  the  aiiti«juities 
•<\'  \"eia  ('ruz,  written  in  IS()!),  for  the  ^Mexican  Ueo- 
uiapliical  Society,  hy  (,*arlos  Sartorius: 

"(>ii  tlie  eastern  sloj>e  of  the  lofty  volcanic  ran'_;e, 
iriiii  till'  Vvnk  of  ()nzava  to  the  (  otVe  de  IVrotc,  at 
ail  ;i\'  ra'j'e  elevation  of  two  to  live  thousand  feet 
alio\c  til.  level  of  the  o-ulf,  there  exist  inminicrahle 
tra'Ts  (it'  a.  very  iiumei'ous  indigenous  poj)ulation  he- 
f'lre  the  <  'on(|Uest.  Idistory  tells  us  nothing  respect- 
iii^  tii'-  part  of  the  country,  distinL;ui.shed  \\)V  its 
aliiiiidaiit  su])ply  of  watei",  its  feitility,  and  its  dy- 
li;:'Iitt'iil  and  healthy  climate."  '•|''(»r  an  extent  of 
rilteeii  to  twenty  leaL;ues,  trom  cnst  to  we>t.  thert; 
\va>  licit  ;i  s|»an  of  eai'th  that  was  not  cultivated,  as  is 
|il'"\"d  ly  liumherless  remains.  ,  .The  whole  lolllitlN' 
i-'  lei'ind  into  tei'races  l»y  stone  walls,  whidi  fallow  all 
i!ie  \aiiations  of  the  surfi'  c  with  the  e\ident  ohjt'ct 
"^  (I'V'  \(ntin<4"  the  washin<4  away  of  the  soil.  Some- 
Miiie-  the  terraces  are  ti'ii  or  twelve  yards  wide,  at 
"tiler-  hardly  one  vaid.  The  small  i'a\  in<  .>  called 
/'///".«  s(  ived   for   in  numeral  »1»,'    water-tanks,    huilt   of 


4,i  /f 


\-h 


10'>^:, 


I   ;  tl 


430 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  VEUA  CIUZ. 


rocks  and  clay,  or  of  stone  and  mortar,  tlicso  (lams 
bcint^  also  covi-rod  Avith  a  coatino"  of  hard  ctiiiriir. 
It  is  evident  that  a  numerous  pojiulation  took  ad- 
vantaiji'e  of  every  inch  of  land  for  cultivation,  u>iii;'- 
the  water  o-athered  in  the  tanks  durinL>-  tJK!  rainy 
season  i'or  irri<j;'ation,  possihly  effected  l)y  hand  \>\- 
moans  of  earthern  vessels.  In  the  more  sterile  jmr- 
tioiis  of  tlie  land,  on  the  top  of  hills  which  ]ia\i'  no 
soil  are  seen  the  foundations  of  dwelliuLjs,  all  nt 
stone  witliont  mortar,  ai'ranged  in  streets  or  in 
_oToups.  They  always  form  an  oblong  rectangli'  and 
face  the  cardinal  points.  They  are  found  in  cliaiinif 
heavy  forests  as  well  as  on  open  tracts,  and  the  tact 
that  oaks  a  metre  in  diameter  are  f  )und  within  tln' 
enclosure  of  the  walls,  ])roves  that  many  centuiirs 
have  passed  since  the  population  disappeared,  in 
many  parts  are  found  groups  of  pyramids,  of  \ari(Mis 
sizes  and  degrees  of  })reservation.  The  laigcsi.  of 
stone,  are  fifty  feet  and  over  in  height,  Mliiir  tlio 
smallest  are  not  over  ten  or  twelve.  The  last  set  in 
to  he  tomhs;  at  least  several  that  we  opened  con- 
tained skeletons  in  a  very  decomjiosed  state,  uith 
eai'then  utensils  like  those  now  made  hy  the  natives, 
arrow-heads  of  obsidian  and  bird-bone,  doubtless  the 
supplies  given  to  the  dead  for  their  journey."  ( >ne 
contained  an  tdegant  burial  lu'n,  bearing  ornamental 
figures  in  relief,  containing  ashes  and  fragments  of 
human  bones,  and  covered  first  with  small  |)(lihles, 
and  tlu'u  with  stone  flags.  "The  region  wliieli  wv 
suhjectt'd  to  our  investigation  comprehends  the  slope 
of  tlie  sierra  to  the  coast  between  Orizava  and  Jalaiia, 
At  an  elevation  of  four  or  five  thousand  feet  there 
are  many  springs,  which  ut  a  short  distance  I'orni 
ravines  in  a  soil  composed  of  conglomerates  or.  Iin- 
ther  south,  of  lime.  In  their  course  the  ravines 
unite  and  form  ])oints  sometimes  with  vertical  walls 
of  ('onsideral)le  height.  As  the  water-coui'ses  do  not 
follow  a.  straight  line,  but  wind  about,  the  erosii  ii  ot 
the  current  above  the  meetinu' of  the  ravines  destroys 


T!;A('I:S  of  ABOKKIIXAL  POrULATlON. 


i?,l 


til 


;nat  portion  of  tlio  diviclln^'  ri(li;o,  so  that  above 


iftc 


uro  ivniains  only  a  narrow  j)ass,  tiio  rult;e  ntter- 
\ViU'(l>  Ms.siuninuc  ;L,^roater  width  until  the  end  is 
ivaclird.  This  j)]ay  of  nature  occurs  in  the  re!;ion  of 
^vlli(•ll  we  arc  speakiiiL*-,  at  many  jioints  and  witli 
irirat  uiiifonnity,  ahnost  always  at  tlie  same  le\'el  of 
two   tliDUsand    to    twenty-tive    hundred    feet. 


Tl 


le 


iiativrs  selected  these  points,  stronijf  by  nature,  fbrti- 
tViiii;'  tlieni  hy  art  so  ingeniously  as  to  leave  rio  doubt 
as  to  tlieir  progress  in  military  art.  .  ,  .  Some  of  them 
arc  almost  inaccessible,  and  can  be  reached  ouly  by 
iiicaiis  of  ladders  and  ro[)es.  They  all  have  this 
jH'ciiliarity  in  connnon,  that,  besides  sei'ving  for  de- 
loiisr,  they  enclose  a  number  of  edilices  destined  for 
worship,  -teocallis  and  t)'aces  of  veiy  large  structures, 
such  as  residences,  <|uarters,  oi-  peiiiai)S  palaces  of  the 
piirsts  and  rulers.  In  some  ot  tlieni  thei'e  are 
sr)i'ii|i>'s 

others,  aqueducts  of  stone  and  mortar,  to  bi'ing  water 
from  distant  springs."  Sr  Sartorius  then  ])i-oceeds  to 
the  (h'sci-iption  of  particular  ruins,  of  Avhicii  mure 
heival'toi'.'^ 

Mr  Hugo  Finck,  a  resident  for  twenty-eight  years 
in  the  Tegion  under  consideration,  i.i  \vl)i(di   he  trav- 
1  c\tensi\ely  to  collect  botanical   s[iecimens,   con- 
tc(i  t]]o  followiuir  ofeneral  remarks  to  the  Sniitli- 


and    remains    of   larofe    artificial    tan.l 


\S  , 


m 


tMC( 


triliii 


^nliiail 


llOlH 


)rt  foi    1870: 


Tl 


lere   is 


hardiv  a  foot   of 


liroiiiid  ill  the  whole  state  of  Vera  ( 'ruz  |  the  author 
rcthrs  particularly  to  the  region  about  ( '('>rdova.  lliia- 
tiisco,  jind  Mirador|  in  wliicli,  by  exonvatioii,  eitlii'i'  a 
ken  obsidian  knife,  ov  a  broken  piece  of  jxittery  i> 


iiro 


Hot  t'oiiiKh     Tl 
ill 


le 


w 


hoi 


e   counti'v    is   intersected    with 


|Mrallo|   hues  of  stones,  which   were  intended  dnring 


the  heavv  showers 
h 


of  tl 


le  ramv  season   to 


Lee  » 


th 


■irth    troui    waslnnof    awa\ 


Tl 


le    jjunioei 


OI 


th 


ose 


iiHs  oi'  stones   shows   clearly  that  even   the  poorest 
;Uhl.  vihich  nobtxly  in  our  davs  would  cultivate,  was 


.iv'"v   V'lrH^rnriimcs  Anti'juas,   in  S 
II-  i,  I'l'.  siS--J7. 


Mr 


ii'iuij,,  Lull/ (II,  "Jdu 


m 


.'^■^i^'-* 


4:)2 


ANTIQIITIKS  OF  VF.HA  CIUZ. 


|: 


i^:^ 


put  uikKt  roquis'itioii  by  them.  ,  .  .  Tii  tills  ])ai't  df  tlic 
country  no  tr.u;o  of  iron  or  co))[)l'1"  tools  lias  iiNcr  cdin,. 
undci'  my  notice.  Their  im])lemeiiLs  of  ]iii>K,iii(lrv 
aiul  wav  were  of  hard  stone,  hut  g'enenilly  of  nli.-ldian 
juid  of  wood.  The  small  iuouikIs  of  stones  iicir  ilnir 
liahitations  have  the  form  of  a  j)arallelo,L;rani,  aud  aie 
not  over  twentv-se\en  inches  ]ii'''h.  Their  l(ii"tli  is 
from  li\e  to  twelve  yards,  their  width  from  i  \vo  to 
four.  ()n  sear(  hiiiL;'  into  them  iiothiiiL;'  is  f;iuiii|.  A 
weeoiid  class  of  mounds  is  round,  in  thetonnor,!  nnw, 
alwavs  ,;tandini>'  siii^lv.  Tliev  are  htiiU  nf  I(mi>c 
stones  and  earth,  and  of  various  sizes;  sonic  a^  lii!^li 
as  li'.t;  yards,  with  a  diameter  of  iVom  five  to  iwi mv 
V'lrds.  Excavation  made  in  them  hrouyht  to  li"ht  ;i 
lari^'e  ])ot  of  hiinied  clay  tilled  with  ashes,  hut  in  '^cn- 
ei"al  notliin'4'  is  found.  The  third  class  of  nii>un(l>, 
also  huilt  of  l(>oso  stones  and  earth,  have  tlie  iiniu  i'l' 
a  parallelo!j;'raiu,  whose  smaller  sides  look  ea>t  and 
west,  and  are  from  H\e  to  six  yards  hii^h,  tennlnaiiiiL;' 
at  the  to})  in  a  level  space  of  from  three  to  ti\i'  vai(l> 
in  width,  the  base  heinn'  from  ei^ht  to  twehc  vaids. 
They  are  found  I'roni  tifteen  to  two  hundred  vanls 
lon,n'.  Sometimes  several  are  imited,  IbrmiiiL;'  a  lin]- 
low  sijuare,  whi(di  must  have  been  used  as  a-  fnitios. 
( )thers  ao'aiii  have  their  outer  siu'lace  made  ol'  ma- 
s<^nry,  but  still  the  inside  is  tilled  u[»  with  loose  >teiu> 
and  eai'th.  Near  river-beds,  where  stones  :\>-  \it\ 
abundant,  these  tuniidi  are  lari^'est.  Priin  ijaily  m 
this  latter  class,  idols,  implements  of  hu.-^baiid!  \  and 
w.ir  are  discovered,  sometimes  lyinn'  ([uite  l(i<  ,  aiid 
at  others  imbedded  in  hollow  si[uai'e  b(*xes  made  of 
masonry.  Tiie  last-dest-ribed  mounds  form  the  tivm^i- 
tioii  to  thosi'  constructions  which  are  altoy'etliei'  luiilt 
of  solid  masonry  .  .  .()ne  ])eculiarity  of  tlie  la-  iium- 
tioiied  ruins  is,  that  they  are  all  constructed  at  'In 
junction  (d"  two  ra\ines,  and  used  a>  fortrc>-  ■,  'i> 
account  of  thtdr  iin))re«4'nability.  ]\lo>t  of  the  laii;ei' 
barrancas  have  pre(dpitous  si<les  tVom  thiw  liiniih'  d 
^o  one  thou-and  teet  deep,  which  guarded  the  i  diaiii- 


OEX  i:r.A  L  I)  i:s(  I J I  ptiox. 


483 


tam^  on  tlicir  flank,  so  tliat  notliini^  more  was  ro- 
(|uiiv(l  tliau  to  l)uild  a  wall,  loaviuiu^  a  wiiiall  entrance 
ill  tlic  middle,  as  a  i)assai,»'e,  wliicli  could  be  barricaded 
ill  time  of  war. .  ..Such  constructions  can  be  seen  to 
this  (lay  in  tolerable  n'ood  condition.  The  interior  of 
tlitsc  t'ditified  inclosures  is  in  general  lar^e,  sometimes 
li(i|(liiiL;'  tVom  four  to  Hve  scjuai-e  miles,  and  could  be 
|iut  uiidei'  cultivation  in  case  of  a  siege.  The  wall  is 
in  <",.|irral  from  {\n\v  to  five  yards  hiyh,  and  has  on 
till'  inside  terraces  with  .steps  to  lead  to  the  t(^j).  At 
'ithor  places  there  is  a  series  of  semicircular  walls,  the 
front  (iiie  lower  than  the  f dlowiny-,  and  a  ])assaL;e  be- 
tween each  to  permit  one  person  at  a  time  to  pass 
troiii  line  to  the  other.  The  innermost  wall  is  some- 
tiiiK's  |M  itbrated  with  loopholes  throu^'h  which  arrows 
cDiild  be  tlu'own.  Quito  a  ninnber  of  ruins  are  found 
iu.sidi^  the  fortiflcation,  as  mounds,  altars,  i^ood  level 
I'liiids  with  a  foundation  of  mortar.  Most  of  these 
miiiiuiiieiits  have  good  preserved  steps  leading  to  the 
tdp.  In  some  very  small  pots  of  burning  clay  are 
fitund  tilled  with  ashes."* 

The  pi\!ceding  quotations  are  sufficient  to  give  a 
iloar  idi  a  of  the  ruins  in  their  general  features,  and 
Iiavc  only  such  ])articular  remains  as  have  been  made 
known  tiii'ough  the  labors  of  different  explorers  to  be 
flesorilit'd.  Some  ten  or  twelve  of  the  })eculiar  forti- 
!i(.'(l  places  alluded  to  above  have  been  more  <»!•  less 
tally  described,  but  as  then;  is  no  even  tolerably  ac- 
luratc  topograj)hical  map  oi'  this  i-egion,  it  is  utterly 
im|iossibK'  to  locate  them.  I^ach  stream,  ravine, 
I'lutf.  Iiill.  and  mountain  of  all  the  labyrinth,  has  its 
local  name;  indeed,  some  of  them  seem  to  have  two 
"f  tluof,  but    most  *^)f  them    have    no    ])lace  on   the 

1]'^  It  is  conse<iuently  (piite  ])ossible  that  the 
'^Jiinr  mills  have  been  described  under  more  than  oiio 
iwiuc.     I   shall  })resent  each  group  as  ]i  is  descriljeil 

*  Fuu'l.-,  ill  Siiiitfi.siininu  H'/if.,  ISTO.  ]>]>.  .37.3-5.  Mr  Tylnr,  in  tiiivclin;,' 
iiiirfinviii.l  iiiuiirds  .Ijilii|>M.  siiciks  "I  '  imiMiTiiiis  icniaiiiK  (it  iiiicu'iil  Indian 
iii"Uini  iiiiN  ur  i(Mii|ii('s  uhicli  wt;  iias^cd  (jii  tlif  road.'  Aiut/iiKti:,  p.  'M'2. 

V-L.    IV.      ^i 


'  ! 


mi 


ill'! 


!l 


if: 


431 


ANTKMITir.S  OF  VKltA  CltlZ. 


]»y  tlio  ex})l()ivr,  ^^iviiii^-  wliuii  ])ossil)lo  tlio  (li>r;iiice 
and  Ijuariii^-  IVoiii  sumo  })()int  laid  down  on  the  maii 
uliicli  a(T't>in})anic.s  this  volume. 

Before  treating"  of  tliose  ruins,  however,  I  shall 
iiieutiou  some  miscuUaneous  relics,  from  tluj  ri'^idii 
under  consideration,  found  at  well-known  ti)\vii.>.  di- 
in  their  vicinitv.  Colonel  Alhert  S.  Kvans  dwj;  two 
tcrra-eotta  ima^'es  fi-om  a  ^-rave  at  ^Eedellin,  ahoiit 
ein'lit  miles  south-west  of  Vera  (Jruz,  in  l^iO'.).  Tlu'y 
seem  to  rej)resent  a  male  and  female,  and  aiv  now  in 
the  oollertion  of  Mr  C.  ]).  ^^(»y,  of  Oakland,  ( 'ali- 
Ini'nia.  Near  tlio  same  town,  on  the  lti(j  .I;nnii[ia, 
are  to  he  seen,  iirasseui'  tells  us,  the  ruins  of  ducdf 
tlu!  two  ancient  cities  called  Xicalanco;  and  Jiiso  that 
the  traces  of  an  ancient  city  may  yet  he  seen  uiidir 
the  water  hetween  the  city  of  \  era  Cruz  uid  tli.' 
fort  of  San  Juan  de  I  ■lion.''  Ahotit  forty-five  miles 
south-east  of  Cordova,  hetween  that  town  ami  tin' 
bi'idufe  over  the  liio  iJlanco,  l)uj)ai\:  found  a  haid 
stone  of  dark  hlue  color,  artiticially  worked  intu  an 
irregular  s})herical  form,  ahout  six  feet  in  diaimti  r, 
and  so  carefully  halanced  that  it  could  he  made  tn 
vihrate  hy  a  slii^'ht  touch.  A  mnnher  of  small  shal- 
low holes  were  formed  on  the  surface.  \  similar 
stone  is  jdaced  two  leagues  to  the  eastward,  and  thiv 
are  supjiosed  hy  J)upaix  to  have  served  as  houmlaiy 
marks.  Teololinga  is  the  name  by  which  the  natives 
call  them.'"  Also  in  the  neighhorhood  of  CfU'dova,  at 
Amatlan  de  los  Reyes,  certaiii  traces  of  a  tenipK'  am 


9  Ihrissnir  r/e  Bniirhoitrff,  Pnloiqiic,  p.  S^.  'C'lKdrhinhi'itrnni,  on 
pays  (los  i'i>(|iiilk'H  verti's.  On  voit  ciicori!  (Ic-  dehiis  de  hi  \illi'  ili'  <i'  m 
.■■mis  k's  iMiix  ijiii  s"ct('ii(loiit  lU'  la  vilie  I'o  la  W  "a  Ciii/  aii  ciialcaii  ilr  S 
.iiiaii-<li'-ril<ia.'  III.,  His/.  X((f.  (■//•.,  turn,  i.,  p.  Hli.  Ifiiiiis  nf  tin'  »r 
nary  type  are  icpmtcil  mitside  tlio  triangular  aroii  in  ilio  Siorra  de  Mat 
(laialiuitl  or  dol  (ialli'.ijo,  rnnniny  south  from  tho  lu«  Janiapa  to  San  .hi 
do  la  I'unta.  Sar/oiius,  in  Sor.  Ma:  <Jro<i.,  lio/rliii,  :'da  opooa,  ti'in. 
]i.  S-JO. 

'"  Ihijiiiix,  1st  oxiu'd.,  )>p,  T-*^,  Jil.  \iii..  II;,'.  S;  h'iiiipihiiroii;/'  ^l'l,  v.. 
'Jl  I.  \(d.  vi,,  p.  4'_'.'),  \i>\.  iv.,  i>l.  iv.,  tii;.  10;  Lrn  lir.  in  Ah/kj.  .1/'  ■  .  v.  '• 
KiiiLTshoron^ih's  toxt  roprosents  this  relic  an  10  leagues  from  Oii/a\a  : 
tlead  of  Cordova. 


III. 
Ill- 
ill- 
la- 
all 


AMATLAN  AND  (HIIZAVA. 


iT-, 


vamicly  montloned  by  the  same  traveler;  antl  on  a 
\V(i(i(li  (1  hillside  near  l)y  is  a  cave,  in  whieli  have  Iil'cii 
i'oiiiHl  tVa^nuent.s  of  carved  stone  and  pottery,  includ- 
ing' ;i  s(|uattinsj^  trunk  and  1cl>-s,  and  a  liead  carved 
t'nuii  tlie  same  kind  of  stone  tliat  constitutes  tlic  walls 
of  the  cave.     The  latter  relic  is  shown  iii  the  cut. 


Stono  head  from  Ainatl.-in. 

Tho  form  of  the  head  seems  to  have  nothing  in  coui- 
iihiii  with  the  ordinary  aboriginal  type." 

At  ()rizava  two  relics  were  seen,  one  of  them  a  tri- 
aiimilar  stone  five  feet  thick  and  ninety  feet  in  circum- 
I'd'ciu'c,  used  in  modern  times  as  the  iloorof  a  native's 
caliiii,  ( )u  (jue  of  the  triangular  surfaces  was  ini-ised 
ill  null'  outline  a  colossal  human  lisjure  twentv-se\en 
1'i't't  iii^h,  standing  with  legs  spread  apart  and  arms 
outstretched.  A  girdle  api)ears  at  the  waist,  plumes 
decorate  the  head,  and  the  mouth  is  wide  ojieii.  (  hi 
oiic  side  a  tish  stands  on  its  tail;  on  the  other  is  a  lah- 
''it  with  tell  small  circles,  very  likely  expressing  some 
•lati'  after  the  Aztec  manner, — ten  tochtli.  Some 
carviiins  not  described  were  noticed  on  the  edges  also. 

"  liiijiiii.r^  1st  cxikmI.,  j),  7,  I'l.  vi.,  vii.,  ii;,'.  0,  7;  Kiiiffxhiiroui/fi,  vol.  v., 
pp.  •Ji;i-U,  vol.  vi.,  |vi>.  424  ."),  vol.  iv.,  pi.  iv.,  lig.  8,  U;  Lcnuir,  in  Antiq. 
•'^■('.,  tuui.  ii.,  iliv.  i.,  iHL'-'-J,  'J7-S. 


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■km 


ANTIQIITIKS  OF  Vi:i!A  ClilZ. 


Tlio  otlior  rclle  was  a  kind  of  yoke  carved  from  j^in  n 
jaspcrandsuppostxl  tohavc  been  used  in  (•oniu'ctinn  with 
the  Aztec  sacritices.     It  is  shown  iii  the  cut  accurdinir 

o 


Sacriliciiil  Yoke  from  Orizava. 

to  Castanoda's  dra\vin<^.  Tlio  orig-inal  yoke  was  nw- 
ried  l)y  Du})aix  to  Mexico  and  deposited  in  (Hic  dt'tln' 
anti()uarian  collections  there,  wliere  it  was  afterward- 
sketched  by  !Mayer  and  Gondra.^'^  Near  Jala])a,  Ki- 
A'era  states  that  a  serpent  fifteen  feet  h)ni;"  and  niiic 
feet  broad,  may  be  seen  carved  in  the  rock."  Halt' 
a  day's  journey  from  Vera  Cruz  towards  ]\rc.\ic(i. 
at  a  i)oint  which  lie  calls  liinconado,  Robert  Tuiiisnii 
saw  "a  oreat  pinacle  made  of  lime  and  stone,  i'a^t 
by  a  riuer  side,  where  the  Indians  were  wont  to  dov 
their  sacrifices  vnto  their  ijfods.""  About  the  location 
of  Cem})oala,  a  famous  city  in  the  time  of  the  Ci>ii- 
quest,  there  has  been  much  discussion.  Lorcnzaiia 
says  that  the  place  "still  retains  the  same  name;  it  i> 
situated  four  leagues  from  Vera  Cruz,  and  the  txtciit 
of  its  ruins  indicates  its  former  yreatness."     liiveiu 

12  nii/)ni'x,  1st  oxjicd.,  p.  iy,  1)1.  iv-v.,  fi;;.  4-");  Kinqfibnroui]h,  vol.  v.,  pi' 
212-13,  vol.  vi.,  [111.  428-4;  vol.  iv.,  pi.  iii.,  lij,'.  G-7;  Lcnuir,  \<\i.  1^. --'• 
2G-7. 

1'  Ifisfiiria  (h  Jn/ripu,  Mex.  18()!),  toiu.  i.,  p.  7- 

'^  UiiL/iii/t'n  Voij.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  453. 


laiNS  AT  I'L'KNTK  NAlK  )NAI,. 


i:;7 


tell-;  lis.  liowever,  tliut  "to-d.-iy  not  cvuii  the  I'liliis  of 
tlii>  ciiiital  of  tliu  'rotoiiMc  ])o\Vfr  ii'inain,"  altlioiinh 
MiiiK   liiimaii  bouL's  liavc  huuii  ilu^;-  ii|»  about   its  sitc.''^ 

I'assiiiL,'  now  to  tlio  labyrinth  of  iMiins  witliiii  tlio 
triaiii^iilar  area  extendiiiL,''  from  tliu  ])L'aks  of  ( )rizava 
and  I'croto  to  tlu;  roast,  I  bt-^iii  with  tliose  in  the 
vicinity  of  tlie  l^lent(!  Nacioiial,  where  the  road  from 
W'la  ( 'riiz  to  Jahij>a  crosses  the  llio  de  hi  AntiL;ua, 
TIk'sc  remains  are  ku-ated  on  tlie  sunnnit  of  a  tbivst- 
cnvi  ivd  liill  over  a  ]iun(h*ed  feet  hii^li,  on  tlie  hank  of 
the  ri\er  some  two  h'a^'ues  from  the  hridi^v.  Thev 
wvw  discovered  in  IMl!)  or  IH"J()  hy  a  priest  named 
('ahc/.a  (le  Vaca,  and  in  Novendier,  lS4."h  J.  !M.  Vls- 
tcva,  to  whom  the  jtriest  ivlated  his  discovery,  made 
an  exploration,  and  as  a  result  |»uhli.sht'd  a  desci'i|»ti»»n 
with  two  plates  in  the  ^fnsco  Mcvicniio.  On  the  un- 
(Ven  surface  of  tlie  hill-top  stands  a  ])vramid  of  very 
pueuliar  form,  sliuwii  in  the  cut,  wliicli  is  an  ichno- 


Pyraniid  ueiir  I'lu-iito  Nai'ioiial. 

''Xoti'in  Corff>i,  Deximtrhi.t.  \>.  3!);  Rirn-a,  lll^f.  Julnpn,  Mcx.,  ISfiO, 
'"'II.  ).,  \>.  ."V.t.  ('fiii|M(!il;i  is  IncMtcd  (III  simic  i!i;i|is  on  till'  coast  a  fi'W 
li':ii,'U(.'>  north  of  Vcia  L'niz;  tlieif  is  also  a  town  ot  tlic  naino   in   Mi'\iii». 


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ANTIQUITIES  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 

graphic  plan  of  the  structure.  It  is  built  of  stone 
and  mortar,  the  former  probably  in  hewn  1  docks, 
although  the  text  is  not  clear  on  this  point.  The 
height  varies  from  thirty-three  to  forty-two  feet 
cording  to  the  inequalities  of  the  ground.  T 
cumference  is  not  far  from  three  hundred  Englisli  feet, 
while  the  summit  platform  measures  about  tifty-tive 
by  forty -four  feet.  On  all  sides  except  the  eastern 
the  slope  is  divided  into  six  stories,  or  ste))s,  alumt 
one  foot  wide  and  seven  feet  high  at  the  base  l»iit 
diminishing  towards  the  top,  making  the  ascent  niiieh 
steeper  than  that  of  .uost  aboriginal  pyramids  that 
we  have  met  hitherto.  Tlie  eastern  side  is  all  taken 
up  by  a  stairway  about  sixty-three  feet  wide,  consist- 
ing of  thirty-four  steps.  This  stairway,  as  is  niuie 
clearly  shown  in  Esteva's  view  of  this  side  than  in 
my  cut,  is  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  cross. 

On  the  western  base  is  the  entrance  to  a  gallerv 
which  penetrates  the  body  of  the  pyramid;  it  was 
obstructed  by  fallen  stones,  but  Esteva  succeeded  in 
exploring  the  passage  far  enough  to  convince  liiniself 
that  the  interior  was  divided  into  several  apartments. 
At  some  distance  from  the  pyramid  were  noticed  the 
foundations  of  a  wall.*" 

Mr  Lyon  mentions  the  existence  of  ruins — which 
he  did  not  visit — in  this  vicinity  on  the  eih^e  of  a 
j)lateau,  at  the  north  side  of  the  valley,  about  a  mile 
and  a  half  to  the  right  of  the  road,  and  only  a  slimt 
distance  from  Paso  de  Ovejas.  "All  that  remains 
are  the  traces  of  streets  and  inclosures,  and  an  as- 

'6  E.sfrra,  in  Miisco  3frx.,  torn,  ii.,  pp.  465-7,  with  plan  nnd  vimv.  llo- 
HiM'ctinj?  the  circiiniforcut'o  tif  tlie  Htrnrtiire,  Estuvu'H  text  says:  'In  iiicilia 
I'liniiift'ri'Mcia  ile  la  base,  toniaila  dcsde  el  OHcalon  6  ciierpo  A.  I'.  ''..  lli't- 
tiTN  which  (1(1  iHit  appear  in  his  jilate)  pnes  mas  ahaio  no  se  iMnliM  tunuir 
ei»n  esactitnd,  es  de  eient«t  ciiu-uenta  v  seis  pies  eastellanos.'  I  hinc  tiikcii 
tlie  I'irennifenMice  from  the  plan.  The  material  Esteva  states  to  lie  'cal, 
arena,  y  niedras  j^randes  del  rio,'  Init  the  view  indieates  that  hewn  ^-l"lll'  is 
employed,  or  at  least  that  the  wlnde  strnetnre  is  covered  with  a  Miinotii 
coatin;;  of  cement  in  perfect  preservation.  Esteva's  account  is  also  imli- 
lishcd  in  the  Dirrlitnario  Uiiir.  ilr  Ornij.,  tom.  x.,  j)p.  1(!(»-.S,  and  .i  ^liu'lit 
description  from  the  same  source  iii  Jloi/ir'n  Mix,  Aztec,  tU'.,  vol.  ii ,  I'l'- 
203-4. 


FOUTIFICATIOXS  OF  CEXTLA. 


439 


soinliliiiTfc  of  pyramidical  elevations  of  earth  ami  stones 
of  various  sizes,  some  of  them  forty  feet  in  hii^ht." 
Sr  Sartitrius  reports  very  extensive  ruins  on  the  ri^ht 
haiik  of  the  Anti<^ua,  some  leagues  west  of  Conso- 
(|iiitla,  near  Tuzama])a,  from  tlie  material  of  whicli 
the  'i>uente  nacional'  was  constructed.  An  old  na- 
tive also  reported  that  a  spiral  stairway  formerly  led 
down  to  the  bottom  of  the  barranca.  Whether  the 
two  oioups  of  ruins  last  mentioned  are  identical  with 
tliiit  described  by  Esteva,  it  is  impossible  to  deter- 
mine; (juite  likely  they  are  distinct  remains." 

Sonic  twenty-five  or  thirty  miles  northwai'd  fronx 
Cordova,  in  the  vicinity  of  Huatusco,  and  stretchino* 
noitliward  from  that  town,  is  a  line  of  fortified  jdaccs, 
nearly  every  junction  of  two  ravines  bearing  more  or 
less  extensive  remains.  One  of  the  most  extensive 
of  these  works  is  that  known  as  Centla,  a  few  leaoiies 
iioith-oast  of  Huatusco.  The  ruins  are  said  to  liave 
heeii  discovered  by  rancheros  in  1821.  Ignacio  Iberri 
saw  tlicni  in  182G,  but  published  no  description. 
All  explorer  whose  name  is  not  given  visited  tlie  lo- 
cality in  1832,  and  furnished  information  from  whicli 
Sr  (Joiidra  published  an  account,  illustrated  with 
jtlatcs,  in  1837.  Sr  Sartorius  made  an  exploration 
of  (V'litla  in  1833,  but  his  descri})tion,  also  accom- 
[taiiied  with  plates,  was  not  published  unt>'  18GD.'* 

"  f.!/'iii\i  .Tnttrnnl,  vol.  ii.,  p.  200;  Snvtoriun,  in  .%c.  Mcx.  Geoff.,  Bole- 
till,  lM;i  (''iiiici,  t nil.  i.,  J).  82(i.  .Miililfiiitforilt,  Mrj.,  toiu.  ii.,  p.  80,  also 
iiiciiiiiiii-.  till'  I'aso  (le  Ovejiis  reiiiaiiis. 

'■*  llmri,  ill  Miisrn  Mix.,  toiii.  iii.,  p.  23.  (londra's  accoiuit  in  Musnlin 
Mix.,  iiini.  ii.,  pp.  3(i8-7-,  with  two  views  ami  a  plan.  Sartorius'  docrip- 
liMii  ill  Su,\  .]f,:e.  (iroif.,  Jiofrfiii,  2ilii  t'poca,  toiii.  i.,  pp.  821-2,  toni.  ii..  n. 
lis,  with  two  view.s  apparently  the  same  as  liy  (Jonih'a,  an  aiiilitional  >'uU'. 
aiiii  I'iniii  vit'w  of  a  pvraniitl,  and  a  plan  which  ln'ars  no  liliciiess  to  (Imi- 
liia's,  ii'|iri'>ciitin}^  ])erliiips  a  ditlerent  jtart  of  the  ruins.  Accord  in;;  to  tliis 
iiiillnir  ilic  iiiiiis  were  first  nnnle  known  in  1820 or  ls;i(».  Tiie  two  accounts 
■III'  \civ  iicrplexin^  to  the  student,  sometinics  resenililin;;  cai'ii  otiicr  so 
<liiM'l\  tiiiii  one  is  ready  to  helieve  that  Sartorius  was  the  explorer  from 
wliniii  tMiiiiJiii  ohtained  liis  inforinatioii  and  drawin^js,  in  other  jiaits  so  dif- 
fciciii  1I-*  til  indicate  that  ditlerent  ruins  are  referred  to.  I  am  inclined  to 
t'l'lii'vc  that  (lomlra's  inforinatioii  <lid  in  part  refer  to  some  other  ruin  in 
till-  siiiiii'  i-ci;ion.  (Jondra'.s  i.ccount  is  also  ,iriiited  in  Dirrininirii)  Ciiir. 
(•'"•1..  tiiiii.  ix.,  pp.  r>(i.")-8.  Brief  lucMitioii  in  Jiiciru,  Hist.  JkIujhi,  Me.x. 
iSti'.i,  turn,  i.,  pp.  380-90. 


440 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  VERA  CliUZ. 


!■• 


Two  ravines,  running  from  east  to  west,  witli  ]nv- 
cipitous  sides  from  three  hundred  to  a  thoiLsuiid  t'ctt 
higli,  approach  so  near  to  each  other  as  to  Iciivc  oiilv 
space  for  a  passage  about  three  feet  wide,  and  this 
narrow  pass  is  made  still  stronger  by  protecting  walls 
not  particularly  described.  The  barrancas  tlitii  di- 
verge and  again  converge,  forming  an  oval  taliK;  of 
about  four  hundred  acres,  across  which,  from  cast  to 
west  is  excavated  a  ditch,  or  protected  road,  altont 
seventeen  feet  wide  and  from  eight  to  elcvoii  feet 
deep,  leading  to  the  second  narrow  pass,  where  the 
ravines  again  approach  each  other.'" 

This  second  pass  is  about  twenty-eight  feet  ^ide 
from  the  brink  of  the  northern  to  that  of  the  south- 
ern precipice.'*  This  pass  is  fortified  by  defensive 
works  of  the  strongest  character,  the  plan  of  width  is 
shown  in  the  cut  on  the  following  page.  The  only 
entrance  is  through  the  narrow  passage  only  thieo 
feet  wide,  shown  by  the  arrows,  beginning  at  the 
southern  brink,  passing  between  two  stone  jiyraniids, 
A,  and  E,  D,  C,  and  then  along  the  northern  brink 
to  the  ])lateau  beyond,  the  issue  into  the  latter  heini, 
guarded  additionally  by  three  smaller  pyrandds.  The 
chief  pyramid  on  the  right  of  the  entrance  is  built  ef 
stone  arid  mortar  in  three  stories,  or  terraces,  (',1) 
and  E,  respecting  the  arrangement  of  which  the  jdan-' 
is  not  altogether  satisfactory;  but  each  story  is  reached 
by  a  stairway  on  the  east,  and  on  the  sumndt  are 
l)arapets  i)ierced  with  looj)holes  for  the  discharge  of 
weapons.  This  structure  is  also  flanked  on  the  soutli, 
where  the  descent  for  a  short  distance  is  less  ]»re(i|»i- 
tous  than  elsewhere,  by  a  terraced  wall  at  1).  The 
left  hand  fortification.  A,  is  described  by  (iondia  as  a 
shnple  wall,  but  according  to  Sartorius  and  tlu'  jilaii 
it  is  also  a  pyramid,  with  stairway  on  the  east  ami 

19  KoHpectiiig  the  first  narrow  pass,  the  oval  taldc,  niid  tlic  dittli,  Suitn- 
riuH  says  iiotliing.  He  inentions  siieli  a  ditch,  however,  in  coiiiu'ciidii  witli 
tlie  ruins  of  Thieotepec,  as  we  sliall  see.  It  is  quite  jwssible  that  tlic  teu- 
tiircs  nuMitioned  <h»  not  hehmj;  to  Centhv  at  all. 

M  \()  varas  aceimlin;;  to  Sartorius;  (iondra  savs  15. 

8'  Copied  from  Sartorius,  with  tlie  addition  of  the  shading  oiilj*. 


FOUTIiESS  OF  CEXTLA. 


m 


Fortifications  of  Centla. 

]i;irapcts  on  the  summit.  It  has  apparently  only  one 
!>toiy,  jukI  is  lower  than  its  companion,  but  its  front 
liu8  an  additional  protection  in  the  form  of  a  ditch 
oleven  ftct  wide  and  five  and  a  half  feet  deej),  exca- 
vated ill  the  solid  rock,  the  position  of  which  is  shown 
liy  till'  dotted  line  a,  a.^ 
Btvdiid   the  narrow  fortified  pass   that    has    been 

"'^  Tlic  vi("\\«  {riven  l)y  Gomlra  and  Sartorius  are  of  the  pyramid  A.  fnuii 
tlii'i'iist,  ami  of  tlie  terrace  walls  at  H,  from  the  west.  The  latter  also 
;.'iv(s  a  view  (if  the  small  pyraniiil  ft,  from  tlie  nortli.  The  plan  jriven  l>y 
<"iiiilr(i  litiiis  no  rescmhlani'e  to  the  other.  It  may  represent  rniiis  in  other 
Vaitscif  till' platean;  it  may  he  a  fanlty  representation  made  nj)  from  the 
<xii1"I'im">  <li'scription  of  tiie  works  that  have  heen  deserihed;  or,  what  is, 
I  lliiiik,  inoK!  |)roliahlc,  it  mav  refer  to  some  other  gron])  of  rnins  in  the 
vicinity.  It  represents  a  ecdleetion  of  jivramids  and  hnildin;j;s,  hounded 
oil  lintli  tlic  (list  and  west  liy  walls,  one  o^  which  has  an  entrance  close  to 
till'  liiiiik  of  the  precipice,  while  the  otlier  liad  no  opening  till  one  wus 
iiiailu  liy  ihu  modern  settlers. 


412 


ANTIQI'ITIKS  OF  VERA  CUl'Z. 


•^:t^l 


(luscrihod,  tlie  southern  mviiio  ajifalii  (livor!jf(  s  and 
ionii.s  a  soinic'irclc  l)et'oro  joiuiM*:^  that  on  thu  iKntli, 
fonniii_i(  thus  a  ]>onin.sular  j)hitoau  a  niilu  and  a  Imlt' 
lonLf,  and  .somewhat  less  than  three  (juarters  of  a  niilc 
wide,  covered  with  soil  of  jL^reat  fertility,  and  (livirLd 
in  two  parts  hy  tiie  waters  of  a  .sprinLf,  whose  watLis 
flow  throu,i,di  the  centre.  Since  its  discoveiy  tliis  fer- 
tile tahle  has  been  settled  and  cultivated  hy  nunlt  in 
fanners,  some  twenty  families  of  whom — wlictlitr 
native  or  S[»anish  is  not  statetl — were  liviny-  Ikiv  in 
1832.  The  whole  surface  was  covered  with  tracis  of 
its  former  inhabitants,  but  most  of  the  monuMKiits  in 
the  cultivated  ixM'tions  have  been  destroyed  liv  tliu 
settlers,  wlu)  used  the  stones  for  buildinj^s  and  I'lDcis. 
In  other  parts,  covered  with  a  forest  at  the  tiini-  of 
exi)loration,  extensive  remains  were  found  in  yood 
])reservation,  besides  the  fortresses  at  the  eiitnunr. 
Pyramids  of  different  dimensions,  standing  singly  ami 
in  gro'j.ps,  together  with  foundations  of  houses  and 
scul[)ture(l  fragments,  were  scattered  in  every  (liicc- 
tion  enveloped  in  the  forest  growth. 

The  pyramids  are  all  built  of  nmgh  stones,  day, 
and  earth,  faced  on  the  outside  with  hewn  Minks 
from  eighteen  inches  to  two  feet  long",  laid  in  iimitar. 
The  stone  seems  to  have  been  broUi*'ht  from  the  Ii«»t- 
tom  of  the  ravines,  and  it  is  said  that  no  lime  is  | in- 
curable within  a  distance  of  fifteen  or  twenty  miles. 
8artorius  gives  a  plate  representing  one  of  tlie  pyra- 
mids,  which  ho  states  to  be  a  type  of  all  tln»se  at 
Centia,  and  indeed  of  all  in  this  region,  and  wliich  is 
copied   in  the  cut.     The  stairways  are  generally  uii 


si?«i 


Type  of  rjiaiiiiJs  at  Ccntla. 


Ill: INS  AT  IlLATL'SCO. 


U3 


tho  west,  and  the  niclies  at  the  hiidos  are  roproseiitod 
as  liaviiii,'  arched  tcps  and  as  octupied  l)y  itlols. 
StiiiKt  of  the  smaller  mounds  have  l)et;n  found  to  con- 
tiuii  liunian  skeletons  lyin<^  north  and  south,  .'ind  from 
(iiiu  t)t"  them  a  farmer  claimed  to  have  dui^  a  niiml>er 
otiiivun  stone  beads.  Sartorius  claims  to  have  found 
ill  c'diiiiec-tion  with  one  of  the  pyramids  an  altar  hav- 
iiii;'  a  concavity  on  the  top,  and  a  canal  leading-  to  a 
rucc|itacle  at  the  foot  of  the  mound;  he  also  mentions 
a  VLi  V  clci^ant  vase,  six  by  four  inches,  found  under 
a  stniu'  fia.Lii',  near  the  altar.  Gondra  sjieaks  of  a  lari,^e 
M|iiaie  or  court,  level  and  covered  with  a  coat  of  hard 
]i(ili>lic(l  cement;  he  also  claims  that  six  colunms  of 
stoiiu  and  mortar  were  seen,  twelve  feet  high,  stand- 
ing; at  the  bijttom  of  a  ravine. 

l)ii|>aix  in  his  first  exploring  tour  visited  Huatusco, 
and  states  that  at  a  distance  of  half  a  league  down 
tliL'  rivt'i-  from  the  modern  town  was  found  a  group  of 
mills  known  as  the  Pueblo  Viejo.  These  ruins  were 
on  the  sloi»e  of  a  hill,  and  on  the  summit  stood  the 
pvrainid  shown  in  the  cut,  known  as  El  Castillo.    The 


£1  Castillo  at  Iliiatusco. 


lioii^lit  of  this  Castle  is  about  sixtv-six  feet,  and  ar- 
lordiiiL;  to  Dupaix's  text  the  base  is  two  hundred  and 


i 


!; 


i 

'5 


!|! 


I 


i 


if 


11  r 


Hf 


vi  1'  i 


Ui 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


tweiity-ono  foot  square,  but,  ficcordlnijf  to  Casta ficda's 
cliawinn',  <()]>it'd  above,  each  .side  is  not  over  sovuiitv- 
five  f'eet.'^^  Tlie  foundation,  or  pyramid  propt  r,  is 
built  in  tlirue  stories,  beinjjf  about  thirty-seven  tWt 
high.  A  broad  stairway,  with  soHd  bahistradc,  Uads 
up  the  western  front.  On  the  suniniit  platform  stands 
a  buildiiiLi;"  in  three  stories,  with  walls  about  eii^lit  tVit 
thick,  wiiieli,  at  least  on  the  exterior,  are  not  )>er|>iii- 
dicular  but  slope  inward.  The  lower  story  lias  Imt 
one  doorway,  that  at  the  head  of  the  stairway:  it 
forms  a  single  hall,  in  the  centre  of  which  are  three 
pillars,  wliieh  sustained  the  beams  of  the  Hoor  alH»ve, 
pieces  of  the  beams  beinif  yet  visible.  The  two  iipiier 
stoi'ies  seem  to  have  had  no  doors  or  windows.  l)ii- 
paix  says  tliat  on  the  sununit  was  a  platform  three 
feet  tliiek,  yet  as  the  roof  was  fallen,  he  probuMy  had 
little  or  no  authority  for  the  statement.  The  inteiier 
of  the  wliole  structure  was  a  rubble  of  stone  and  iner- 
tar,  and  the  facin*;  of  hewn  blocks  rejjfularlv  laid. 
The  whole  exterior  surface,  at  least  of  the  su|)eiini- 
posed  structure,  was  covered  with  a  polished  ((latiiii; 
of  plaster,  and  a  peculiar  ornament  is  seen  in  lach 
side  of  the  second  story,  in  the  form  of  a  laryc  panel, 
containing-  reufular  rows  of  round  stones  iml»edded  ni 
the  wall.  El  Castillo,  if  we  may  credit  l)u])ai\'s  ac- 
count of  it,  must  be  rea^arded  as  a  very  important 
monument  of  Nahua  anti(piity,  by  reason  of  tlu'  e(H- 
fice,  in  a  tolerable  state  of  ])reservation,  found  on  the 
sunnnit  of  the  ])yramid.  These  upper  structures  with 
interior  apai'tments  have  in  most  instances  entiivly 
disaj>i)eare(l.  In  connection  with  these  ruins  Dupaix 
found  a  coiled  serpent  carved  from  hard  stt)iie ;  a  tra<,'- 
ment  of  terra-cotta  with  decorations  in  relief;  and  a 
fancifull>  i.iodeled  skull,  the  material  of  which  is  not 
stated.'^* 

^  'Oi'henta  varaa  en  ciindro.'    Perlinps  it  shonld' read /("c^  iiist<  ad  of 
varus.     Till'  platf  makes  tlie  front  slightly  over  2-4  varas. 


V. 


i* /Ju/iiii.i;  1st  exped.,  pp.  8-<»,  pi.  ix-xi.,  lij;.  {)-l-2;  Kiiitf.ilioron,il,.  vo . 
.,  i)|>.  -Jl^-ni,  vol.  vi.,  pp.  4l»r)-(>,  vol.  iv.,  pi.  v-vi.,  %'■  H-l'"'-  ''I"'  '■'^_','." 
i  mentioned  and  sketehed  only  in  Kiiiysburough'a  edition.  Lenoir,  pii  -^ 


FORTRESS  OF  TLACOTEPEC. 


445 


SartDiiiis  mentions  a  'castle,*  with  towcis  and  teo- 
ciillis,  situated  on  a  fri<jflitrul  cliff  between  two  liarmn- 
c;is.  three  leaji^ues  from  Huatusco,  distinct  from  Uentla, 
and  s(»ine  leagues  further  southward.'^'  Clavi^'ero  says 
tliat  ill  his  time  the  ancient  fortress  of  Qiiauhtochco, 
or  (Jiiatusco,  was  still  standing,  surrounded  with  lofty 
walls  ot'  solid  stone,  which  could  only  he  entered  by 
means  of  many  high  and  narrow  steps.'*"  Sr  Iberri 
apitlii's  tlie  name  El  Castillo  to  the  ruins  visited  by 
liiiii  in  1820,  but  it  is  evident  from  his  slight  descrip- 
timi  that  he  refers  to  Centla.'^^  It  is  clear  tiiat  at 
least  two  and  prolmbly  more  groups  of  remains  are 
iiulieated  by  the  different  authorities  cited. 


The  following  are  mentioned  as  the  localities  of 
inuKscribed  ruins,  several  of  them  beloni^iny  to  what 
seems  to  be  a  line  of  ancient  fortifications  extending 
nortliward  from  the  vicinity  of  Huatusco:  Cotastla, 
Matlahioa,  Capulapa,  Tlapala,  Poxtla,  Xicuintla,  and 
C'liistla.^  The  fortress  of  Tlacotepec  is  located  four 
leaj^iiis  east  of  Jolutla,  between  the  Kio  do  la  An- 
tiiifua  and  Paso  de  Ovejas,  six  thousand  varus  west  of 
and  a  quarter  of  a  league  above  the  houses  of  the 
haeieiula  of  Mirador,  separated  by  a  deep  ravine 
fVoin  San  Martin  on  the  south — a  location  which 
niiyiit  iK)ssibly  be  clear  enough  with  the  aid  of  a 
},'(xt(l  limp,  or  to  a  person  perfectly  familiar  with  the 
tojion'iaphy  of  the  country.  The  position  of  the 
fortified  plateau  is  similar  to  that  of  Centla,  and  a 
(liteli,  generally  fourteen  feet  deep  and  from  six- 
teen to  eijTfhteen  feet  wide,  leads  over  the  hills  for 
several  leagues  to  the  entrance  of  the  plateau.     This 

20.  Sli;:lit  mention  of  these  niinsfrom  Dupaix,  in  Mosairo  Mrx.,  torn,  ii.,  pp. 
373-1;  Klitiim,  Ciiltur-Ucschichte,  toni.  v.,  p.  157;  Warden,  iu  Aiitiq.  Mex., 
torn.  ii..  i.|,.  (}7_8. 

*'>■".  .]fi:r.  Geog.,  Bolelin,  2da  ^poca,  torn,  i.,  p.  8'21. 

^  Sfni-i't  Ant.  (lei  Messico,  toni.  ii.,  p.  150;  BradfonVs  Amcr.  Antiq.,  p. 

2'  M'l^i'f}  Mex.,  torn,  iii.,  p.  23. 

'"  >'"■.  Mi.v.  Genq.,  Boldiu,  '2(la  dpoca,  torn,  i.,  p.  822;  Mosaico  Mex.,  torn. 
ii.,  pp  :m,  372;  Umithiiouiim  liqtt.,  1870,  p.  374. 


4iG 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  VERA  CIU'Z. 


In 


w 


tlitdi,  however,  seems  only  to  be  excnvatiil  in  tlio 
earth,  uiul  ui.sapi)ears  in  several  places  whvw  tlio 
solid  rock  is  encountered.*'  At  the  terniiMus,  tuwiirds 
the  fortifications,  the  ditch  widens  into  a  ivct.ni 
j^ular  excavation,  one  hundred  and  eii^Mit  l»y  tw-. 
hundred  and  seventy-six  feet,  surrounded  with  an 
endianknient  formed  of  the  earth  thrown  out.  The 
defensive  works  which  guard  the  j)a.s.safjfe  lutunii 
the  ravines,  and  the  extensive  ruins  of  tenijilcs  and 
dweliinsfs  on  the  plateau  beyond,  are  desciilad  diilv 
by  Sartorius,  and  his  text,  plan,  and  .sketch,  all  tail 
to  convey  any  clear  notion  res[)ecting  the  ananifc- 
ment  and  details  of  the.se  remains.  The  followiiiir. 
however,  are  the  principal  features  noted:— A  wall 
twenty-eight  feet  high  acro.ss  the  entrance  ti>  the 
plateau;  two  small  towers  in  pyramidal  form  un  tln' 
narrow  pass;  a  building  called  the  castle,  aj)))aniitly 
somewhat  similar  to  the  fortifications  at  CVntla;  a 
line  of  pyramids,  serving  as  a  second  line  of  dct'iiisi' ; 
a  ditch  excavated  in  the  solid  rock;  another  iirdiip  oi' 
pyramids  protected  by  a  semicircular  wall;  an  «.\cii- 
vation  apparently  intended  as  a  reservoir  for  watti', 
covering  two  thousand  square  yards,  the  bottom  of 
Avliich  is  literally  covered  with  fragments  of  potturv, 
and  on  the  banks  of  which  are  the  foundations  of 
many  dwellings;  a  number  of  temple  pyramids,  like 
the  type  at  Centla  shown  in  a  j)receding  cut,  one  of 
them  having  the  so-called  blood-canal;  an  eaitliLii 
recej)tacle  at  the  foot  of  the  altar,  filled  witli  t  arth, 
in  which  were  found  two  human  skulls;  the  I'oiuula- 
tions  of  an  edifice  two  hundred  yards  long,  h;:vini; 
alonjj  its  whole  lensrth  "a  corridor  of  cement  witii 
hewn  stone  at  its  sides,  formmg  one  or  two  stejis;  a 
small  pyramid  formed  from  the  living  rock  of  the 
cliff,  at  the  very  edge  of  the  precipice  where  thu  ra- 
vines meet;  and  finally,  arrow-heads,  lance-heads,  and 
knives  of  obsidian,  which  are  found  at  every  ste}), 

»  This  may  possibly  be  the  ditch  referred  to  by  Goiidra  in  liis  account 
of  Cciitlo. 


UKMAINS  AnoiT  MMtAOOU. 


MT 


and  arc  even  diij,'  up  from  iiutlor  the  roots  of  luigo 

A  few  lea,2fiics  eastward  fnun  Tlacotopoc  on  tlio 
saim'  Kurranca,  are  two  forts  known  as  Palniillas,  sop- 
aiat'd  hy  a  deep  ravine.  One  of  them  was  used  l>y 
tlir  Mexican  forciis  under  General  Victoria  in  the  war 
(if  iii(K  pendence;  the  other  lias  tiie  remains  of  an 
a(|iit'(luct  which  hrouj^ht  water  from  a  point  over  a 
leai^iio  distant.*'^  At  Zacuapan,  near  Mirador,  and 
live  Icaijcues  from  Huatusco,  accord ini,' to  Heller,  are 
n.iiiaiiis  of  the  ordinary  tyj)e,  inchidin<»'  terraced  walls, 
jiara|iets  with  looj)holes,  a  plaza  with  }>lastered  ])ave- 
iiieiit  in  the  centre  of  which  stands  a  jjyraniid,  a 
ciiMcal  structure  or  altar  on  tlie  very  vor<,'e  of  the 
|nv(i|>ice,  and  the  usual  scattered  ]>ottery  and  imjtle- 
iiniits.  Six  miles  south  of  Mirador  the  same  traveler 
iiK'iitioiis  some  baths,  on  a  rock  near  which  is  the  in- 
scription shown  in  the  cut.^'^     Also  in  the  vicinity  of 


(ma   ^ 

Rock  Inscription  at  Atliaca. 

Mirador,  at  the  junction  of  two  tributaries  of  the 
Santa  Maria,  is  the  fortress  of  Consoipiitla,  similar  to 
tlio  others.  A  line  of  plastered  i)yramidal  structures 
is  mentioned,  in  one  of  the  smallest  of  which  was  a  tomb 

'"  A//7o//)r?,  in  Sor.  ^^r,r.  Ornq.,  Boh'thi,  2(la  t^|)oca,  torn,  i.,  pp.  82*2-4, 
Willi  |iliiii  and  viusv,  tin-  latter  giviii},'  no  information. 
;!'  /'/.,  p.  824. 
'*  Iklkr,  liciscn,  pp.  61,  72-3,  7C-7,  with  cut. 


ANTKillTIKS  OF  VERA  CllVZ. 

tliree  l>y  hIx  foot  lyin^;  north  and  south  and  covered 
Avith  hir;(o  stono  Hii;'h.  Witliin  tho  tomb  wum  a  skel- 
eton, to;;otlior  witli  earthen  hoxes  filled  with  iinow- 
head.s  and  hird-bonoa.  Some  lar«,'o  idols  are  iilso  said 
to  have  been  found  here,  and  on  the  Hunnnit  platloiin 
of  some  of  the  ]>yraniids  were  the  niarka  of  ii|iiinlit 
beams,  whieh  seem  to  have  HUi)i)orted  wooden  iiuild- 
in<^s.'"  Calcahualco,  'ruined  houses,'  is  also  on  ont'  of 
tho  tributaries  of  the  Santa  Marfa.  A  iiaiapcted 
wall  fifty-tivo  feet  lonjjf  protects  tiie  entraim ,  and 
could  only  bo  crossed  by  the  aid  of  ropes  or  laddiis. 
The  wall  seems  to  stand  in  an  excavation,  so  that  its 
top  is  about  on  a  level  with  the  ori«rinal  surface  »jt' tho 
plateau.  Within  the  fortifications  is  a  larj^e  pyramid 
surrounded  by  smaller  ones  and  by  the  foundations  of 
house.-,;  and  another  excavation,  a  hundred  yaids  \inyj; 
and  twenty-five  in  width,  is  vaj^uely  mentioned  as  dt" 
unknown  use.  A  mile  and  a  half  further  south-cast 
are  some  ruins  in  the  bottom  of  a  ravine.  A  wall 
nine  feet  high  rises  from  the  water's  edge,  and  on  it 
stand  a  row  of  round  monolithic  ccdumns,  which  serin 
to  have  supported  a  stone  architrave.**  Mr  Tn  lor  no- 
ticed some  rem  ins  by  the  roadside,  at  the  eastciii  foot 
of  Orizava,  as  ne  was  traveling  towards  San  Antonio 
de  Abajo.*^ 

Northward  from  the  triangular  area,  tho  r(.'iiiains 
of  which  I  have  described,  ruins  seem  to  be  iu»  less 
abundant,  and  accounts  of  them  no  less  unsatisfactory. 
The  remains  known  by  the  name  of  Misantla,  from 
a  modern  pueblo  near  by,  are  located  s(jnio  twonty- 
five  or  thirty  miles  north-eastward  of  Jalapa,  near  the 
headwaters  of  the  Rio  Bobos.  They  are  sometimes 
called  Monte  Real,  from  the  name  of  one  of  the  hills 
in  the  vicinity.  They  were  discovered  accidentally 
by  men  searching  for  lost  goats,  and  visited  by  ^la- 


33  Sivtoriii.1,  in  Soi:  ^f^'x.  Geon.,  Bulrfiii,  2ila  «5poca,  toin.  i.,  ]>\>.  S'23-G. 
3*  Iii.,  pp.  821,  S'2i-5,  with  u  sKctch  which  amounts  to  nothing. 
3i  Atutliuuc,  p.  2'J7. 


Ill: INS  i)l'   MISANTLA. 


449 


liiiiin  .laiiiu^s  in  IHMC);  in  (  k'tober  of  tlie  saino  yt'nr,  I, 
II,  (IiiiidiM,  from  intonimtioii  riiriiislicd  Ity  tlic  tliscov- 
(itis  ;iii<l    .I'MiiU's,   and   from  certain   mnvspaiKT 

(•(Mints.  \\i 


•It  r' 


juiMiHliL'd  a  very  perplexing-  desi  rip- 
tidii,  illustrated  \vitlia]>lan  and  two  views.  In  tiie 
siiiiic  (T  the  toli»)\vin<.f  year .[.  I.  Iherri  made  an  oliiiial 
( \|i|()i;iti(»n  of  Misantia,  or  Monte  lieal,  and  liis  re- 
|((irt,  ;ils(»  illustrated  with  many  plates,  and  rivalini^ 
that  dt"  ( londra  in  its  nnsatisfaetory  nature,  was  |»ui>- 
li>li((liii  IH44.  Not  only  are  the  t»v  >  •iccounts  indi- 
vidually to  a  jjcreat  extent  nnintelliyii-K.',  hut  neither 
iImv  nor  their  ac'('«)mpanyinjj;'  ilhisti';itii)ns  seem  t<»  have 

'.   ..    .11   .1..«4.>...1    ...........l!l...w...  +-.  .    .  .1.   ..+  1 M 


illlV   \V( 


11-delined  resemhlance  to  <  v.  h  other 


The  site  ot"  the  ruins  seems  to  be  a  ravine-l)ounde(l 
I  ittaii,  somewhat  similar  to  those  alreavly  deserihed, 
till'  a|i|>r(tach  to  whieli  is  n"uarde<l  l»y  a  wall.  This 
wall  extends  not  (»nly  across  the  pass,  l.ut  down  ono 
dt'  tlie  slopes,  which  is  not  so  steej)  as  to  he  naturally 
iiiaccessihle  to  an  enemy.  iVccordin*^'  to  iherri  the 
wall  is  a  natural  vein  of  j)orphyry,  artificially  cut 
(liwii  ill  some  parts,  and  hiiilt  uj)  hy  the  addition  of 
Muiks  of  stone  in  others,  measuring  three  yards  hi^h 


(iijii  iiicM'lK  iii((y  :((i;_'iista,  di'  (■crrii  di-  If;,'(iii  y  (((cihii  tic  ljii;,'ii,  y  a(>l;[cl((  |">r 
liaiiaiini^  |iript((i(iliis  y  iicaKtiliiilos,  y  l">r  (l('s]ii'('ia(l('i'iis  iKiiccessililc^;  iimIc- 
iiila  |"ir  l(ps  ccrcKs  del  h'.stlllcni,  Miiplaiciii!!:!,  el  '. 'hatii-.i.-iiidii,  el  Cadiarod 
V  rl  Chih'Jii  por  la  iiartf  del  Oc.-ic;  |Mir  el  Moiiti'  lieal  licia  el  Kslf,  y  lit 
li'^liiiiic  piir  la  ficvidia  CKcsta  dc  M  isaidla  ....  I.a  indra  parte  al^'o  aeeesilili? 
jiMia  >iiliii- :i  la  iiiesetii  de  la  iKoiitana  dodde  >e  lialli(t(  las  rdiiia.s,  esta  liiia 
la  laMa  ijcl  I'.sllllero.  . . .  Al  cnineii/ar  la  d(eseta,  liajiiddo  ]»>r  la  falda  del 
iili'ii  cjil  I^^tille|•(>,  III  |iridierii  i|de  kc  (disi'r\;i  cs  un  |ii(leili(d  dedddidn 
liiildnlc  ;:ni(Siis  |iied('as,'  I'te.  (luiidia'.--  .leeudiit  was  lepritded  id  the  Sur. 
.'/•.(.'.'<.,//.,  Iln/itiii,  told,  ii.,  ]i.   •^•_'(l-.'{.      Ilieiii's  iii'ciKidt    is  t'(i((dd    id   till" 


Vol.  IV.    2'J 


450 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  VEHA  CUUZ. 


m  I 


&'■ 


■  jl,: 


and  two  in  widtli.     The  same  explorer,  after  jiassliuf 
the  wall  and  elinihin*^  "with  much  difticulty  t(;  ;i  itoint 
ahout    two    hundred    and    fifty  feet    higher,  Wniml  u 
])yramid  standing  on  a  terraced  hill,  on  the  t(  rnices 
of  Avhicli  \vero  various  traces  of  houses  and  fnititici- 
tions.     The  pyramid  was  built  of  pori)hyry  and  liasalt 
iu  blocks  of  different  sizes,  laid  in  mortar,  was  tliirtv 
three  feet  square  at  the  base  and  seventeen  feet  liii^li, 
and  had  a  narrow  stairway  on  one  side  at  least.     ( )ii 
the    summit  platform  were  traces  of  apartments  of 
I'ough  stones  and  mortar;    also  a  canal   nine  iiiclns 
sijuare,  leading  to  the  exterior.      The  first  wall  nicn- 
ti(jned  by  Gondra  in  the  approach  to  the  ruins,  was 
one  of  large  stones  in  ])oor  mortar,  mostly  fallen;  it 
seemed  to  foi'm  a  ])art  of  walls  that  bounded  a  plaza 
of  nearly  circular  form,  in  the  centre  of  which  stdnd 
the  pyramid.      This  edifice  was  forty-seven  ity  fnitv- 
one    feet    at   the    base,  twenty-eight    feet    higli,  ami 
was  built  in  three  stories;  the  lower  story  had  a  cen- 
tral stairway  on  the  front,  the  second  had  stairways 
on  the  sides,  while  on  the  third  story  the  steps  wciv 
in  the  rear.      There  are  also  some  traces  of  a  stairway 
on  the  front  of  the  second  stor^^      The  whole  suilad' 
is  covered  with   trees,  one  of  which   is  dt^stTiiitd  a> 
being  about  fourteen  feet  high,  and  over  eiglit  I'lrt  in 
diameter.     The  only  resemblance  in  the  twt)  views  d 
this  pyramid,  is  the  re})resentation  of  a  tree  un  tlir 
summit  in  each;  between  the  two  i)lans  there  is  m  t 
the    slightest    likeness;  and    so   far  as  Iberris  tliiiil 
figure  is  concerned,  it  seems  to  resemble  notliiiiL:'  in 
heaven  a1.;ove,  the  earth  beneath,  or  the  watn^  un- 
der  the    earth.     Both    authors   agree    on  the  exist 
ence    of   many   house-foundations    of    stone    witlmiit 
mortar,  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  plateau. 
According   to    Ibeni    these  houses    were  eleven   l^y 
twenty-two  feet,  some   of  them    divided    in   seviial 
apartments,  standing  on  the  teri'aces  of  the  liill,  <'iily 
a  foot  and  a  half  a[)art,  along  regular  streets  alieiit 
.six.  feet  wide.     The  walls  are  of  hewn  stone  witliuut 


KUIXS  OF  MISAXTLA. 


451 


niort.ir,  aiul  none  remained  standini*-  over  throe  feet 
liiuli.  ( Jondra  repi'esents  tlie  Iioiises  as  cxtendinijc  in 
thiii'  and  four  straight  and  parallel  rows  for  over  two 
miles  on  the  plateau,  ^vith  a  wall  of  masonry  running' 
the  wliole  length  on  the  south.  At  various  points  on 
till'  summit  and  slojies  of  the  liill  tombs  ai'e  i'ound, 
coiitaitiing  seated  skeletons  and  relicH  of  obsidian  and 
potttiv.  (Jne  of  these  tombs,  as  re])resented  by 
(ioiitlra,  is  shown  in  the  cut,  in  ^vhieh  the  arched 
douruay  has  a  very  suspicious  look. 


Toinl)  at  Misaiitla. 


Till'  miscellaneous  relics  found  in  connection  with 
the  iiiliis  and  in  the  tond>s  include  pottery,  metates, 
slalis  witli  scul])ture(l  grecques,  hieroglyphics,  and 
liuiiiaii  ligures  in  relief,  stone  images  of  ditl'erent 
sizes  iiji  to  eighteen  inches,  representing  human 
tiLfuivs  stated  Avith  elbows  on  tlie  knees,  and  bead 
raised;  ;iiid  finally  an  obsidian  tube,  a  foot  in  diam- 
ctrr  and  eighteen  inches  long,  very  jxTlcctly  turned, 
toofthi  r  with  similar  earthen  tubes  with  interior 
e'oiiiliartmrnts.  Such  is  all  the  infonnation  I  am 
alilo  ti)  glean  from  the  publishrd  accounts  aiul  ]>latrs 
ivsiKciiiig  Misantla,  in  the  vicinity  of  which  town 
utlier  gioU])s  of  ruins  are  very  vaguely  mentioned. 

Ill  thv;  same  range  of  mountains,  in  the  district  of 
Jalaiiciiigo,  walls  of  hewn  stone,  with  well-])ivserved 
.suhtiTPaiiean  structures  ct)ntaining  household  idols, 
arc  iiiciitioned  as  existing  at  !Mescalteco;  also  some 
iviiiaiiis  at  Pueblo  \  iejo  and  Jorse,  those  of  the 
l.itti  r  including  a  remarkable  stone  statue  of  marble. 
liiis    reported    relic    is   said    to    have  represented    u 


ifiv 


; 


i-4' 

1^   .1 


II 


4.Vi 


ANTIQI'ITIKS  Ul'   VKKA  CUL'Z. 


iiaki'd  woman  olas})l!nj^  a  l>ii'<l  in  her  arms.  Tlic 
lower  parts  of  thu  woman  are  missing",  and  tlu;  liinl 
muc'li  mutilated,  but  tliu  prefect  of  Jahuu-inLio  savs 
in  liis  n'port,  "it  would  l»e  easy  to  complete  tJiu 
figure  into  Jupiter-swan  fondling  Leda.""^ 

Al)ont  a  lumdrcd  and  fifty  miles  nortli-westwanl 
from  \'era  Cruz,  fifty  miles  in  the  same  directidu 
from  the  ruins  of  Misantla,  fortv-five  miles  from  tlic 
coast,  and  four  or  five  miles  south-west  from  tlio 
}>uehlo  of  Papantla,  stands  the  pyramid  shown  in 
the  cut,   known  to  the   world  by   the  name  of  tliu 


Pyraiiiiil  of  Pii[iaiitla. 

pueblo,  Papantla,  but  called  by  the  Totonac  n.ifivt-^ 
of  llie  region,  Kl  Tajin,  the  •tliunderbolt.'  it  was 
aecidentally  discoveivd  in  Mai'eli,  17i^r),  by  one  Ditu'i' 
Kiiiz.  wbo  was  exploring  this  pai't  t)f  the  county  in 
an  olHcial  ca])acity,  with  a  view  to  ]i|-event  the  illi  ual 
raising  of  tobacco;  and  from  his  rej)ort  a  (lesii'i|itinn 
and  c»)]>[»er-plate  eiigi'aving  were  prepared  and  pu!'- 


Uii/i/iii/ifordf,  .ViJ.,  timi.  ii.,  \i\t.  SS  0;  .lA 


l-'.l't  >\'ff  tU-'il 


In-    /.KstHinU,    lillll. 


1.,  pp.  i-rj-3. 


liriNS  OV  rAPANTl.A. 


4.'3 


lislicd  111  tlio  (,')(('i'f(i  <h'  Jl/cv/co.'"'  TTunil)()l(lt  (le- 
siiilird  l)iit  (lid  not  visit  the  ])yriiini(l.  lie  statr.s 
that  I)ii[);iix  and  C'a.staucdji  explui'cd  and  inado  draw- 
iiiL^s  of    it,  but    neither    descrij»tion  nor    plates    a[> 


icar  ill  tlie  work  of  tlicsu  travelers.™  The  (Jcrnian 
iirti-t  Xehel  visited  Papaiitla  ahout  1831,  and  mado 
V  line  and  doubtless  perfectly  accurate  drawing',  iVoni 


\\lii( 


li  the  cut  which  I  have  f,dven  has  been  cojtied, 
Tln^  pyramid  stands  in  a  dense  forest,  apjiareiitly 
not  (»!i  a  naturally  or  artificially  fortified  plati'au  like 
the  ifiiiains  further  south.  Its  base  is  S(]uaiv,  nieas- 
uiIiil;'  a  Httle  over  ninety  feet  on  each  side,  and  the 
liii'^ht  is  about  fifty-four  feet;  the  whole  stiMicture 
Avas  hiiilt  in  seven  stories,  the  upper  story  beiiii;'  jiar- 


tiallv  111  rums 


Exceiit  the  upper  stor 


iXcej^ 


AV 


hicl 


I  seems 


■^gMM^ 


a*  ^7 


rln  ih-  .Vca-^Vo,   July  12,  17Sfi.  tnm.  i.,  pp.  340  .")1.     Liiciitinii   'jmr 


rl  I'llliilio  ill' 


I'uiiiciito  (1 


(■     CSlc    III 


ll-I.l, 


<lus  I 


.-|U 


liiisiliic'     'I'liis  (irijiiniil  accoiiiit  was  priiitecl    later  in  l> 


t';,'iias  (Ic  ilistaiiiia,  ciillr   nil 

n'riiiililfio 


I'i.fr.  'rciij.,  toiii.  x.,  pp.  1'2(>-1;  it  was  also  traiislatcil  iiilii  Italian,  ami 
]iriiit('il  ill  MiirijiKz,  Due  Anticlii  Muiuiiiic/iti,  Jtonic,  1804,  p.  A,  aUn  ai'- 
(niii|iaiiii'il  liv  till'  plate. 

'■'■>  lhi,nl,<',l,lt,  I'iKs,   toin.  i.,  ]<]).  10-_'-.1;   Ti/..  KMiii.   !>(,/.,  j..  •_',4;  /'/.,  ill 


(inllilr;!.    in 


toll). 


/ 


I    /  ri'Srii 


It.    Ifisf.    (' 


V 

"I- 


Ilniiibiililt's  aci'iiiiiit    tianslalt 
Mf.i'.,  tiiiii.  iii.,  pp.  ;{;»-40,   says  it   is  tin 


I'lri'^l  tliat  is  calltMl  Tajiu,  tiiat  tlif  niiii   was  disiovficil   Itv  laiiitt 


limihiuMi'i's  the  pi 


ate  ill  the  (inn-ln  vcrv  fanltv. 


■•"  \  I  III  I,    I'iiii/r   J 'ill  fit 


'11 


K?  (Irawui''  IS 


.iciimctric  rather  tl 


4 


lali    III 


ill  |H'i-|i('rtivi',  anil   till!  ailtiiiir's   dt'scriplivc  text    in   a  few  details  I'.iij.^  n» 


i\jvv  cxaitlv  wi 
.1/. . 


th  it.     .It 


.M.  I 


.ansa   ui\os  a  sli 


;iit    d 


('■.(•niiliiin   in   .N', 


"/.,  Hull  till,  toiii.  v.,   ]).  HI.  witlniiit   stating'  tlie  source  nf  lii-.  in- 


fniiii.iii.iii.      He  locates  the  niiii  ■_",  leaL 


ith-west  of  tl 


le  iinelilo. 


r 


lis 


Jiiitiiiir  vi:itcs  that  Carlos  M,  nnstainante  piililislied  a  ;/ood  .ici'oiint  of  the 
ruin  ill  IS'.'S,  in  his  llii-ultiji)  dc  yuinilili 


<  Mher  accoiiiil..   i 


if   I' 


iiKulc  ii|i  from  the  |>recediii;;  sources,  are  as  t'oliows:     Mnii'  rs  JA 


/'/., 


•(i-7.  with  cut   after 


/'/..  .1/' 


Sri,, II, Irriifi's  Arr/i.,  Vol.  \i..  p.  ,")S:{. 


llnlili^ 


I   II' 


y;wv„,  ■/•,■,, 


,1. 


'Is,    t. 


M, 


X.    Illlilt..    tlUll.    1.. 


p.  -'-'7;    /■■. 


I'P 


•_'l)S-i|;     l.iir^ii'iiiilii  re.    Mi 


Mr.r., 
(iiiiit. 


I'l' 


i{<aiitl:i 

.\:'ir, 
'J  IS  -It; 


1-^; 


Millih  I'lifoi-ilt,      Mijirii,    tolll.      ii 


]i.    •_'.'{(';     Iliifl/nril'.i   Aiiiii:    Aiili'i.,     li|i.    T'.l   SH; 


•J.-ii;; 

ii   I 


//.v   Tl 


Unit 


p|.. 


•>-.< 


I  (iO;    A I 


1.    (SS; 


.1/. 


iXirniLisi 


III'.    /.ii.\tii  ml, 


Anil 


".!■' 


Ml 


>""!■,  tmii.   VI.,   p.   4((L'; 


r.,    pp.    '.MI-,,    WI 


7V, 


llisiirt. 


d. 


th  cut;    Miilli-I, 


run. 


Miilli 


// 


nil  riuiiiiisi 


lir    (  rri'l. 


ii/iiiiini,    p.    l.-iP; 


M 


II 


Aiiirr.    Anfl'i/.,  pp.  "JTli-S;    ll'ii/i/iinif,  (I'liii/,  ,'>'fiif,,  p.    l.")l;    ]l'il\ 
'I  its    Riliifiiiii,    pp.  'JPi-T. 


riied 


inii'iision 


H  ill  Ntdiid's  text  ar(>    PJll  feet  S(|naio  and  S.'i  feet   hiuli 


Mliii  li  iiiiist  he  an  error,  since  the  aiitlnn-  savs  that  the  siairw  iiv  in  tin 


IliilV   lie  1 


iM'ii  as  a  scale,  eac 


di  step  lieii 


ate 
11''  a   foot;  and   iiieasnriii'' the  ^l  iiiet- 


"•  l'>  iliat  scale  it  woiih 


iinethiiii,' over  ".lit  feet  s(|iiare  at   the  I 


iiliuiit  .•.)  icet  hidi.     'I'he  linrr/n  savs  that   the  liasi'  is  :{(l  \aras  (S:!   j'.ii 


la-e  am 


l.--d  i 


"inari',  and  the  steps  in  siylil  were  .")7  in  nun 


iiiiinliiddt   call.s 


454 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


i. ! 


;1 


.M ! 


Si    ■! 


W:'lld 


to  liave  contained  interior  conipartnicnts,  the  wlinlo 
structure  was,  so  i)ir  as  known,  solid.  Tlie  niatcijul 
of  wliicli  it  was  built  is  sandstone,  in  reu'ularlv  cut 
blocks  laid  in  mortar — although  Humboldt,  pciliaps 
on  the  authority  of  Dujiaix,  says  the  matei'i.il  is  |i(ii'- 
phyiy  in  innnense  blocks  covered  with  hicro^lviiliji' 
sculpture — the  whole  covered  on  the  extcrioi-  sinfacr 
^vith  a  hard  cement  three  indies  thick,  Avliidi  also 
bears  traces  of  having-  been  painted.  Accordiii;^'  to 
the  account  in  the  (jaceta,  the  stones  that  fonn  tlio 
tops  of  the  many  niches  shown  in  the  cut  aie  tVom 
tiv(j  and  a  half  to  seven  feet  long,  four  to  live  and  a 
half  wide,  and  four  to  nine  inches  tliick.  Tu'spcctiuo' 
the  stairway  nothing:  can  be  said  in  addition  ti>  wliat 
is  shown  in  tlie  cut.  It  leads  up  the  eastcin  .nIojh-. 
and  is  the  oidy  means  of  ascent  to  the  sunuiiit.  It 
is  divided  by  solid  balustrades  into  five  divisions,  mily 
two  of  which  extend  iminterruptedly  to  tin'  upper 
story,  while  the  central  division  can  hardly  have  luiii 
used  at  all  as  a  stairway.*'^ 

The  niches  shown  in  my  cut  extend  entirely  iniuul 
the  circumference  of  each  story,  except  wlnie  int»  r- 
ru[)ted  on  the  east  by  the  stairways.  Eacli  nidir  is 
about  three  feet  square  and  two  feet  deep,  cMtpt 
those  in  the  centre  of  the  eastern  front,  wliicli  aiv 
smaller.  Their  whole  number  seems  to  have  I. ten 
three  hundred  and  twenty-one,  according  to  XcinTs 
phite,  without  including  those  that  may  have  occurred 
on  the  seventh  story." 

tlic  ])yraiiiiil  2.'  motirs  (S'2  fbctl  square  niul  IS  In^trps  (.'0  fi'ct)  liiL;li,  nr, 

ill  /vvw//  I'll/.,  It!  to  •_'()  iiii'trt's.     Iiiiiisii,  .sV/('.   Mr.r.   (•'iin/.,  linhtin,  \ v,, 

]p.   n  I,  calls  liic  hcinlit  m  tVct,  witii  .");<  Ntcps. 

^'■^  IJaiisa  says  the  pyraiuiil  faces  the  iiiiilii.  The  (litiiia  aicomit  n  pri'- 
sciits  ilic  stairway  as  10  or  \'l  vaias  wide.  'I'lic  jilatc  I'cjii-csciils  ili<'  Lilcnil 
narrow  stairways  as  siiijiic  iiistcaii  of  ilouhlc,  ami  tlii^  niches  as  nut  cMcml- 
in;;  enliiely  across  the  wide  central  stairway.  Onl.v  six  stories  arc  >li(iwii 
in  till'  nlate,  lerininatin;f  in  a  sninniit  platform  on  which  slaiul  l\VM>iiiiill 
ftltar-like  striictnres  at  the  head  of  the  lateral  stairways,  Xelicl  speak-  >iiii- 
jdy  of  a  'doulde  stairway.'     Ilnnilioldt  a;,'rees  with  the  iilate  in  liic  din'ilii. 

''  The  (t'ltrt/ii's  text  says  312,  lait  its  own  li^'iires  correctlx  addcil  inako 
the  nmiilier  .S7Has  is  pointed  out  liy  Mar<|uez;  and  th(!  jilate  acciniil'iiiiyiii;,' 
till-  same  account  niaUes  the  numlier  'W.).  Eossey  says  .S(!(t  iiiclu-.  Uiiin- 
holdt  made  liie  numher  ',i~H,  which  he  supposed  to  relate  to  the  ^i;;Il-  i'' 
the  Toltee  civil  culeudur. 


hi       !     :i 


A:       \ 


ItriNS  or  MAPILCA. 


45.1 


( Inly  sli^lit  ineiitioM  is  inado  of  any  sonttorcd  or 
iiKivalilo  n-lii'S  at  i*apaiitla.  It  is  said  tliat  fra^int'iits 
(if  ruins  are  scattered  over  an  area  of  lialF  a  lea;4iio 
(Viiiii  the  j>yrainid,  !»iit  no  exploration  has  l)een  made. 
A  siiinll  n'olden  idol  is  re])orted  l)y  (Jondra  to  have 
hiMii  found  liere,  very  like  a  terra-cotta  iniao-o  of  Quet- 
z;d(ii;itl,  from  C.'ulliuacan,  of  \vhioli  a  cut  will  be  given 
ill  the  next  cliajjter.  liausa  sj)eaks  of  a  stone  trough 
I'dUiid  on  the  summit  of  the  i)yramid,  ruins  of  houses 
ill  riL;ular  streets  in  the  vicinity,  and  innneiise  scul[)- 
turcd  Mocks  of  .stone. 

Ml'  Xehel  also  visited  another  h)cality  Avliere  re- 
iii.iiiis  were  discovered,  .south-eastward  from  ]\i})antla 
tnw.iids  the  Tecolutla  river,  near  the  rancho  of  ^^ii- 
](il(ii.  Here  in  a  thick  forest  were  several  ]>yra- 
iiii(U  in  a  very  advanced  stage  of  dila[)idation  and  not 
iltscrjhfd.  There  were  also  seen  immense  hlocks  of 
^iMiiitc  scattered  in  the  forest.  The  one  sketched  hy 
Xchcl  and  shown  in  the  cut  is  twenty-one  feet  long, 


Sculptured  Granite  P.lock-Maiiilia. 

;iih1  covered  w'ith  ornamoniai  scuipcure  in  hnv  relief: 
it  ivstcd  on  a  kind  of  pavement  of  irregular  nan-ow 
stuiKs.  Another  explorer,  who  saw  the  ruins  in  I.S'JS, 
t'liiiiid  the  I'emains  of  twenty  houses,  one  of  them  sev- 
enty ]i,ices  long,  with  walls  still  standing  to  the  height 
I't'  till  fcit.  ^[ost  of  them  were  only  six  feet  high, 
;iih1  the  sm;dl  amount  of  dehris  indicated  that  only 
pait  of  the  original  height  was  of  stone." 

<  >ii  a  low  hill  some  forty  miles  west  of  Papantla, 

"  X'li'f.    ]'iiii/r  Piii/iin  srti;   Cnwif,  in  Xiiiiri'//i\i  A  llii"/i\  tfi-i  V'li/  ,    IS.'id, 
' \1\  ,  |i|i.  XWl;  M<n/rr's  .1/<.r.  A:/rr,  vul.   ii.,  [>.   I'.IS;  Ji/.,    M' .'.  n.s  it 


I*^ 


r/\ 


t  : 


il 


i;  i  i  i; 


I 


1  ■  ;  ! 


r  >!  J 


f'- 


1  ' 

» 

\t) 

i 

U 

456 


ANTIQriTIKS  OF  VKKA  CltlZ. 


at  the  foot  of  tho  cordillera,  enveloped  in  nn  .ilniiKt 
inipenetruMe  forest,  is  another  <^i't)np  of  ruins,  cillrd 
TiisMj)an,  known  only  from  the  drawings  und  slight 
d('scri[)tion  of  Xehel,  The  only  structure  wliich  iv- 
inaius  standing;  is  shown  in  the  cut.     It  consists  uf  u 


Pynunid  of  TuHupan. 

pyramid  thirty  feet  s(piare  at  tlie  base,  and  l)(\iriii.:'  ;i 
l)uildin<4'  in  a  tolei'ahle  state  of  j)reservatioii.  lAivjit 
the  dooi'|)osts,  lintels,  and  cornices,  the  Avholc  stiiut- 
nre  is  said  to  be  built  of  irreyidar  fra^'nients  dt'  llnh- 
stone;  but  if  this  f.e  true,  it  is  evident  fi'oin  tln' 
(b-awin^;'  that  tho  whole  was  covered  Avith  a  siimdrh 
coat  of  plaster.  The  buildin**-  on  the  summit  t-ont.iiiis 
a  sinu'le  apartment  twelve  feet  s(piare,  with  a  d^nv  ,it 
the  head  of  the  stairway.  The  apartment  contains  a 
l)l()ck,  or  pedestal,  whii'h  may  ha\e  served  for  an  alt.ir, 
or  to  su|>port  an  idol;  and  it  has  a  }>ointed  ci  iliii^' 
similar  in  f  )i-m  to  tlie  exterior.  It  is  unfortunatr  that 
Avu  have  no  further  details  respectin<>"  this  cciliiiL;. 
since  it  would  be  interesting'  to  knctw  if  it  was  i'niiiHtl 
l)y  ovei'laj)pino-  stones  as  in  the  ^laya  ruins,  ])aitiiu- 
larly  as  this  is  one  of  the  very  few  remainiuij'  sittri- 
mens  of  the  aboriy-inal  arch  in  Nahua  territory,  v  mm 
the  la"  ;e  nundter  of  stone  blocks  and  other  (K!ii'i-< 
found  ill  the  vicinity  it  is  supposed  that  the  ]»yraiiiitl 


ItriNS  OF  TrSAl'AX. 


457 


rt'i'n xiiti'd  in  tlie  cut  -wns  iKit  tlio  grandest  :\i  Tusa- 
iiaii.  Several  fillecl-uj)  wells,  and  iiuinerous  fVan'inciits 
lit'  >iniK'  iniajj;"(.'s  of  hiiniaii  and  animal  forms  muc-li 
unit  i  Lit  I'd  were  also  noticed. 

Tlif  Avater  Miiich  sujtplied  the  aborii-inal  inhabi- 
tant- nt"  the  }ilai'e,  seems  to  have  conu'  fr(»nj  a  sj)i'inn' 
liicittil  en  the  sitle  of  a  ])i'e('ipitous  mountain;  and  at 
tlir  liasc  of  the  olitl*  wluM'e  the  water  reached  the 
plain,  was  the  very  remarkable  fountain  sliown  in  the 
cut,  artilicially  yliajted  from  the  living  rock.     The  cut 


Fountain  in  tho  Living  Rock — Tusaii.iu. 

IS  an  i\a<'t  fac-simile  of  Xehel's  ]>late,  excejit  that  the 
surrHiiiuliiiM-s,  Avjiicli  add  nuich  to  its  interest,  ai'e 
!itrt.>sarily  omitted.      1    (juote    Nebel's  hriel'  descrip- 


ii 


I:    >l 


458 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  VERA  CRUZ. 


tioii  in  full.  "Anionuf  tlie  ruins  of  Tusapaii  i>  tniiinl 
tliu  «j;T()tt'S(j[ue  fountiiiu  here  represented.  The  wiiolc 
monument  consists  of  a  statue  nineteen  IVct  lii'^h, 
scul})ture(l  in  the  livinn'  rock.  The  ch)thin<,^  indicntt's 
clearly  a  wt)nian,  seated,  resting  her  head  «)n  tlir  Itt'r 
arm,  which  is  supported  by  her  knee.  The  licad 
seenjs  to  be  adorned  with  featliers  and  precious  stdius. 
Amoni,'  the  ])himes  behind  is  a  hollow  intendtd  to 
receive  the  waters  of  n  neii^hboring  spring-  (wiiirli  no 
l()n!4'er  exists).  The  water  ran  through  the  wliolc  fig- 
ure and  out  under  the  })etticoats  in  the  most  iiJituial 
manner,  whence  it  was  conducted  in  a  canal  of  licwu 
stone  to  the  town  near  by."*' 

The  ^NTesa  de  !Metlaltoyuca  is  on  the  Tuxpnn  Tiivcv, 
about  twelve  leagues  south-west  from  the  jKUt  n\' 
Tu.Kpan,  twenty-two  leagues  north-cast  of  Tulaiiciii'^d, 
and  })rol)ably  in  the  state  of  Vera  Cruz,  ahhniioli 
very  near  the  boundary.  The  table-land  is  vciy 
extensive,  and  is  covered  throughout  most  of  its  r\- 
tent  by  a  thick  forest.  Juan  B.  Campo,  8ub-Pivtrrt 
of  Huauchinango,  discovered  a  grou})  of  ruins  lu  iv, 
and  gave  a  descri])tion  of  his  discoveries  in  a  k  |i(iit 
dated  June  27,  18(35.*''  His  account  is  very  gciii  r.il. 
alluding  to  the  ruins  of  a  great  city,  whose  stivrts 
Were  })aved  with  polished  stones,  a  fijie  stone  |ial,i(f 
})lastered  and  painted,  all  surrounded  by  a  w.ill  tit- 
teen  feet  thick  and  ten  feet  high,  with  a  ureat  Linti', 
covered  way,  stone  bastions,  etc.,  etc.  Inmudiatflv 
after  the  publication  of  Cani[)o's  report,  Kanmn  Al- 
maraz,  chief  of  a  Mexican  scientitic  conimissinii.  .  n- 
gaged  with  other  engineers  in  surveying  for  a  mad  in 
this  region,  spent  five  days  in  the  exjdoration  of  ilir 
ruined  city,  preparing  plans  and  other  drawings,  and 


:1  i 


*^  Nilifl,  V/'Njr  Phi/orrsrn;  ]\fin/rr\s'  Mi\t.  A~/rr,  vol.  ii..  ]i|i.  I'.t'.i-l'i'; 
LL,  J\li.r.  lis  it  l\'((.i,  jtp.  •Ml-S;  Aniiiii,  Altr  Mi.r.,  ]>.  4']:  I!;iu>a,  in  >'■'■ 
Mi;r.  (I'cii;/.,  Bolctiii,  toui.  \.,  \\\\.  411-12,  loi-atos  Tiistiiiaii  14  k';i,L;iii  ~  -hihIi- 
Avest  of  l*a]):nitlii. 

^^  Till'  (iri^'iiial  of  this  ro])ort  I  liavc  not  seen;  a  translation,  li  i\\r\tr, 
•was  jmljlisheil  iii  the  l^an  Francisco  Etxiiiinj  liullctiii,  of  Feb.  .'(',  1^'''<- 


*% 


IIUIXS  OF  METLALTOVICA. 


459 


also  talciiii!!'  some  ])liot()L;^rap]iie  views.  His  rcjtoit, 
V(:v  tar  fVoiii  beiiii;'  lull  uiid  HJiti.stactorv,  ilhistrati'd 
with  several  platus,  was  j)ul>lislit,'d  in  tliu  ^ovcniiiit'iit 
r(.|M»its  tor  tlie  year  inentioiietl." 

Tilt;  name,  Metlaltoyuca,  aecordiiiof  to  Clalicia  Clii- 
iiialpHpoca,  siij^iiiHes  '})lace  fbrtitied  with  solid  stones,' 
liiit  Sr  Linares  attributes  to  tlie  word  a  diiVerent  der- 
ivation, and  iiiukes  it  mean  *hind  of  tlie  mao'iiey.'^'* 
Ahiiaiaz  says:  "A  succinct  account  of  the  ruins 
mi'^ht  he  given  by  saying  that  tbey  consist  of  pyra- 
mids huilt  of  hewn  blocks  of  sandstone,  paj'tiidly 
covered  with  a  good  hy(b'auhc  cement,  as  will  bo 
scL'ii  Ity  tlie  cliemical  analysis  which  will  be  given,*''* 
Mild  of  some  tumuli,  and  remains  of  ediHces  of  slight 
ilcvatioii."  The  arrangeuKMit  of  the  remains  is 
sliuwu  ill  the  plan;  only  a  few  of  the  structures  iii- 


(lirat'd  on  the  pLm  are  mentioned  in  the  description, 
and  of  those  few  very  little  is  said.      'I'he  sj)ace  cov- 
l  hv  the  I'uins  is   in  re'ctaiiijular  form,  about   two 


i.Ti'( 


liuii.hvd  and  Hfty  by  five  buiKh'ed  yards,  and  is  lo- 
tatrd  in  the  s(.)uth-westcrn  jmitioii  of  the  mesa.  The 
ihii't'  structure,  a  of  the   plan,   stands  at  the  iiortli- 

'"  Mr..  Mnii.  ill  MInlstvn  ilrl  F„„>riifn,  /,W.7.  p.  21^4,  etc     It  \v;is  also 
I'lilili^liiil  ill  a  st'iiaiati'  iiaiiipliU't .  A/niiirn.:,  Mui.  urirni  dr  h,s   '/'< 
il<  Miniliufiiini,  ii|i.  -JS-:!;}.     Mcntiiin  l>.v  (iarcia  y  Ciilia-.,  a  coiiii 


laiiii) 


II  of 


Al 


i-  (•/,, 


in  Siii\  .]ii.i:  diiti/.,  Jlo/i/iii,  'Jda  ('■|Mii'a,  toin 


y;r,/w/ 


:ira 


iilliiijiin-ii,  ill  AliiiKfiiz^  . 
a  (■■]ioca.  toiii.  !..  )).  lO.S. 


r,  Mr  lit.,  II.  US;  / 


i.,  p.  :v 


iiiiivr-1,  ill  Sill',    \li\i\  (iidij. 


'JTIii'  MiialvMis  is  as  follows:  iiiiartzy  saiiil,  :U.on;  sik'x,  K.OO;  aliiiiii- 
iii.i  mill  iron,  'i.t'iO;  carlioiiate  of  liiiii-,  48.00;  iiiayiii'sia,  iJ.-V  •  moisture, 
■M:  los.,,  o.llO.  AhiMmz,  Mem.,  p.  30. 


4fiO 


ANTlgriTIKS  OF  VKIJA  CIMZ. 


I''-:.; 


■west  ('f)rner,  jiikI  its  iKtrtlieni  and  wostoru  w;il!>,  I'liiir 
lmii(lr(;«l  uiid  (.'iiilitv-HvL!  and  one  liundrcd  and  niiittv- 
lour  tbut  rc's|H'(;tively,  niuct  at  an  tuy^lv,  of  s;  iid'; 
oil  the  otlicr  sides  the  walls  art;  irregular,  loriniiiLf 
many  angles,  and  in  the  interior  thei'e  jiic  w.ills 
Mhirh  divided  the  enclosed  ai'ea  into  several  (•(»iii|i;iit- 


inent.- 


T\ 


lere  are,  ai 


oordiiiLT    to  the  text,   ti 


ilfl'S    I J 


Avails,  in  some  places  tlve  (tr  six  feet  hi^li,  txtriidiii' 
f'r(»m  the  ends  of  the  main  structure  and  inclosin'-'  tli 


other  works,  hut  not  shown  in  the  plan.  S(inii'  st(|is 
and  al  o  water-tanks  were  found  in  comiectiun  with 
the  corner  walls.  (ampo  also  found  two  dddrs 
Mocked  up  with  stone  slahs.  There  are  sevcr.il  trun- 
cated pyramids,  the  lar^'est  of  which,  at  h,  is  tliiity- 
six  feet  hin'h,  and  one  hundred  and  thirty-oiir  iVit 
s(|uave  at  the  hase.  it  is  huiit  in  six  storiis,  ;iiid  lias 
traci's  of  tlie  hnildinn's  which  formerly  in'(ii|ii( d  its 
summit.  All  tlie  structures  are  i)uilt  of  hrick  shapt d 
hlocdss  of  sandstone,  very  nicely  cut,  and  laid  in 
mud.''"  ( )n  the  surface  of  the  cement,  wliicli  cnvtis 
all  the  l>uildin<4S  to  a  thickness  of  over  an  inch, 
painted  fit;ur(;s  arc  seen. 

A  remarkahle  feature  at  ^retialtoyuca  is  tl 


If  t 


■Mst- 


ence  or  the  ])arallel  moimds  at   c,  ot  the  plan.     As 
nearly  as  can  l)e  ascertained  from  the  di'awinus  and 


\V-l 


,  I 


8cctiiiii  (if  a  Mound — Mctlaltoyura. 

*'  'Dp  las  (liinoiisioiios  rnic  iisan  lioy  jiara  liiicr-r  lii-<  ;irli()I('s  ili'  tii'irii. 
I  am  uiial)li'  to  say  wliat  siu-li  diiiH'iisions  aiiinuiit  to  in  Kii;.'li-li  iina.-uR'- 
ineiit. 


ItriNS  OF  MKTI.AI/roVrCA. 


401 


text,  tlii'V  aro  iilioiit  Olio  liundit'd  aiitl  forty  fV'it  h>Uj^, 
tuciitv  IV'ft  wide,  and  tt-ii  or  twelve  feet  lii^li.      Tlio 


iiitrrii-r 


is  tilled  with  1( 


oose   stones  and   eMiTli,  aii( 


•til 


d  tl 


lO 


.siirtace  is  covered  with  somewhat  iri'eyular  hrii-k- 
sli!i|it(l  hlocks,  laid  ill  mud  or  <'lay,  and  a]»i>arently  cov- 
nvd  with  cement.  The  cut  shows  a  ti"ans\erse  secti(tn 
ut'  oiic  of  the  mounds,  and  indii^ates  a  near  apjtroach 
tdtlii'  pi'inciple  of  the  regular  key-stone  arch,  although 
;is  the  interior  was  filled  to  the  top,  there  is  no  evi- 
(Iciiii'  that  the  arch  was  intentionally  self  supjtortinsjf. 
Sonic  traces  of  hieroi;ly|>hic  jiaintinys  wisre  found  on 
tlic  iiioi'tar  which  covered  a  part  of  these  irioun<ls.''' 
Si»iiuthin<>"  over  two  miles  noi'th-wt'st  of  tlie   ruins 


(ll'SC 


^|ll|(•        Oil 


(1,  at  the  oidy  j)omt  where  the  mesa  is  acces- 
the   northern  sidi;,   is  a  douMi'   stone    wall 


^uardiii'^'  the  passage.  The  outer  wall  is  three  or  four 
iiiiiuhvd  yards  loni;-,  thirteen  feet  hi,uli,  and  fifty  Ict't 
tliii'k  at  the  base,  diminishiiiL;"  towai'ds  the  top.  The 
iiiii'i'  w.ill   is  of  smaller  dimensions.      The  same  svs- 


t' 111  n|  (It'tensive  works  is  rt.'peated  on  the  (tpposite 
i-iili'  of  the  mesa.  The  only  movai)le  relics  found 
W'vw,  the  fi^'ure  of  a  female  heariiin"  '<^  sculptured 
(rn»,  ,1  iTpresentation  of  a  mummy  closely  wrapped 
as  it"  tor  l»urial  and  havinL»"  features  of  a  diflereiit  ty|)o 
I'iDiii  those  ordinarily  found  in  A/tec  idols,  and  the 
I'Tiii  I't'  a  man  with  arms  crossed  and  le^s  heiit,  sculp- 
tured on  a  slab,  all  of  the  same  sandstone  of  wliicii 
t!u'  liiiildinos  were  constructed.  Accordiiin' to  ('amjto, 
aiKitluT  smaller  !L;'rou))  of  remains  has  Ihh'Ii  seen  fartlur 
Miiitli,  towards  the  ]\[esa  de  Amistlan.  'I' wo  idols  of 
|'"rnii>  l)asalt  and  numerous  ari'ow-heails  of  ohsidian 


iir( 


ivported  at  (Juautla,  twenty-five  or  thirty  mil 


es 


iiuith-west  of  ^letlaltovuca. 


Ill  the  iiortliern  extremity  of  the  state,  in  the  region 
ii'iniit  iMiiuco,  small  relics  are  said  to  he  very  ahuud- 
aiit.     A    list  of   thirty   specimens    collected    by    ^^.' 

''  A  iilatc  sliiiwiiit;  tlicsi-  painting's  is  j^Ivlmi  l>y  Aliniiraz. 
•'■'  lli'f/.iiii,  Mulkii,  toni.  i.,  i>.  .">1. 


iiVl 


(|i 


I        r 

V 


i 

i 
I 


f ;  i. 


'« •  ■; 


I 


ANTIi^lITIKS  OF  \  T.liA  CllVZ. 


Fr.'incis  Veci-lli  (liii'iii!^^  u  survey  of  tin;  IVimico  llivtr, 
soiiif  of  tlu'lil  (loiiKtlt'SS  helolinilii,'"  to  the  Htate  of  Tii- 
in!Uili|»iis,  iicross  the  river,  iHj^'iven  l>y  ^fi'  Vetdi  in  tla: 
.loiiriiiti  (tf  till!  Loiuloii  ( JtM)L>rii|»liicaI  Society.  TIhv 
are  iimstly  of  liiuestoiio  and  represent  liiiiiian  ti'^iiits, 
for  the  most  |»art  females,  rudely  sculptured  and  ucnr- 
iny-  peculiar  head-dresses.  The  foreheads  aic  ivpiv- 
seiited  as  hii;h  an<l  hi'oad,  the  lips  thick,  and  tlir 
cheek- hones  hii;h.  The  sculptui'c  is  rude,  and  maiiv 
every  one  of  the  imaijes  has  a  louijc  unshaped  hisc  nr 
tenon,  as  if  intended  to  he  fixed  in  a  wall.  A  IVont 
and  rear  view  of  one  of  these  imai^es  are  shown  in  (lio 
cut.°^     In  the  town  itself,  idols,  heads,  ohsidiau  aiiow- 


-/-^ 


Lii.iestoiie  Statue  fmiii  Paimco. 

leads,  and  frai^ments  of  ancient  pottery,  some  of  it 

lazed,  are  often  washed  out  hy  the  heavy  rains.    Mr 

iyon   speaks    of    "several  curious  ancient    t*>\^   and 

liistles,  with  one  small  terra  cotta  vase  very  heanti- 

illy  carved  with  those  j)eculiar  flourishes  intredund 

A\  the  Mexican  manuscripts,"  also  "ananti(pu!  lluteef 

a  very  compact  red  clay,  w'hich  had  fuico  heen  polished 

and  painted.     It  had  four  ludes,  and  the  mouth  i)art  was 

in  the  form  of  a  grotesque  head."     Flutes  occur  liotli 

*3  Vctc/t,  in  Load.  Gcog.  Soc,  Jour.,  vol.  vii.,  pp.  l-ll,  with  platt'. 


Ui:i,!fS  AT  I'ANI  (  <>, 


u::\ 


-iii-i 


;i!i 


1   (loiihlc,  with   t 


\V( ). 


tliivf,  iiiid    lour  liult 


ll.iitlii'ii  n'|>i"L'scnt!itioM.s  of  Mrds,  toads,  and  otlifi' 
,iiiiiii,ils  ;\rc  t'tvcjut'iitly  toiiiid  citlitT  nvIi(»1('  oi-  in  tVaijf- 
iiii  iit>.  West  of  the  town  live  or  six  mounds  I'nMu 
thinv  to  t'ortv  fri't  hi<4h  ai'e  va^'Ui'ly  nu-ntioncd.''' 
liiiiird  ill  tilt.!  ground  in  a  ravine  near  tlie  town,  and 
r,'>tlii'^' on  the  stone  walls  of  a  «lila|>idated  sejadehre, 
Mr  N'minan  claims  to  have  found  a  stone  slah  seven 
t',  1 1  lull.;,  widi'r  at  one  end  tiiaii  the  other,  hut  two 
ti  it  ;iiid  a  halt'  in  avera^'e  width,  one   foot  thiek,  and 


III 


aiiii'/  on  one  side  the  s('ul|>tured  H^^inv  of  a  man. 
|)rr>scd  in  a  tlowinu^  rohe,  with  j^irdle,  saiahd-ties  on 
lii^  tict.  and  a  close-httin^'  cap  on  his  head,  he  lies 
wif'i  crossed  arms.  The  face  is  Caucasian  in  feaiure, 
;iiiil  till'  work  is  very  jierfectiy  executed.  For  the 
Hiitlii'iilicity  of  so  remai'kahlc  a  relic  ^Fr  Xorman 
i>  liaidly  a  sufficient  authority.  Two  small  ima^-es, 
DiiliaMy  of  terra  cotta,  were  presented  l»y  Mr  Nor- 


es 


iiKiii  to  the  Xew  York   Ifistorical  Society 

At  tlie  Calondras  liancho,  some  twenty-five  mil 
tiDiii  I'iimico,  a  lart^'e  oven-like  duunher  is  rejiorted 
ell  tli(>  slope  of  a  hill,  which  contains  larLife  fiat  stones 
u>r(l  for  i>rindin,i>"  maize.  The  rinns  at  Chacuaco, 
three  leagues  south  of  the  town,  arc  said  to  cover 
ii'ittiit  three  sipiare  leaijcues.  Mr  Norman  also  o-ives 
<iits  of  two  clay  vases  from  the  same  locality,  one  of 
tlkiii  jiaving  a  iieijcro  face,  very  likely  of  modem 
I'li^iii.  San  Nicolas,  five  leaLifues,  and  Trinidad  six 
!i  lilies  south-west  of  IMnuco,  are  other  places  where 
iiiiii.s  are  reported  to  oxist.^'* 

'  T.i/dii's  JoiiriKif,  vol.  i.,  lip.  .^T-Hl 


Itiiiithlis  1)1/   Land  ami   Walir,  \)\i.   14r"-51,   104;  May 


:>"■,  foiii.  I.,  ]iii.  l'.i;{-(). 


''  Li/uh'm  Jitiinial,  vol,  i.,  ])]).  Ci\-2;  Xnriiiati's  Jtatnhhs.  ]>]>.  rtO-'W). 
f^li.LJil  iiiiiiiiiiii  (if  relics  ill  tills  n'^^iou,  in  Mit/ilciipfonlf,  Mcjico,  toiii.  ii., 
1'   7'.';  lU'iiljurd'n  Aincr.  Aitliij.,  jip.  11:2-13. 


'.ii 


m 


CHAPTER    IX. 


ANTIQUITIKS    OF    THK    CKNTRAL    PLATEAUX. 

AxAiirAf'—MoNiMKNTS  OK  PfKiiLA  —  ( 'iiiF.A,  Tkopan' ri;iM:c.  Ti:i'i;XK. 
Tki'Kaca,  Sax  Antonio,  (irAriKiiKi.ciirLA,  and  Santa  ('\tai.in.v 

—  rVHAMII)    OK    ClIOULA-    Sli:i;i!A     I)K.     M AMNCIIK— SAX     l'\l;i,(p  - 

Nativii)   o—MoximivXTs  ok  Ti.Ast'Ai.A  -Los  Ukvks    Mum  mi:m\ 

OK   MKXICO— ClKHNAVACA,  XoCIIICAI.CO,   ("ASASAXn,   (>Zr  \l  i;  \,  Tl.  \- 
CIIIAI.CO,    AlllKIH   K.PA,    AND    M  Kt'A.MKCAX  —  XoCHIMII.ni,     TlAlll  A(, 

Xico,  Misi^rujri;,  Ti,ai,maxai,('o,  and  Cii.iuacan-  Ciiapit  ti;i'i;(, 

liKMKDIOS,  TACfHA,  AXI)   ^L\l.IXAIA'0--( 'iTV  OK    MkXKd       'I'I /(  Ii  d 

-Ti;z('oi'ix(io  -Tkotiuiai'AN  — OiisiiiiAX  Mixks— Tii.a     Mum  . 

MKXTS   OK   (^KKKKTAIIO  — rUKHMTO,    CANOA.S,    AND    KaNAS      N  \i1I  a 
]MOXU.MKNTS. 


Tho  monumciits  of  the  ]\rt'xican  tierra  teiii|ila(l;i. 
of  AiKiliuac  and  tho  adjoiiiiiio-  pliitoaux,  iiuxt  claiiii 
our  attention.  Tho  tori'itoiy  iu  (jiiostion  is  hdiindrd 
ou  tho  soutli  and  cast  by  that  treated  in  tlie  two  pic- 
ceding  chapters — Oajaca  and  Ouerroro  on  the  smitli 
ti)\vard  tlie  Paeitic,  and  Vera  ( 'ruz  on  the  east  toward 
the  il;'uU'.  Tlio  present  eliapter  will  cany  my  aiif- 
(juarian  survey  to  a  line  drawn  across  the  (Miiiiimit 
from  Tani])ico  to  the  mouth  of  tho  Zacatula  rivtr, 
<'om])letinL>'  what  lias  heen  regarded  as  tlie  lioim'  >>( 
the  Nahua  civilized  nations,  with  tho  exception  of  the 
'I'arascos  in  Michoacan,  and  leaA'ino-  oidy  a  few  scat- 
tei'ed  momnnents  to  he  descrihed  in  the  hroad  rxtciit 
i)f  tho  northern  states  of  tlie  repuhlic.  <  )n  nm-t  "t 
tho  maps  extant  tho  ti'rritory  whose  monunu nts  I 
li  ivo   now  to  describe,   is  divided   into  the   stah>  ot 


(404J 


■  i 


IlKMAINS  AT  CHILA. 


•iGi: 


Mi'xii'o,  Piit'lilii,  Tlaseala,  iind  Qiicrctari),  to  wliicli 
liavc  liccn  added  in  later  years  Morelos  and  Jlitlaln'o, 
foriiUMl  chiefly,  I  helieve,  from  the  old  state  of  ^lex- 
icii.  In  niy  desc'ri})tion,  howe^'er,  I  shall  pay  hut 
little  ;itteiitioii  to  state  lines,  locatiniif  eaeh  i;'i'oup  of 
aiitiMiiitios  hv  its  distance  and  bearing-  fi-oni  some 
well  known  point.  KespectinL;'  tiie  jdiysical  t'eatiwes 
(if  this  central  Xahua  re_>^ion,  enough  has  been  said 
ill  the  |)recedinu;-  volumes;  I  consecpiently  heniii  at 
once  the  description  of  anti(|uarian  relics,  dealini,^ 
first  with  those  found  in  Puehla  and  Tlaseala,  start- 
ill^•  ill  the  south  and  [)roceeding  northward. 

At  ( 'hila,  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  Puehla, 
is  a  hill  known  as  La  Tortuna,  on  which  is  huiit  an 
iintciraccd  ])yi'amid  ei^'hty-eiyht  feet  scpiare  at  the 
hasc,  fii'ty-five  feet  hi,L»h,  with  a  summit  platform 
fifty  lift  s(pirire.  It  is  huilt  of  hewn  stone  and  cov- 
oreil,  as  it  ajtpears  from  Castafieda's  drawing-,  with 
ceiiiciit.  The  exterior  surface  is  much  broken  u])  l)y 
tlif  tilts  that  have  taken  root  there.  A  stairway 
Icails  up  the  western  front.  Near  the  nortli-eastc'i'ii 
ciiriiir  of  the  moimd  is  an  entrance  leadinj>'  down  by 
sivtji  stone  sre[>s  to  a  small  tomb  about  eleven  feet 
lii'liiw  the  surface  of  the  ground  and  not  under  the 
iniiiiiHJ.  At  the  foot  of  the  steps  is  an  apartment 
iiUMsiuiii^-  live  and  a  half  feet  lony-  and  hii^'h,  and  four 
ti'it  wide,  with  a  branch,  or  i^'allery,  four  feet  Ion;;"  and 
H  little  loss  than  three  feet  wid(,(  and  biu'h,  in  the  cen- 
tre ut  each  of  the  three  sides,  thus  givini;'  the  whole 


..ai 


V.I..  IV,    M 


St'ctiiiii  of  Cliila  'I'dinh. 


r  ■  I 


Mil 


4r.G 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  I'lKHLA. 


toiul)  in  its  ^Touiul  })l;ui  tlio  form  of  ca  crosrs.  Its  vi  i'- 
tical  section  is  sliown  in  the  cut.  Tliere  is  ccit.iinU  ,i 
iL»'enunil  resouiblanco  to  he  noted  in  this  t(jnil)-.stru(  t- 
nre  to  tliose  at  ]\[itla;  the  in^'erior  is  lined  with  Ihwh 
l)locks  Liid  in  hnie  nujrtar  and  covered  witli  a  tiin' 
white  j)hister,  the  })hister  on  the  ceihng"  l)eiiiL;'  «ii^lit 
<»r  nine  inches  fnick.  The  discovery  of  human  homs 
in  the  Literal  galleries  leaves  no  doubt  respecting-  tlic 
use  to  which  tiie  suhterranean  structui'c  v.as  devoted.' 
At  Tehuacan  el  Viejo,  two  leaiL»'ues  eastward  of  the 
modern  town  of  Tehuacan,  in  the  south-eastern  part  dt" 
the  state,  were  found  ruins  of  stone  structnies  not 
])articularly  described.^  iVt  San  Cristoval  Tei>|iante- 
pec,  a  little  native  settlement  north-westward  of  the 
remains  last  mentioned,  is  another  hill  which  heais  a 
})yramid  on  its  to}).  A  road  cut  in  the  roeky  sides 
leads  u\)  the  hill,  and  on  the  summit,  beside  tlie  ]i\i'a- 
mid,  traces  of  smooth  cement  pavements  and  otlier 
undescribed  remains  were  noticed.  The  pyramid  itseh' 
fi'om  a  base  iifty  feet  s(|uare  rises  about  sixty-se\  en  feet 
in  four  receding'  stories  with  sides  api)arently  slopiiii;' 
very  slightly  inward  toward  the  top,  the  foiuth  stmy 
beini>'  moreover  for  the  most  part  in  ruins.  The  inest 
remarkable  feature  of  this  structure  is  its  stairway, 
Avhi(  h  is  different  from  any  yet  noticed,  and  similar 
to  that  of  the  i^'rand  teocalli  of  M(;\ico-Tenoe]ititlaii 
as  repented  by  the  concpierors.  Ft  leads  up  diagonally 
from  botton.  to  top  of  each  story  on  the  west.  net. 
however,  makinu;'  it  necessary  to  pass  four  times  inund 
thi;  i)yrann'd  in  order  to  reach  the  sunnnit,  as  was  tiie 
case  in  Me.Kico,  since  in  this  ruin  the  head  of  each 
ili^ht  corres|)ontls  Avith  the  f )ot  of  the  one  ah<>\e,  in- 
stead of  heir.<>'  on  the  o})})osite  side  of  the  pyramid. 
The  whole  is  built  of  stone  and  mortar,  only  tlie  exte- 


1  Dii/iiii.r,  2il  oxpcil.,  1).  14,  ])1.  xviii.,  (i^;.  5;{-4;  I\iiiij-<h(ii-(,iiifl,.  \n\  \.. 
]).  '2I.'{.  vol.  vi.,  p.  44'-',  "(>1.  iv.,  pi.  xvi.,  ii^'.  ii'H-A;  Lenoir,  in  .!/'//•/  "'' ■■ 
liiiu.  ii.,  (liv.  i.,  |t.  47. 

'^  'Ni»  siilisisti'ii  do  t'l  .siiio  Unas  ;;raii(los  ruiiiaM  de  t('m]ilii  y  cascriiis  w 
<'al  y  canto,  .sitiiailas  en  ladcra  ii«'  nnos  ccrritos. '  iJii/xtij',  1st  fxpt'il  .  !'•  •'! 
KliiijshuruKijIi,  vol.  v.,  p.  'Jll,  vol,  vi.,  p.  \-l\\. 


TKI'EXE  AM)  TKl'EACA. 


4(<7 


liof  riiciiiL,''  l)(jiiiu^  of  re_i;"ul;ir  l)lo(-'ks,  and  no  oovorin^'  of 
icuiciit  is  indicated  in  Castaneda's  drawiny'.^ 

At  Ti'itL'XO  el  Viejo,  on  the  Zacatula  Kiver,  some 
slxttvii  leagues  sontli-east  of  the  city  of  Puebla,  I)u- 
jiiix  discovered,  in  1808,  a  sti'uctnre  wliicli  he  calls  a 
|nrtiii<ation.  It  was  located  on  a  rocky  height,  sni'- 
luuiidiil  hy  deep  ravines,  and  the  ron;_;h  nature  of  the 
i^nmiid,  toH^-ether  with  the  serpents  that  infest  the 
iMcks.  prevented  him  from  makinijj'  exact  nieasure- 
iiiciits.  There  are  traces  of  exterior  enclosinLif  walls, 
;iii(l  wltliin  the  enclosed  area  stands  a  pyramid  of 
litwii  stone  and  lime  mortar,  in  eiylit  reccdiiiiL;'  stories. 
A  IV.i^nieiit  of  a  circular  stone  was  also  found  at 
TejKXc,  l)earinij^  scul}>tured  Hj^ures  in  low  I'elief,  which 
i'.iiliialc  tliat  the  monument  may  have  horne  oi'i^i- 
iially  Millie  ri' iemhlance  to  the  Aztec  calendar-stone, 
toliL'  iiKiitioned  hereafter.  Another  round  stone  bore 
iiiaiks  of  having  been  used  for  sharpening  weajtons.* 

At  Tcpeaca  and  vicinity  four  relics  were  found:  — 
!>t.  A  hii'd's,  perha})s  an  eagle's,  head  sculptured  in 
liiw  iriicf  within  a  triple  circle,  together  with  other 
tii;ui(s,  on  a  slab  about  a  foot  square;  apparently  ati 
alioiiHJiial  coat  of  arms.  2d.  A  stone  head  eighteen 
iiu'lics  high,  of  a  hard,  rcddisli  material;  the  features 
all'  vny  regular  down  to  the  mouth,  below  Avhich  all 
i-  (Irt'oniied.  '^d.  A  scul])tured  slab,  built  into  a 
wall,  shown  only  in  Kingsbort)Ugh's  plate.  4tli.  A 
Iratliticd  serpent  coiled  into  a  balldike  form,  six  I'cet 
ill  diaiiirtcr.  It  was  carved  from  a  red  stone,  and 
;i^'i  |i;iiiitcd  red,  resting  on  a  cubical  jtedestal  of  a 
liuht-culoi'ed  stone.*' 

2  /'/'//'(//•,  Ist  cxjicil.,  ji.  4,  ]il.  iii.,  fi^'.  r?;  f\iiufsl)nroiif//i ,  vol.  v.,  ]).  '_M1, 
^"1.  vi..  |i.  1-J2.  Vol.  IV.,  ]il.  ii.,  ii;r.  •"••  'Oil  y  iiioiitc.  <lii  coh'  do  roiic>t,  ]iar 
I'll'  r,iiii|ii'  inici'"'  lie  j^aiiclio  a  droitc  ]Hnir  Ic  inciiiiiT  i'ta;,'(',  dc  dioitc  a 
-iiii  III' |.iiiii- jc  >ci'oii(l,  et  aiiisi  do  suite  jiisi|iraii  dernier.'  Lrnair,  in  An- 
'"j  U'.c.,  tiiiii.  ii.,  div.  i.,  J). '_'(!;  Khnini,<'iilli(r-(li'si-liirlilv,\{\\\\.  v.,  |i.  lo7. 
_'  llujiiii,!-,  ;}(!  ex|>t'd.,  p.  ,5,  ]>l.  i.,  11.,  Ii;,'.  I-.'i;  Kiii;i.sli<ir(iiit//i,  vol.  v.,  pii. 
-''■"-Ii,  viil.  vi.,  )(.  4(17,  vol.  iv.,  i>l.  i.,  ii.,  Ii;;.  1  ;{.  Aecordin;,'  to  lliipaix's 
I'l'iii' tile  siclt's  and  suniiiiit  )ilalt'orin  are  covered  witli  plaster.  Kiii;:slioi- 
"ii;;ii  N  philc  omit-,  the  eoatiii;:  of  plaster  and  shows  the  remains  of  a  iiinlh 
'•'.'ly.  A  Male  attached  to  the  latter  plate  would  indicate  that  llii'  p\ia- 
i"i'l  iias  11  li.ise  of  I. "id  feet  and  is  aliont  T.'i  feet  lii-h.    l.ninir.  p.  fill. 

^  Jiiij'X^.r,  1st.  e-Njied.,   pp.  3-4,  pi.  i.-ii.,   11^;.   1,  '2;  iM  e.xped.,   p.  ."il,  pi. 


mi\i 


h 


i\ 


ill 


I 

si* 


4C8 


AN'TIQl  ITIES  OF  PIEULA. 


At  San  Antonio,  near  San  Andres  Chalciuij)inu1a, 
on  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  state,  a  pyi'aiiiid 
stands  on  the  summit  of  a  rocky  hill.  The  }i\  raiiiid 
consists  of  three  stories,  with  sides  sloping'  at  an 
angle  of  al)out  forty-five  degrees,  is  about  tweiity-tivfj 
feet  in  height,  and  has  a  base  fifty-five  feet  s(ni;nv, 
A  stairway  about  ten  feet  wide,  with  solid  lialiis- 
trades,  leads  up  the  centre  of  the  western  front :  ami 
on  the  toj),  parts  of  the  walls  of  a  building  i^til!  iv- 
niained  in  1805.  This  sunnnit  building  was  saiil  to 
have  been  in  a  good  state  of  jjreservation  only  twdvt 
years  before.  The  material  is  basalt,  in  blocks  almiit 
two  by  five  feet, according  to  Dupaix's  })late,lai(l  in  iiini- 
tar,  and  all  but  the  lower  story  covered  with  (•ciiiriit." 

At  Quauhquelchula,  near  Atlixco,  in  the  wotnii 
part  of  the  state,  ]^upaix  noticed  four  relics  of  an- 
tiquity, 1  st.  A  rattlesnake  eight  feet  and  a  hall"  Ihhh', 
and  about  eight  inches  in  diameter,  sculptured  in 
high  relief  on  the  flat  surface  of  a  hard  brown  >tn\\<: 
2d.  A  hard  veined  stone  of  various  colors,  foiii'  t'ci  t 
high  and  ten  feet  and  a  half  in  circumfeivncc,  carvel 
into  a  representation  of  a  monster's  head  witli  j)i(itru(l- 
ing  tusks,  u  front  view  of  wdiich  is  given  in  tiic  cm. 


i 

m 


!'■■  ■ 


-i 


Stone  IMoiistor'is  irciid. 

Ixi..  i\<i.  117;  KiiiffshnroHffh,  vol.  v.,  ])\t.  '200-10,  vol.  vi.,  jip.  4'Jt--,  \"1  i^ 
|il.  i.,  lij;.  1-4;  Lnmir,  in  Aiiliq.  Mi.r.,  toiii.  ii.,  iliv.  i.,  ]i|i.  "Jl*.  '.'."i  '■.  'i't 
6J>iiji«i.i;  l»t  c'Xpi'il.,   \t.  10,   pi.  .\ii.,    lig.    i;t;  Kiii'jshoroiiij/i,   \>A.  \..  1' 


PYUAMID  OF  CHOLULA. 


409 


The  rear  is  flat  and  bears  a  coat  of  arms,  made 
up  of  tour  arrows  or  spears  crossiiiLif  a  circle,  with 
(itlur  inexplicable  figures.  .']d.  Another  coat  of  arms, 
tlnrr  lances  across  a  barred  circle,  carved  in  low  relief 
(III  till'  face  of  a  boulder.  4th.  A  human  face,  larger 
tliiiii  the  natural  size,  on  the  side  of  another  boulder, 
iiiid  Itioking  t()war<ls  the  town.^  At  the  town  of  At- 
lixco  a  very  beautifully  worked  and  polished  almund- 
sliiipL'd  agate  was  seen.** 

Oil  the  hacienda  of  Santa  Catalina,  westward  fi'om 
Atlixco,  was  found  the  coiled  serpent  shown  in  the 
LUl.     The  material  is  a  black  porous  volcanic  stone, 


Serpoiit-Ciip — Santa  Catalina. 


and  the  whole  seems  to  form  a  cup,  to  which  the  head 
nf  tliu  sLTpL'iit  served  as  a  handle.  Another  relic 
t'loiii  this  locality  was  a  masked  human  figure  of  the 

saiiic  stone." 


Ahdiit  ten  miles  west  of  the  city  of  Puebla  de  los 
Aii'^vlrs,  iuid  in  the  eastern  outskirts  of  the  ])ueblo  (»f 
'linhila,  is  the  famous  i)vramid  known  throuuhout  the 
Wdild  hy  the  name  of  Cholula.      The  town  at  its  base 

-17.  Ml],  \l.,  |i  .(•jpi,  \(il.  iv.,  ]A.  vi.,  fij:.  l(i;  T-rnnir,  \\.  'M).  Kiiij,rslii)r()ii;;irs 
I'ImIi'  ni:ikcs  tlic  iilucks  nf  sIihr'  niiicli  Miiiillcr  than  tlic  otlicr,  slmws  no 
I'I'Mi'i,  iiiiil  ri'pi'i'.si'uts  tilt' walls  of  the  summit  huihlin;;  as  still  standin;,'. 
Kin::^liiiiiiii;,'h  also  iiictnrcftly  translates  'antes  de  San  Andres,'  'fonneily 
Nili  AimIiis,'   K/iiinii,  ('i(lliir-lirnrhirlit(\  toin.   V.,]i.   ITiT. 

'  Ihiirii'.r,  ist  exped.,  pp.  I'.M.'?,  pi.  .\vii-.\xii.,  li;:.  l!(-'J4;  Kiu()tili()riiiii//i, 
\"1  V,  |,|,.  •jjii-'.Mi,  vol.  vi.,  jip.  4'27-H,  vol.  iv.,  pi.  ix,-.';i.,  tij,'.  'il-i;  J.niiiii; 
11'.  :il.:i. 

^ /'"/"(/.!•,  p.  11,  ]>1.  xvii..  (i;;.  IS,  not  in  Kinj;slioroii;;h. 

■'  li'i/'iii.r.  1st  exped.,  p.  i;{,  [pI.  xxiii.-iv.,  ti;r.  '2.'>-(i;  KiiiqshnroiKjh,  vol. 
v.,  [1. '.'Jii,  vol.  vi.,  p.  -I'JS,  vol.  iv.,  111.  xii.,  lig.  'J.j-O;  Lcitvir,' \,.  33. 


»  ,  i| 


470 


ANTIQI'ITFES  OF  PrEIlLA. 


17  ■\ 


f 


m 


'tiu  M 


Ava.s  ill  ;il (Original  times  a  lari^o  and  floui-isliiiv^r  ,.jf\. 
and  a  i>reat  rcli^'ious  ceiitro.  Tliu  day  of  its  u|,,iv 
Avas  in  the  Tolteo  ]>eri()d,  huforc  the  teiitli  ceiituiv  (V 
our  era,  and  tradition  points  for  tlie  huildiiiL; or  tlir 
])yran»id  to  a  yet  more  remote  e])och,  when  the  (i|- 
niecH  were  tlie  masters  of  tlie  central  }5!ateanx.  Siv- 
eral  times  during-  the  relii^ious  contests  that  rantd 
hetween  the  devotees  of  rival  deities,  the  teniplc  (jf 
( "liohda  was  destroyed  and  rehiiilt.  Its  final  (Icstiiic 
tion  dates  from  the  coniino-  of  the  Spaniards,  uiid, 
under  Hernan  (.'ortes,  after  a  fierce  hand-to-hand  con- 
ilict  oji  the  slopes  of  the  pyramid,  maddened  hv  tlie 
desperate  resistance  of  the  natives,  elated  hy  \  irtoiv, 
or  incited  hy  fanatical  religious  zeal  and  ;i\aiirc, 
sacked  and  hurned  the  i....,_i;'niticent  structui'c  on  rlu 
top  of  the  mound.  Since  the  time  of  the  Coiii|iiista- 
dor,  after  the  fierce  spirit  of  the  Spaniards  Imd  r\- 
]>ended  its  fury  on  this  and  other  monuments  i( mul 
iu  honor  of  heathen  gods,  the  mound  was  allowed 
to  remain  in  peace,  save  the  construction  of  .i  wind 
in^'  road  leading'  nj)  to  a  modern  chapel  on  the  sniii- 
mit,  where  services  fve  performed  in  which  the  '^nat 
Quetzalcoatl  has  no  share.^'^ 

Since  1744,  when  the  historian  Clavi^'ero  |(mK'  up 
its  side  on  horsehack,  this  j)yramid  has  het'ii  xisitnl 
hy  hundreds  of  travelers,  few  tourists  haviiiL;  Kit 
Aiiiihuac  without  having  seen  so  famous  a  nioiiiinHiit 
of  anti(piity,  so  easily  accessihle  from  the  cities  nf 
Mexico  and  Puehla.  Ifumholdt's  descri|)tion,  niailr 
from  a  personal  exploration  in  K^0:5,  is  peili.ips  tin' 
most  complete  that  was  ever  puhlishcd,  an<l  nmst 
succeeding  visitors  have  deemed  it  hest  to  (|ii()tr  liis 
account  as  heiiig  hetter  than  any  they  could  writi' 
i'rom  their  own  oliservations.  J)upai.\.  and  <  asta- 
neda,  and  in  later  times  Nehcl,  also  examiin  •!  ami 
made  drawinirs  of  Chohila.      The    four  or  Hvr  \ii'\v^ 


'"  On  the  liuiltlin;,'  aiul  liistmv  of  tlio  iivraiiiiil.  sec,  niiKHii;  iiimhn  nilni-. 

Vi'jftin,   Hl.it.    Ant.    .MJ.,   torn,    i.,   ]<]i.    IS-l!t,    ITm-O,    llM»-'_'(t."i;  /.'/' "' <'' 

Jiiiurbounj,  Hint.  Xnt.  Ci'i'.,  tmii.  i\.,  ji]).  IS_*-;{. 


PYUAMin  OF  CIIOU'LA. 


471 


till'  inotiiid  tliut  li.ivc  l)('oii  ])ul)lislu'(l  difRT  L,«'ro;itly 
nil  cacli   otlici",   iUH'Didiii^ly  as  tlic   artist    jtictiiriMl 


t!ic  iiiDiuimciit  as  lie  saw  it  or  attt'm|tte(l  to  ivstoro 
it  iiiiHi'    or    less    to    its    original    t'oi'iii.      IfmiilioMt's 

('    (.'xtt'iisivfly    cnitiiMJ 


ilrawiii^'. 


\\ 


hirh    has    hi'cn    iiioi 


tli;in  .my  other,  contrary  to  what  iiiinht  \)v  cxjx'ctcd 
tVoiii  liis  text,  was  altoL;<-'thor  a  I'cstoratioii,  and  horo 
iKit  till'  slightest  resL'inhlaiici'  to  the  original  as  lie 
M\v  it.  siiire  ('laviii;-ero  fuiiiid  it  in  1744,  "so  covered 
with  coth  and  shruhs  that  it  seems  rather  a  natural 
Iiiil  tli.iii  an  edifice,"  and  there   is  no  reasdn  to  su])- 


••('  tha 


t  at  a  later  date  it  assumed  a  more  reuul 


ir 


inu. 


I|,_r   lllilllV   llllll'l-. 
)h;    III  U.S.  Ill-  (/'' 


II  i^hir/'ijrro.  F^lnrin  A)if.  <lil  ^f|■1.sil•n,  torn,  ii.,  ])p.  t\^-i;    ITnmhnlill,  Ks 
I  /'■//..  PIP.  •_'.'!'.l-4i»;   /'/.,   \'i('s,  tniii.  i.,  |i|).  !t(>-rJ4,  pi.    iii.  li'iil.  I'll.  pi.  vii. 


//. 


Ill 


Aiih 


ni'/shiiroini/i,  vol.  V 


//', 


Mr 


)1. 


Sllppl.   I 


1.  |.l. 


)ll/h 


Isl  f\pcii..  p 


■_'IS,   vid.  iv..  ]il.  viii..  Ii;,'.  l'O.      It  is  to  h 


II  itcil  lli;il  llirrc  is  not  tlu' sli;flili'st   icsciiildalici'  lii'twi'iii  tlic  two  editions 

III  Cl-I.llinla's  illiiwin;,'.  \r/,i/,  Vimji-  I'iiilnrrsrd,  willl  lai;,'('  coloii'ij  pl;>t<'. 
ntliiT  \  jailors  to  ( 'liolnlii,  wiiosc  aifoiinls  coiitaiii  more  o|-  less  orij;iiiai  iil- 
fipriiialiiiii,  all':  I'oinsett,  ISJJ,  .\''//i.v,  pp.  7~,-\>\  ItullorU,  IS2:{,  Mr. rim,  pp. 
111!.")     1 "     "" 


ati'.  altlioii;^li  liic  aiitliof  iiiailc  a  draw  iii;j;  Ward,  IS'J.").  Mr 


Vlll.    II..    p 


•_'•;;•;   IJcaut'ov,   1S2(;,    Mr 


I'/iisfr.,  Ml).  l!t;{-."),    willl  ruts 


•iitriKM', 


i:u,  i: 


iiiiioii'r  ill 


Mr 


p.  -J:.'.;   .May.'r.   IMI,    M. 


,riro  (IS  I 


I    II 


IIS. 


|i.  •-'Ii;   ,!/./■.   .\~lrr,  vol.  ii..  p.  •J'JS,  with  cut;   //..  ill  Sr/iuii/iTiijTs  Arr/i.,  vol. 
"iS.';    riioiiipson,    ISI'J,  lii:riillrrtiiiiis  iif  Mr.r.,  |i.  ;{();   Tylor,   IS.'Hi.  .\iiii. 


In 


I'l 


P.  •-•7I-7;   Kvans,    l.SII'.t,    (J 


iir  Sisir 


n 


ihii 


I'' 
til 


»_'S-;{J,    with  (lit 


Still  iiihri'  ri'fcrt'iii'(!s  on  tlif  siilijcct,  coiitaiiiiii;;  for  the  most  |iart  iiothii.^ 
fvt('|it  uliat  is  ;.'athero(l  from  the  preeediii^r  works,  are:  Itnlirrlsiui's  llisf. 
Aiiirr.  smp.  cd.  1777),  vol.  i.,  p.  •_'()S;  (I'lnii/rd,  ill  I'lrsru/f,  Ilist.  ('oiiij. 
.'A./'.,  iiiiii,  iii.,  pp.  ,S7--t."),  ])I.  vi.;  Aiiliq.  Mrx.,  toni.  i.,  div.  ii.,  p.  7(1;  f.'i- 
'i/rs,  toin.  i.,  pp.  1H7-S;  Arniiii,  llriiliijr  Mr.c,  (pp.  ti."{,  (iS,  7-; 
"//'/  //(■/•  RrliifiDii.    ]ip.    '.),">-(»;   Aiiirr.  Aiifi'j.   Sur.,    Tnuisiirt., 

Aiiir,:,  |t.  !M»; 
rri/. 


"/,  I' 


HV/v, 
v.,1.  i 


Mr. 

-.")l'p.   ( 


lln-il.     l/i 
l.-l-'i. 


te..  from  llinnhDhlt,  with  cut;   lliililirii 


p.    lit:};     I'.rlli'iii 


•  I  l.'Ai 


toiii. 


Mr 

p.  •.';): 


iijiir,    toiii.    ii.,    pii.    'iSIi-S;    l>rlh 


),  etc 


llriirhrtt  .V,    liriiniili 


lll.'<t.   .\ul.  I 


Hiiii/f'iirif's   .liiirr.    Aiiliij.,   pp.    7<')-7;    Unissriir  dr    /liuirljuiirif 


ifiiitr  III   Mr  J 


*'il.  11.,  |i. 


'.•7;  <'lii 


toin.  i..  ji.  :{0.l,  rt  srij. ;  ('iililrriiii  lie  In  I'lin 


Mr. 


■).-).(;;    /,/.,   Mr. 


A  I 


'■'I 


r  III 


.17, 


rjt. 


t  Mnil..  lip.  l74-!t; 
I'lii/iii/r,  )ip.  .SS.")-t);  /)ii//i/,  siir  Irs  llarrs  liiiliii.,  ji.  17;  /hiris'  Aiir. 
'.1;    IliiiiiiiiriDi's  ..lilrrii.,  ^>.  WS;   I )' ilrliiiiii  ji,   I '()y//7c,  p.  .'Vfl  ;    Fiissrif, 


111;     llii.i.tr/,  Mrx.  limit. 


Ilrllri-     II 


I'l' 


VM--:. 


iirriiii mill  ri 


Mr. 


]i   .")7;  ■fiiiiriliiiir/,    .]ir.rii/iir,  ]).  "JO;    /. 

plate  fiipiii  Diip.iix;  l^nn-riistrrii.  .\fr,vi/iir,  p|).   |,S-!t;  Muilrl', 
'''"'/.  I'liii.  vi.,  pp. -J(il-'J;   Muruiirr.  r(>//"'/(vo'.s-,  tom.  iii.,  ipp.  .'{'iS-'.);   M 


Irsiirs  Villi.,  IS.T),  torn.  l\v.,  pp.  ,'!l),'{-4;    I Irlnjirlirs  Aiifi'/.  A  iiirr. 

till"/.,  pll.  'J  I,   l.')-(( 


'} 


ixiillrii.  r/r.,    p.    14;    ,1/, 


tS.j.'   pp.    SO-l;    M..riri,.   A     Tliji   til 


^lill'.i  llisl.    M  .f.,   ]i.    140;    Miililrii/ifun/t.    Mrjim,  toni.  ii 


///■  h, 


i',»-(l(); 


1/,,//, 


'.W-IX  -l-M); 


irn  l.'iiii.'ii 


pp.    :{S,")-7;    /', 


lir  I'rrrlii/'iDiirii,  pp.  4.")S-",i.  ."i.Sl  ;    I'liijrs,   Xiiiirriiii  I'lii/. 


itf's  }fr. 


vol.  i.,  p.  (!0,  V(p 


1.   ii.,  lip.  (IS,  •_>( 


I,     V( 


111  ,  |)  :',>,);  .'<lirp,,ri/'s  I.iiiiil  iif  tlir  A-/rrs.  ]>.    I'JS;  Sutiinliiif  M'li/..  vol.  v. 
i'l''  l/'>  ti;  Srhrrr,  TntKcrsjiii:!,  pp.  2i)-30;  Sluji/i'a  rn'suitcr.s  of  I'lrulc,  pp 


!i 


mil 
1 


11 U 


472 


ANTIlH'ITIKS  OF  PIKI'.LA. 


For  tlio  past  two  cunturins,  at  least,  tlio  condition 
and  a])i»i.'aranco  of  tlic  inound  has  \k'vi\  tliat  of  ;i  nat- 
ural conical  hill,  rising;-  from  the  level  of  a  hro.i'  val- 
ley, and  covei'in^'  with  its  circular  haso  an  aivu  nf 
over  forty  acres. ''^  On  closer  examination,  Ikjucv^i', 
trac(;s  of  ai'tilicial  terraces  arc  nt)te<l  on  the  slopes, 
and  excavations  have  proven  that  the  whole  inouml, 
or  at  least  a  verv  laroe  i>ortion  of  it — for  no  excava- 
tion  has  ever  been  made  reachlni!:  to  its  centre  is  df 
ai'tilicial  construction.  By  the  carcftd  sui'mvs  df 
.lduml)oldt  and  others  the  original  form  and  dinuii- 
sioiis  have  been  clearlv  made  knt)wn.  From  a  KaM! 
about  fo  irteeu  hundred  and  forty  feet  sipiare,  wIkpm' 
sidi;s  face  the  cai'dinal  jtoints,  it  rosi;  in  foui"  ciiiiaj 
stories  to  a  heiylit  of  nearlv  two  hundred  feet,  lia\  in  '• 
a  sunnnit  ])latform  of  about  two  hundred  feet  s(|uaiv." 
Humboldt  in  I80;]  found  the  four  terraces  toli'iaMy 
distinct,    especially  ou    the   western  .slo])e;  Evans  ia 

1I)7-S;  Tliidniwl,  Mi'.riko,  pp.  201-2;  Tiiflnr'n  Nnrr.,  vol.  ii.,  jip.  -.'(is  i>; 
I'ii/iirniix,  Sunt'.  Mr,i\,  p.  r)ol;  Wif/i/iaiis,  liruii.  ii.  S(tit.,  pp.  ',i'2,  .'iii.  hn, 
1S_';  Wanlrn,  Iiir/irrr/ir.s,  ])p.  (i()-7;  IVilf.toii's  Aiiin:  J/itf.,  pp.  (IHI, 
7:^;  YiiiKji's  MdiI.  lli.sf.,  J).  .'{8;  Frost's  I'ict.  Hist.,  pp.  ,S7-'S;  IhiiiKi.s'i, 
MitiiiKtl  (rii/f/.,  ])p.  140-1;  Tiiif/iir's  Kt(fi>r<i<fo,  vol.  ii.,  p.  ISI;  Wmiliif^ 
Tnir.,  pj(.  'J:{(>-1,  I'tc;  MrC  III  I  oil's  lirsriirrhrs  in  Anirr.,  p.  'J.')'.';  ilinnlli 
Ciirnri,  iii  C/iiirr/ii//,  (^ol.  I'oi/.,  vol.  iv.,  |).  olO;  A'v'//r/7' and  l.hni',.  Mj. 
llisl.  hcsiriji.,  pp.  'JO,')-*!;  Klrnint,  Viilt iir-(lrsi'hirlili\  tmii.  v.,  |i.  I.")(i;  A/'"/", 
JJifrimiiirii),  toiii.  i.,  j).  "wO;  Itniiorrtitic  Rrririr,  vtil.  xxvii.,  ]i.  (-•"i,  vul. 
xxvi.,  ]ip.  .")4ll-7,  vol.  .\i..  [)  (iI2;  Miuis/ir/i/\s  Mr.e.  ]]'iir,  p.  •_*(t7;  M"<ii'>li- 
rrui/'s  Li/r  lliim'iolilt,  ])p.  •2'.)2,  .S12-i;{;  ('oiii/rr's  M' .v.  limit.,  vul.  i..  |ip. 
2.')S-;»,  piiito  fn>iu  HiiiiilM)lt;  I'rivliitnVs  Xnt.  Hist.  .Mmi,  vol.  ii..  p.  '>>n>. 

'-  ''riic  liir;,'i!  moiiiid  of  earth  at  ("iioliila  wliicli  the  S)iaiiiani-i  ili-iMltiii! 
willi  tilt'  iiaiiii'  of  teiiipk',  still  roinaiiis,  Imt  without  any  steps  liy  whii  h  to 
as  ■ciul,  or  any  faciii,^  of  stone.  It  appears  now  like  a  natnial  nmuiil,  niv- 
ered  wifli  j,'rass  and  siirulis,  and  jiossihly  it  was  iie\-er  anylliiii;.'  iiiniv.' 
Ji  I'irrtsoii's  Hist.  Aini-r.,  vol.  i.,  p.  2{i;>.  '.V  le  voir  ih^  loin,  on  scinit  cii 
ellVt  tenti'  de  h,'  prendre  pour  une  colline  natnrelle  converte  de  viV<i'itiiiii.' 
'I'.iie  est  tres-liieii  eonservt'e  du  eole  de  Toiiest.  et  c'est  la  fa<'e  occiilcniiil" 
(1  ic  jiresente  la  yravuru  iiiiO  nous  publions.'  lliiiaholilt,  Vurs,  toiii.  i.,  [f. 
101-."). 

"  The  dimensions  of  base,  hei;,dit,  anil  summit  jtlatform  resiic(ti\(  ly.  ii-t 
jj'iven  hy  diU'erent  authorities,  are  as  follows:  43!»  x  ;")(  x  ()4|'  mi'tris.  Hum- 
III!  I'\  .");!»  X  (i )  varas.  .VrV/;  l;).);)  x  21)1  x  Hi")  feet.  ■'\fi,>/''r,  aeeonliii::  le  .i 
careful  measurement  liy  a  l'.  S.  olli<'ial  in  IS47;  40  varas  s(iuare  h>  .ictiial 
measurement!  nii/mix';  142;?  x  177  x  20S  feet,  I'rrsrott;  142.")  x  177  \  I7.'> 
feei.  Liilrohr\  VM)\  x  1()2  x  177  feet,  l'oliisrtt\  Aliout  200  feet  hiL:ii.  '/>/'"'; 
irni)  X  20,-)  feet,  Wilson;  y,\X\  \  172  feet,  Foslrr's  I'rr-lfi.it.  A'-^.w.  |,.  Sl.'i; 
l;{.")i  X  170  feet,  Aiii/inr.  I'ru  ■nimlr,  tom.  ii..  )ip.  :174-.S0;  l.'ISS  n  ITot.ct. 
.sn.nmit  i:i2S.->  sij.  foet,  Illlrr.  Uri.tni,  pp.  i:U-2;  said  to  cover  an  ini;i  "f 
o-.cr  l.'{  acres  and  to  he  17!)  feet  hii;h,  hut  it  .seems  much  snialN  r  aii'l 
hi;;lier.  L'riin.s'  Our  lister  ll'ji.,  pp.  42:3-32. 


PYRAMID  OF  CIIOLULA. 


478 


I,s7(i  foiiiul  the  lower  terrace  quite  j)erfect,  Init  the 
dtliris  traceable  only  in  a  lew  places  without  excava- 
tion. 

Tlic  material  of  wliich  the  mound  was  constructed 
is  n(l(il)es,  or  sun-dried  l)ricks,  generally  about  fittecn 
iiiili"s  Ioul;',  laid  very  re<4'ularly  with  alternate  layers 
(»t'  clay.  From  its  material  comes  the  name  Thdchi- 
lnialtc|)ec,  'mountain  of  unburnt  bricks,'  whicli  lias 
lifcii  sometimes  aj)|)lied  to  Chohda.  An  old  tradition 
ivlatrs  that  the  adobes  were  manufactured  at  Tlahna- 
ii.ilco,  and  broui>'ht  several  lea^'ues  to  their  destination 
liy  a  loiin'  li'"-  ^^'  iiie'n,  who  handed  tlicm  aloii^'  singly 
iVoiii  tiiH'  to  another.  Hund)oldt  thoui^lit  some  of  the 
Kiicks  nii^ht  have  been  sli^'htly  burned.  Ivespcctini^ 
till'  niaturial  wliich  constitutes  the  alternate  layers  be- 
twcLii  the  bricks,  called  clay  by  Humboldt,  tliere  seems 
1 1  \)v  some  di  tie  re  nee  of  opinion  between  different  ex- 
|il(ii(is.  C"ol.  Brantz  Mayer,  a  careful  investigator, 
says  tile  adobes  are  inters})erse(l  with  small  frai^nieiits 
(if  ])i)i|)liyry  and  limestone;  and  ^Ir  'iylor  speaks 
(if  tlieiu  as  (demented  with  mortar  containino'  small 
stDiiis  and  pottery.  Evans  tells  us  that  the  material 
is  a<li>lie  bricks  and  layers  of  lava,  still  perfect  in  many 
places.  The  historian  Veytia  by  a  })ersonal  examina- 
tion ascertained  the  material  to  be  "small  stones  of 
tlic  kind  called  ;/iiiJ((rr<>s,  and  a  kind  of  bricks  of  clay 
ami  stiaw,"  in  alternate  layers."  Beaufoy  claims  to 
have  found  the  pyramid  faced  with  small  thin  hewn 
stmirs,  one  of  which  he  carried  awav  as  a  I'elic — ■ 
a  viiy  Wonderful  discovery  cei'tainly,  when  we  con- 
sider that  other  very  ti'ustwoithy  e.\|»lorers,  both  pi'e- 
odiii'^-  and  foUowin*;'  Beaufoy,  found  notliino-  oi'  the 
kiiiil.  Mr  Heller  c<Hild  not  find  the  stone  facing',  but, 
as  lie  says,  he  did  find  a  coatini;"  of  mortar  as  hard  as 
stmir.  comj)osed  of  lime,  sand,  and  Avater.'"'  Many 
visiters  have  believed  that  the  ])yraniid  is  only  par- 
tially artificial,  the  adobe- work  having  been  added  to 

"  I'l/'i'i,  Ilitit.  Ant.  Mr/.,  toin.  i.,  jip.  Km-C). 
'^  //  '/'r,  Jiuacii,  i'[>.  13'l--2. 


471 


AXTKil'ITIKS  (H'  ITKRLA. 


a  Hinuller  natural  hill.  This  is,  however,  a  niciv  row- 
jecture,  and  there  are  ahsolutcly  no  arui'uint'iits  tn  Kr 
a(l(lu('(!(l  for  or  ai^^aiiist  it.  Tht."  truth  can  \h:  asct  r- 
tiiincd  only  hy  the  excavation  of  a  tunnel  throiivli  tlic 
mound  at  its  hase,  or,  at  least,  penetratinuf  to  tlif  (cii. 
tre.  it  is  very  reinarkahle  that  such  an  e.\c;i\ati(iii 
has  never  heen  made,  either  in  the  interests  of  scicn- 
title  e\|>loi'ation  or  of  treasure-seekinuc. 

Bcrnal  Diaz,  at  the  time  of  the  CoiUjUcst,  coiiiUcil 
a  luuKh'cd  and  twenty  steps  in  a  stairway  whirli  led 
up  the  slope  to  the  teni|)le,  hut  no  traces  of  siicli  a 
stairway  have  heen  visihle  in  moi'e  model  ii  tiims 
There  are  traditioii.-.  ainoni»'  the  natives,  as  is  iiMially 
the  case  in  coimection  with  every  work  of  tlic  an- 
tiijfuos,  of  interior  o'alleries  and  apartments  of  Li'icat 
extent  within  the  mound;  such  rumors  are  don  lit  I  l^s 
without  foundation.  The  ]*uel)la  road  cuts  oil'  a 
corner  of  the  lower  terrace,  and  the  excavation  made 
in  hiiildinii'  the  road  not  onlv  showed  ck'aiK  the 
reo'ular  interior  construction  of  the  pyramid,  hut  aUn 
laid  hai'e  a  tomh,  wiiich  c<»ntained  two  skeletons  with 
two  idols  in  l)asalt,  a  collection  of  p»»ttery,  and  dIIk  r 
I'elics  not  preserved  or  j)articularly  desciihttl.  al- 
thouLifh  the  remains  of  the  tomh  itself  were  exaniiiud 
hy  Humholdt.  The  se])ulchre  was  s(piai"e,  with  stone 
walls  su[)j)orted  hy  cypress  heanis.  Tht;  dinu  nsioiis 
are  not  o-jven,  hut  the  apai'tment  is  said  to  lia\c  had 
no  traces  of  any  outlet.  Humholdt  claims  ti>  have 
discovered  a  peculiar  arrani^^ement  of  the  ad^lics 
a!)out  this  tend),  by  which  the  })ressure  on  its  looi 
was  diminished. 

It  is  very  evident  that  the  ]>yramid  of  Clinlulii 
contains  nothino-  in  itself  to  indicate  its  a,<(e,  hut  t'nun 
well-detined  and  douhtless  reliable  traditions,  \\t  may 
feel  very  sure  that  its  erection  dates  back  to  an  <  |M)(h 
])recedinof  the  tenth  centuiy,  and  probably  ])rer( diiii;' 
the  seventh.  Hund)oldt  shows  that  it  is  larger  at  tlir 
base  than  any  of  the  old-world  pyramids,  over  tuirc 
as  larye  as  that  of  Cheops,  but  only  slightly  lii'j;lK'i' 


PVIIAMII)  OF  CFIOMLA. 


475 


tliiiii   that  of    Mvccrimi."' 


Tlie  coMstrut'tidti   of  tlio 


f.ncilli  i-tu'iills   tlio   ()l(li>st    nioiuiiUL'nts  to  wliicli  tliu 


lii^iciv  ot"  tlu;  civili/Mtioii   ot"  ouv  race  rcaclie 


Th 


t  iiiiilc  of  .[iipitur  Jit'liis,  wliicli  the  mythology  of  tho 
lliiiihis  sct'ins  to  <k'sii^Miit(j  hy  tho  iiuiiil!  ol"  iJah, 
till'  |ivi'aini(ls  of  Mi'idoiim  and  ])ali('hoiir,  and  srv- 
ii;il  of  tho  i^roup  of  Sakharah  in  EL;-vj)t,  Averu  also 
iiiiiiK  use  heaps  of  hricks,  tho  reniains  of  wliich  liavo 
Ihvii  preserved  <hirin,L;'  a  j)eriotl  of  thirty  centuries 
down  to  our  (hiy."'" 

Till'  historical  ainials  of  al)ori<;inal  times,  conHrnied 
liv  the  S[ianish  recoi'ds  of  tho  Concjuost,  leave  no  douht 
tliat  tho  chief  ohjoct  of  the  ])yranHd  was  to  supj)oit 
ii  temple;  tho  discovery  of  tho  tc^nih  with  human  re- 
iiiiiiiis  may  indicate  that  it  solved  also  for  hurial  ])ur- 
[Miscs.  It  i.s  I)y  no  means  certain,  however,  that  tlu; 
iiioiiimI  was  in  any  sense  a  momiment  reaivd  over  the 
twi)  hixhos  wliOHO  skeletons  were  found;  for  liosides 
till'  ]Misition  of  tho  skeletons  in  a  corner  of  the  ]»yra- 
iiiid,  iiuhcatini,^  in  itself  the  contraiy,  there  is  the 
|Mwsihility  that  tho  hodies  wore  those  of  slaves  sacri- 
iirid  (luriiiLC  the  process  of  huildiniL'',  and  deposited 
Iiiif  from  some  superstitious  motive.  It  will  re<piiro 
tlif  discovery  of  tond)s  near  the  centre  of  this  im- 
iiiiii-i'  mound  to  ])rove  that  it  was  erected  with  any 
view  to  use  as  the  l)urial  place  of  kind's  or  priests.'^ 
\Vil>Mn,  always  a  sceptic  on  matters  connected  with 


M 


I'Xican  ai)ori«*'mal  civilization,  pronounces  tlie  pyra- 
mid nf  ("holula  "the  finest  Indian  mound  on  this  con- 
tinent;  where  tho  Indians  Imried  the  bravest  of  their 


h 


irave 


w 


d 


I 


itli  hows  and  arrows,  and  a  driiiKmL;-  cu]t, 
that  tluiv  miii'ht  not  ho  unprovided  for  when  thev 
should   arrive  at  tho    huntiiiL;-  "ji-rounds    of  the    ij^reat 

>jm-ii."' 

MMl|H' 


"  It  is  sufficiontlv  wasted  1)V  time  to  Liive  full 
to  tho  ima'dnatiou  to  till  out  or  restore  it  to 


'■'  ll'iiiihfthU.   Viirs,  toiil. 
'■  I  o>ti'r,  I'rr-Ili.-it.  linn 


pp.  1-27-8. 

p.  ;{4r>,  lu'lii'ves!,  on  tho  roiitrivry,  tliiit  flu'  nv- 
niinid  u.is  cicc'ttMl  witli  tlic  hoIo  olijcct  iif  I'lisliriiiiii;,'  in  an  inicriitr  clianilu'r 
"!  >tiiiii' i\v(i  cdrpscs,  Hliowiiiji  tliat  'the  iiidiislrv  of  the  yreat  nias.s  of  tlic 
l"iliiihniuii  was  at  llio  ab.solute  I'uuiinand  of  the  few.' 


I    \U 


Hi 


47G 


ANTIQIITIKS  OF  I'lKHLA. 


m ."  M^ 


m- 


alinost  any  fnnu.  One  limnlre<l  years  atjo,  sniin  ridi 
citizen  cDiistriicted  steps  up  its  .side,  and  i»r(»t«'ctt(l  the 
sides  of  liis  steps  tVoin  I'al liny  earth  l>v  walls  et'  iidnlM' 
oi'  niud-luick;  and  on  tiie  west  side  some  adoltc  luit- 
tresses  have  Keen  ])la('ed  to  kei'p  tlie  lo(jse  eni'tli  mit 
of  the  village  street.  Tliis  is  all  of  man's  lalMn-  tli.it 
is  visible,  except  the  work  of  the  Indians  in  sliii\iii'^ 
away  tluj  hill  wliich  constitutes  this  jiyraniid.  As 
for  the  j^reat  city  of  Cholula,  it  never  had  iiii  <  xist- 
At  a  short   distance  IVom   the   foot  of  the 


once, 


1 


snjaller   ones   are  mentioi 


111! 


ari^'e  pyramid,    tw 

several   visitors;  one  of  which  is  douhtless  a  port 
of  the  chief  niound  se[)arated   hy  the   roa<l   tli.it  li,is 
heen  already  mentioned.      One  of  them  is  descrilnd  \>y 


Bi 


d  I. 


eaiitoy  as  havini^  perpenaicular  sales,  and   niiilt  n 
adohes  nine  inches  sciuare  and  one   inch   thick;  tin 


nd 


sccoiKi  was  much  smaller  aiu 


I  pi 
alh 


d  liad 


II  corn-patch  on  its 
sunnnit.      Cuts  of  the  two  small  mounds  are  yivt  n  liv 


tl 


10  same  ex[)k)rer 


Bidlock  chiims  to  have  I'ouik 


oil 


the  top  of  one  of  tho  detached  masses  a  ditdi  mikI 
wall  formiiii''  a  kind  of  ti^'uro-eioht-formed  encjitsinv 
one  lumdred  feet  loiiijf,  in  which  wore  manv  limnaii 
bones.  Kvans  has  a  theory  that  the  small  numiKls 
wore  formed  of  tho  material  taken  from  the  Ini^tr 
one  in  shapini";'  its  terraces.  Latrobo  says  that  many 
ruined  mounds  may  bo  seen  from  the  sunnnit ;  in  t'lict, 
tliat  tho  whole  surface  of  tho  surrounding'  ]'laiii  is 
hroken  "!y  both  natural  and  artificial  elevations.  Ain- 
])hiv  wns  1  d  by  his  native  j^'uido,  through  a  misiindt  r- 
standiFig.  to  a  Hat-toppeil  terraced  hill,  still  iMirini,^ 


traces  o!   a  pavement,  at  a  locality  called  Zaj'oti cis.- 
Tho  only  miscellaneous  Cholidan  relics  of  wliicli  1 
find  a  mention,  are  throe  described  by  Diqiaix   and 

!•*  Wilsnii's  Mi\i\  rniif  ifs  Tiillfj.,  ]>p.  0.',  09.  Soo  a  restoration  "i  t'li"- 
lula,  l>y  Motlies,  in  Arniiii,  Iliii/if/r  Jlr.v.,  ]>]>.  O.S.  08,  72. 

^'■>  AiiijKir,  i'minriHii/r,  toiii.  ii.,  pp.  Hl'.i,  .SS(».  'On  decouvrc  iinwc, 
<lii  coti;  occidciital,  vis  a-vis  du  Cerro  de  Tocaxetc  ct  dr  Zapotcr;!,  dciix 
masses  i)arfaiteiiK'iit  )>risinati(|ucs.  I.'uno  de  ecs  masses  jutrte  aiii'iunl  Inn 
Ic  iKiiii  d'.VIi'osac  on  d'Istciioiietl,  raiitre  eidul  du  Cerro  de  la  <'rii/.;  hi  'lir- 
iiiere,  coiistniite  en  jtise,  u'est  elcvcc  (jue  do  15  m6tre.-j.'  lliinibul'if.  7:.v>(a 
J'ol.,  pp.  L>40-1. 


I, 


-i     :i 


HKMAINS  AT  NATIVIDAI). 


477 


>kct(]i('(l  liy  r'astafii'dii.  'I'licy  wore,  n  stono  IknkI, 
Slid  ti»  hiivt'  orii^iinlly  lu-'t'ii  the  t(»|>  of  a  colimiii;  a 
(|iiailr;iii,i,''iilar  block,  witli  iiu'i.st-d  hit'i-onlyjihics  on  oiio 
lit'  its  lact's;  aiul  a  mask  of  yi-ft-ii  jasper,  rcj'ortcd  to 
liiivr  ln'i'ii  dug  fVoiii  the  pyrauiid.''" 


Oil  the  sunmiit  of  the  Sierra  du  ^^alIll<•lu^  wliicli 
t'liriiis  the  boundary  between  Puehhi  an<l  Tlascala, 
the  existence  of  ruined  walls  and  pyramids,  with 
tV.i'^iiieiits  of  stone  imai^'es,  is  mentioned  witln»iit  di'- 
M  ri|iti(>n.-'  At  Sail  Pablo  del  Monte  two  kneeling' 
naked  females  in  stone,  modestly  covering;"  the  breasts 

ere  sketched    by  Castafieda.-"'     Of 


with    tJK' 


handf 


W( 


ail  iiiipoitaiit  ^-rou})  of  ri'inains  iu  tlu.'  vicinity  of 
y  iii\idad,  between  l*iiebla  de  los  Anyeles  and  Tlas- 
cal.i.  a  very  unintellis^'ible  account  has  been  written 
]>y  < 'ahrera,  for  the  ^fexican  (i!eoy'ra|>hical  Society. 
Tin    mills  seem  to  cover  a  hill,  ditierent  localities  on 


tlu 


>l(»hes    o 


f  which   are  called    Mixco,    Xochitecatl. 


Tell "\otziii,  Hueyxotzin,  and  (.'acaxtlan.  Tlu;  western 
^Inpe  has  iiiy'antic  teri'aces,  and  amoiiLif  other  relics 
tivf  vertical  stones  called  /inifiocfcmi',  sn|>|)osed  to 
liavr  been  Used  for  sacriticial  j)urj)oses.  They  ai'e 
two  varas  hinh  and  three  fourths  of  a  vara  wide. 
Oil  tlie  northern  slope  a  concavit}^  of  stone  and  mud 
is  iiuiitioiied,  whose  lH)ttom   is   strewn  with   pottery 


and 


1  niisidiaii  weapons.     At  C'acaxtlan,  the  site   )f  tl 


le 


]iriiiii|ial  t'ortress  In  the  wars  between  Tlascala  and 
Mrxico,  art'  ditches  and  subterranean  |»assaL;»'s  ruii- 
iiiiiL;  ill  all  directions.  The  chief  ditch  extends  fruiii 
imrth  to  south  aci'oss  tlii!  liill;  it  is  about  tweiity- 
;ht  feet  wide  and  eleven  or   twelve  feet  deep,  with 


t'liili.uiknients  formed  t>f  tl 


le  eai 


th   tl 


irown  o 


lit. 


Tl 


le 


'tiiiaiiean  jiassages  are   believed  to   [leiietrate  the 

1st  o\-pc(l.,  pp.  10-11.  pi.  xiii.-v..  (!;,'.  11   Ifl;  Kiiiiishitroii<ili, 


I.S;   Vti 


VI. 


p.   A-1 


Aiiti'j.  Mi.,-,^  torn,  ii.,  div.  i.,  pp.  •.»;{,  ail 


J)!,   viii.,   l\'^.    \1   [S;    /,n,oir,   iu 


-'-'  /y, 


'<1  t'xpt'il.,  p.  'y2. 


i/iiii.i 


I'  iv.y 


•2d  oxpi'd.,  p|).  5'i-.3,  |)1.   1\-.,  Ixii.,  fv^.  118-1(1;   Kinf/xhoroiin',, 
'.»,  vol.  vi.,  p.  404,  vol.  IV.,  pi.  Hi.,  i\'^,  l-JO-l;  J.riinir,  in  AiiU/. 


.'f  ^ 


478 


AXT!QriTi::,s  of  tlascala. 


iH  :* 


:■  B  ■ 


heights  of  Cacaxtlan.  One  has  an  opening  aino!!..- 
the  rocks  on  the  nortli,  heginning  at  the  cavr  >,\' 
(Jstotl ;  another  begins  on  the  east  at  San  Migiul  d,  1 
jMihigro,  having  fur  an  entrance  a  square  liole  fivo  dp 
six  yai'ds  deej),  from  the  ))ottoni  of  wliich  it  extends 
liorizontally  in  a  semicircular  course;  the  third  (i|n'ii- 
ing  is  on  the  south,  and  its  top  is  supported  hv 
cohnnns  left  in  the  volcanic  stone;  and  tinally,  the 
I'ourth  suhterranean  ])assage  sends  out  va])or  wIhii  it 
is  about  to  I'ain.  This  is  all  I  can  glean  iVom  Ca- 
brera's account — in  fact,  rather  more  than  I  can 
I'idly  understand.'-'*  ])upuix  found  at  Natividad  two 
M(»oden  teponastles,  or  aboriginal  nuisical  iii>tni- 
iiients,  similar  to  the  one  ibuiid  at  Tlascala  l»y  the 
same  explorer  and  shown  in  the  accompanying  cut. 
The  former  were,  however,  less  elaborately   carved; 


IIP  1    i 

■:,     -I 


iM 


Tepoiiastlo  fnnii  Tlascala. 

the  latter  was  three  feet  long  and  five  indies  In 
diameter,  the  cut  showing  a  side  and  vud  \ie\v. 
( )thi'r  relics  found  by  J)uj)ai\  in  the  city  of  'J'laxala 
aiul  vicinity,  are  the  following:  a  lance-head,  nine 
inches  long,  of  green  Hint;  a  small  stone  statue,  nine 
or  ten  inches  in  height,  reju'esenting  a  seated  female. 
Avhose   iiead   bears   a  strt)ng  resemblance   to  smiie  et 

S'l  Siir.  Mi\i:  (iciiij.,  I'oh'tiii,  timi.  ii.,  \<\k  'Jdo-d. 


AHORIGINAL  HHimiKS. 


471) 


tlk-  l';(lcn(|UO  profiles;  a  mask  of  ij^rocn  ag'ato  a  littlo 
siiialli  r  than  tlic  natural  size  of  the  face,  jtronouneed 
liv  l)ii[)aix.  the  finest  s})ccinien  of  sculpture  seen  in 
AiiK'rica;  an  earthen  vase  called  j>(>j>(tc(i,i-fli,  used  in 
ixrcinnnies  in  honor  of  the  dead,  found  in  cinniection 
with  some  human  hones;  two  mutilated  human  heads 
carvi'd  from  a  gray  stone;  and  a  masked,  howden^ed 
i(li)l  of  stone,  twenty-four  inches  h\<j;\\,  staiidiuL;-  on 
ii  siii.ill  })edestal,  covering  the  hreasts  with  the 
han(l>.-" 

At  I'litltlo  de  los  TIeycs,  north wai'd  from  'i'l;!sc;da, 
nil  rhr  road  to  San  Fi'ancisco,  two  ahoi-iginal  hridgcs 
iivti' a  mountain  stream  were  sketched  hy  ( 'astahv'da. 
One  is  I'ieven  feet  high  and  thirty-seven  feet  uide; 
till'  other  Hftv-live  I'eet  hiy'li  and  thirtv-thi'ce  feci 
uidr;  eacli  heing  over  a  hundred  i'eet  in  Iciigtli. 
Tlirv  are  huilt  of  large  ii'regular  stones  in  mortar. 
The  conduits  througii  which  t!u'  sti'cam  jiasscs  are 
from  four  to  six  feet  wid(!  antl  high,  one  of  them  ha\- 
iii*;'  a  tlat  top,  while  in  the  other  two  large  Mocks 
meet  and  form  an  ohtuse  angle.  ( )n  tin;  top  of  the 
liridLifs  at  the  sides  ai'i;  parapets  of  hrick  lour  or  live 
tc't  liiuii,  |>iei"ced  at  intervals  to  allow  water  to  run 
tVniii  the  road;  and  at  each  of  the  four  coi'iiei's  stands 
a  cirriihir,  symmetrical,  oi'naniciital  ohelisk,  or  pillar, 
iivcr  forty  feet  high,  of  stoiu;  and  mortar,  co\tred 
witli  h, lined  hricks.  it  is  ([uite  prohahle  that  the 
liiick  work  </'  these  hridgcs,  i^'  noi  the  whole  stnict- 
!uv,  i-.  to  he  referi'ed  to  Sj)ai'.ish  rather  than  to  ;ilio- 
liiiiiial  liiiu\s.  Sr  Almaraz  sketcheil  at  Xicotepee,  in 
tlir  iiMi th,  so!!ie  fifty  miles  Mcst  of  l*apantla,  a  tepo- 
iia^tlc  of  ii(;n-wo(jd,  orjivefidlv  car\  ed  and  l)i'illiantlv 

]inlislled.-'' 


''  o" 


-'  Iiiii„n'.i\  '2il  (>\|K'il.,  |)]i.  ;<.'!-."),  ])1.  l\ii.-\ii,.  liy:.  rJO-S;  h'iiif/.slinriiii;//!, 
)"1.  v.,  |i|i.  '.'T'.t-SI,  vol.  vi.,  |i|(.  KJI-."),  \((1.  i\  .,  [il.  Iii.-li\.,  li;^.  j'.'l  ,'i;  Lniiiir, 
ill  .l//'-7    Mi.i..  toiii.  il.,  (liv.  i,,  |i|>.  (>t-(>. 

•'  !'■!/, 'II. i\  •2\\  <'\]u'(,.,  ]i|>.  .")5-.")!i.  |il.  Iwiii.  ix.,  Ii;,'.  I'JO-.'IO:  Ki iiii^liiiriniiili, 
V"l.  \  .  |i  -Is-l,  v,,i.  vi,.  ]),  Kii;,  vol.  iv.,  jii.  i\.,  Ii;r.  1 '.'.'.'  :!0;  Lmnn-.  in  .1//- 
''/  ^/' '  ,  tniii.  ii,,  i|i\.  i,,  ]i|i.  CiC)  7;  I  inuiKiiiilivyi ,  Mr.r.  Hinil..  )i|.\ii., 
ti"iii  nM|.i,i\;  A/imn-'i.:,  Mini.  Milhiilinji'vn,  |».  'X\,  litlni;;rii|ili  withtiiil 
'lf^i'ii|iiiiiii. 


■  ■.:■■} 


p 


480 


ANTIQUITIKS  OF  MEXICO. 


Tlie  famous  -..all  that  was  found  by  Cortt's,  extend- 
ing  alouij^  the  frontier  of  Tlascala,  lias  been  spoken  of 
in  anotlier  part  of  tliis  work.  Brasseur  de  BouihourH- 
tell  us  that  nuuiy  remains  of  tins  wall  ai'e  still  visi- 
ble, and  some  other  authors  vaj^uely  sj)eak  to  the  saiiitj 
effect;  l)ut  as  no  modern  traveler  descril)es  or  Incatis 
these  I'emains,  1  think  it  altou^ether  likely  tliat  the 
statements  referred  to  may  bo  simply  echoes  of  those 
made  by  the  early  writers,  who  re])resented  the  luiiis 
of  the  wall  as  visible  in  the  years  immediately  tulluw- 
ing  the  Conquest.^" 

Passing  westward  into  the  state  ot  Ml  .'  ■.  and 
beginning  again  in  the  south,  I  find  a  m  (!•,,-  i';  ;  .M(,.x- 
ican  government  re]>oi"t,  of  ruins  at  TejujtikM.  in  the 
south-west,  about  sixty  miles  westwanl  of  ( 'n.'nia- 
vaci'i.  The  renjains  are  noticed  especially  on  the  hill 
of  Nanchititla,  consisting  of  buildings  staiuliiiL;'  on 
resjfular  streets  yet  traceable,  and  built  of  vciv  thin 
blocks,  or  slates,  of  stone  without  moi'tar.  In  the 
valley  of  San  ^lartin  Luvianos,  in  the  same  i(  '^imi, 
{I  subterranean  apartment  with  polished  si<les  dt'  ce- 
ment, discovered  in  1841,  contained  (piantitiis  of  ear- 
bonized  maize."  At  Zacualpan,  midway  Ixiween 
Cuernavaca  and  Teju]>ilco,  and  some  leagues  niither 
south,  flint  spear-heads,  stone  masks,  and  otiiei'  ivT  - 
not  sj)ecified  a'-e  said  by  the  same  authoi'ity  t>'  ' 
been  found  in  a  cave."'^     A  peculiarity  of  the  < 


2ii  'On  voit  f'licciro  licaucDiiii  do  restcs  do  ootto   ^riindo  iiniiiiilli'.  ciiii- 

sorvi's  iivoc  irauliml   plus  do  soiii  (lu'il  s'v  trmivo  dos  i|iiiiiliors  i\f  r Ic 

jdiis  do  viiiiit  |iioils  d'('|niissour.'  llrn.sunir  (fr  liiiurlitntrii.  Hist.  S'ul.  'mv, 
toiii.  iv..  p.  I.'}.");  f.itrinziiuii,  in  ('iirirn,  llist.  X.  Ax/miin,  pp.  \i.vii.; 
J'riiilfiirir.s  Aiiirr.  Aii/i't/.,  pp.  KM-.").  .Additional  roforonoos  to  ?^lii:lil  iiniiiis 
of  ruins  ami  rolics  in  tlio  ro;;ion  alioiit  Tlasoala,  fonto.iiiia;:'  no  nMiiliiMc 
information,  arc  as  fdjliiw  s:  Cininiriio,  in  \i)iirr//rn  Aiiiiiifrs  i/is  I'm/..  I>:4H, 
tcnn.  xoviii.,  ]mi.  i;{.")-7;  Ihliix'  Sjnni.  i'uik/.,  vol.  ii.,  ]».  4-'i;  Mi'/ih  i-/ifiiiill. 
J\fijini,  (om.  ii.,  pp.  "J.'JS,  "J  10  I'ho  llislorii'id  Muffuriiir,  vol.  x  ,  i  .'tlW 
10,  has  an  oxtract  fnnn  a  Moxioan  newspaper,  in  wliioli  rof<'ronif 
to  an  ollieial  report  of  a  iirofoot  of  the  department,  anmxinein;!  tin  ■ 
of  two  maj,'nilieent  cities.  Thov  wore  proltaldy  identical  witii 
the  ruins  already  doserilied  in  \'ora  Cm/. 

'^'   Ml. v..  Aiiii/i.s  </t:l  Mini.slcrio  dc  I'oiiicnto,  18j4,  toni.  i.,  {>•  'J'.H 

^^  /</.,  p.  0'J4, 


v 

■i 


ItKLlCS  AT  CIEIINAVACA. 


481 


iiiiil  iclii's  found  by  Dupaix  at  Cucrnavaca  and  vicinity 
was  tliat  all  con.sistcd  of  sculptured  ti,*;'ur(j,s  on  the 
i^iirt'acf  of  Ijirge  naturally  shaped  boulders.  The  fii-st 
was  an  innnense  lizard  over  ei,n'ht  feet  lt)ng  and  a  foot 
uiiil  a  half  thick,  carved  in  hi<4li  relief  on  tlie  top 
of  a  roiioli  block.  Four  small  circular  projections  arc 
i^Leii  »'ii  the  side  of  the  rock  below  the  animal.  On 
the  southern  face  of  another  isolated  boulder  was 
>riil[ituic(l  in  low  relief  the  coat  of  arms  shown  in  the 
cut,  which,   in  its  principal  features  of  a  circle  on 


Coat  of  Arms — Cuernavaca. 

jKiralKl  arrows  or  lances,  is  very  similar  to  others 
that  liave  been  mentioned.^  On  the  Haij;'  that  })ro- 
i'rt>  tiDiii  the  upjier  ])art  of  the  circle,  a  ^laltese  cross 
i>  veil,  and  the  bird's  head  above  is  ]ironounced  of 
minsc  by  J)u})aix  to  be  that  of  an  ea^'le.^''  On  the 
iili|iiiNitt',  or  northern,  side  of  the  same  boulder  are 
seiiliitiiied  the  figures  shown  in   the    cut.     The  left 


Ijoulilor-Sculiituies  at  Cucrnavaca. 

^rp.  lOT-Odf  this  voluino. 

'"  lIc^lMM-tiii;;  tlic  li^iurcs  within  the  circle,  Hiiiiaix,  1st  expcil.,  |i.  14, 
M\-*  la  ]i:ntc  (lerecha  ilividiihi  cii  this  ciiartclcs.  Kii  el  .siipciiiir  apiirect! 
'"iMii  nil  {ihiiiit  lU'  ciiiiiad  a  hi  oriila  de  tin  hijro  (ciial  piicih-  ser  hi  ih'  ( 'halco).' 
Aiiilcs^ii^  est  line  tctc,  (|iie  Piipaix  tiesi^'iie  ('((iiiiiie  celh'  tl'iiii  n\'^\i\  iiiais 
||iii'jc  cniis  etre  line  piece  iraniiure,  savoir,  uii  cawjue  on  niDriuii.'  l.rnuii; 
•\iiii'[.  .l/'.r.,  tc.ni.  ii.,  div.  i.,  p.  34. 
Vdl,  IV.    Ul 


482 


ANTIQUITIKS  OF  MKXICO. 


hand  fiofiiro,  tliirtccti  indies  luL^li,  may  in  coinnctiuii 
witli  tlie  small  circles  be  a  record  of  a  date-  tliirtecii 
calli.  j\[.  Lenoir,  however,  on  accornt  of  tlu'  (•(iluiim 
shown  Avitliin  the  huildiiiL*",  believes  the  wliojo  niav  he 
an  emblem  of  phallic  worshiji,  the  column  bi'iii<r  a 
])hallus  and  the  buildini,''  its  shrine  or  temple.  The 
sculpture  on  both  sides  of  this  rock  is  dcsciilird  as 
having  been  executed  with  g-reat  care  and  cKnrihss. 
S()!ne\vhat  less  than  a  league  south  of  tlu;  city  is 
aiiother  isolated  rock,  said  to  have  served  as  a,  Itound- 
ary  mark  to  tbe  ancient  Quauhnahua(;,  'place  dl'  the 
eagle,'  of  v/hich  the  modern  name  Cuei'na\aca  is  a 
corruption.  On  the  face  of  this  rock  is  cai\ cd  in 
nitlier  high  relief  the  figure  represented  in  the  cut, 


Eagle  of  Ciieruavaca. 

which,  in  consideration  of  the  aboriginal  meatiiiii^-  (if 
the  name,  and  the  pui'pose  served  by  the  stone,  may 
be  regarded  as  an  eagle.  The  material  is  a  fine  giay 
ston(%  the  bii'd  is  thirty-tive  inches  high,  and  tli'' 
boulder,  or  its  locality,  is  called  by  the  natives  Qiiauii- 
tetl,  'stone  eagle.'''* 

^'  '11  sonihlc  porter,  il  la  jiartie  aiiterieure  de  I'aile,  le  liatmi  iiiiL'iiral.  vr 
qui  liii  (loiiucrait  uii  caracttTo  irli^^ionx.  Ii'ai','li',  ciiiIiIi'IiumIu  Mcxiijiir. 
ctait  ati'i'dc'  a  \'it/liiui/tli,  et  cctte  seulu  cin'oiistaiict' (luiiiifilf  riiii|iHrtiiiiir 
a  ct'ttc  ri'invsoiitatiuii,  (pii  a  (Ioiiik;  sou  iiitiii  an  lii'ii  nil  clli'  tut  ip'inn': 
Qiiiiiititl  oil  ((/(//(•  (fc jiicnr.  I)aiis  toute  rAiiti(iuiti'',  l'ai;:lt'  t'lil  iiii^Mii  nin;.' 
(los  oiscaiix  sacres.  11  ctait  atrccti',  cu  (Irece,  a  .liipitcr.  ct  I'li  l!;.']il<'.  'i 
Osiris.  ("(Mait  Vnrriitifcr  on  I'licrV!  r  i|iii,  scloli  Klicli.  olait  i'iiiia;:!',  ili: 
(lieu  lldnt't,  nil  irA|iollon.  A  riiMu's,  an  solstice  (I'liivcr,  on  plMiMJl  dt 
oiscaii  siir  raiitcl  d'*  (siris;  il  I'tait  riciiciiuMit  jtare,  iiiitri'  on  rdiiirnniii' 'In 
psfhriit,  ct  jMirtant  siir  IVpaiilc  ic  in'iloii  pastoral,  dans  la  iiioiin'  jHi^ilimi 
<lii('  raiii'lc  Alexieain  (jne  nous  as'oiis  sons  Irs  vonx.  ("eci  est  (li;;nr  ili' 
rcniar(|iic'.'  Li'iii)h\  in  Aiitiq.  .lAcj.,  toin.  ii.,  div.  i.,  ]).  .Sr>.  On  tin' Ciieiiiii- 
vai'a  scniptiinis  sec  Ihipai.f,  1st  exjied.,  pit.  1.V14,  )>1.  x\\ii-\NN  ■  li;' 
'i!)-:{-';  Kiiiifs/i'iniiifi/i,  vol.  v.,  pp.  'i'i !•_'.,  vol.  vi..  ]».  4'_".»,  vol.  iv.,  y\.  \M' 
v.,  ti^r.  -'it-31;  ^f'•.'|^.,  Aintlrs  idi  Miiiistcrio  di'  Fiiiiirii/i>,  KS51.  Ihiu.  i.,  ]•■ 
5H). 


RUINS  OF  XOCHICALCO. 


483 


The  ruins  of  Xocliiealco,  (l()ul)tloss  tlic  finest  in 
Mixii'o,  are  about  fifteen  miles  \',y  west  of  soutli 
I'loiu  ( 'uernavaea,  and  about  sovonty-five  miles  soutli- 
wi'st  from  the  city  of  Mexico.  The  first  published 
(lis(ri|itioii  was  written  by  Alzate  y  Ramirez,  who 
visited  tlie  locality  in  1777,  and  published  his  account 
with  illustrative  })lates  as  a  supplement  to  his  Lit- 
iniry  (lazette  in  November,  1791.'*'^  Humboldt  made 
uj)  his  account  from  that  of  Alzate;  Dupaix  and  Cas- 
taiuda  included  Xocliiealco  in  their  first  ex])loration ; 
\(h  1  visited  and  sketched  the  ruins  in  IHJH;  and 
liiiahy  <.n  account,  perhaps  the  most  complete  extant, 
u linen  from  an  exploration  in  1835  by  order  of  the 
^^l■\i(•a^  ivovernment,  was  published  in    the  liccista 

Xocliiealco,  the  'hill  of  flowers,''^  is  a  natural   ole- 

3-  D  •i'ri/i''ion  tl.ln.iAnfiffii''if'ffi's</r  Xor/iirrtfro,  aiipploniont  to  Gui'ila 
II"  Litrriifiir.i,  Nov.  l~'.)\,  aiwn  rc'iniiit  of  A/.,  toiii.  ii.;  also  ]iivliiiiin.iry 
iMi'iiiidii  ill /'/.,  FohniiiryS,  17!>l,  toiii.  ii.,  )>.  \'27.  Dr  (iaiiiarra  iiiiuU' jicoiii- 
liiiliiimnf  till!  MS.  l>iif(;re  its  ])ii1iii('ation,  ami  sent  tlie  saim'  to  Italy.  An 
lialiMii  tiaiislatiou  of  Alzate's  account  was  jniMislioil  witli  tlic  oi-i;:iiiiil 
[ihiics  ill  Miivqnrz,  Dill'  Aiitirlii  Miniiiiiirnli,  iip.  14--y,  and  ru-traiiNlatctl 
inmi  Maniiicz,  in  liiijiidx,  l.st  exptMl.,  \i\).  18-'J0. 

'  UiiiiihiAiU,  Viir-1,  Una.  i.,  jip.  r2it-.37,  (fol.  cil.  pi.  ix.);  Iif.,E.imiP()l.,]tit. 

^;ilHi;  7'/.,  ill  Aii/i'i/.  .Vix.,  torn,  i.,  div.  ii.,  ]>]>.  l.")-17.     '  M.  IlunihoMt 

n'a-til  pas  siiivi  a  la  lottre  rincxaite  (lescri]ition  de  la  ])yraniidt'  do  Xoclii- 
lalcii  par  ii;  P.  .M/ate,  ot  n'a-t-ii  pas  fait  dans  If  dcssiii  (lu'il  doiiiio  dc  co 
iiininiiiiciit,  line  scconde  uilition  dcs  (.Trenrs  di'  son  inodclc?  Wn/i/cr/i,  In//. 
I'ill.,  p.  (!',t;  Xihrl,  Viifiie  I'iiiforrsro,  pi.  ix.-x.,  .xix.-xx.;  lircis/it  Mi.ii- 
'■'iiiii.  tiiiii.  i.,  )!]).  r)30-r)(),  rcpriiitud  in  DirriniiKn'o  Uiiir.  (ii'nif.,  toni.  x., 
lip.  !K!S-4-;  Ihipair,  1st  cxped.,  |)]i.  14-18,  pi.  xxxi.-ii.,  fij^.  liH-O;  Kiii/fs- 
I'ni-mi't/i,  vol.  v.,  p]).  '22'2-4,  V(d.  iv.,  |)1.  xv.-vi.;  Lninir,  in  Aiifi</.  Mi.e., 
I'liM.  ii..  div.  i.,  pp.  S.")-!').  Tylor  pidiiotinccs  Castancda's  drawinj^s  j,'i-ossly 
iiiiuncct.  OtluT  accounts  by  visitors,  are  found  in  Latmhr's  Ilmnlili.t, 
I'l'.  ;-MI-;i;  ^r(l,/n•\s■  ^fl\e.  as\'t  M'frv,  jip.  ISO-?;  /'/.,  jlA./-.  Azfcr,  r/r., 
\'il  ii.,  p|i.  "JS;}-."),  with  cuts;  I<L,  in  Sr/i(iiifrnift'.\  Air/i.,  \ol.  vi.,  \>\>.  .">S;',-4, 
|il  \i.;  Ti/liirs  Aiiilhiifd-,  ]>p,  lS;{-',l."i;  Ijiirinslirii,  Muiifiir,  pp.  "JltS  12, 
-T'i-sl.  other  references  to  compiled  accounts  are:  — /'/v.v.'v^/^'.v  .l/c.c.,  vol. 
iii..}!]!.  ((i;<-4;  Citr/xijii/,  Hist.  Mi.r..  toiii.  i.,  pp.  '2():{-4;  Arniiii,  Dux  lliiiliijf 

M'  ,/■  ' 

hn, 


•  |ip.  !IS-l),  cut;  Jlii/ihriii's  Am:   Aimr.,   jip.   SIMM);   Unrtnuii'n,  I'ldi- 
I'li.    toiii.    ii.,    ]t.    8(i;     Fossri/,    Mr.r.,    pp.    :{()2-;{;     r>ri(.isiiir   ilr.    Jioi/r- 


'''"'V.  Hi>it.  Xitf.  Cii\,  toni.  i.,  ]).  .S2!t;  J.inriiinn/iin .  Mr.f.  (linit.,  pii. 
■I'i'.'.  plate;  Tlruilfunrs  Aiiirr.  Aii/i</.,  jip.  7S-!»;  Mnlli-Hrini,  I'irrit  i/i  la 
'"^'.7-  tiiiii.  vi.,  p.  4(i((;  fhititirrntii'  A'c/vV/c,  vol.  xi.,  p.  (112;  Hurt/,  Mu'i'i/nr, 
P  ill;  Ciir/rs'  l)rsp<iiil,rs,  p.  '244;  /'n'is/\\  Aiinr.  Aii/ii/.,  ]>\>.  '27t)-7;  Miniiilli- 
'''■"!/'■<  I.i/i;  <if  j/innfwlilf.  ji.  :<0S;  Itrlnjii/i/'s  A  iih'i/.  Aiinr.,  p.  M;  Fi'isf'.s- 
]'"■>.  Hist.  .]/(■,(•.,  jiji.  4".)-.").S,  cut;  Xnrii>ini's  Jiniiih/is  in  Viir.,  p.  171;  /'V'<.s7'.s- 
''■'■"'  litir.s,  pp.  ^'.rt-SOd,  cut;  Ciiiiflrr'a  Mv.e.  Oiuit.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  ;<:)'.•- lit; 
}ll,istr„tr,/^  l.,,„ili,n  Xiw.f.  June  I,  18(17,  cut. 

'  .X'Hliicalco,  'castle  of  llowers,' according  to  Diccionuviu  I'ltic.  (iimf.. 
tui".  .\.,  IK  'J3S. 


!|;i 


'M 


4Si 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


V    5 


vatioii  of  conical  form,  with  an  oval  base  over  twn 
miles  ill  circumference,  rising  from  the  plain  to  ;i 
height  of  nearly  four  hundred  feet.''^  Mr  Latrolio 
claims  to  have  found  traces  of  paved  roads,  of  laioe 
stones  tightly  wedged  together,  one  of  them  cinlit 
feet  wide,  leading  in  straight  lines  towards  the  hill 
I'rom  different  directions.  The  account  in  the  Rfrisfn 
mentions  only  one  such  causeway  running  towards 
the  east.  A  ditch,  more  or  less  tilled  up  and  over- 
grown with  shrnbher}',  is  said  to  extend  entiivly 
round  the  base  of  the  hill,  but  its  depth  and  widtli 
are  not  stated ;  perhaps  in  the  absence  of  more  coin- 
]>lete  information  its  existence  should  be  considered 
doubtful. 

Very  near  tlie  foot  of  the  northern  slope  are  tlie 
entrances  to  two  tunnels  or  galleries,  one  of  whieli 
terminates  at  a  distance  of  eighty-two  feet;  at  least, 
it  was  obstructed  and  could  not  be  exjdored  l)eyond 
that  point.  The  second  gallery,  cut  in  the  solid  lime- 
stone of  the  hill,  about  nine  feet  and  a  half  wide  and 
high,  has  several  branches  running  in  ditfei'eiit  diree- 
tions,  some  of  them  terminated  by  fallen  dL'l)ris,  oth- 
ers a])parently  walled  up  intentionally.  The  floors 
are  paved  to  tlie  thickness  of  a  foot  and  a  half  with 
1)rick-sha})ed  blocks  of  stone,  the  walls  are  also  in 
many  places  su[)ported  by  masonry,  and  both  pave 
ment,  walls,  and  ceiling  are  covered  with  lime  eeiiieiit, 
which  retains  its  i)olish  and  shows  traces  in  some 
jtarts  of  having  had  originally  a  coating  of  red  oclire. 
The  i)rincipal  gallery,  after  turning  once  at  a  riglit  an- 
gle, terminates  at  a  distance  of  several  hundred  feet 
in  a  large  ai)artment  about  eighty  feet  long,  in  which 
two  circular  pillars  are  left  in  the  living  rock  to  sup- 
port the  roof.  The  accompanying  cut  is  Castafieda'.s 
ground  plan  of  the  galleries  and  subterranean  apart- 
ment, a  being  the  entrance  on  the  north;  h  the  teinii- 


3'  Alzivtc's  Imi'oinetrical  observations,  as  rcckonod  liy  hinisi'lf.  iikhIi' ihi' 
luM;^iii  'JSitfcet;  from  the  saiiic  olisiTvatioiis  IluiiilMililt  iiiaki's  il  ;isi;  'It'^ 
fci't,  JJii/Kii.r,  ;W(t,  Scbcl;  about  4<K),  T^jlof  altoul  [i'i\i,  lijcinta  AL,'-. 


KI'IXS  OF  XOCHICALCO. 


485 


A0. 


©f 


^ 


Suliterrancau  Giilleiies— Xochicalco. 


nation  of  main  o-allery;  c,  k,  the  brancli  gallery;  r  and 
(/,  ()l)striu'tL'(l  [)a.s.sa:n'c's;  ;/,</,  tliu  room;  and  y^ /J  the 
jiillars.  The  scale  of  the  plan  is  ahoiit  fifty  feet  to 
the  iucli,  hut  the  diuieiisions,  aeeordino-  to  the  scale, 
are  douhtless  inaccurate.  According'  to  the  plan  the 
i;alleries  are  only  a  little  oyer  four  feet  wide;  and  the 
apaitment  thirty-three  by  thirty-nine  feet.  Alzate's 
jilaii  a^'rees  with  it  so  far  as  it  ^-oes;  the  Ih'risfit  ^y'lvvH 
110  plan,  and  its  description  differs  in  some  respects, 
so  till-  as  the  arrangement  of  the  galleries  is  concerned, 
from  the  cut.^"  In  the  top  of  the  room  at  the  south- 
east corner,  at  It,  is  a  dome-like  structure,  a  yertical 
section  of  which  is  shown  at  /  of  the  preceding  cut, 
six  feet  in  diameter  and  six  feet  high,  lined  Avith  stone 
liewii  in  curved   blocks,  with  a  I'ound  hole  about  ivn 


llic 


s  in  diameter  c 


xtend 


ing  \ertically  upward  from 


tile  top.  It  has  been  generally  believed  that  this  jta^ 
a'4c  leads  up  to  the  [)yramid  on  the  top  of  the  hill, 
to  I )f  described  later;  l)ut  it  will  be  seen  that  if  the 
hill  he  two  miles  in  circumference,  or  even  half  that 


■ize,  the  o- 


all 


eries  are 


nt)t  nearly  lonu"  enounh  to  reach 


s:it 


"'Ai'ciinliii;.'  to  tlic  Ririsffi,  tlie  <rnlli'rv  Iciuls  south  lit.'i  feet  {".  h.  of  ])luii 
I'll,  ihi'ii  west  lli(!  fret  (not  on  plan),  anil  tt'iniiiiatcs  in  wliat  M'rni>aihl 


ll 


to  ill'  an  intentional   oliNlrnction.     .s;$  feel   from  tli 


I'liliiiiicc  (((,  c,  of  jilaii  \{)\  tVct)  a  Itrancli  leads  cast  l.SS  feet  (<•,   /,   of  plan 
^1  ti'cii  Id  the  room.      F  liave  no  ilouht  tlial  lliesi'dii 
'■■"'.' l.liiiii    !)M|iai.\"s.     The    h'rrlshi 


tell 


Uililt 


leeount  of  the  loom, 


neushias  are  more  acfn- 
far  as  it  is  in- 


loes  well  ciiuu«:h  with  the  phiu 


Hi 


\  :^  i 


im 


AXTKiL  ITIKS  OF  MEXICO. 


the  centre  uuckn-  tlie  pyniinid.  Ne1)el  fancied  tliat  tln' 
liolc  ill  the  eu[)(>la  was  so  situated  tliat  tlie  rays  of  tliu 
ismi  twice  a  year  would  penetrate  from  ahovi;  aiiil 
.strike  an  altar  in  the  suhterraneau  hall.  The  nativi  s 
report  other  passages  in  the  hill  besides  the  one  du- 
scribed,  and  believe  that  one  of  them  leads  to  ("liajuil- 
tej)ec,  near  the  city  of  Mexico. 

Passing-  now  fn)m  the  interior  to  the  outer  surface 
of  the  'hill  of  flowers,'  wo  find  it  covered  from  top  to 
bottom  with  masonry.  Five  terraces,  paved  with 
stone  and  mortar,  and  supported  by  per|teii(H(ular 
Avails  of  the  same  material,  extend  in  oval  form  en- 
tirely round  the  whole  circumference  of  the  hill,  one 
alxjve  the  other.  Neither  the  width  of  the  |»avL'(l 
])latforms  nor  the  hei^'ht  of  the  supporting-  walls  li;is 
l:)eeii  given  by  any  ex})lorer,  but  each  terrace,  with 
the  corresponding  intermediate  slope,  constitutes 
something  over  seventy  feet  of  the  height  of  tin- 
hill.  The  terrace  platforms  have  sometimes  i)i'i'ii 
described,  without  any  authority,  as  a  paved  way 
leading  round  and  round  the  hill  in  a  s})iral  couisc  tn 
the  summit.  Dupaix  speaks  of  a  road  about  ei^iit 
feet  wide,  which  leads  to  the  sunmiit,  but  no  otlur 
explorer  mentions  any  traces  of  the  original  means  of 
ascent.  Each  terrace  wall,  while  forming  in  geiu'ial 
terms  an  elli})se,  does  not  present  a  regular  line,  Imt 
is  broken  into  various  angles  like  the  bastions  of 
a  fortification.  The  pavements  all  slope  slightly 
towards  the  south-west,  thus  perndtting  the  wat(  r  to 
run  oft' readily.  According  to  the  plans  of  Alzate  ainl 
Castaneda  there  are  two  additional  terraces  where  a 
spur  })rojects  from  the  hill  at  the  north-eastern  hase. 
Latrobe  is  the  oidy  authority  on  the  interniediatf 
slopes  between  the  terraces,  which  he  says  are  occu- 
})ied  with  platforms,  bastions,  and  stages  one  aliovu 
another.  It  is  evident  from  all  accoimts  that  the 
whole  surface  of  the  hill,  very  likely  shaped  to  some 
extent  artificially,  was  covertMl  with  stone  work,  and 
that  detense  was  one  object  aimed  at  by  the  buihleis. 


TilK  HILL  or  FLUWiaiS. 


487 


Till'  Ui'v'tstd  re})ro.suiits  the  tenace  })lutrc)i'ins  as  addi- 
tidiially  furtitiud  by  tlio  purpciidicular  suppoi'tiiis;- 
walls  projecting'  ui)\vard  above  their  level,  I'oriiiiiig 
what  may  perhaps  bo  termed  a  kind  of  para}»et. 

On  the  summit  is  a  level  platform  measiirin<f 
two  hundred  and  eiyhty-live  by  three  hundred  and 
twciity-eight  feet.^'  According  to  Alzate,  llum- 
lioldt,  Dupaix,  and  other  early  authorities — exce))t 
Xchcl,  who  is  silent  on  the  sulyect — this  plaza  is 
.sunounded  by  a  wall.  Dui)aix  says  the  ^vall  is  built 
of  stones  without  mortar,  is  five  feet  and  a  half  high, 
and  two  feet  and  nine  inches  thick.  Alzate  rej>re- 
siiits  the  wall  as  perpendicular  only  on  the  inner  side, 
liting  in  fact  a  projection  of  the  up])er  terrace  slo})e, 
foiiiiing  a  kind  of  parapet,  and  making  the  plaza  a 
.siiiikeii  area.  Latrobe  also  speaks  of  tlie  plaza  as  a 
hollow  square,  and  Alzate's  representation  is  i)robably 
a  collect  one;  for  the  author  of  the  account  in  the 
Rfi'istn  says  that  the  wall  described  by  previous  visit- 
ors could  not  be  found;  and  moreover,  that  there 
\\.is  no  room  for  it  on  the  north  between  the  centi'al 
jiyiamid  and  "one  of  the  solid  stone  masses,  or  caha- 
lli'fds,  that  surround  the  platform,"  the  cobd/lrros, 
which  may  perhaps  in  this  connection  bo  translated 
'|iiira|tcts,'  being  doubtless  the  same  structures  that 
tlic  others  describe  as  a  wall. 

Ill  this  plaza,  cultivated  in  later  years  as  a  corn- 
Held,  there  are  several  mounds  and  heaps  of  stones 
lint  particularly  described;  and  near  the  centre  is  a 
pyramid,  or  rather  the  iower  story  of  one,  with  rect- 
angular base,  the  sides  of  which,  exactly  or  very 
ncaily  facing  the  cardinal  ]X)ints,  measure  sixty-tive 
tect  iVoni  east  to  west,  and  fifty-eiglit  fe<  ^  from  north 
to  south.  The  lower  story,  which  in  some  i)arts  is 
.^till  standing  to  its  full  height,  is  divided  into  what 
may  he  termed  plinth,  frieze,  and  cornice,  and  is  about 
^ixtcfu  teet  high.^^ 

''  'I'lii'sp  HIT  the  (limonsinns  ;j:ivpii  in  the  Rrri.sta,  100  by  87  iiiutres.  Dii- 
jiiiix,  l-i  cxiicil.,  ]).  1,'),  Niiys  S't  by  lOi*  varas. 

'-  Uiiuuiisioiis  in  English  feet— lenyth  east  and  west,  width  north  ami 


488 


ANTIQUITIKS  OF  MEXICO. 


wn 


1  !l 


Vi 


\i 


In  the  centre  of  one  of  the  facades  is  an  open  space, 
soniutliini^  over  tM-enty  feet  ^vi(le,  l)o»ni(]ed  liy  soliij 
l)alustrades,  and  probuUly  o('cu|)ied  oriniiially  liv  a 
stairway,  aItlioiii,di   it  is  said  that  no  tracus  of  steps 

Tiio  cut,  iVuiu 


have  been  found  anion<r  the  debris. 


If    OI 


Pyramid  of  Xochiculco. 

Ncbcl,  shows  the  front  of  the  pyramid  on  one  sldt 
tlie  oj^enini;',  beini,^  the  eastern  jiortion  of  the  iKHtlieiii 
front,  aecordin,n'  to  Nebel,  who  locates  the  stairway  on 
the  nortli,  or  the  northern  jiart  of  tlie  Avesteru  \'\\>\\t, 
according  to  the  Rrrista,  which  sjjeaks  of  the  o])eiiiiig 
as  being  on  tlie  west. 

The  pyramid,  or  at  least  its  facing,  is  built  ol'  lar^o 
blocks  of  granite  or  porphyry ,'^'''  a  kind  of  stoiit'  nut 

south,  and  lioijjrht  of  1st  story,  always  In  tiio  same  order— arpordliiu'  tinlif- 
erent  authorities:— (U.'i  l>v  —  hv  Ki'fcct,  A'(/;(/,  jihitc;  (ill  liv  (11  liv  .  Jhi- 
jKtix;  —  by  4»  liy  itA,  Iif.',  idate;  r>H  hy  (Jil  hy  11,  Ahu/r  ami  Ifiniihu/Jf;  ("^ 
l>y  ."),S  hy  \\),lii:n'.'ihi  Mc.k.  The  side  slii»\vn  in  Dupaix's  jilate  as  -IM  iVct 
may  i)e  the  nortiiorn  or  soutlierii.  instead  of  the  eastern  or  western,  arrunl- 
in^'  as  tlie  stairway  is  on  the  north  or  west. 

■*'■•  '  i'l'irlido  jtranitico.'  Ji'm'.sfn  M'\i\,  |i.  r)4S.  'FJasalto  jiorfirico,"  A'//'/. 
Unsalt,  I.iiirni.ifrni,  ,Vc,r.,  ]i]).  '20!*  Hi.  '  La  ealidail  de  ]ii('dia  ile  e>if,i  in;i.u'- 
niliea  an^niteitura  es  de  ])iedra  vitriliciible,  y  jior  hi  mayor  jiarte  dv  ;i4uill;i 


rVHAMID  OK  XOCmCALCO. 


489 


fuiiutl  within  a  distance  of  many  li'iii,nu's.  The  blocks 
iiiv  i<\'  (liirci-ont  si/OS,  tlio  lar^'cst  Itcinj^'  alioiit  eleven 
t'nt  Ihii'4'  and  three  feet  hi,L,''li,  and  few  heini;'  less  than 
t'.ct   in  length.    They  arc  laid   witlumt   mortar, 


\\c 


iiiiii  so  nicely  is  the  AV(trk  done  that  the  jeuits  are 
scaivtiy  perceptible.      The  cut  shows  one  of  the  i'a- 


Pyraiuiil  of  Xochicalco. 

iiulis.  probably  the  northern,  from  Casta ncda's  draw- 
ing;', wliich  corresponds  almost  exactly  to  that  ^iven 
liv  Al/iite.  So  far  as  the  details  of  the  scul[)ture  are 
cdiicciiied  it  is  probably  not  very  trustworthy.  The 
invirdiiio-  cut,  from  Nebel,  is  perhaps  the  only  relia- 
lilf  (liawini^-  in  this  res})ect  that  has  been  ])ublished. 
Till'  wliole  exterior  surface  seems  to  hav'e  l)een  cov- 
LTttl  with  sculptured  figures  in  low  relief,  a])])arently 
ixt^cuted  after  the  stones  were  put  in  ])lace,  since  one 
tJLi'urc  extends,  Avith  the  greatest  exactitude  at  the 
ji lints,  over  several  blocks  of  stone.*'^ 

1  translate  from  the  licc'iMa  the  following  remarks 
altiiiit  the  sculptured  figures:  "At  each  angle,  and 
on  e.icli  side,  is  seen  a  colossal  dragon's  head,  from 
mIkix'  great  mouth,  armed  with  enorn.  ni  -  teeth,  pro- 
jiH'ts  ;i  forked  tongue;  but  in  some  the  tongue  is 
liorizoiital,  while  in  others  it  falls  vertii-ally;  in  the 
tiist  it  points  towards  a  sign  which  is  believed  to  i)e 

liit'iliii  cnii  ([U(>  fornian  las  muolas  ('>  picdras  para  niolor  tri<;o:  taniliicii  liay 
ill'  I'lldi-  lilMii(|iU'rini>,  sifiidii  ill'  iiiilar,  <|m'  en  iiiiu'lias  li-j^iias  ii  la  iiMlcmda 
11"  sc  liiilla  si'iiii'jaiito  <'ali(la(l  dc  pii'dra.'  A/.z'i/r,  ]),  S. 

^"  l\iii:j:.sli(iiciiij,di"s  oditicin  cif  ( 'astancda's  drawiii;;  bears  imt  tlie  sli^lit- 
1*1  lil<c!ii--s  to  that  ill  tlie  .  I )///'/.  .lA.''. ,  cuiiied  alicive.  It  is  piissilile  that 
'111'  hilti  r  was  made  up  at  Paris  fmiu  Alzate's  idate. 


100 


ANTIliL'lTIKS  OF  MKXK 


tliiit  of  M-jitcr,  and  in  tlie  others  towai'ds  (liil'civiit 
Ki<i;'iiH  or  t'lnldonis.  .  .  .  Soniu  have  prt'tcndcd  to  sci;  in 
tlicsu  dra^'onH  inia<j;uH  of  crocodiles;  l)Ut  nothing'  (;ur. 
tain  can  l»o  known  of  tlioso  fantastic  fi^nrcs  ulmli 
liavu  no  model  in  natnro.  .  .  .On  the  two  sides  still 
.standing"  tliuro  arc  two  llji^uros  of  men  larL;rr  tliau 
the  nalnral  size,  seated  cros.sdej^j^ed  in  the  (■;i,>t(rii 
fashion,  wearing  necklaces  of  enormons  })tiirls,  lidi 
ornaments,  and  a  liead-dress  out  of  all  proitortioii, 
\vith  lon^'  flowing  plumes.  In  one  hand  tin  y  Imldii 
kind  of  sceptre,  and  the  other  is  j)laced  on  tlie  liicist; 
H  hieroglyphic  of  great  size,  j)laced  in  the  middle  of 
each  side,  separates  the  two  figures,  whose  heads  are 
turned,  on  the  east  side,  one  north  and  tlu;  dtlier 
{south,  while  on  the  north  side  hoth  face  the  west. 
The  IVieze  which  surrounds  this  story  jneseiits  a 
series  of  small  human  figures,  also  seated  in  the  east- 
ern maimer,  with  the  right  h-'^  '  crossed  on  tliu 
breast,  and  the  left  resting  on  a  ed  swoid,  whoso 

hilt  reminds  us  of  ancient  swords;  a  thing  the  mure 
worthy  of  attention  since  no  peojdo  descended  tVeiu 
the  Toltees  or  Aztecs  has  made  use  of  this  kind  et" 
arms.  The  head-dress  of  these  small  figuies,  whidi 
closely  resend)le  those  mentioned  before,  is  always 
dis{)roportionately  large,  and  this  circumstance,  wliieli 
is  found  in  all  the  Egyptian  mythologic  iahles,  is 
considered  in  the  latter  an  emldem  of  power  ov  di- 
A'inity.  With  the  human  figures  are  seen  vaiioiis 
siyns,  some  of  which  seem  allei>-orical  and  others 
chn>nologic,  so  far  as  may  be  judged  from  theii  con- 
formity with  those  employed  in  the  Aztec  ])aintinL;s. 
.  .  .  Another  sign,  ap[)arently  of  a  diflerent  nature, 
is  oiren  re})eated  among  the  figures;  it  is  a  (hagon's 
mouth,  o})en  and  armed  with  teeth,  as  in  the  laryo 
rebel's,  from  which  i)rojects  instead  of  a  tongue  a  disk 
divided  by  a  cross.  ...  It  has  also  been  thouglit  (Al- 
zate)  that  (hmces  are  represented  on  the  iVii/o  ot 
Xochicalco,  but  its  ])erfect  jireservation  makes  such 
an   error  inexcusable,  and    figures    seated    with  leL;s 


PVKAMII)  Oi'  XUCIilCALLO. 


41)1 


ciossi'd  and  hands  on  a  sword,  oxcludo  any  idea  of 
siiivd  or  wjirliku  danccM,  and  siiL>;^(',st  only  niytlio- 
In-ic  or  historical  scones.  Ovor  tlio  IVio/u  was  a 
(•(iiiiirt'  adorned  witli  very  delicate  designs  in  the 
loriii  of  (xfhiu'fds  or  nieandres  in  the  (Ireek  stvle." 
The  cul  showa  one  of  the  bas-reliefs  on  a  l.-u^^er  scale 


Bas-Kclicf  from  Xochicalco. 


tlian  in  the  prccediii'jf  illustrations.  Thoro  is,  as 
\(  Ix'l  observes,  a  cci'tain  likeness  between  these 
sculptured  desio-ns  and  the  stucco  I'oliefs  of  l^Uenque, 
;iltliouu'h  in  the  architectural  features  of  the  nionu- 
luciit,  and  of  the  base  on  which  it  rests,  there  seems 
to  Im;  no  analoo-y  whatever  with  any  of  the  southern 
ruins. 

On  the  summit  of  this  lower  structure  a  few  sculp- 
tured foundation  stones  of  a  second  stoiy  were  found 
vtt  in  place,  the  walls  beinjj;'  two  feet  and  three  inches 
tVoni  tilt'  edo'e  of  the  lower,  exce])t  on  the  west,  where 
tlu,'  sjiace  is  four  feet  and  a  half  Accoi'dinjjf  to  the 
report  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  vicinity,  the  structure 
had  originally  five  receding  stories,  similar  to  the  first 
in  outward  appearance,  which  wei'o  all  standing-  as  late 
as  I7r)5,  making  the  whole  edifice  probably  about 
sixty-five  feet  high.  Tt  is  said  to  have  terminated  in 
ii  pl.itt'orm,  on  the  eastern  side  of  which  stood  a  large 
l)lo(k,  Ibrmiiig  a  kind  of  throne,  covered  with  hiero- 


I'   ' 


h 


402 


AXTIQ''ITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


glypliic  sculpture.  The  proprietors  of  nciL'lil'oiiiirr 
su^'ar-works  were  tlie  juitliors  of  the  monuniL'iit  s  dc- 
structioii,  tlie  stone  being  of  a  nature  suitable  i'nr  tliLJi- 
furnaces,  and  none  other  being  obtainable  except  at  ;i 
great  distance.  Alzate  i)uts  on  record  the  iiainc  (if 
one  Estrada  as  the  inaugurator  of  this  (H.^graccful 
Avork  of  devastation.'*^  Sev^eral  restorations  of  tlio 
pyramid  of  Xochicalco  have  been  attempted  on  |M|nr, 
that  by  the  artist  Nel)el  being  probably  tlie  oiilv  mio 
that  bears  any  Hkeness  to  the  original;  and  even  his 
sketch,  so  far  as  the  scuipturod  designs  aic  cun- 
cerned,  must  be  regarded  as  extremely  conjcctinij, 
having  as  a  foundation  only  a  few  scattered  i.li.cks 
and  tiKj  reports  of  the  'oldest  inhabitant.'  At  the 
Paris  international  exhibition  in  I8G7  a  structuic  was 
built  and  exhibited  in  the  CUiamps  de  JSIai's,  piiijKnt- 
ini>r  to  be  a  fac-simile  of  this  monument;  but  jiid 'iii"' 
from  a  cut  ])ublished  in  a  London  jiaper,  it  inii^iit  w  ith 
equal  ]>ropriety  have  been  exhihited  as  a  modi  1  (iljiiiy 
other  ruin  in  the  new  or  old  world." 

The  si!(X)nd  story  seenis  to  have  had  interior  aparr- 
ments,  with  three  doorways  at  the  head  of  the  giaml 
stairway.  On  the  sunnnit  of  the  lower  story,  nccnid- 
ing  to  the  R('risf((,  is  a  pit,  perhaps  a  covert'd  ajiart- 
ment  orininallv,  measurino'  twentv-two  feet  s(|iiare, 
and  ni'ai'ly  tilled  Avith  fr.;gments  of  stone,  smne  of 
them  sculj)tured,  which  were  not  removed.  It  is  of 
course  ])ossible  tliat  there  exists  some  means  of  ( nm- 
munication  between  tins  apartment  and  the  siii.tir- 
raneaji  galleries  of  the  hill  below. 

Kast  of  tlu!  hill  of  Xocliicalco,  on  the  road  to  Mia- 
catlan,  a  i  immense  stone  was  said  to  have  been  Iniiml 
serving  as  a  kind  of  cover  to  a  hole,  perhaj)s  tlie  m- 
trance  to  a  subterranean  gallery,  on  the  face  of  w  ImMi 

"  'EI  jiriinor  tlostniiilur,  cdmiiiivalilc  :il  zapatcii)  qiio  qiiciMi'i  el  iriiiiiln 
lie  OiMiia  lll'i'sina.  fiic  uu  fiilain*  I'^straila;  sii  alii'viiiiii'iito  |i('riiiaiii/i  :i  i^ii 
onroliio  para  ('oii  Ins  aiiiaiitcs  dr  la  aiiti,L;iU'(lail."  Al:.<(ti',  p.  S.  lliiiniii'lilt, 
I  iir^t.  ti'iii.  i.,  p.  VXl,  yivi's  17">0  as  tlic  ilatf  wlii'ii  the  livi'  storii'>  ,\ri  n- 
iiiai'.icil  ill  jilacc. 

1-  I.iiikIiiii  Jl/. li/raltd  Xcir^,  Jnnc  1,  18(17.  Al/ate  ami  Mayrf  ,1!-"  l'ivi' 
ri'storatioiis. 


RUINS  OF  XOCIIICALCO. 


493 


was  scul[)tu)"od  an  eagle  tearing  a  prostrate  native 
ProiiR'tlieus.  It  was  broken  up  and  most  of  the 
|iic(vs  carried  away,  l)ut  Alzate  saw  one  fragment  con- 
taiiiiii'4'  a  part  of  tlie  sculptured  thigh,  fn^n  which 
pciliaiis  with  the  aid  ot  his  imagination  and  his 
kiiowk'tlge  of  Grecian  mythology  tlie  good  padre  pre- 
jiart'd  a  drawing  of  the  wliole,  which  he  puhlishcd. 
L.itor  visitors  have  not  even  seen  a  fragmciit  of  so 
wiMidt'iful  a  relic,  !^[r  Tylor  speaks  of  a  small  ])aved 
iiva!  space  somewhere  in  connection  with  the  ruin,  in 
Avhicli  he  found  fragments  of  a  clay  idol.  Theru  are 
ho  s|i>iiigs  of  water  on  or  near  the  hill. 

The  Rrrisfa  says,  "adjoining  this  hill  is  another 
hi^licr  one,  also  covered  with  terraces  of  stone-work 
ill  fniiii  of  steps.  A  causeway  of  ^.arge  marhle  flags 
I'jil  to  the  top,  where  there  are  still  some  excavations 
and  among  them  a  mound  of  large  size.  Nothing 
fmtlh  r  in  the  way  of  monuments  is  to  be  seen  on  the 
Idwcr  (nart  of  the?)  hill  excejjt  a  granite  block,  which 
may  Iw  the  great  square  stone  mentioned  l)y  Alzate, 
Mliicli  s'.-rved  to  close  the  entrance  to  a  subterranean 
ualltiy,  situated  east  of  the  principal  monument.'' 
Tlniv  arc  als(»  some  traces  of  one  terrace  indicated  on 
('astaurda's  ^iew  of  the  larger  hill.  On  the  sculp- 
tuivd  t"a<;ades  of  the  pyramid,  all  have  foiuid  traces  of 
t'lildi'  ill  sheltered  places,  and  have  concluded  that  the 
w\\n\r  snrface  was  oi'iginally  painted  reil,  except  the 
autlinr  of  the  account  in  the  Rcrista,  who  thinks  tliat 
till'  uii'imdwork  of  the  I'eliefs  only  was  covered  witli 
a  cnlofcd  varnish,  as  was  the  usage  in  Egypt.  L(»- 
Mciistcin  claims  to  have  found  in  tlie  vicinity  of  Xo- 
cliicalco  the  foundation  (tf  many  aboriginal  d^«    ilings. 

A  sliglit  rv^send)lance  has  l)een  noted  in  some  of  the 
M  uiptui'ed  humnn  tigures,  seated  cross-legged,  to  the 
Maya  sculptures  and  stucco  reliefs  of  Central  Anier- 
i'a  ;  a  few  figures,  like  that  of  the  ra))bit,  may  prt'seiit 
soiiii'  analogies  to  Aztec  sculptures,  many  specimens 
tii'  wliicli  will  be  shown  in  the  ])i\'sent  cha|>ter;  the 
v;  rv  tact   of  its  being  a  i>vi':unid   in  several  stories, 


!.H1 


'FT 

'    i 


404 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


\i    ' 


h'4 


wll 


\h 


gives  to  Xochicalco  a  general  likeness  to  all  the  more 
iniportsmt  American  ruins;  the  terraces  on  the  hill- 
slopes  have  their  counterparts  at  Quiotepec  and  else- 
where; the  absence  of  mortar  between  the  fa(;a(le- 
stones  is  a  feature  also  of  Mitla;  still  as  a  whole  the 
monument  of  Xochicalco  stands  alone;  both  in  lurlii- 
tecture  and  sculpture  it  presents  strong  contrasts  with 
Copan,  Uxnial,  Palenque,  Mitla,  Cholula,  Teotiliua- 
can,  or  the  many  pyramids  of  Vera  Cruz.  Tliuru  is 
no  dcHnite  tradition  referring  the  origin  of  this  mon- 
ument to  any  particular  pre- Aztec  jjeriod,  save  the 
universal  modern  tradition  among  the  natives  refeniiii,' 
everything  wonderful  to  the  Toltecs.  It  is  not,  more- 
over, improbalde  that  the  pyramid  was  built  l)v  a 
Nahua  people  during  the  Aztec  period;  for  it  nuist  lo 
remembered  first  that  all  the  grand  temples  in  Ami- 
luiac— the  Aztec  territory  proper — have  disapitoarcd 
since  the  Conquest,  so  that  a  comparison  of  such 
buildings  with  that  of  Xochicalco  is  impossible;  and 
second,  that  the  Aztecs  were  superior  to  the  nations 
innnediately  surrounding  them  in  war  rather  tliaii  art, 
so  that  it  would  be  by  no  means  surprising  to  tiiid  a 
grander  temple  in  Cuernavaca  than  in  the  vallev  of 
^Mexico.  The  Aztec  sculpture  on  such  monunionts  as 
have  been  found  in  the  city  of  Mexico  if  dilllivnt 
from,  is  not  inferior  to  that  at  Xochicalco,  and  thtiv 
is  no  reason  whatever  to  doubt  the  ability  of  tlio  Az- 
tecs to  build  such  a  pyramid.  Still  there  remains  of 
course  the  possibility  of  a  pre- Aztec  antiquity  lor  tlir 
buildinof  on  tlie  hill  of  fiowers,  and  of  Mava  intluciKe 
exerted  upon  its  builders.^ 


13 


"  'A  part  vc  inoiiuniciit.  Mexiro  nc  nossedc  inttTct  ot  dobdiit  miu'mii 
vi'stijxc  (Ic  (•iinstnu'tiiiiis  aiitiiiuo-.'  U'oli'irA',  I'ai/.  J'itf.,  |>.  7-.  'Ni'  ''' 
imcilc  iMinci'  (Ml  (hula  el  (Icstiiio  al>soliitanii'iite  militar  de  estos  tiMli:i.jii>,  ni 
rchiisarsc  ii  rrt'cr  (iik;  tuviiTim  po;  '"jcto  ospeoial  la  (k'fcnsa  del  innan- 
inciito  (iiie  i'Ui'oiral)aii,  cuya  iin|i()rtaiu'iu  i>iR'ile  aprociarse,  ateinlitiiili'  ■! 
Ins  mcdios  ciiiidoados  para  sii  soyiiridad.'  'Todos  his  via;;'('r(is  ((Hixiiiu'ii 
I'll  la  noldt'za  dv  la  cstnictura  y  eii  la  r(;.'ulari(la(l  dc  jirojioiciinio  il'l  in"- 
iniiiiciitd.  l^a  iiicliiiaciiiii  do  las  pairdeH,  la  ok'<.'aiK'ia  del  friso  y  l;i  ruiiiisi. 
.sun  ih  nil  cfrrdi  iiiifii/i/r.'  In  the  sciilptiiri's  'se  liallaii  |ir(ip<Pi'ciiiii('-i  n^jrii- 
lares,  y  iniiclia  espresion  on  las  cahc/.as  y  en  el  adonio  de  las  ti;,'iii'Ms;  miiii- 
tras  <i"ue  eii  las  otras  (Aztee)  no  si;  doseuhren  isino  vestigios  de  tiarbiirie. 


*r     ii 


REMAINS  IX  THE  SOl'TH-EAST. 


495 


Til  tlio  south-eastern  part  of  tlie  state  from  Yaluia- 
li(>a  northward  to  Mecanieean,  rehi-s  liave  l>ecii  (hs- 
odvuii'd,  mostly  by  Diipaix,  in  several  localities.  At 
Yiiliualica,  near  Huautla,  there  are  tombs,  with  stone 
iiiiaucs,  human  remains,  pottery,  and  metates,  also 
sdinc  metallic  relics  not  described."  At  Xonacatepec 
was  sci'n  a  mask  of  about  the  natural  size,  carved 
very  iiciitly  from  a  whitish  translucent  stone.*'"'  At 
the  suijfar  plantation  of  Casasano,  in  the  same  region, 
a  soiiK'wliat  remarkable  relic  was  a  stone  chest,  of 
iwtaii'jular  base,  larjjer  at  the  bottom  than  at  the 
top,  with  a  cover  fittinj^  like  tliat  of  a  modern  chest. 
It  was  cut  from  a  grayish  stone,  and  when  found  by 
lalioicrs  engaged  in  digging  a  ditch,  is  said  to  have 
been  lilled  with  stone  ornaments.     At  the  same  jilace 


Sculptured  stone— Casasano. 

T,;i<  c^taliiii'^  aztocas,  inforincs  y  desiiropoirioiiailas,  on  nada  nianiliostaii 
la  iiiiii.iriiiii  <li'  la  iiaturalt'za;  y  si  en  ellas  nc  ciliscrva  fri'i'iii'Mtfiui'iilc  una 

j iiiii  n\'^n  I'lirrei'ia,  con  mas  frecutMicia  sc  vcn  toilavia  caticzas  iIcmiic- 

iliiliis,  ii;iri('c's  ccsajieradas  y  fivnti's  (ti'piiniidas  liasta  la  t'slrava;.;iin(ia." 
J!  i-islii  Mr.c,  ttini.  i.,  pp.  ">;}',(,  ')4'2,  r)4!».  'l.cs  naluri'ls  dn  village  vcpi>:M  dc 
Tctlaiiin  pii-:sod('iit  iiTie  carte  ;p'L'i>;;raplii<nit'  construilc  avant  iarrivt't'  dcs 
I>lia;.;Miils,  of  ;i  laijucile  on  a  ajoiitc  tiuid(|Ui'.s  noni.s  dcpuis  la  ctpinim'ti';  siir 
ii'ttr  carti",  a  renciroit  oil  est  sitae  Ic  nioniiiiii'nt  do  Aocliicaico,  on  trouvi' 
la  tiL.'un'  do  diMix  jruorricrs  qui  con»l)attcnt  avoc  dos  niassncs,  ot  ilnnt  Tun 
("•t  iKunnii-  Xocliioatli,  ot  Tantre  Xicatt'lli.  Xons  no  suivrons  pas  ici  ios 
iiiiiii|iiain's  iiH'xioains  dan  lours  disonssions  otyui(ilo;.'i<iuos,  pour  approndro 
■^i  I'liii  <lo  cos  ;^norriors  a  flonno  lo  noin  a  la  collino  do  Xocliioalro.  ou  si 
1  iiiia;.'!' dos  doux  conihattaus  dosijiiio  siuii)loinont  nno  liataillo  ouiro  iloux 
iiatiiiii-^  \nisiiicH,  on  oniiii  si  la  dc'nondnation  do  ^f(li■1nll  t/i:i  Jfiurs  a  I'ti'' 
iliiiiiiii'  ail  Mioininient  pyramidal,  paroo  ipio  Ios  T()lto(|uos,  coninio  Ios  I'o- 
niviciis.  u'oltVipJont  ii  la  divinito  ipio  des  fruits,  dcs  flours  ct  do  I'onccns.' 
l{ii„il,„l,ll,  \-,„'s,  torn,  i.,  PI).  l.T)-(i. 

\'  .'/.',,  AiKilis  (hi  Mhilstirii)  di:  Fomnito,  1S")4,  toni.  i..  ]>.  f!4!t. 

*'"  JiiijKiix,  2d  «'.vpod.,  p.  13,  pi.  xvii.,  lig.  52;  Kiiiij.sborui"j/i,  vol.  v.,  p. 


490 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


was  seen  a  circular  stone,  three  feet  in  dianicttr  ainl 
nine  inches  tliick,  sculi)tared  in  geometric  ligmv.s  un 
one  side,  as  sliown  in  the  preceding  cut/" 

Another  similar  stone  of  the  same  thickness,  and 
alxMit  three  feet  and  a  half  in  diameter,  was  ln;i!t 
into  a  modern  wall  at  Ozumba.  These  geonictricallv 
^^arved  circular  blocks  are  of  not  infrequent  occuriiiuf 
on  the  Mexican  i)lateaux;  of  their  use  nothing  is 
known,  hut  they  seem  to  bear  a  vague  reseniblaiicL' 
to  the  Aztec  calendar  and  sacrificial  stones  to  li^ 
described  later.  Another  class  of  circular  lilncks, 
from  two  to  three  feet  in  diameter,  with  cur\(s  and 
v.'irious  ornamental  figures  sculptured  on  one  fate,  aiv 
also  of  frc(|uent  occurrence.  Several  of  this  class  will 
1)0  mentioned  and  illustrated  in  connection  with  tlic 
relics  of  Xochimilco.  Two  of  them  were  snii  liv 
Dupaix  at  Chinialhuacan  Tlachialco,  near  ()ziiiidi;i, 
together  with  two  small  idols  of  stone.  At  Ahia- 
huepa,  in  the  same  region,  was  a  statue  wliit  li  had 
lost  tlie  head  and  the  legs  below  the  knees;  a  hiiid- 
gly])liic  device  is  seen  on  the  breast,  and  a  small 
cord  passes  round  the  waist,  and  is  tied  in  ;i  !nt\\- 
knot  in  front.  Two  fragments  of  head-drisses  caivcd 
in  red  stone  were  found  at  the  same  place.  A  \'vw 
miles  east  of  the  village  of  Mecamecan  is  an  i^olatiil 
rock  of  gray  granite,  artificially  formed  into  I'viaiu- 
idal  shape  as  shown  in  the  cut.  It  is  about  twiho 
feet  higii  and  fifty-five  feet  in  circumference,  haviiii;' 
rudely  cut  steps,  which  lead  up  the  eastern  sl()|io. 
Dupaix  conjectures  that  this  momiment  was  inteiidrd 
foi"  some  astronomic  use,  and  that  the  man  sculptuivd 
i)n  the  side  is  enuaged  in  makino-  astronomical  o\)svv- 
vations,  the  results  of  whit-h  are  ex})resscd  ly  tlic 
other  figures  on  the  rock.     The  only  possible  fouiiJa- 


2»3,  vol.  vi.,  ]).  41'2.  vol.  iv.,  pi.  xv.,  tig.  52;  Lenoir,  in  Aiiti(i.  M-  •■■■  tmii. 
ii.,  iliv.  i.,  |).  4((. 

^N  f>ii/itn'.i;  1st  cxpcd.,  ]i.  l.S,  1)1.  x.\v.-vi.,  fig.  27-S;  KiiKjxhnrii'Hih.  \t\\. 
v.,  |t.  •-'•Jl,  vol.  vi.,  |i|i.  l'2S-0,  vol,  iv.,  pi.  xii.,  tig.  27-8;  Laioir.  in  Jnli'i. 
Mcx.,  tuiii.  ii.,  (liv.  1.,  pp,  33-4. 


f',  ■ 


liKMAINS  1\  ANAlllAC. 


497 


Pyramidal  stone— Mecainccan. 

tioii  f\)i'  tlie  opinion  is  the  rcsomblance  of  some  of  the 
sIljils  to  those  by  which  the  Aztecs  expressed  dates." 

EntciinLC  now  the  valley  of  IMexico,  we  find  many 
localitiis  on  tlie  banks  and  islands  of  Lake  Chalco 
wiiL'ic  relics  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  have  been 
liroiinlit  to  li^iit.  At  Xoch'milco  on  the  western 
slmru  (if  the  lake,  Dupaix  mentions  the  following": — 
1st.  A  stone  block  witli  reij^ular  sides,  on  one  of 
which  about  three  feet  scpiare  are  sculptured  two  con- 
ctntric  circles,  as  larn'o  as  the  space  }»ermits,  witii 
MiialK  r  circh's  outside  of  the  larufcr,  at  each  ccnMier  of 
ih.'  hlock.  2d.  A  crouching'  monster  of  stone  thirty 
iiichis  hii;]!,  w'hicli  apparently  served  originally  for 
a  t'uuiitaiu  or  a({ueduct,  the  water  tlowini^  tlirouu'li  tbe 
lU'Hith.  ;)(!.  A  semi-spherical  pedestal  of  limestone, 
ln'iikt'ii  in  two  pieces,  three  feet  hii^h,  and  decorated 
|»ii  the  curved  surface  with  oval  tii>'ures  radiatinn"  IVom 
the  centre.  4th.  A  lizard  thirty  inches  lony-,  sculj*- 
tiuvd  on  a  block  which  is  built  into  a  modern  walb 

*'  Dn/iiii.r,  2(1  (>\]ic(l.,  ]i]>.  ll-i;i,  ])1.  xv.-vii.,  fijj;.  4t-."l;  Kinf/.\!ji,i-i)iiif/i, 

^"l.  V,,  i,|i.  lMI-;},  vol    vi.,   [).  Ml,  viil.  iv..   |il.  xiii.-xv.,   ti;;-.  4»-.">|;  Lninlr, 

n  Aiihii.  Mi.r.,  toiii.  ii.,  (liv.  i.,  pp.  4.")-(I;  liiildti'lu's  A  nc.  Annr.,  \\\\.  \'l'l-',\ 

"iili  a  ri'iiiml-  tliat    'tuk'.soujiic  tiil)i.'rs'  lune   Ijcou  fouiul  in  .Mi.-^.>i.>>ijipL 

iiiinuiil-,  :iiiil  ill    I'lTii. 

Vol.  IV.    \ii 


498 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


5th.  A  coat  of  arms,  also  on  a  block  in  a  wall,  con- 
sistini^  of  a  circle  on  parallel  lances  like  some  already 
described.  Within  the  circle  is  a  very  perfect  ^fal- 
teso  cross,  hanjjfing  from  the  lower  part  is  a  faii-lik>j 
plume,  and  elsewhere  on  the  smooth  foces  of  tlie  stdiH' 
are  nine  very  peculiar  knots  or  tassels.  Gth.  A  kind 
of  Hat-fish  three  feet  eight  inches  lonjv,  carved  iVdiu  a 
bluish  gray  stone.  7th.  A  coiled  serpent  in  red  ]i(ii- 
])hyry,  a  foot  and  a  half  in  diameter,  and  nine  I'let 
lonir   if  uncoiled.     This   relic   is   shown  in   the  out. 


i  «I 


Coiled  Serpent — Xocliimilco. 

8th.  Two  death's  heads  in  stone.     9th.  A  rabl 
low  relief  on  a  frag-inent  of  stone.      10th.  An  ai 
in  red  stone  on  a  cul)ic  pedestal  of  the  same  i 
rial.     11th.  A  stone  image  of  a  seated  female. 
An  idol  with  a  man's  head  and  woman's  breasts. 
Ten  scul[)tured  blocks,  the  faces  of  which  are  s, 
in  the  following  cut,  and  wiiich  would  seem  to 
served  only  for  decorative  purposes.     Most  (d" 
have  rough  backs,  evidently  jiaving  been  taken 
ancient  walls;  and  many  of  these  and  other  si 
blocks  found  in  this  region  had  tenons  like  that  s 
in  fig.  9  of  the  cut.     Fig.  7  shows  one  of  the  sc 
death's  heads  found  at  Xochimilco. 

At  Tlahuac,  or  Cuitlahuac,  were  seen  two  cii 
•stones  something  over  three  feet  in  diameter  ami 
as  thick,  of  black  porous  volcanic  matei'ial.  Em  I 
a  circular  hole  in  the  centre,  rude  incised  figur« 


)it  m 
liinal 
nato- 
I  -Jtli. 
i;itli. 

ll.'iWll 

liave 
tlieiii 
iVc.'ii 
iiiilar 

IliiWll 
\\Td\ 

vular 
I  half 
I  had 
s  oil 


IIEMAIXS  AN  XOCIIIMILCO. 


409 


Sculptured  Stones— Xochimilco. 

tlio  faces,  and  a  tenon  at  one  point  of  tlie  circnnifer- 
vwvv.  Tiiey  Htroni>-ly  remind  me  of  tlie  rings  in  tlio 
walls  of  the  so-called  gymnasium  at  Chiclien  in  Yu- 
catan. Another  relic  was  a  cylindrical  stone  of  a  hard 
i^Tay  material,  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the  iiivccd- 
iiiU',  hut  without  a  supporting  tenon.  Tlie  circular 
I'arLS  were  plain,  but  the  sides,  or  rim,  were  decorated 
v\itli  circles,  bands,  and  points  symmetrically  arranged 
and  sculptured  in  low  relief  And  finally  there  was 
t'liuiid  at  Tlahuac  the  very  beautiful  vase  of  hai'd  iron- 
gray  stone  skov/n  iii  the  cut.     It  is  eight  feet  four 


Sriiljit iiicil  A'ase — Tlalniac. 


I! 


500 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


'■!l!:ki 


iiiclies  In  ciiTUinferoncc  on  the  outside,  one  foot  iiinv 
inclies  in  diameter  on  tlie  inside,  and  elaljointtlv 
ticuliitured  in  low  relief  on  l)otlitlie  exterior  and  interior 
surface.  In  Kin^sboi'oug'h's  edition  of  Du})ai.\'s  wmk 
it  is  stated  that  the  two  causeways  which  k-d  to  the 
town  across  the  waters  of  Lake  Chalco  are  still  in  L,^ui)d 
preservation,  five  or  six  yards  wide  and  of  v.nyiii"' 
height,  according  to  the  dejjtli  of  the  water.  In  the 
re[)ort  of  the  Ministro  de  Foniento  in  1854  IIrto  i;, 
also  a  mention  of  a  dike  built  to  keep  the  watiis  of 
the  lake  from  jNIexico.  Another  dike,  serving  also  as 
a  causeway  at  Tulyahualco  is  mentioned  in  the  sunie 
report. 

At  Xico,  on  an  island  in  Lake  Chalco,  tlieio  aiv 
some  traces  of  an  aboriginal  city,  in  the  sliapu  of 
foundation  walls  of  masonrv,  stone  teri'aces,  and  wliat 
is  very  important  if  authentic,  well-burnud  biicks  df 
different  forms  and  dimensions.  In  the  ]\roxiraii 
government  report  referred  to,  the  foundations  of  a 
palace  are  alluded  to. 

At  Misquique,  on  another  of  the  lake  islands  Du- 
})aix  found  the  following  objects  left  by  the  antiguos: 
-  —  1st.  A  sculptured  monster's  head,  Avith  a  tenon  for 
insertion  in  a  wall.  2d.  A  large  granite  vase,  cir- 
cular in  form,  four  feet  and  a  half  in  diameter,  thive 
I'eet  and  a  half  higli,  sculptured  on  the  upper  rim, 
])ainted  on  the  inside,  and  polished  on  the  outer  sur- 
face. It  rests  on  a  cylindrical  base,  smaller  than  tlic 
vase  itself,  and  is  used  in  modern  times  as  a  l>a|iti>- 
mal  font.  3(1.  A  mill-stone  shaped  block,  with  a 
tenon,  very  similar  to  those  found  at  Tlahuac,  exti|it 
that  tlie  sculptures  on  the  face  are  evidently  in  Inw 
relief  in  this  case.  4th.  An  animal  called  hy  l^n- 
paix  a  coyote,  sculi)tured  on  the  face  of  a  block,  ."itli. 
.V  cylindrical  stone  twenty-one  inches  in  dinnietir 
and  twenty-eii>ht  in  heiuht,  round  the  circumt'ereiiro 
of  which  is  sculptured,  or  aj)[)arently  merely  incisul. 
a  sei'pent.  Gth.  A  square  block  with  concent lic  til- 
des and  other  figures,  similar  to  those  at  Xoelii:uil«o. 


TLALMANAU^O  AND  ( n'LIIUACAN. 


501 


7tli.  Another  l)l()ck  with  a  spiral  fii,^uro,  8tli,  A 
vtiv  fiiit'ly  fonnud  head  of  <j;"i'ay  veined  stone,  fur- 
iiislu'd  with  a  tenon  at  tlie  l)ack  of  tlie  neck.  Dtli. 
Tliroo  small  and  rudely  formed  images,  one  of  green 
j;i.sj)t'r  and  two  of  a  red  stone. 

At  Tlalmanalco  were  four  small  idols  in  human 
form,  three  of  which  were  huilt  into  a  modern  wall; 
t\V(j  heads,  one  of  which  is  of  chalchiuite;  three  of 
the  ornamental  blocks,  one  bearing  clearly  defined 
(TOSS- hones;  and  the  nondescript  animal  in  gray  stom; 
shown  in  the  cut.    Also  at  Tlalmanalco,  in  the  official 


Animal  in  Stone — Tlalmanalco. 

vt^povt  already  several  times  cited,  mention  is  made 
of  three  fallen  pyramids,  one  of  which  was  j)ene- 
tiati'd  l)y  a  gallery,  supposed  to  have  been  intended 
for  hui'ial  ])urposes. 

Culhuacan,  on  the  north-eastern  bank  of  the  same 
lake,  is  a  small  villao-o  which  retains  the  name  of 
thi!  city  which  once  occupied  the  site,  famous  in 
tho  aiinals  of  Toltec  times.  Veytia  tells  us  that  in 
his  time  some  vestiges  of  the  ancient  capital  were 
still  visible;  and  Gondra  describes  a  clay  idol  found 
at  Culhuacan,  and  shown  m  the  cut,  as  an  image  of 


Terra-Cotta  Idol — Culhuacan. 


m 


502 


ANTIliriTIKS  <>F  MKXICO. 


f^ 


m 


i  1 '  f  "f 


Qiiotzalooatl,  i^iviiiii^,  liowcver,  no  very  clear  reasons 
for  his  belief.  This  relic  is  fourteen  inches  lii^h, 
thirteen  inches  wide,  and  is  preserved  in  the  Mexiiuu 
^Museum.** 

The  relics  discovered  in  Anahuac  at  jioints  wot- 
Avard  from  the  lakes,  I  shall  describe  without  spcci- 
fvitiL?  in  my  text  the  exact  h)cality  of  each  plaiv 
referred  to.  At  ChaiJultepec  there  is  a  traililioii 
tluit  statues  representiii!^  Montezuma  and  Axaya(  at! 
Avere  carved  in  the  living-  rock  of  the  clitf;  and  tlioc 
rock  portraits  are  said  to  have  remained  many  years 
after  the  Coiupiest,  having*  been  seen  by  tiie  dis- 
tinguished ^Mexican  scientist  Leon  y  Gania.  ihas- 
seur  de  Bourbour*^  even  claims  to  have  seen  traccN  of 
them,  but  this  may  perhaps  be  doubted.  ( )nc  was 
destroyed  at  the  begijuiiui^  of  the  eighteenth  cciituiy 
by  order  of  the  over-religious  authorities;  but  tlio 
other  remained  in  lu.'rfect  preservation  until  the  year 
175;],  Avhen  it  also  lell  a  victim  to  anti-pagan  harha- 
rism.  The  immense  cypresses  or  (ilnielnietes  that  still 
stand  at  the  foot  of  Chapultepec,  'hill  of  the  grass- 
hopper,' are  said  to  have  been  large  and  flourishing 
trees  before  the  coming  of  the  Spaniards.^'' 

A  few  miles  from  the  celebrated  church  of  Xucstra 
Senora  de  los  Remedios,  is  a  terraced  stone-faced  hill, 
similar  perhaps  in  its  original  condition  to  Xochicako, 
exce[)t  that  the  terraces  are  more  numerous  and  only 
three  or  four  feet  high.  Although  only  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  capital  in  an  easily  accessible  locality, 
only  two  writers  have  mentioned  its  existence  Al- 
zate  y  Kamirez  in  1792  and  Lowenstern  in  IS.'i.s. 
The  former  calls  the  hill  Otoncapolco,  and  his  article 

^■*  DxjKiir,  2(1  exped.,  i)p.  .3-11,  j)l.  i.-xiv.,  f;;'.  1-4S;  Kinii-sliDVdii'jh'i 
M  .r.  Aii/i'/.,  vol.  v..  ])ii.  •2i'S-4(>,  vol.  vi.,  j)]).  4;V2-40,  vol.  iv.,  ]il.  i.  xii.,  li;;. 
1-W;  I.ciiiiir,  }'nrtilli/i\  pp.  37-4.");  Mcxii'o,  Aixdrs  del  Miiiistirio  ih  /■''/■ 
hir,ih>,  18r>4,  toiii.  i.,  pp.  477,  4S(),  500,  502,  WIX;  Vriitia,  llisl.  Ant.  M<j., 
I'liii.  i.,  J).  21;  Gotulra,  in  Prcscutt,  llisl.  Coiiq.  Mt.c,  toiii.  iii.,  jiji.  liii-'.', 
]>1.  xii. 

*''  Lron  y  Gama,  Don  Picdrn.'^,  pt  ii.,  j).  80;  Li/oii\s  Jviirmd,  vipI.  ii.,  |'. 
118;  llrasniid-  dr,  lioin-hounj,  Hint.  NdK  Cir.,  tuni.  iv.,  |i.  11;  Mii/i/'Uhk. 
Xicifiri'  Wnri'ld,  [>.  2r)S;  Pr<  snift'.s  Mi  x.,  vol.  i.,  p.  142;  Thiiniinrl,  M'  'd^'i, 
Y\).  124-5;   Ward's  McckUfS^ii.  ii.,  pp.  230-1;  Lalrubc'a  Uamblcr,  p.  17(i. 


HILL  OF  OTONCAPOLCO. 


808 


in  till'  (I'iio'fa  (Jr  Lifcnifiwd.  is  iiiainly  devoted  to  prov- 
iiin-  tliut  tliis  was  tlio  point  wliere  Cortes  fortified  liiui- 
jM'lt'  al"t(H'  tlie  'noelie  triste,'  instead  of  tlie  liill  on 
\vlii(Ii  the  eliurch  of  lleiiieilios  stands,  as  otliers  in 
Alziti^'s  time  l)elieved.  The  author,  who  visited  tlio 
|il;ii('  with  an  artist,  says,  "  I  saw  ruins,  and  iiewn 
atones  of  oieat  magnitude,  all  of  which  })roves  to  the 
tvc  that  this  was  a  fortification,  or  as  the  historians 
siv.  a  temple,  because  they  thought  that  everythini^ 
iiiatlf  hy  tile  Indians  had  some  comiection  with  idol- 
ativ;  it  is  sure  tliat  in  the  phu'e  wliere  the  celehrated 
s.iiictuai'v  stands,  there  is  not  found  the  sli<>htest  ves- 
ti^ii'  of  Fortress  or  tem})le,  while  on  tiie  contrary,  all 
this  is  ohserved  at  ()tonca})()lco."  Tliis  with  the  re- 
mark that  this  monunie'iit,  although  not  c(jmparahlo 
tn  Xdchicalco,  yet  merits  examination,  is  all  the  in- 
I'oiiiiatinii  Padre  Alzate  o'ives  us;  and  Jjiwensteru 
ailils  hut  little  to  our  knowledge  of  the  monument. 
1[>'  lound  debris  of  scul[)tured  stone,  obsidian,  vases, 
an  1  |))ttery;  also  the  ruins  of  a  castle  two-thirds  up 
the  sl(»pt>,  in  connection  with  which  was  found  u  Hat 
stniic  over  six  feet  lon<j;',  beariiii^  a  scul[)tured  tive- 
liraiiched  cross — a  kind  of  coat  of  arms.  The  liill  is 
tViiiii  two  hundred  and  sixty  to  three  hundred  and 
twiiity-tive  feet  high,  has  a  S(|uare  summit  ])L-itform, 
ami  the  whole  surface  of  its  slopes  was  coveivd  with 
stiiiR; -work,  now  much  dis}»laced,  in  the  shajie  of  ste])S, 
iir  terraces,  between  three  and  four  feet  high.  At  one 
jinjiit  tlie  explorer  found,  as  he  beUeved,  the  entrance 
ti)  a  sul)terranean  passage,  into  wliich  he  did  not  enter 
l)Ut  iiisci'ted  a  pole  about  nine  feet.™ 

At  Tacuba,  the  ancient  Tlacopan,  Bradford  men- 
tions the  "ruins  of  an  ancient  pyramid,  constructed 
with  layers  of  unburnt  brick,"  and  Lowenstern  speaks 
of  hrokeii  pottery  and  fragments  of  obsidian.  The 
luttir  author  also  claims  to  have  seen  near  the  church. 


I  ,1  T!» 


''"  .l/-jifr  If  Ri(mircz,  Gacrtna,  Oct.  2,  1702,  reprint,  toiii.  ii.,  y\\.  -t.'T-O; 
I.'iii-'/ix/crii,  Mi\n'(/iii\  ])]».  2t)0-r),  and  scattered  reniarks,  i'[>.  27.'j-SI;  J'L, 
in  Loiii/.  Uiiuij.  Sue,  Jour.,  vol.  \i.,  ji.  107. 


r.ni 


ANTIQIITIKS  OF  MFA'ICO. 


Li-ifi 


■^t!  ;     i 


of  CJn.idaliipo  tho  fotnidatioiis  of  mjuiy  sinnll  il'wH- 
iiii'l's  wliicli  coiistitutiMl  ail  al)(»riii^iiial  city/''  At  Ma- 
liiial<'o,  near  Toluca,  two  musical  iiistnmicjits,  l/nnnil. 
IniilUi,  ai"(!  iiumtioncd.  Tlicy  wero  carved  tVnm  li,in| 
Avood  and  liad  skin  stretclied  across  one  end,  Llii'^' 
three  feet  lon»j^  and  oi^'liteeii  inches  in  dianirtcr.'- 
AFr  lA)ster  i^ives  a  cut  of  a  tripod  vase  in  the  (  liiciLid 
Academy  of  Sciences,  which  was  duuf  u[)  near  San 
Jose.  "It  is  very  synnnetrically  moulded,  and  is  dp. 
namented  l)y  a  sei'ies  of  chcrrons  or  small  tiiaii'^Irs. 
This  chevron  mode  of  ornamentation  a|)))ears  to  liavc 
been  widely  prevalent."'^ 

In  descrihinuf  the  relics  which  have  been  discovered 
from  time  to  time  in  the  city  of  ^Fexico,  tlu-  amifiit 
Aztec  capital,  I  shall  make  no  mention  for  the  |)i'cs- 
ent  of  such  objects,  preserved  in  public;  and  |ui\ati' 
anti(|uarian  collections  in  that  city,  as  have  Imiu 
brou^'ht  from  other  i)arts  of  the  state  c;/  rc]iuli!ic. 
When  the  locality  is  known  where  ;miv  ■  ne  of  tliis 
class  of  relics  was  found  I  shall  describe  ic  w  hen  trcat- 
ini»-  of  antiipiities  in  that  locality,  'i'he  many  relics 
whose  origin  is  unknown  will  be  alluded  to  at  the  end 
of  this  chapter.  Since  all  who  Inive  visited  Mexice 
or  written  books  about  that  countiy,  almost  witliout 
excei)tion,  have  had  something  to  say  of  antii|iiities 
and  of  tho  collections  in  the  National  Museum,  as 
well  as  of  the  relics  belonging  strictly  to  the  city.  1 
shall  economize  space  and  avoid  a  useless  repetition 
by  deferi'ing  a  list  of  such  authorities  to  my  aeeonnt 
of  the  miscellaneous  relics  il  i  Mexican  JJc|iid>lic 
at  the  end  of  the  cb.'  >f^  referrini*-  for  mv  im-'  "t 
])urpose  only  to  tl  i'  import  ')t  authorities,  or 

«uch  as  contain  orig         niforniatiou  or  illustrations. 

No  architectural  nu.  huk  as  whatever  remain  with- 
in the  city  limits.     Tho  giand  palaces  of  the  Aztec 

51  Brfidford'K  Amrr.  Autiq.,  p.  7^.  with  roforcnce  to  LuL  ;  Lin''' n- 
stern,  Mr.n'i/w,  \)\t.  '2r)8-(I();  linrii,  Mf.iiiiitr,  ]>.  10. 

52  M,,,:ir(),  AiKi/f.i  (tcl  Miiiistrrio  dc  Fumciito,  1854,  toni.  i.,  pp.  -'U-l'. 
43  Funter's  I'rc-IIist.  Ilaccn,  p.  244. 


riTV  (»F  MKXICO. 


608 


nioiiitrcliM,  the  paliitiul  ri'sidcncrs  of  tlio  ii<»l)ility,  tlio 
iil)(i(lis  of  n'  jiiltli  aii<l  fusliioii,  like  tlic  IminMer  dwcll- 
iii'^s  of  the  masses,  liavt;  utterly  <lis!i|>|tearecl;  iiioim- 
iiiciits  I'l'aretl  in  honor  of  the  jjfods  have  not  outlasted 
tlic  .structures  devoted  to  trade;  the  lofty  teocalli  of 
till'  lil(M)d-thirsty  HuitzilojxK'htli,  like  the  shrines  of 
lesser  and  ij^entltir  deities,  has  left  no  trace. 

.M()val)Ie  relics  in  tlu;  shajji!  of  idols  and  sculptui'ed 
stoiK's  are  not  numerous,  although  some  of  them  are 
vi'iv  iiii|K)rtant.  No  systematic;  search  for  such  nioii- 
iiiiiriits  has  ever  hec^n  made,  and  those  that  have  \)vv\i 
liroii'^ht  to  liijfht  were  accidentally  «liscovei'ed.  Some 
siiilptiired  Mocks  of  the  o'reatest  aiiti(|uarian  value 
li.ivc  htHiii  actually  seen  in  making-  excavations  for 
imidcni  imj)rovements,  and  have  l)eeJi  allowed  to  re- 
iiiaiti  uiidisturl)ed  under  the  pavements  and  puhlie 
s(|iiiuvs  of  a  ^-reat  city!  There  can  he  no  d(»ul»t  that 
thousands  of  interesting-  momiments  are  huried  he- 
iHitli  the  town.  The  treasures  of  the  Plaza  Mayor 
will  j)ei'haj)s  he  some  day  hroui^ht  out  of  their  retire- 
iiiLiit  to  tell  their  story  of  ahori^inal  times,  hut  hun- 
(liids  of  Aztec  divinities  in  stone  will  sleep  on  till 
(liomsday.  It  is  unfortunate  that  these  i>()ds  of  other 
(lays  caiuiot  re^-ain  for  a  time  the  power  they  used  to 
wield,  turn  at  least  once  in  their  graves,  and  shake 
tlic  drowsy  populace  ahove  into  a  realization  of  the 
fact  that  they  live  in  the  nineteenth  century. 

The  three  princi{)al  monuments  of  ^Mexico  Teuoch- 
tithui  are  the  Calendar- Stone,  the  so-called  Saci'ilicial 
Stniie,  and  the  idol  called  Teoyaomicjui.  They  were 
:ill  iliin'  up  in  the  Plaza  Mayor  where  the  oreat  teo- 
lalli  is  suppposed  to  have  stood,  and  where  they  were 
•litiilitless  thrown  dt)wn  and  huried  from  the  si^ht  of 
the  natives  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest.  In  the 
years  1790  to  171)2  the  plaza  was  leveled  and  ])aved 
hy  (irder  of  the  government,  and  in  the  excavations 
t'tr  this  purpose  and  for  drainage  the  three  monu- 
ments were  discovered,  the   Calendar-Stone  and   the 


li 


1  '■ 


■f 


if:. 


111; 

t'.t  i> 


iflS  1 


if 


1 


i 


50fi 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


idol  very  near  tlio   sinfaec,  and  the  third  relic  at  a 
depth  of  twenty-five  or  thirty  feet. 

The  Calendar-Stone  was  a  rcctangnlar  parallclopii). 
edon  of  porjihyry,  thirteen  feet  one  inch  and  a  lialt' 
s(piare,  three  feet  three  inches  and  a  half  thick,  and 
Avelghiiiij;'  in  its  present  mutilated  state  twenty-i'oiir 
tons.  The  sculptured  portion  on  one  side  is  eiuldSf.l 
in  a  circle  eleven  feet  one  and  four-fifths  incl-.-s  in 
diameter.  These  are  the  dimensions  given  hv  Hi.:\- 
holdt,  who  ])ersonally  examined  tlie  stone,  and  ivj^xw 
almost  exactiv  with  those  <>'iven  hy  Leon  v(iaiiia, 
who  examined  and  made  drawings  of  the  nioniiiiRiit 
immediately  after  its  discovery.  (Jama  pronounciil 
the  materi.vl  to  he  limestone,  which  provoked  a  ^-Iiaiji 
controvei'sy  between  him  and  Padi'e  Alzate,  the  lattci' 
calling  the  material,  whicli  he  tested  l)y  means  of 
acids,  a  volcanic  rock.  Humboldt's  0})inion  is  of 
coui'se  decisive  in  such  a  matter.  The  centi'e  of  tin.' 
circle  does  not  exactly  corresj)ond  with  that  of  the 
S(piaro,  and  (Jama  concludes  from  this  circumstance 
that  tlie  stone  had  a  companion  block  which  might  he 
found  near  the  place  where  this  was  found.'* 

■''*  4  t)v  4  liy  1  nu'tros,  rirclo  .1.4  nu'trcs  in  iliainotor.  TTiinihiihlf,  !'//>,,  tmii. 
ii.,  |).  S.'),  (or  :}.()l  iiiutirs,  i)  feet  (i^  iiu'lii's,  accoriliiiu'  to  Aiili'i/.  M'.r.j  'l.-.i 
iKitiirt'ilc  ('(^tto  piciic  ii'i'st  pas  calcairt',  I'oiiiiiie  ralliriiic  M.  (iaiiia.  iiiiiis  di' 
|pi(r|ili\  re  tiaitpecii  ;,'iis-m)ir.itr(',  ii  liasc;  di;  waiki'  l(asaltii|iio.  I.ii  I'X.iin- 
iiiaiit  av('('  siiiii  (li's  fra^jinciils  'U'taclu's,  j'v  ai  iTCdiimi  de  raMipliilmli', 
l)i'auc(iii]Ml(M'ristau\'  trcs  aloiij,'os  di-  fcl(ls])atli  vitroiix,  ct,  cc  ijiii  csi  ii>>r/ 
iiMiiai(|iial)l(',  <li's  pailli'ltcs  do  mica.  Cutto  iodic,  foiid'Ht'c  cl  iciiiplii' ili' 
jii'lilcs  caviti's,  fs(  di'pinirviio  do  <jiiai'/,  ciiiniiie  prcsijiit'  tmitcs  lis  nnhn 
dc  la  fiiriiiatioii  dc  trapp.  Coimiio  son  poids  aitucl  est  ciiciPiv  dc  plus  ile 
(|u;iti(' cent  (Hiatru-vinjit-denx  <|iiintaii.\  (24,4()iHvilo;rianinics).'  Ji/.,  iii.l«- 
ii(j.  .1/'.''.,  toin.  i.,  div.  ii.,  p.  "22,  snpl.  pi.  v.;  /(/.,  Vms,  toni.  i.,  |).  H.'ii.'.  it 
^c(|.,  toni.  ii.,  i)p.  1,  ft  sc(|.,S4,  pi.  viii.  (fol.  cd.,  jil.  xxiii.).  4^  Ky  Ah  liv  1 
varas,  diameter  of  einde  a  little  over  4  varas.  'La  tij.nira  de  I'sia  pinlrii 
dc'liii'i  ser  eu  su  orj^cn  nn  pai'alele|)ipedo  rectiinf^'ilo,  lo  ((lie  maiiiliol:!  Iiiiii 
(aiini|iie  la  falfaii  alj,niiios  pedazos  coiisideraldes,  y  en  otios  iiaihs  i>ta 
liastaiite  la>limaila)  por  los  liiiijiilos  i|ne  aim  maiitieiiC,  los  i|iie  diiriiu-tniii 
las  extreniidades  (pie  ](eriiiaiiecen  meiios  maltratadas.'  .Lnin  //  (idun.  /'.< 
J'in/nis,  lit  i.,  pp.  if-'.  L'-;5;  I</.,  S)i<i<i/o  A.s/roii.,  Koine,  1804.' p.  I'iO.  \lr- 
]dy  to  Al/atc's  criticism,  L/.,  )it.  ii.,  jip.  '24-.").  See  Ahidr  ii  Ildfiiin:. 
(t'lirr/d.s,  tom.  ii.,  p.  421.  Ori;j:iiial  weij,dit  :i.s  it  ca  lie  from  the  (pMrn 
nearly  oOfoiis.  J'rr.tro/rs  ^fr.l•.,  \u\.  i.,  ]i.  142.  Dii;,'  rp  on  Dec  17.  IT'.'H 
llDiiiIrn,  ill  /'rc.sin/f,  Hist,  ('diiij.  Mix.,  tom.  iii.,  pp.  47  ">l,  pi.  viii.  II 
feet  8  iiiclies  in  dia  iieter.  Mnjcr's  Mrx.  ns  it  ]l'(in,  p]i.  I2(i-S.  IJ  iVct  in 
dianieti'V,  of  ]ioroiis  liasalt.  Ihillurh's  Mr.riin,  pp.  .'{:i:!-4.  'Iia-nllo  I"'"'- 
rico,'  ciicle  !)  feet  in  iliameti'i,  ^'cOcl,    Viojc,     11  feet  diameler.  /omm/, 


THE  CALKXDAir-STOXE. 


507 


rcHe  at  a 

irallul(i[>ip- 
luul  a  liiilf 
tliick,  and 
wuiity-iuur 
is  eiK-l(tSL\l 
J  incl>^;s  ill 

I  !>}  jlii''\- 
,  and  ai^Toe 

II  V  (Jama, 
iiioiuniit'iit 

proiiouiK'L'd 
:c{l  a  sharp 
e,  tilt-'  lattt.'!' 
y  iiiraiis  nt 
liniuii  !s  (it 
;ntrc  of  the 
that  (if  thf 
iix'Uiiistance 
eh  lui^ht  he 

i4 


iJilf.  T'"«,  turn. 
//■-/,  Mix.)     i.;k 

(llUllil.  llUlir<  ill' 
|11C.        I'.ll    fXHIII- 

(Ic  raiiiiiliiliiili'. 
re  i|iii  fsl  ii^-i''' 
rt'  01  vi'iMiilii'  ill.' 

Dlltl'S  If-  l-nilll^ 

iciil-t'   ilr  I'lil^  ill' 

s).'  J'/.,  iii-l'i- 

111).  i.,  l'.  •'■'-'■  '■' 

4,1,  liy  4^,  liy  t 

•a  (li-'i'sia  piiili'ii 

iiiaiiilii'>t:iliii'" 

(tnis  |iarlr>  »->t;i 

(|iic  (IciMiii'-lriiii 

■uii   1/   (iiliiri.  /''•< 

Sdl.'li.  yW.  l!i- 
hiilc  II  H'liiiin.:, 
n.iM  tilt'  iiiiiiiiy 
I),.,'.  IT.IT'"'- 
1,  pi.  viii.  II 
.>(1-S.  I.'  li'ft  ill 
•l!a-alli>  l"'!"- 
iuiia'U-r.   /''i/wv/, 


Tlio  stone  lias  l)C(3n  for  many  years  l.'iilt  into  tlie 
^vall  of  the  cathedral  at  the  base,  where  it  is  ex])osfd 
to  tlic  view  of  all  i)asscrs-hy,  and  to  the  action  of  the 
(iLiiiciits.  While  lyin^i;  uncovered  in  the  plaza  it  was 
(■niisi(k'i-ahly  mutilated  hy  the  natives,  who  took 
tlie  (i}i[»ortunity  of  nianifestin<,»"  their  hcrror  of  the 
ancient  yods,  by  peltiuL,^  with  stones  this  relic  of 
tlieir  jiananisni.  Parts  of  the  stone  were  also  broken 
ntf  wlitn  it  was  thrown  down  and  buried  by  the  con- 
Hui>ta(l(»res.  Fortunately  the  scul})tured  portions 
iiavf  been  but  slio-]itly  injured,  and  are  shown  in 
tli(,'   cut.     The    jdates    published    by    Gama,    Huni- 


iiiiii 


It. 


Ilr 


Aztec  Calondar-Stoiie. 
Xebel,    ^Fayer,    and   others,    nve   all    tdlci'ably 

|i.   -17.     -7  fi'L't   ill  I'iicuinlV'i'eiu'L'.   lUnilfunVn  Amcr.   Anl^q.,   p. 


;'.0;"; 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


li  ■' 


a ! 


accurate,  and  many  pliotograplis,  besides  correct  cn- 
j;-ravings  and  casts,  are  extant  in  late  years,  in 
my  cut,  copied  from  Cliarnay's  plioto-iitli ograiili  as 
the  best  autboritv  tlien  accessible  but  miftakeii  \'<>r 
a  ph()togra})li  liki  others  in  the  same  w<.>vk,  thr 
iigures  are  reversed  as  explained  in  an  earlier  vol- 
ume, but  are  otherwise  correct."'®  These  IIl^h  s 
are  the  symbols  of  the  Aztec  calendar,  many  nf 
M'hich  are  well  understood,  while  others  ai'c  of  un- 
known or  disputed  signification.  The  calendar  1ms 
been  sufficiently  explained  in  a  preceding  voliiiin'. 
and  I  shall  not  enter  upon  its  elucidation  hei'e.  TLc 
sculpture  is  in  low  relief,  very  accurately  worked,  and 
the  circle  which  encloses  it  })r()jects,  accordinn'  tn 
Slaver,  seven  inches  and  a  half,  accordino-  to  ( Jama 
and  Nebel  about  three  inches,  and  the  rim  of  tin; 
circle  is  also  adorned  with  sculptures  not  shown  in 
the  cut.  Respecting  the  excellence  of  the  sculpture 
Humboldt  says:  "the  conceiiti'ic  circles,  the  divisions, 
and  the  subdivisions  without  number  are  traced  v  itk 
mathematical  exactitude;  the  more  Ave  examine  tln' 
details  of  this  sculpture,  the  more  wo  discovei-  tlii- 
taste  for  repetitions  of  the  same  forms,  this  spiiit  nf 
oi'der,  this  sentiment  of  symmetry,  which,  among  half- 
civilized  ])eoples,  take  the  place  of  the  sentiment  <>( 
the  beautiful." 

No  stone  like  that  from  whicli  the  Calendar-Stono 
is  hewn,  is  found  within  a  radius  of  twcntv-1i\e  cr 
thirty  miles  of  Mexico,  and  tliis  niay  be  regarded  a> 
the  largest  block  Mhich  the  natives  are  known  to 
have  moved  over  a  long  distance.  Prescott  tells  us 
tJiat  tiie  stone  was  brouo-ht  from  the  mountains  1"  - 
yond  Tjake  Chalco,  and  was  dropped  into  the  wadr 
while  being  transported  across  one  of  the  causeways. 
There  is  no  reason  to  attribute  this  momunent  to 
any  nation  pi-eceding  the  Aztecs,  although  the  cal- 
cndni-  itself  was  the  invention  of  an  older  jienpK'. 
Wax    models  of  this  and  other   relics,    described  l-y 

*'  Charuitij,  llidins  Ainfr.,  jiliot.  i. 


THE  SACRIFICIAL  STONE. 


509 


Mr  Tylor  as  very  inaccurate,  are  sold  in  Mexico;  and 
a  jihister  cast,  taken  by  Mr  JJuUock  in  1823,  was 
fxliiliited  in  London."'' 

The  Sacriticial  Stone,  so  called,  is  a  cylindrical 
Mdck  of  pori)liyry,  nine  feet  and  ten  inches  in  diani- 
1 1(  r,  tliree  feet  seven  and  one  fourth  inches  thick. 
This  also  was  du^"  from  the  Plaza  ^layor,  Avas  carried 
til  the  courtyard  of  the  Uni\X'r.sity,  where  it  has  lain 
vwr  since,  much  of  the  time  half  covered  in  the 
oiouiid,  and  wliere  different  visitors  have  examined 
it,     The  cut,  which  I  have  copied  from  Col.  Mayers 


Sacrificial  Stone — Mexico. 

diawiii'v,  shows  the  sculpture  which  covers  one  side 
of  the  stone,  the  other  side  heiuij^  plain.  The  name 
nt'  Sacfiticial  Stone,  hy  which  it  is  ,i>'enerally  known, 
pinlialily  originated  from  the  canal  which  leads  from 
the  cciiti'e  to  tho'  edge,  and  which  was  imagined  t(» 
liivi'  (ai'i'ied  otf  the  Idood  of  sacrilices;  but  the  reader 
will  iiiitice  at  once  that  this  stone  bears  not  the 
>liul't(.st  resemblance  to  the  altars  on  wi'ich  the 
]iiii>ts  cut  out  the  hearts  of  their  human  victims,  as 
<li^rii!ic(l  ill  a  pi'oceding  voliune.  Some  authors, 
aiiiiiiig  whom  is  Hund»oKlt,  believe  this  to  be  the 
t('iii(ilii(-<if/,  or  gladiatorial  stone,  on  which  (,'aptives 
^Vl  IV  (loom<'d  to  tight  against  great  odds  until  over- 
<-'iiinc  ;iii(l  put    to    death.     The  bas-relief  sculptiu'es, 

'' AiMiiimial  references  on  the  Calendar-StoMe:  — 7'///or'.v  Ainthiifir,  ]ip, 
-^-'.1;  M'n/ir'x  Mi.i-.  Ar.l<'i\  etc..  vdI.  !.,  p.  117,  cuts;  It!.,  in  Sr/,,,i,/rr'iJ'/'.i 
•I''''' ,  \'i|.  vi.,  |i.  .")".)l).  will)  jiliile;  (liilhtliii.  \n  Aimr.  Kllin').  Sue,  7'nni- 
M'l;  vul.  !.,  [1].,  70,  yi-lOIJ,  11  J. 


* 


!!( 


h     ' 


¥i 


\r  -r 


510 


ANTIQIITIKS  OV  MKXICO. 


I(  0  n. 


the  central  conoiivity,  tlic  canal,  and  tlic  ahst'i 
any  nu'ans  of  socurin,o'  tlio  foot  of  tlio  cajitivc,  aiv 
very  stroiii^  aroiiincnt.s  against  this  use  of  the  cvlin- 
(h'r.  A  smooth  snrface  wonhl  certainly  he  disiiMl,!,. 
ior  so  desperate  a  conflict,  and  the  sculptured  liL;uivs 
on  the  rim,  or  eircumference,  soon  to  he  noticed,  sIkiw 
that  the  plain  side  of  the  stone  was  not  in  its  oii^iiml 
])osition  upjH'rmost.  (Jama,  the  tirst  to  Avrite  almut 
the  monument,  ]>ointed  out  very  cleai'ly  thi'  (ilijcc- 
tions  to  the  prevainng  ideas  of  its  ahori^-inal  piiipdst', 
l£e  claimed  that  the  stone  was,  like  tlie  om;  alrcidy 
(h'sci'ihed,  a  calen<lar-stone,  on  which  was  inscrilitd 
the  svstem  of  feast-days.  The  strongest  ohjectioii  tu 
this  theory  was  the  existence  of  the  central  coiicivitv 
and  canal,  which,  howe\'er,  (»ama  consitlei's  not  to 
ha\e  helonu'ed  to  the  monument  at  all,  hut  to  liaw 
been  added  hy  the  ruder  hands  of  tliose  who  wislnd 
to  hlot  out  the  face  of  the  sun  wduch  oi-ininally  oc- 
cupied the  centre.  Latrohe  also  says,  "  1  ]ia\i'  Inu 
little  hesitation  in  assei'tin_L>'  that  the  oroovu  in  tlio 
U}>per  surface  formed  no  ])art  of  the  original  disinii;' 
but  Col.  stayer,  who  has  carefully  exannuid  this 
relic,  tells  me  that  tiie  canal  presents  no  si^iis  what- 
ever of  heiniif  more  recent  than  the  other  caiAiiii:, 
and  it  must  he  admitted  that  the  Spaniards  would 
liardly  have  adoj)ted  this  method  of  mutilatinu, 
IVlor  sun'o-ests  that  this  was  a  sacrificial  altar,  hut 
used    foi'  olferino's  (»f   animals.      Fossey  speaks  et'  it 


as  a   'triumphal    ston 


But 


111   a 


llud 


m»>"  tl)  tl 


It'M' 


theories    I  am  departiiio'  somewhat  from  my  innpi'Si 
which  is  io  iLjive  all   the  information  extant  resjintiii 


eac 


h  rel 


ic  as  it  exists. 


The  whole  circunderence  of  the  stone  is  <(A 


cl'i'd 


M'ith  sculptured  fii;-ures,  consisting'  of  titteen  uri)n]N. 
Each  o'l-oiip  contains  two  human  tigures,  a})]iai(iitly 
warriors  or  kings,  victor  and  vancjuished,  ditli  liiiu' 
hut  little  in  position  or  insignia  in  the  ditUiviit 
groups,  hut  acc(.mpanie<l  by  hiei'oglyphic  signs, 
may  exjjress   the!r  names   w   those  of  tl 


wlU'ii 


leir    liatliiu^ 


^?i  ^' 

it 

WLk 

u 

TIIK  SACltlFICIAL  STONE. 


5H 


Two  groups  ns  skctrliod   l)y  N('l)cl   nrv  sliowii  in  the 
cut.     uVcc'orUin*^^    to  Uaiiui    tlieso    sculptured    tiyurcs 


Sculpture  nil  tlic  Sacrificial  Stone. 

repro.'^eiit  l)v  tlie  thirty  (lancers  tlie  festivities  cele- 
luatrd  twice  each  year  ou  the  occasion  of"  the  sun 
jMNsJiin' tlie  zenith ;  and  also  connneniorate,  since  tlie 
t'tsii\;ils  WL're  in  honor  of  the  fSun  and  of  Jluitzilo- 
pot-litli,  tlie  hattles  and  victories  of  the  Aztecs,  the 
liiirnwlyjiliics  I)eini>'  the  names  of  con({uered  provinces, 
and  iiUfst  of  them  leu-ihle.'"^ 


i: 


/,(.;/(  //  Giniirf,  Diis  Pirifrii.f,  |it   ii.,  |i|i.  40-7^.     Tliscovcrcd  Dci'ciiilicr 


II:  ."!  varas,  I  |iiili:a(ia,   l,',  iiiicas  in  (liaiiictfi';   1  vara, 


|lUl 


•  la  lii^'ii; 


iiKitriiil  n  liMnl,  (iari\-c((l(»ri'(l,  line  jrraiiii'd  stdiic,  wliicli  ailiiiits  of  a  tiii< 
I'l'li^li.  Iiiiiiili((l(lt  iii\rs  tlic  (liiiiciisiiuis  ;!  Mii'tiCN  (liiiiiiclcr,  II  ciiiinii'- 
Ui-  lii-li;  lie  alsd  savH  tlio  <.,'r(m|(s  arc  'JO  in   niinilicr.    I'/'cv,   tmn.    i.,   \i\). 


HI.-,  -'l.  M'. 


A.  i.I. 


I,/. 


Aiiliq.  .l/'.r.,   tiiin.    i.,   div.  ii.,   ]i]i.  'Jl)-!, 


i>lii>\vinj,'  tlic  rim.  NcIpcI,  ]'iiiji\  j;i\('s  |ilalcs  of  ii|i|iir  sar- 
t.i'i'.  ^Iinwiii^r  lidwcvcr,  no  ;,'niovc  all  tlic  j:i()ii]is  on  tlic  rim.  ami  one 
;.'i"ii]>  nil  M  larger  scale.  lie  says  tlic  material  is  "liiisalto  poifii  ico,"  tinil 
llu' iliiiiriixiinis  (1x3  feet.      Hiillock,  Mi.riiii,   |i|i.  ;i;i.")-t»,  says,   '2't  feet  in  cir- 


iiiiiifrrriici'.     lie  ulso  took  a  ]ilastcr  cast  of  tliis  stone.     A  mass  of 
'.'fci't  ill  ili.iiiieter,  and  '\  feet  lii'di,  lielicvcd  liv  tlie  author  to  lie  in  ic, 


V..I.    1. 


i.a>iilt 

ility  ii 

iliiial  stone.    Maifir's  .l/cc.  n,-:  i/  H'^.v,  jip.  Il',)-"2l2;   /if..  M<.i\  A~Jii\  i/r., 


II 4-1.-);   /(f.. 


iiiiil  int-^  ill  eaili  work.    .VccordiiiLr  to  I'ossev ,  .lA' 


SfliDiilrriift's  Arch.,  mi!.  \i.,  |i.  .")S(i,  with   | 


lati 


iiiro  icprcstiit  a  warrior  a»  \icloriou.s  over  14  cliainpiuiis.     '1  think  that 


|i.  'Jit,  the  si'ill|itmei 


m 


II 


■V 


*'^ 


i 


512 


ANTIQUITIKS  OF  MEXICO. 


I'i 


Tliu  uhA  of  wliieli  the  cut  on  tlio  oi)po.sitr  ]);ihv 
shows  the  (Voiit,  was  thu  first  to  he  hroii^lit  to  li;;lit 
ill  .i,n'aclin<^  tlie  Pkiza  !Mayoi"  in  Aujj^ust,  IT'JO.  It  is 
uu  immense  hhx-k  of  hhiisli-j^ray  })orj)liyi-y,  ahont  tni 
i'cet  liii^li  and  six  feet  Avido  and  tliiek,  sculptural  un 
front,  real,  luy,,  and  hottoiu,  into  a  most  coin|i]Mat(il 
and  horrihlc  comhiuation  of  human,  animal,  and  idtal 
forms.  Ko  verhal  descri})tion  could  j^ivo  tlie  it  luKr 
any  clearer  idea  of  the  details  of  this  idol  tliaii  lio 
can  ,i4ain  from  the  cuts  Avhicli  I  present,  i'nllnwiiiM' 
Nehel  for  the  front,  and  Ciama  for  the  other  \u:\\>. 
Gama  first  expressed  the  opinion,  in  Avhich  otliLi' 
authors  coincide,  that  the  front  shown  in  tlie  ()[)})()- 
site  cut  i"e[)resents  the  Aztec  «;od(less  of  death,  Te(»ya- 
omicjui,  wliose  duty  it  Avas  to  hear  the  souls  of  dfad 
Avari'iors  to  the  llouse  of  the  Suu — the  ^Mexican 
Elysion/« 

The  following  cut  is  a  rear  view  of  the  idol,  and 


■r  <: 


I  o,g  ocrf  ;'•.:, ,    ',••,■,''  1  c  >.  v^  (."' 


# 


IIiiitzIl()i)oclitli,  God  of  War. 

it  is  iho  1)ost  pjiooi'Tiion  of  Kculi>tin('  vliicli  T  liavo  seen  ainon;.'st  (lie  aiiti- 
(iiiil  ics  of  Mi'xii'ii.'  'riiiiiiiji.-<iiii\-i  Ml  X.,  \).  \'11\  l.ii/n>/ii's  Ji'inii/i/i  r.  \>\i.  \'\  -', 
Kiiiiis/jiiriiini/i's  .1/.  .1'.  .lii/ii/.,  vol.  v.,  ]i.  340,  vid.  iv,,  ]il.  iiiiiiiiiiilpcinl;  /,'/- 
/'//•'.v  A imliiiKf,  [I.  "J'JI;  i!r(i(//'i)rif'.s  ^Ijuer.  Aiili(/.,  p.  I((S;  I'lrscnli,  Jlf^l. 
Ciiii'/.  Mc.f.,  toil),  i.,  )i.  S.").  with  plate. 

■'■^  Sec  Mil.   iii.,   pp.  ;j"J(j— iO:i,  of  this  work,  for  a  resume  oi  (liiii:;i'>  a'- 
luurk..'?  oil  tliiri  idol. 


THE  GODDESS  OF  DEATH. 


513 


T('(iyii(imi(iiii,  Cfoilili'ss  iif  Itcalli. 


Vol..  IV.    r!:l 


nil 


h 


'ii 


"? 


i\ 


ifi 


514 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


represents,  accordin,!*-  to  Gama,  Htiitzilopoclitli,  ^od  df 
war  and  liusband  ot"  the  divinity  of  gentler  sux,  wIkisu 
enil)lenis  are  carved  on  the  front/''  'I'he  hottmn  nf 
this  monument  bears  the  sculptured  desinn  slmwii  in 
the    following'    cut,    which    is    thought    to    repristnt 


;  i 


Slktlautecutli,  God  of  Hell. 

Mictlantecutli,  god  of  the  hifernal  regions,  tlie  last  of 
this  cheerful  trinitv,  <»'o(i(le.ss  of  deatli,  i>'od  of  war. 
and  god  of  hell,  three  distinct  deities  united  in  (Hif 
idol,  according  to  the  Aztec  catechism.  Tlie  sculp- 
tured base,  togetlier  with  the  side  projections,  <i,  a. 
of  the  cut  showing  the  front,  i)rove  ])rctty  con 
clusively  that  this  idol  in  the  days  when  it  received 
the  worship  and  sacrifices  of  a  mighty  peo])li',  w;i> 
raised  from  the  ground  or  floor,  and  was  su|i})(iite(l 
by  two  })illars  at  tlie  sides;  or  possibly  by  the  walls 
of  some  sacred  enclosure,  the  s})ace  leit  undei'  the 
idol  being  the  entrance.  The  next  cut  shows  a  pid- 
tile  view  of  the  idol,  and  also  a  re})resentation  of  tlic 
top.  This  idol  also  was  removed  to  the  Univeisiiv, 
and  until  1821  was  kept  buried  in  the  couityard. 
that  it  might  not  kindle  anew  the  aboriginal  su|Kr 
stitions.''" 

■'59  Respecting  the  god  HuitzilopochtH,  sec  vol.  iii.,  jip.  2SS-3'JI,  i>t  il;  - 
work. 

w'S.Ofi'i.")  l)y  '21)y  l.S.S  varas;  of  saiidstoiic:  'l.")(i  dv  lasiiit'(lrasar('iiiniMM|i;i' 
descrilie  en  wii  iiiiiieraiofiia  el  Senor  N'aliiioiit  de  ISoiiiarc,  dura,  ciiiHiinii;!. 
y  (lilicil  de  e\traer  fiiego  de  ella  eon  el  acero;  semejante  ii  la  i[iie  ^i'  tiii|ili^i 
en  los  niolinos.'  Lrmi  //  d/nnii,  Dos  I'iidras,  jit  i.,  pp.  1  .'?,  it  Id.  .'il  It. 
with  .")  plates.  l{epiy  ti>  Alzate,  (hirrhts,  toni.  ii.,  p.  411!.  wlm  imiiK.inn  i/i 
tlie  stone  a  Uind  of  {iranite.  hi.,  [it  ii.,  pj).  8-10.  •  I'liis  de  trois  ini'iro  iL' 
hauteur  ct  deu.\  metres  de  laryeur.'     'Lii  picnc  t^ui  u.  servi  a  ee  niiiiimiiciit. 


Tlili  GUDDESS  TEUVAUMltiLI. 


015 


2SS-IVJ),  "1  il 


la  (lui-  M'  i'iii|'K:i 
:?.  it  111.  :ii  It; 

klm  |irnii'".nMi'i 

trois  iiii'iii'>  ill' 

;i  ce  iiitiiniiMi'iii, 


Profile  of  Teoyaoiiiiqui. 


Top  of  the  Idol. 

A  monument    similar  In   foi-m  and  (limensions   to 
tlif  SiierlHcial  Stouu,  was  found  in  the  Plaza  ]\Ja_V()r 

I'-t  uMc  urill-r  Imsalticino  jjris  MoiiAtrc,  fciidillrf  ot  icmplio  dc  f('lds|ialli 
^ilriMix.'  'Kil  jctaiit  Ics  yciix  sill'  I'iilnlc  ii_;iiii'f  .  .  .  .  ti'llc  iiirdlc  sc  ]iii'M'iiti! 
—  iiM  pDMnait  d'aliord  I'trt'  ti'iilf  dccrciii-c  mic  cc  iiiomiiin'iit  est  iiii  tinhll, 
/«'/•/■'  i/iriiir,  iiiif  i's|)i'CL'  do  lii'tvlc,  oiiit'  dc  s('ul|itlll('s,  Ulio  rciclic'  siir  la- 
iiurlli'  Mint  j,'ra\o.s  di's  si^^iics  liiL'i(i,uly|iliii|iii's.  .Mais,  l(irs(|ii"(iii  cNamiiio 
Ml' ]iliis  |in's  t'l'ttc'  iiiassi-  iiifoniio,  mi  distiii'^iif,  a  la  partii'  siipcrifiiii'.  Ics 
I 'lis  ■1|.  (Iciix  iiionstri's  accidi's;  ct  Toil  tniiiM'.  a  fliainic  fare,  deux  \cii\  ct 
n:it'  laiL,'!' !,nu'ulc  ai'iiu'c  dc  ([iiatrc  dt'iiis.  Co  li^^iircs  iiicnistriu'iiscs  n'iii- 
ilii|iii'iii  |M'iii-('tiv  ([iu>  dcs  iiias(ni('s;  car.  clicz  Ics  .Mcxicaiiis,  on  ctoit  dans 
1  ii>iiui' ill'  iiiasi|ucr  Ics  iddlcsii  rcpiM|iic  (c  la  inaladic  d'uii  loi,  ct  daiistnute 
Mutrcalaiiiiti'  piililiipic.  Lcs  l(ras<'t  U'<  picU  sunt  <'ai-li(''s  sdiis  uiic  drapcrio 
I'litii'.iiVc  d'ciiDiincs  serpents,  ct  ((iic  Ics  Nlc\icaiiis  dcsi;.;'n(iicnt  suns  Ic  innii 
ik"  n,!iiiiilfiriif/i\  rrlcdi'-iif  ilr  srr/irii f.  Tciiis  ccs  acccssoircs,  siirtoiit  Ics 
fiaiiL:v-<  ell  fiinuc  do  plumes,  sont  sciilptcs  avcc  Ic  plus  ;,'i'aiid  soiu.'  Ihn/i- 
[">l'lL  I'lir.-i,  toiii.  ii.,  \)\t.  I4S-(')1,  (fol.  cd..  pi.  xxix.);  Iif.,  Aiifi>/.  M-.r.,  toui. 
i . 'liv.  ii.,  [ip.  •_C)-7,  suppl.  ])1.  vi.,  ti;,'.  !».  i)  t'cct  lii^ili.  .V«7W.  VinJ',  with 
liiri,-!'  plate.  I)u;,'up  for  Hullni'k,  wIid  made  a  plaster  cast  in  1Sl>;{.  /,'///- 
/'"■/.' A-  M'.n'rii,  pp.  ;{;57-4"2.  Dcscriptiim  witli  plates  in  }r<iii<rs  Mcr.  A::lir, 
i'''-..  vul.  i.,  pp.  los-ll;  /(/.,  Mrx.  (ift  if  n'"v.  |)p.  10!)-14;  f</.,  ill  Sr/iiiii/. 
'■'■"/'.%'  .I/'//.,  vid.   vi.,  p|).  r>S.')-l),  pi.  viii.     ,")  feet  wide  and  'i  feet   tliii'k. 

'llii'  !uii-t  hid IS  and  defuniied  that  tlie  fancy  can  paint.'  f.iilrti/ii''s  llmii- 

Uo\  pp.  17ij  17J-tJ;  Tijli.ir'a  xinuhHw:,  pp.  'lli-'S;  Fosnc//,  Mcxiiiic',  p.  "214. 


m 

m 


r 


I 


r.ifi 


ANTItiriTIES  OF  MEXICO. 


(liirlii;jf  ('(^rtain  rt^pairs  that  \V(>r<  Ixmult  "ladc,  ;nii| 
ulth»niu;'li  it  was  a-^aiii  covfi^ul  ii|>  and  allowed  in 
rt'iiiain,  Sr  (loiidra  niadc;  a  diawiii'^-  of  tli(!  ii|i|)(r 
sculptiirrd  siirfafc,  wliicli  was  pnlilislicd  l>y  (  ol. 
iSIaycr,  aiul  is  c'o|)iLHl  in  tliu  cut.     'J'liu  .surlacc!  piv. 


Stniio  liuricd  in  Plaza  of  Mexico, 

stMitod  tlio  pei'uliarity  of  beiiiijf  painted  in  l)ri'^lit 
colors,  vfllow,  i\'d,  niviMi,  oriinson,  and  Mack,  .^till 
([uite  vivid  at  the  time  t»t'  its  diseoveiy.  Si' ( Jdinlra 
I>eUuved  tliis  to  he  the  true  iji-ladiatorial  stoiic,  Kiifc 
tht!  sculptured  surface  would  haidly  a^ree  with  tills 
theory,  Mayer  notes  as  a  peculiarity  "the  open 
]iand  which  is  sculptured  on  a  shield  and  between  the 
leo's  of  some  of  the  tin'ures  of  the  o-roujis  nt  tli- 
sides"  not  shown  in  the  cut,  ( Jama  also  speaks  (»!' ;i 
painted  stone  t'ound  in  June,  I7l»'2,  in  the  ceiiictcrv 
of  the  Cathedral,  which  was  left  in  the  oi'ouiid,  .iiid 
which  lie  says  evidently  formed  the  entrance  to  the 
temple  of  Quctzalcoatl."' 

Another  relic  found  dining-  the  excavations  in  .Inr,- 
uary,  17!>1,  was  a  kind  of  toinh,  six,  feet  and  a  hall 
long  and  three  feet  and  a  (juartcr  wide,  huilt  of  shilis 
of  tetzontU,  a  i)orous  stone  much  used   for   buihliiiy- 

(>^  Mnjirr's  Mcx.  fr*  //  W'us.  pp.  12;}-4:  L<on  >/ Gaum,  Dn.s  J'n-'ir"-^,]'^ 
ii.,  p.  73-4. 


'1        1 


TI-ATi:i,l  I.CAN  VASH. 


f47 


iMilt',     illul 
llowcd    til 

lit-       UlljM'l' 

l.y     (nl. 


in    l»ri'^lit 
ack.  ^till 

\v  (  uMldlil 

with  this 
the  <»lH'!i 
wi'ou  the 
)s  at  the 
leaks  (it  a 

Cl'llli'tiTV 

ouikI,  and 

U'U    to   till' 

lis  in  d;ii'.- 

iid  a  h;dt' 

t  (if  skills 

liuildiii!:- 


jiiii'pnsi's  ill  ^r<'\ic(),  liJlcd  wlili  sand,  \vlii(di  rovci'cd 
the  sk(d(!i(Hi  ol'  soiiK!  iiiiiiiial  liki'  ji  ('(tynti!,  t()ij;'i.'tlK'i- 
A^itli  (day  vust's  ami  lndls  of  cast  Itroiizo.  It  was 
|)crliai>H  tlu)  j^ravc  of  suiiu'  saci'cd  aiiimak  (Jama 
ids(t  iiu'iitioiis  an  iiiian'o  ol"  tlio  water  j^od  Tliihn\  ot" 
a  ('(tiiiiiion  l»k'i(dv  stoiK!,  tliivt!  I'cct  loiio-  jukI  omo  I'oot 
\vi(h';  ho  also  vji<j;'ti(dy  sjioaks  ol"  s(.;vi;ral  otiici'  nliis 
it  particidarly  (h'scrilx'd,  a, id  cviMi  found  some  re 
aiiis  in  dii^'^'inu^  tlie  f"oiin(hitioiis  o("  his  own  housc.'- 
'I'lic  phaza  of  Thitolnh'o  is  nearly  as  ]»rolilic  in 
iiiciciit  nioimnicnts  as  tlu;  IMaza  Afayor.  Here  was 
found  till!  hcautii'iil  eartlntn  lairial  vase  shown  in  ilic 
lit.     It  is  twL'iity-two  inches  liiyli,  liftccn  inches  and 


111 
111 


Burial  Vaso-  -Tliiteliileo. 

a  half  in  diameter,  covered  with  a  cdivular  lid,  also 
shown  in  the  cut,  and  w  hen  found  was  full  of  human 
skulls.  The  heautv  of  this  vase  can  only  he  {"ullv 
iippicciated  hy  a  glance  at  the  original,  or  at  the 
sketch  in  Col.  Mayer's  album  made  hy  himself  from 

'■'■  Uiimh<ili!f,  Viirs,  t<itii.   ii.,   p.    loS;  Td.,  in  A?>fiq.  ^fl•.r.,  torn.   !.,  div. 
ii',  1'.  '21;  Leon  ij  Gaina,  iJvs  I'ivtlms,  jit  i.,  \\\k  \\-V2,  \A  ii.,  pp.  73-111. 


WM 


r,iH 


ANTH^nTIKS  UK  Mi:\l((». 


:^H 


•:  1 


the  orii^iiial  in  the  Miiscuiiii  at  ^^t'xi('(),  uiid  sliuuiii',' 
tli(j  Id'illiaiit  colors,  hliu-,  icd,  and  vullow,  with  wliidi 
it  is  adorned.  Tlu;  author  says,  "in  many  ivs|KMts,  it 
struck  niu  as  l)ch)nL>ins4'  to  a  liinhor  iL^rado  of  art  than 
anythiiiLi;'  in  the  Museum,  except,  perliaps,  thr  oh- 
sidiau  cnrvini^s,  and  one  or  two  t)t'  the  vas(;s."  (Idii- 
dra  mentions  another  lairial  casket,  carved  i\\nn 
basalt  and  ot"  l•ectan^•ular  form.'" 

The  head   shown  in  the  cut,  taken  from  the  Mn 
stxico  Mexicaiio,  measures  twenty-niuo   by  tliirty-si\ 


Head  of  (jodiluss  Centeotl. 


15  J- II 


inches,  and  is  carved  from  a  block  of  serpentine,  a 
stone  I'arely  found  in  ^[exico.  Jt  was  dtiL»'  up  near 
the  convent  of  Santa  Teresa  in  IH.'IO,  and  has  heeii 
sup[)osed  to  re{)resent  the  Aztec  (jloddess  Centeotl. 
The  bottom  beini^'  covered  with  sculpture,  it  scciiis 
that  the  monument  is  complete  in  its  ])resent  state. 
Another  serpentine  imaye  of  somewhat  j)eini]Iiii'  fniiii, 
is  shown  in  an  ori^'inal  sketch  in  the  Album  ot  <  ul, 
JNIayer,  who  says,  "it  appears  to  liave  been  a  cIkiihi  'if 
talismaii,  and  in  many  respects  resembles  tlie  hidii/t 
Hnures  which  wei'e  found  at  Pom])eii,  and  are  ])rrscrv( d 
in  the  Secret  ^luseum  at  Naples."  Jt  was  found  at 
'I'latelulco,   ai.d    is    preserved   in    the    Mexican    Mu- 


seum. 


63  Mitjirr,  in  Srhonli  rufCfs  Arr/i.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  r)SO,  pi.  vi.;  LI.,  ^fl.l^.  as  it 
tyas,  ])[).  100-1;  /'/.,  Mi:t\  Aztec,  r/r.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  •_'74;  (tonilru,  in  I'nD'-'utI, 
Hist.  Cuiiq.  Mr.r.,  toiii.  iii.,  pp.  8!I-!M»,  |il.  xvi. 

w  Munaicu  Alex.,  toiu.  iii.,  pp.  40J-3,  witlipiutesj  Calilcvoii  de  hi  H'lrnt's 


MlSCKI.I.ANKors  KKI-ICS. 


511) 


Mr  Iiiilloi'lv  s|H'!iks  of  several  re'lics  not  nieiitioiied 
l,v  .iiiy  other  visitor:  "In  the  clitisteTs  hehiiid  the 
Dniiiiiiic.'Ui  convent  is  u  n(»hU;  s[)ecinien  of  the  i^reiit 
>i  i|itiit-i(lol,  ahnost  [)erfeet,  and  of  tine  \vorI<nianslii|), 
This  monstrous  divinity  is  rejiresented  in  tlie  act  of 
>\vallii\vini4' a  human  victim,  wTiich  is  si-en  crusli(;d  and 
>tiii'4'4Hn<4'  in  its  horrid  jaws.'  'i'he  corner-stone  of 
the  Lottery  ( )tKce  he  descrilted  as  "tlie  head  of  tlio 
siTpeiit-idol,"  not  less  than  seventy  feet  lontj,  when 
riitiiv.  UntU^r  the  n-;iteway  of  a  house  o])[)osite  the 
mint  was  a  tine  life-sizo  recuml)ent  statue  found  in 
ih'i'^iiin'  a  w(!ll.  A  liouso  on  a  str<!et  corner  on  the 
MKith-east  side  of  the  plaza  rested  on  an  altar  of  hlack 
liMstilt,  ornamented  with  tlu;  tail  and  claws  of  a  rep- 
tili."  ^Fayer  duiif  up  in  the  courtyard  of  the  IJnivur- 
>iry  t\\i»  feathered  sei'pents,  of  which  he  jL^ives  cuts,  as 
well  as  of  several  other  relics  found  within  the  city 
limits,  includint;'  the  'perro  nnido,'  a  stono  image  of 
iiMc  of  the  duml)  dogs  hred  hy  the  Aztecs,  and  a 
V  atrd  human  tiyiire  known  as  the  'indio  ti'istt 


'C5 


Ml'  ('hi'isty's  London  collection  of  Anu^rican  an- 
luilies  contains,  as  we  are  told  by  Mr  Tylor,  a  nuni- 


Aztcc  Musical  Instnuucnt. 

/•'/'  III  Mrr.,  vril.  i.,  p.  203;    Min/rr\i  ^frr.  fis  if  Won,  pp.  S.l-S,  97;  /'/. ,  in 
^■hmilriuifr.s  Ari'li.,  vol.  vi.,  jil.  v.,  (i;r.  •'{• 

''  IliillnrlSii  Mrxico,  pp.  ."{-'(i-S.      I'lates  of  six  other  relics,  perhaps  found 
ii]  the  city. 

'"  M"ij'r\  Mfx.  anil  Was,  pp.  31-2,  85-8.    'Indio  tri.ste'  also  in  Mosaic, 
'^'.r..  loiii.  iii,.  pp.   HJo-S. 

'''  Aimhrntc,  p.  138. 


% 

i  'ill 


2'  'B 


I   *    *    (Fi        II 


(    1 


520 


ANTl(>llTIi:s  OF  MKXICO. 


ll'      !■ 


m 


l)erof  bi-diizo  li.'itrlu'ts,  dun'  ii)>  in  tlio  <  ity  of  ^M^'xici.." 
Sr  (4oii(lni  oivcs  ])liitus  of  iiiiio  ^Mexican  musical  in- 
stnuiients,  one  of  which  of  very  peculiar  '.-onstnu'tidii 
was  found  in  the  city,  and  is  shown  in  the  ])nH'C(li!iu(iit. 
The  to}»  shaped  like  a  coiled  serpent  is  of  huriicd  Aia, 
resting'  on  the  iina,i,''e  of  a  tortt)ise  carved  from  wodd, 
and  that  on  a  hase  of  tortoise-shell.  The  wliolu  i- 
about  twelve  inches  hi|^-h,"     And  linally  1  i,;ivu  a  cut 


Sculptiin-il   nicick  ill  Ciiiivcnt   WnW. 

Avhiih  represents  part  ol"  a  block  built  into  tlic  v,  i. 
of  the  Convent  of  (Jonce})cion,  as  skt'tclnd  l\v  "^ 
( 'havei'o,  wlio  joins  to  his  ])late  some  reniaik>  mi  t:- 
meaning  of  the  hieroglyphic  sculpture/' 


oa 


Tezcuco,  the  ancient  lival  of  ^Texico,  aonss  i,i 
lake  eastward,  jrmerly  on  the  lake  shore,  but  i,n\v  I'V 
the  retirement  tf  the  water  left  some  mi!e>  iiilaiM. 
has,  uotwitlistanding  her  ancient  rank  in  all  that  ]mi 
tained  to  art,  left  no  mouunients  to  compaiv  wn 
those  taken  from  the  Plaza  ^Vfayor  of  Mexico,  bn! 
uidike  the  latter  citv  Tezcuco  vet  presents  traces,  aii'. 

<"  Goiiifrri,  in  I'l-'sroff,  IfhI.  <'■,!»/.    Mr.,  torn,  iii.,  |il>.  KW^.  pi.  '<'"-'' 
^*CI,airi(i,  ill  HiiUv,  Uumhrcs  llimtixs,  .Mcx.  1.S73,  ti'iii.  i.,  !'•  IJi' 


j  "I  fM 

m 


KTINS  OF  TV:/J^V^•iK 


r,i>i 


tlMC 


on 


Iv,  of  ]icr  al)i)rii>-inal  fircliitoctural  stnictui 


t'S. 


Fr;iL;in  'Uts  of  ImildiiiLif-matevial   arc  found   wluM'i'Vi'i- 
excavations  arc  inacle,  and  thu  material  of  the  old  city 


sail 


I  to  have  l>een  extensively  used  in  the  oonsti 


uc- 


tlo 


II  ot"  tile  inodeiMi,  so  that  ]ilain  oi'  sculptured  stone 
lilocks,  shaped  hy  the  aboriLjines,  are  often,  seen  in  inod- 
(.■rii  walls  in  ditl'erent  parts  of  the  town.     In  thesf)uth- 


cl'l 


I  ]>art  of  the  eity  arj  the  i 


oun( 


lat 


ions  of  severa 


lar^t 


ivi'annds,  ai)t)afenti\ 


PP 


ith 


i.U 


ilt  of  adobes,  burnt  bricks,  and 


iiniit,  since  the  materials  named  all  occur  amoiiL;-  the 


hl'is. 


)c  founaat!0!is  show  the  structures 


tol 


lave 


iii'cii  originally  about  fou.'  hundred  t'eet  sipiai'e,  but  of 
«i)ursc  su[>ply  no  further  information   respcctiuL;'  their 


tiii'ni. 

tiiii" 


Th 


lese  pyi'amuls  were  three  m  numher  at  tlie 


it  th 


Mayer's  visit,  standins^'  in  a  line  I'rom  north 
t'.  -niith,  ano  strewn  witli  frai^'ments  (jt'  jiottcry,  idols. 
and  olisidian  knives.      Tyloi'  found   traces,  barelv  visi- 


o!   tw(j  laru'e 


Miiac 


•uiial  m</unus,  an( 


teocn 
h 


Hi 


e  also  s 


pea 


KS 


va'jUelv  ot 


ran  caU 


d  states  that  there  is  a  M<xi- 
ndar-stone  built  into  the  wall  't\'  one  of  the 
cliiirclirs.  In  rh(;  tiorth-west  part  oi'  tin-  town  May*  r 
t'liiniil  aiiotjier  shapeless  heap  of  bi'icks,  adoti^es,  and 
|i'ittiry.  overui-rowu  with  may'ueys  (hi  the  U*\)  wrc 
sfvci-al  larL>e  basaltic  *labs.  .s(|uared  and  lyin^'  M*»fth 
ami  ^oiitli.  The  rectii)M'<''idar  stone  basin  with  s»-ulp- 
Uircii  sides  shown  ia  the  cut,  was  fouiici  in  coiiuoetion 


■    t 


S 


,;■  h 
■ii 


:      : 


[ft 
S 


M 


p.  KIM  ^.  ill.  ^i'- 
11.  i.,  p.  IJi' 


Stone  Ba-^in  troiii  Tozi'in'o. 


with  this  heap  and  preserved  in  the  Poria.soo  coftfc- 
ti'iii  in  Mexico.  Also  in  this  hea{>  of  dt'bi'is,  accoid- 
iii;^'  to  Mayer,  Mr  Poinsett  found  in    l^2j  an  arihed 


w 


i  i    .'1' 


•' 


1 U  '-^ 


■ 

If 


522  ANTlQlIIir.S  OF  MEXICO. 

sewer  or  iuiticdiict  Imilt  of  small  stoiiu  likx-ks  laid  jn 
mortar,  to^i'thci'  with  a  'iiat  arch'  of  Ncry  liirife 
hlocks  over  a  (looi'way.  I  find  no  ineiition  of  tiiesc 
ivmains  iii  Mr  J^»iiisctt's  hook.  Bradford  states 
that,  "  lyin^-  iiei^lcctod  under  a  ^'ateway,  an  idol  has 
i)een  o'oserved  nearly  V)ertect,  and  rejn'esentiiiL;'  a  rat- 
tlesnake," painted  in  hri^ht  colors.  ^Ir  I^atroln' 
found  a  stone  idol,  perhajis  the  same,  in  18:14,  and 
Nehel  i^'ives  a  sketch  of  a  most  interestiiin'  relic,  said 
to  liuve  come  from  Tezcuco,  and  shown  in  the  cut.    It 


wan  t)}f'  cuM/ym  ^  0ifi  A //tec  priests  at  cortuht  times 
Itxif  wonr  ihf  j^kiw  of  maf'^cM  victiiijs.'^'-*  Thi.-  tiuni'' 
wi'ins  hf  r<'j»r«  scM  if  p/u'st  thus  chixl.  Jt  is  carved 
from  l/asalt,  and  wa.-  h>xi^  the  natural  size,  the  mi^^^nil 
hkin  h* myi;  paintc^i  a  l/r'\'^ft  pd  .u.d  the  outer  one  a 
dirty  wdd'te,     A  coHtHiofi  <A  't   /■      in  relics  seen  liv 

69  Hee  s',1  iii.,  ],[,.  m-1,  m  f9,  vt  »!"«  wv>*. 


HILL  Ol'  TH/COCINGO. 


'd^ 


Ivlnr   1 
'.I, If  or 


II   1 850,  contained,  1st.    A   nude  ft'iiialc   li'juro 


Hvo   t'ut't  liiu-Ii, 


wol 


t 


Ol'illlM 


I     \] 


•oni 


DIOl'K  ( 


)t' 


;il,i!ii>tor.      '2d.   A  mail  in  luiixl  stone,  wearing'  a  mask 
ii'li   represents    a  jackal's    liead.      od.   A  hcantit'ul 


Wll 


.ilaliiistcr  1)(».\  coiitfdninL;' spliei'ii-al  heads  of  nrt,'<ii  jadi 
as  l;^•^•e  as  pigeons'  eggs  and  l)rilliantly  polished.'" 

Aliout  three  miles  eastward  tVom  Tezcuro  is  the 
isolated  r(jcky  hill  known  as  Tezcijcingo,  which  rises 
with  stee])  slopi's  in  conical  form  to  the  height  of 
[;  liiips  six  hnndred  feet  ahove  the  jdain.  A  })ortion 
(if  line  side  of  the  iiill,  heginning  at  a  point  prohahly 
.  :i  till'  south-eastern  slope,  is  gradi'd  veiy  mii.-h  as  if 
intriMk'd  for  a  modern  railroad,  tonning  a  le\i  1  tei'raco 
1  iiiiul  a   part  of   the    circumfei'ence.      Fiom    the   ter- 


iiiiiiation  o 


f  tl 


le  grathng,  an   enil>aiu<ni(iit   with    leve 


.-iiiiiiiiit.  variously  estimated  at  from  sixty  to  two 
liiiiiilicd  feet  high,  connects  this  hill  with  another 
t'iivi'  {[uaiters  of  a  mile  distant,  the  side  of  which  i- 
iiktwise  u'l'aded   into  a  terrace  thirty  feet  wide  and  a 


nir  do  nour1)nur'',  Tlis/.  Xnf.   Ci 


h'-  iiiin> 


Imii'i'^  ijiiiis  li' 


cii.n- 


;i;;!iiili'>iiiu's  lit;  sc; 


k's  lilors  L'liiniin 


.iii~  Ics  <'liamiis  lie  'IVtzcii 


.  Xdf.  Ci'\,  tiiin.  i\..  ]>]).  rSoT  ,").  s|icnl<s 
])Mlais.  It's  staliio  iiiiilili'i'-,  iMlcini  en- 
lues  (Ir   lm>all^'  I't  lie   |mi||iIivic  sciilpti's, 


I'D. 


Slllllll' 


»/. 


,IV(;, 


I'l' 


:!lt!l-l(M), 


I'' 


i\  tlic  liir:;('  aiiiUMliirt    tor  tin-  ^iipiilv  cii   llic  Idwii.  ^ 


till 


IM 


mill  till'  ruins  ui   scNcial  stii!i('  liuililiii^js  ol  j^rrat  sIicm.l;!  Ii    .  .  .  r'niiiiila- 


liiiiis  III  aiirit'iit  liiiiiilinu's  lit  meat  inauiiitin 


.<  hi  I'litcriii.:  til 


atcs,  til 


till' li'ilil  arc  sci'ii   iliusc  artilii  ial  timiiili,  tlir  trncalli  of  iiiilninil  lirii-k 


iiiiiiinii  Ml  must   liiiliaii  towns 


Tl 


ic   site   lit   till'   lialacc   nt   tin 


iiil;s  III 


ir/iMiiii  i'\.trllili'il  lilMI  I'cct  iill  slnpiliu'   ti'rrar 


illt 


ill    sli'l.s 


senile   ter- 


ra'(•■-  ;iie  still   entire   ami   enveieil    with   eenient.      It    niiisl    lia\e  i)eeii|iieil 
>m:iu' ;|.|(s  iif  ;;riiiinil.  ami  was  liiiiit  of  liiiL:e  liliiek~iit'  liasall  4  iir  .">   liv  'J'.- 


:<  Icrl. 


I'l 


le  raised  nioiinils  nt   liriek  an 


11  >i.li 


.1 


witli 


eiliiM~,  ruins  iif  liiiilclin''s  uf  emiriiiniis  streiiLith.  ami  ni 


:riifiiirr^    nearly    entire 


!• 


ra;;nients    nt    ^inliiliirei 


I 


ir  II' ,ir  tile  eliiireli    the  nnirket-|. luce,  anil   |iala' 


1       St. 

i: 


my  la)  ie  sijinirc 
tantlv 


me-   iMiista 
ill    l'>ra---iiir  ami 


liillliM  k  are 


rliat 


ivi'il   til  exa^iL'eratliiii,   ami 


iilii),  In  iitiier  remains  in  the  vieiniiy  mi  tu  lie  deserilieil       '  T 

liiiiiiili.  aii'l  other  eiin-trneliiins  "if  niiliaUeil  lirieks.  intei  niinnleii  with  plat- 


thev  also   reler,    |)riili- 

ie   ruins  of 

ilh 


tiiMii^  ami  terra 


ees  (it   eiiiisi 


ileralile  extent,  are  still  to   lie  traii 


il; 


ami   It 


rii  I    that  many  of  the  S|iaiiish  eililiees  are  eonstrneteil  mit  ni'  the  iniiis 


I'l  till'    reoe.iilis.'    I.dlrolii's  Ihnnhh 


Vlii.   II. 

.1.-/,' 


S'riirl,    I'l'ijr;    )fi'i/i 


li|i.    I'Sl-.").      (  >tlier  ailllKiiili 

ii  ir 


II.   ■-'•-'1;   /-/.,    .1/. 


I'l 


I'ji   I'T  MV;  /'/.,  in  Srfif)o/irii//'M  Ari'h..  vol.  vi.,  jil.  v.,  liu 


Ii|i.  '.HI,    J.'ii;,    -I'M),   •_'(;•_'•:$,   with   cms;  /irin//nn/'s  .1, 


Ti/r 

A  Iif  I 


or .( 


It'  Tti.  Ml.  I  !(»;   lirrni/oi/,  in  An/ 


iV.II. 


% 


Mije.,  toni.   li.,  di 


Aiiiihs  i/if    Miiii.s/rrii)  >/'•    FiiiiHiifo,    IH'ti,    toMi.    i.,    pp.     I  IS-'.t. 


pp.  70-1;  .l^.r- 
'I'.t; 


Aimr.    Illsl  ,   (),  73;  Citndrr'n  Mix.  (liuit.,  vol.  i.,  jp 
p.  IM'J 


lllll.Sfl 


m 


m 


1 


•I'l 


m 


624 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


I » (  i  ' 


\ii '  \ 


mile  and   a  half  lonu,",   oxteudiiiLi;'   two  tliirds   iniuid 
the    circumference;    and    then    another   enihaiil^iiniit 
stretches  awav  towards  the  mountains  ten  or  fittrcn 
mik^s  distant,  altliou^li    no  one   scc^nis   to    iiavc  iv 
corded  any  attempt  to  explore  its  Avhole  extent.     Tin- 
ol)ject    of    both    o-i'adinu^    and    eml)ankments    ^v;ls  r.i 
suj)port  an  acjueduct  or  pipe  ten  indies  in  diaimtii', 
wliicli  is   still   in  very  g'ood  preservation  iit  scvcnil 
points.      Waddy  Thompson  hrounht  away  a  jiiccc  nf 
the    water-})i])e    as    a    relic,  and    he    ])r(jnouii(ts   ilic 
material  t<j  be  a  very  hard  plaster  made  of  liniu  ,niil 
small  })ortions  of  a  soft  red  stone,      "it  is  al)()iit  \\\n 
feet  wide,  and  has  a  troui^di  in  the  centre  alxnit  t^n 
inches  wide.      Tins  trough  is  covered  witli  a  cdhvlx 
])iece  of  the  same  plaster,  which  l)ein,i>-  placed  ujimi 
it  when  the  plaster  was    soft,  seems    to   Ikj    all   oin 
piece,  making-  too-ether  a  tube  of  ten  inches  in  diiiiii 
eter,  throug-h  which  the  water  flowed  from  the  (li>t:uit 
mountains   to  the  basin,  which    it  enters  throii^li  ;i 
round  hole  about  the  size  of  one  made  with  a  two-imli 
auo'er.      No    ])lasterer   of   the    present    day  can    I'nn 
struct  a  more  beautifnl    |)iece  of  work;  it    is    in   it- 
whole  extent  as  smooth  as  the  plastering'  on  a  wril 
finished  wall,  and  is  as  hard  as  stt)ne."     jNIavir  tdi- 
us  that   the  aqueduct  was  made  of   baked  clay,  tin 
])i[)es  being-  as  [lerfect  as  when  they  were  tirst  laiil. 
He  also  seems  to   imjily  that  along  the  gi'adLil  tri 
races  the   water  was  c(.)nducted   in  a  ditch,  oi'  canal, 
instead    of   the    regular    pipes.       But   Tyloi',   on   tii- 
otiier  hand,  says  "the  channel  of  the  acpieduct  wa- 
madi;    jirincipally    of    blocks    of    the    same    material 
[porphyry],  on    which   the   smooth   stucco    that    had 
once  covered  the  whole,  inside  and  out,  still  rt.niaimd 
very  perfect." 

At  the  termination  of  the  aqueduct  on  the  (^Jistcni 
slope  of  Tezcocingo,  on  the  brink  of  a  preri|iit»»i> 
descent  of  two  hundred  feet  to  the  plain,  is  tin  nvm. 
shown  in  the  cut,  from  ISFayer,  hewn  iVoni  the  li\i;i.. 
rock  of   reddish  pijrphyry,  and    popularly  kniwn  ;i" 


MONTEZUMA'S  BATH. 


525 


Montezuma's  Uath 

Montezuma's  Batli.  There  was  of  course  U(>  reason 
wimti'ver  to  attach  this  n;ime  to  it,  tor  althuUL;h  it  is 
jiiissilile,  it"  not  ])roha!)le,  that  it  may  ]ia\e  hccii  usL'd 
I'll'  a  hath,  it  is  verv  certain  tliat  it  never  heU)nu'e(l 
ti)  Miiiitezuma,  but  rather  to  NezahuaU-oyutl  or  some 
itlii'i'if  tlie  Tezcucaii  kino-.s."  The  circuhir  hasiu  in 
ti>L'  cuiiti'o  is  four  feet  and  a  halt'  in  diameter,  and 
rhive  t'cet  deep,  and  the  circuhir  aperture  throu^Ii 
wliiih  it  received  water  from  the  aqueduct,  is  shown 
in  the  cut,  toyx'ther  Avith  what  seem  to  ho  seats  cut 
.1  the  rock.  Itespectin^*-  this  monument  Coh  MavL'r 
Mvs:  ••  Its  true  use,  ht)Wover,  is  perfectly  evident  to 
tiuise  who  are  less  faneiful  or  antitjuarian  than  the 
ui'iierahty  of  visiters.  The  pictures([Ue  \iew  from  this 
-|iit.  (i\er  a  small  plain  set  in  a  frame  of  tie.-  sur- 
r  HiiidinL;'  mountains  and  ijflens  whieli  holder  the  east- 
■  iM  ^iile  of  Tescocinn'o,  undouhteilly  made  this  recess 
■'  lavorite  resort  for  the  royal  personages  at  whose 
'  xpeiiso  these  costly  works  were  made.  From  the 
-unMuiidin<4'  seats,  they  enjoyed  a  dt  Ht'ioiis  prospect 
'Ver  die  lovely  hut  scclutled  seeuery,  while,  in  llie 
'M^iii.  at  their  fet't,  were  Slathered  the  watcis  of  a 
tieinhhorinLif  sprinu',  limplyinu'  that  the  ha>iii  and 
(iiediief  were  not  connected  I  whi(di,  whiUt  reln^h- 
-c;  them    alter    their   {)romenade   on    the   mountain, 


I  <i 


r'fl 


•'Oil  Niv.aliiialcoyotrs  cnuiitiv  palace  at   Tc/cniiii-u,  scf  Mil    ii. 
•''i-TS.  Ill'  Uii.s  u  ;irk. 


I'!'- 


f"  '   ^  1     ■  i:  ■ 


I        t:,- 


626 


AXTIQIITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


i[>'in-L>l(j(l  out  of  its  stony  (.•liannel  and  fell  in  a  uiimif 
cascade  over  the  precipitous  cliff  that  terniiiiati  il 
their  path.  It  was  to  this  shady  sj)ot  that  tlirv  im 
douht  retired  in  the  afternoon,  when  the  sun  \v;i> 
liot  on  the  west  of  the  mountain,  and  here  tlic  miv 
erei^'u  and  his  court,  in  all  jjrohahility,  enjoyed  the 
re[)ose  and  ])rivacy  which  were  denied  them  iuaid 
the  hustle  of  the  city." 

Accounts  of  the  other  remains  at  Tezcocin^o  aiv 
somewhat  confused,  i  )n  the  northern  slojie  is  anotlai' 
recess,  hoi'dered  hv  seats  cut  in  the  liviii''"  rock,  ami 
leading  to  a  per[)endicular  cliff  on  which  a  calendaiis 
said  to  have  been  carved,  but  destroyed  by  tlu'  nativi  s 
m  later  days.  Traces  of  ii  spii'al  road  windiiii;  up  tn 
the  sunrmit  were  found  by  ^Eayer.  Tylor  r(|»irts  a 
terrace  round  the  hill  near  the  top,  some  scul|itinvd 
blocks  on  the  summit,  and  a  second  circular  liatli. 
Bullock  speaks  of  "ruins  of  a  yery  larn'o  building;'  tli,' 
cemented  stones  romaininuf  in  some  places  cov.rnl 
with  stucco,  and  forming;'  walks  and  teri'aces,  hut  murli 

cncuujbered  with  earth  fallen  from  above \^  \\v 

descended  our  o-iiide  slu)wed  us  in  the  rock  a  lnur 
reservoir  I'or  su[)[)lyinn'  with  water  tho  ])alaci\  \\\\n>r 
M'alls  still  remained  ei^'ht  feet  hi^'li;  nnd  as  we  i\,uii 
ined  farther,  we  found  that  the  whole  UKMUitain  hail 
been  covered  with  palaces,  temples,  baths  and  liaiiuiiiu 
iL^ardens."  Beaufoy  saw  a  mass  oi'  poiphyry  on  tin 
summit,  which  had  been  fashioned  artificially  and  tin 
nished  with  steps.  The  whole  surface,  oNciumwn 
with  nopal-bushes,  aboimds  in  fragments  of  puttciv, 
obsidian,  cement,  and  stone. '"^ 


'-  I'atli  1'2  liy  S  foot,  with  woll   in  ociitvo  .">  foot  in  diamotov  aw- 
(looii,  siiiiiiiiinlcil  liy  a  iiaiaiict  "J  l  foot  liijih,  'with  a  ihroiio  or  i  it,ur. 
is  ro|in's('iito(l  in  aiicioiit  |piitmt's  to  liavo  hooii  used  hy  tho  kJHir»'  /•' 
]\[i.virii,  |i|).  ;V.KI-:i.      'His  iiiajo>ly  iisi-il  t.i  spoiid  liis  afloiiKinH'"  lion' 
shaily  side  uf  tho  hill,  a|i|iaioiitiy  sitting'  n\>  f-i  liis  miildlo  in  >\airr 
fi'oj,'.  if  Olio  may  jud^a'  hy  tho  lioiv;lit  of  tin-  tillU<  *oat  in  tiio  hath." 
Aiii(/iiiiir,   |)]).    \'r2-'A;   Jiiiint'iii/'s  Mix.    ///«-'*',,    ti]!.    l',M-."»;  /•/,,    in 
-U(\r.,  toni.   ii..   div.   ii.,   ]>.   70.     Tlio  anuoiluot   'is  a  wnik  x^rv   in 
(luito  oijM.il  in  ilio  ialior  iviiniicd  for  its  oonstruotioii  tu  iho  TriMoK 
ilnot.'    T/iitiii/i>!iiii\-i  }fi\\:,  |i|>     14S-(';   Mnj/i  r's  .l/'.r.    .Izdr,  <'>'■,  %•<! 
-TO-S;  J</.,  ^hx.  (t.s  il  U'ttii,  pj),  60,  -38-4,  with  tlio  out  rojiiotl.  .in" 


1  1  l.rl 

,11, A  • 

nil  tllf 

liki  a 

.!»'/'/ 

•firly  "f 

.V|iii- 

ii  .  I'!' 
iliii-  -I 


II  ii  uiiinic 
tenniiiati'i! 
it  tiicy  iKi 
.0  sun  was 

•O    tlu'    si'V- 

lu'iii   aiiiiil 

'orin^ii  arc 
J  is  ;iiintliir 
f  rock,  aiitl 
caU'iidai'  i> 
tlu'  iiativi- 
idiiiL;'  uj)  tn 
V  iv|i(»rt>  a 
sciiljitmvil 
cular  liatli. 
ildiiii;'   -th" 

X'S  COXCl'Cll 
S,  l>ut  lIlUcli 
\^    WV 

)ck  ;i  lal'ux' 
let'-,  wliHM' 
we  cxali: 
litnin  liail 
1(1  liaiiu'iii'-;' 
rv  I'll  ill'' 
_v  ami  fur 
ovci'urtiwn 
d'  [Mttturv. 


UctCV    UTl'l    1  l-''l 

or  •♦hiir.  ^Mili:i^ 

iH.^,-  /;.-//.-'.• 

.)H>    iH'f'  III'  '1'"' 

ill  \\iilil-  likf  ;i 

,r  liillll.'    '/y'"'* 

/./  ,    ill    -I"'"/ 

wrv  iii-iirly  •  i 

t'r»»<(iii  Ai|'i'' 

''■.,  V..I.   ii  ■  it, 

yU-d    .llii'll'il'  "' 


r.()S(,)ri:  dkl  ((intadou. 


X(,rtli-W('st\var(l  iVoiii  Tczcuco  on  the  Icvtd  plain   is 
the   l>os<|Ui;  del   ( 'untador,  a  yrovc  of  n/niclnn'lrs,   or 


(" 


sijuai'c  a 


vjuvsses,  jiiTann'ud  m  a  douhlcj  row  au( 


ld( 


d  unci 


osni<»'  a 


vca  of  about  ti'ii  acres,  whose   sides  \'. 


ice 


tl 


le 


ralllllial 


|)oint^ 


The  trees  are  between  five  and  six 


liiiiidii'd  ill  iiumber,  some  of  them  fortv  to  fifty  feet 
in  circiimlc'rence,  and  are  supposed  to  date  from  a 
tiiiu;  ] licet  1(1  in,n'   the  contpiest.      The  o'round  on  which 


the 


V  stand   is  tirm    and  somew 


hat 


raisec 


al)<»ve 


th 


•Vl 


1   of  the    surroundino'  jilain,  which  itself  is  but 


ittlc  aboNc   the  waters   of  the   lake 


'J^l 


le  enc 


ver,  is  soft,  mirv 
tl 


inu   inntassa 


d)h 


losed 
It   is 


area,   iiowe 

uncertain  whether  this  area  was  orio-inallv  an  iidand 
lake  surroimdcnl  by  trees,  or  an  island  orove  in  the 
waters  of  the  lake.      Fioni   the   north-west  corner  of 


tlie  si|uare  a  t 


loubl 


e  row  of  similar  trees  extends  some 


ilistam-t'  westward,  and  near  its  tei'mination  is  a  dyke 
1  tank  fidl  of  water;  at  the  north-east  ci>r- 


iiid  a  \valK'( 


iicr.  a  rcctan^'idar  mass  of  por[)hyry  is  said  to  }»i'oject 
aliove  tlie  surface  and  to  be  surrounded  by  a  ditch  ; 
iiul  tVitm  this  point  some  traces  of  a  causeway  may  b 


>ccn  e.\ 


tend 


imj  towards  the  east.      Sjnall   stone  idob 


irtii-les  ot'  jiottery,  and  various  small  relics  ha\e  been 
ilii^-  lip    in   an(i   about   this  o'rttve.  which  was  not  im- 
aiily  a,  faxoi'ite   promenade   of  the  C'hichiniec,  or 


colliiiaii  moiiarclis. 


A 
On  tlie  hacienda,  of  riiapin^'o,  about  a  1eaL;'U(^  south 

if  Te/.ciico,  an  ancient  causeway  was  found  in  e\ca- 
tili.;,  at  a  depth  of  four  feet  below  the  suiface,  the 
il,>r  plies  of  which  were  in  a  <;()(»(1  state  ol"  inH'serva- 


\a 


I'll, 


IKle 


he    causewav    was 


th 


f    sKeieioli    o 


iiiastuiliiii.  and  similar  skeletons  arc  said  to  ha\e  lu'eii 


loillhl  a 


■th. 


t  other  points  in  the  valley  of  Me\i 


CO. 


I;' iii|ni'liii'i,  ;inil  ,i   tliinl  ir|ir('^cntiii'_  an   iijul  ciilli'ii  ilir    ;:iiil  of  silence;' 

'l"C./\    1/  ,i/.(/.   vol.    ii..     |)|i.     l.".!!!-;;    /'/•'. sv„//'.v    .)/,,!•,    vol      i.,   |i|>.     ISJ    I;    l.ii- 

'■ '..v/r,'./,   \li,r,',/ii,,  |i|i.   ■_',■)•_'-.'!•.    I'lii'ii's  Tnin/s,  vol,    j.,    p,    "JJ ;  I'm^l'.t  I'ni. 

""!■  .',''■'■■  I'i'-  •''-'-^;  /'/••  ''■'•'"' '  V//V.V,  |)|i.  :{(fj-4. 

'  T'il'ii-\  Aiiiiliitii,-,  |i|(,  l.").")-(i;  Mdif  r'.s  M  X.  .l:/o',  i7'.,  \o!.  ii.,  jip.  "JTS- 
'.':  hi'r.J,,-,  iiiiinlihr.  p|i    I'.Mt-l. 


n 


if 


528 


ANTIQUITIES  OK  MEXICO. 


At  ITuojullti,  also  ill  the  vicinity  of  Tczciiro.  ,i 
^\■llU  Wiis  still  staucliiii^  as  latu  as  I.S.'U,  which  wns 
iiuarly  thirty  fuct  hi.^li,  between  ti\e  and  six  fut 
tliiek,  and  bnilt  of  stone  and  mortal'.  Fi'oni  Ixittmn 
to  top  the  wall  was  divided  into  live  distinct  divi>i(iii> 
(hstin^uished  hy  the  arrau^emeiit  of  the  stones.  Tlir 
widest  of  these  divisions  was  huilt  of  cylinchicil  niid 
oval  stones,  the  rounded  ends  of  ^vhi(•h  iirojcctcd 
syniuietrically.  'I'he  wall  terminates  on  the  east  ;it 
a  ravine,  which  is  crossed  by  a  bridge  (»f  a  ^'uv^lv 
sjjan,  twenty  feet  Ion,**-  and  forty  feet  hinh.  Tin- 
span  is  an  arch  of  peculiar  construction,  bein^'  foriiud 
of  stone  slabs,  set  on  ed,L;'e,  and  the  interstices  tilkd 
with  mortar.  The  irrey'ularities  of  the  stones  ami 
Hk!  firmness  of  the  mortar  su]iport  the  strnctuiv. 
forming-  a  near  ajiproach  to  the  rc;*4'ular  ai'ch  as  sIkiwh 
in    the    cut    from    Tylor.       Its    antiquity    has    Iklh 


I- 


i 


? 


mii  '4 


rr 


Bridge  at  llin-jutla. 

doubted,  but  the  near  ap}iroximation  to  the  ki  ystniic 
ai'ch  sLcms  to  be  the  only  ari^unieiit  aLiaiust  tln' 
theory  that  it  Avas  built  Itv  the  natives,  and  as  wt 
have  seel'  a  veiy  similar  arch  in  the  niouiuls  ol 
]\[etlaltoyuv'a,  thi'i'o  seems  to  be  no  L;'ood  I'caxin  h' 
atti'ibute  it  io  the  Spaniards,  Tliis  is  ))r()baiily  tlu' 
bridge  known  as  the  PuiMite  dc;  los  l)eri;;uitiiu>. 
wiU'ri'  ( 'ort;'s  is  said  to  have  lauiiclu'd  his  bri^autiiio 
which  icndcrcd  so  eilicirnt  service  in  the  sic^'o  i^i 
^[exico.      'ri'.e    fact    that    It    is   set   askew   in^l'.ui  "' 


Pi 


RUINS  OF  TKOTIIR'ACAN. 


52'J 


cmssiiin^  tlio  ravine  at  r\'j;\it  aiiolos  witli  tlio  hanks 
adds  greatly  to  the  dittii-iilty  of  its  cousti'iictioii, 
Ni.ii'  this  place  Uiui'c  ai'e  also  sonio  lica])s  of  tlchris, 
wliiih  accord itiL;"  to  Uulh^ek  could  ho  iduiitiHed  in 
1>J;!  as  small  ailohc  pyramids;  and  the  foundations 
ol'  a  iiiiildiuL;'  and  two  rcsovoirs,  one  of  tlic  latter  in 
-^■(111(1  preservation  and  covered  with  rose-colored  ce- 
iiuiit,  were  mentioned.  Beaufoy  tells  us  that  in 
\ylC)  a  serpent's  head  carved  in  stone  protruded  from 
the  ground  near  the  modern  church.  A  stone  col- 
uiiiii,  seven  feet  hin'h,  ^vas  amoUL;'  the  relics  seen;  ifc 
liad  a  well-carved  pyramidal  }»iece  of  hornblende  on 
its  tep,  Two  idols  of  stone  were  brou.i;ht  away,  one 
'it'  tliein  descrihed  by  Latrobe  as  "an  u^ly  monster  of 
nil  idol  in  a  sitting;'  [)osture,  deftly  carved  in  a  hard 
Vulcanic  siihstance."^^ 

Net  (juite  two  miles  north-east  from  the  little  vil- 
lage (if  San  Juan,  and  about  twenty-five  miles  in  the 
.same  (lireition  from  Mexico,  on  the  road  to  (.)tumba, 
aiv  the  luins  of  Teotihuacan,  'city  of  the  .n'ods,'  to 
which,  accor(lin^•  to  Brasseur,  the  names  \'eitioacan, 
'city  of  sii'Mials,'  and  Toltecat  are  sometimes  applied  in 
the  native  traditional  annals.''*'  These  monuments  stand 
oil  a  |ilain  which  slopes  i^'ently  towards  the  south,  and 
arc  included  in  a  rectan^ndar  sjiace  of  about  a  third 
of  a  mill'  iVom  east  to  west  and  a  mile  and  a  half  from 
north  to  south,  extending"  fi'om  the  Tldancin^o  road 
on  the  iioi'th  to  the  Otuniba  road  on  the  south,  Avith, 
lio\vi\er,  some  small  mounds  outside  of  tlu'  limits 
nicntiniied.  By  reason  of  its  nearness  to  Mexico, 
fcotlliuacau,  like  Cholula,  has  naturalU' had  hundi'eds 


I 


If 


I'  H. 


\ :- 


n 

In 

1 

11 

"'  I'liiHiicl'x  .lA.ivVo.  ii|i.  ao'i-i).  TliU  lUitlmr  iil.-t>  s]u'aksiit'  w  'limail  cuv- 
iivil  Way  lictwffii  t\Mi  liiijif  walls  wliicli  tcniiiiiatf  iifar  a  ii\cr,'  on  tlic 
iiiit'l  tu  TfzciK  i(.  Ill  iiiifiiii's  Ml  .i\  Ilhi.slr..  ])|i.  IIM!  7,  flit  lit"  iilcil;  l.nlrij/n's 
Uhiihlir.  )i|i.  184-.");  Tfi/iir's  Ami/i  md',  ]i]).  l."i:{-4.  witll  cut  nt  liri(l,L:i';  U'lin/'s 
.l/'.i'M.,,  Vol.  ii.,  ji.  •JitCi;  .yfrxlni,  Aii'ilis  ilil  }{iiiisliri<i  ill-  Fi, 1,11  iilii.  1,S,")4, 
'"111.  i..  p.  111.");  Ciiiii/ir'.s  ,l/(.r.  diiiif.,  Vol.  i.,  u.  'X\'\\  Auhiii,  in  llru.ssriir  <li; 
IJ'iiirhnnrii,  /list.  Xiif.  '/(■..  toni  i.,  \>.  •\')7);  hrini/nri/'s  Aiiirr.  Anliii.,  j»i>. 
(S.,s.");  Hrniifuii^  in  Aiiliif.  M.r..  toni.  ii.,  iliv.  ii.,  ji]).  (i'.l-Td- 

"  Li\i\\i  iir  itv  lii.nilnjKrij,  liiat.  Sat.  Civ.,  tuiii,  i.,  Jip.  148-51. 
Vol.  IV.    at 


Hi 


f  i  '1 


J  J 


i^n ;' 


i  P- 


I  r 


I 


I'  ■[    I 


:f 


'>m 


ANTK^riTIKS  OK  MI'.XICO. 


(»r  visitors  in  modern  times,  and  is  more  or  less  fnllv 
di'scrihud  l»y  all  tlu'  early  (•liroiiiclers.  liiiinlHildt, 
Jjidloc'k,  iJeauioy,  AVard,  LatroUe,  Mayer, 'riioinir-on^ 
Tylor,  and  many  other  actual  visitois  have  writtni 
ac<'ounts,  which  still  othci's  have  (juoted:  hut  hy  far 
the  most  comjdute  and  reliahle  account,  whicli  is  mUo 
the  latest,  is  that  ^ivcn  in  the  re])ort  of  a  sciintilic 
commission  a})i>ointc(l  hy  the  ATexicaii  n'o\-ernniiiit  in 
J8()4,  acc()ni|>aiii('<l  hy  plates  [»re|>aied  iVoiii  caii  ful 
measurements  and  j»hotoura|)hic  views.  1  ha\r  um d 
this  report  as  mv  chief  anthoritv,  carefullv  imtin"', 
jiowever,  all  points  respecting  which  other  aulhoritiLS 
diti'cr." 

The  annexed  cnt,  reduced  from  that  of  Alniaraz, 


I'liiii  of  Tcotiliuacan. 

''^  Ahnnraz.  Apuiitr<!  sohrr  his  I'inhiiiilis  ilr  Srni  Jiinn  Ti'ofilii""'iii'.  in 
/■/..  Ml  III.  i/r  liis  Tni/i'i/us  ijrr)ifiii/i,s  /mr  /il  <  '(iiiiislitii  ilr  /'iic/i  inn.  I*^lil.  |i|'- 
Jii'J-.")S.      I^iiiaic-i,  .'iijr.  Mi.c.   Gmij.,   Jioir/in,  'Ma  ('piicii,   toiii.   i..    ]'!'    I"''-'- 


iimsi;  ui-  riii;  m(i(i\. 


BSl 


slio\v>  clearly,  i>u  a  scak'  ot"  aUitut  t\vciit_v-li\('  liiiii- 
(Ircil  and  lit'ty  t't'ct  to  uii  inch,  the  plan  of  the  (liU'd'ciit 
iiiiiiiiiiiitiits,  I  shall  (lcsci'ii)o  them  in  the  t'ollow  iii'^' 
1st.  'I'lie  I'vraiiiid  <»t'  the  M(m»ii,  A  of  the 
•Id.  The  IVraniidof  theSuii,  15;  :!d.  The  Koad 
,f    the     Dead,    ("l);    4tli.    The   Citadel,     K;   oth.    Thu 


urilci' 
iil.'iii ; 


d 


d 


scatti  rud  iiiouimIs  and  nnscellaiieoiis  relics. 
The  tii'st   |i_vi-aiiiid,  Met/tli    It/aciial,  'house  of  tl 


10 


lIliiiMl, 


IMI 


1  Knd 


no  Word  ni 


M 


olnias 


(tC 


dad; 


irv  cori'e 


iidintj;'  at  all  to  If-.ncKif  witli  the  meaning'  of 
'lidiise.'  It  may  he  a  coni[»ound  of  cal/i  incorrectly 
\\i'itten|  the  most  northern  of  the  remains,  measures 
fuiii'  hundred  and  twenty-six  feet  noi'th  and  south, 
;iiiil  li\e  hundred  and  ele\en  fuot  cast  and  west  at  the 
li;i-c,  has  a  summit  j>latform  of  ahout  thirty-six  hy 
^i.\tv  fi.'et,  and  is  a  hundred  and  thirty-seven  feet  hiL;li, 


he  sK 


les  f; 


icmi:'  almost   exac 


•tly  tl 


le  carci 


linal 


((jiiit.- 


wpitr  ;in  aconiiiif  wliicli  scoins  to  he  mailc  ii|)  from  tlie  prcrodiii^.     Hvo 

;i!«ii:   Ciiirii/cni,  Shiriil  Ant.  ilcl  Mrs.liro^UWW.   ii.,  |i|i.  ."U-.");   Ilii(i(h(ihll,   Ksxid 


V.I  .   lu 

iMiii.    i. 


.li 


1.1).   lS7-lt;   III.,    V 


torn.  1.,  )i]i 


1(>(»-' 


/'/. 


Ill 


.l/..r 


il.,    ]i|i.    II    IvJ;    liidhick's    M' Xini,   |ij).    4II-I.S,  with  |il.;    /Inn 


/",'/' V  .1/.  ,f.  ///iish:,  \>\>.  ISil-'.l.S,  with  cut;    U'anr.i   Mr.,-, 


:'.l.");    Lnlrnhi 


,hlr 


v\> 


'.t)--.'l 


Mil 


,'/'■''  •'>■ 


Mr 


.1-/(7 


»1.   ii,,   ji 


rtr 


M'. 


14- 


-T'.l;  /''.,  ill   SfhiKilrriift's  .{rch.,   vol.  vi.,  |i.   .")S8;    'J'/iiuii/is'ni's 
I'.i  l.'i;   Tif/iir's  .Inii/i itiii;  ])[i.    <•(!,    141-4;   linrrid,  in  .s'^c.    Mi.r.  (Inni..  Unit'- 
viii.,  |ii).  I!IS--_*0(I,     The  incrciliii;,' aiitliniitics  me  aiiaii^'cil  chniii- 


tnl.   I. 
njd.'ii'; 


the  t 


olliiwiii;;    ar 


o  aililitioiial    rcfcrciici 


liiiniiis 


ill 


'/..   ls;il,   loin.   11.,   |i]).   •J.SS-'.I;    Vvjitiii,    Hist.   Ant.  MiJ.,  tinii.  i ..  pp. 


■J:::iiii.   -JiT-!!;    /■ 


(( ■.'.<(  y, 


.1/;, 


toin.     I. 


.'I' 


i; 


pp. 


.'U-'.-KI;     /i 


riissiiir    III- 


II: 


'iiiiirliiiiifii, 


14S-.-.I,      |'.I7-S; 


<lli 


I  11 


r'  ri, 


III 


'»",•.////■.■   r„l.     r„i/'li/rs,    vol.     iv..     p.     ,-.rt;     Hiill'.r/.- 
llM-ll;    /,  '"'      "  -----.-.. 

Ul:r: 

t'Dll.     iii. 


tiirriistri'ii. 


.l^ 


,IV  ■/"'•.      1. 


!4S-.-.(t.   -.'T 


Ilrllr 


i;~ 


vol.   ii.,   pp.  L'TT-l);  Uninlrii,  in  J'risrnlt,   I  fist.   I'mn/.   Mix 


trlT 
V,,/,/, 


p|(.   .'{S-41;    tliiralin;    Mixiijiii',    \\.    o 


I'lilta  lii'ai 


Is;  .t,, 


A  lit  I 


T, 


I;  Xil.l.    V 
vol.    i. 


it 


iji .    plate: 
•_'.")4-.");   liriiil- 


ilr  In   1 


Aiitii/.,    ]»p.    8(1-1;   Ciiiiilir's    Mix.    a  nut.,    vol.     i.,  pp.  H:i()-',l; 


]■    l;;i;    I/,///, 


llllTll  S 

Aim  I'll. 


I.ifiin  Mix.,  Vol.  i.,  jip. 'j;f(i-7;  llns.sill.  Mi x.  d nut. 


nil  I'll, II mil 


Ml 

II.  >^i>if 


hi-  r 


.1. 


liiHiiii,  p.  4.")!);  I'rir/iiiril'.s  .\'"/.    Ili.it. 


p.  .")()'.•;    Ihliifiilil'.l  Ailtii/.    Aiiur.,    Jip.    ."t()-7;    ll'ii/i/nins.  Hiinf 


ISC;    M'CnIlu/i 


isiiirrlira  in   .innr.,  pp 


•J.V.'-H;    I. 


Ill   ,*>'/<■. 


Mix.   (Iriiij.,  liiilitiit,  'Jda  I'poca,  toiii.  i.,  ]i.   '.V,;  Kl 


iiri'iii  II  I  II- 


Ill  :i. 
■ .  .1/. 


Iiii-htf,   toill.    v.,    p.    1.").");   Frosl'.s    I'li-t.    His/.    .il'X.,    pp.    ."il!  4;    /(/., 


h  Hill;    in/l.soh 


]>p.  'J!lS-;?();{;    T.iifiinil,    ]'i)ifiiiii.s;  tolii.    i.,   ji]!.  l.'{S-<);   /. 
'  t  (Iniit.,  \>\t.'24.  44-.");   Mu'li-lirnn,  I'riris  ile  In  Ciinj..  toiii.  \  i. 


f. 


IS.-)4,   t 


.1/ 
oil).    1. 


Hist. 
I 


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532 


ANTIQriTIKS  OF  MEXICO. 


Ill 


Tlio  slope  of  tlio  sides,  accord ini^  to  Beaufoy's  olisir- 
vatioiis,  is  at  an  aiiLile  of  about  fortv-five  di'-ivos. 
Tiie  [>yraniid,  as  seen  fi'oni  a  little  distance,  l'c;ir> 
much  reseniMance  to  a  natural  hill,  hcini;'  overniown 
^vith  shruhhery;  still  the  reg'ular  orij^inal  outlines  iiiul 
aiiL^dt's  are  much  more  apparent  here  than  in  tlu'  case 
of  Cliolula,  already  described,  as  is  proven  hy  the 
]>hotoL,^raphs  taken  hy  the  ^Eexican  connnission.  A 
terrace,  three  feet  wide,  is  plainly  visible  at  a  lici^iit 
of  sixty-nine  feet  from  the  base,  but  a  close  examina- 
tion shows  there  were  ori^-inally  three  of  these  ter- 
races, dividing'  the  pyramid  into  fo'  r  stoi'ies,  except 
on  the  east,  which  has  no  terrace,  and  where  tlu'  cuni- 
mission  mentioned  claim  U)  have  found  traces  u\'  a 
ziyztig  road  leading  up  the  slope,  as  shown  in  tin 
j)lan.  None  but  the  authority  referred  to  have  (li>- 
covered  the  zigzag  path,  and  no  other  ex})loreis  imti 
that  the  terraces  were  interrupted  on  one  side  i>\'  tlir 
pyramid.  Humboldt  states  that  the  space  between 
the  I'.erraces  was  divided  into  smaller  grades,  or  >teii>, 
about  three  feet  high,  still  visible,  and  also  that  tlieiv 
still  remained  paits  of  a  stairwav  of  larne  bloeks  ul' 

1  f  O 

hewn  stone,  ^[r  Tvlor  also  savs,  not  refciriuij' to  this 
jiyramid  particularly:  "As  we  climbed  uj)  their  sides. 
Ave  couhl  trace  the  terraces  without  any  difficult} .  ami 
evoii  Hights  of  steps."  There  is  hardly  any  other 
Amei-ican  monument  resj)ecting  which  the  best  au- 
thorities (liH'er  so  essentially.'" 

mil  jilalform,  wliitli  iirc  only  lui  <>sf  iiiiato  l)y  Tioanfoy,  Tlio  fiillowinj:  are 
tlif  (liiMcii>i(ins  as  ;;i\cii  hy  iliU'cri'iit  anlliois:  1,'il)  liy  l.">('>  liy  \-  niitn-.  .!/• 
iitiirtn;  14  riii'trcs  lii;,')i.  Uinnlnililt,  afcoriiiu;^  to  iiicasiiri'imiil^  ul  '"^r 
(Mey/a;  Wm  l)y   ISO   l.y  l.')0  tVct.    Ili  nielli  Ciinri;  -   liy  (ll.'i  l.y  ITdlViI 

lll'lfi-;  l:tl»  liy  l.'iti  liy  II  inclifs.  LNiarc.i.  ()tlliT«  take  tlic  (iii]i.ii>i"in 
gi'iK'i'ally  fniiii  lliiiiiliulilt. 

"•'  'Oil  it's  jirciiilrait  |ioiiri'i's  lur^jcHccnco^  tcrri'stri-K  iiu'on  tmiivc  dans 
Ics  liciix  jadis  lioiijfvi'ist's  par  Ics  fciix  soiitiTvaiiis."  I-'hsmi/,  .U-.r.;'" ,  p 
:n.'>.  X'cytia,  llisf.  Ant.  Mij.,  tiini.  i.,  jip.  'Jt7-<.>,  says  tlii'  ]iyr:iiiiiil  ".'^ 
I'liiiiiil  iiistcail  iif  rcctaiijiiilar,  anil  lliat  it  liatl  tliict'  ti'iraccs,  allliiiu;:liiii 
riotiirini's  tiiiit'  no  tnu'i's  nf  tiii'iii  iciiiaiiicil.  'It  rcc|iiin''l  a  jiailiiiilar  j"'- 
tiilion  wlicnri'  to  liciiniil  tliriii,  iinitcil  w  itli  some  I  it  tic. /'"///(,  in  niclri  in  ili;- 
coM'i-  lilt'  pyraiiiiilal  form  at  all.'  Tui/nr'.s  -Va/-.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  '-'/T.  I" 
M',\  tile  liiitli.  it  was  mitliiiii,'  Inii  a  licap  of  cavtli  mailc  in  steps  hkc  ll"' 
ji'iamidsiil  l'',Lrvpl;  only  that  tlicse  arc  of  stone. '  i/i  ni'  //i  I'mrri,  in  ''li"i'' 'i- 
ili'j<'ii/.   VojiiiJ'",  Vol.  iv.,  p.   514.      'lis  formoiciit  cjnatrc  a--sisc-.  il'iiil  "" 


lIOrSEOF  TI[EM(K>N. 


533 


S    oliSiT- 

tk'H'i'i'cs, 
L-e,   l't.';ii> 

liiirs  and 
tlif  casr 
II  1»\'  till' 
sioii.  A 
il  lu'ii;lit 
C'xaiiiiiia- 

llfSl'    tlT- 
S,    ('\cc|it 

the  cuni- 
aces  (it"  a 
;n  in  tlitj 
have  (lis- 
)rors  111  it c 

ido  el'  tllr 
'     lu't\Vt,'L'll 

,  or  >tL'ii>, 
it  tluiv 

ilocks  (it 

«4  t(i  tlii> 
•ir  si(l(.'s, 
ilty.aiid 

IV    (itlitT 

lic^t  aii- 


iilliiwiii;.'  aiv 
liirllc--.    .1'- 

liclll-  nl  >r 
l.\    ITlltirl, 

(iliiicii>i'iin 

tidUM'  (l;iii^ 

,1A. IV,  ■'•.!'. 

i\  r.iiiiiil  »;!■' 

■lllllnll.-ll   ill 

Miiii'iil:"'  pii- 

nnllT  tilili*- 

.|.^   like  111'' 
■/.  ill ''A "'•'/' ■ 


ll.U' 


Tlu3  matoriiil  of  the  .stnicture  has  j^encrally  liocn 
diM  rihed  as  a  comjloincrato  of  small  in'eyular  stones 
and  <  liiy,  eucasod,  acconling  to  Huiiiholdt  and  most 
(itlur  writers,  in  a  wall  of  the  j)oious  volcanic 
io(k,  tetzontli;  or  this  facinjjf  covered  uith  a 
coatiiiL,'  of  stucco,  which  is  salmon-colored,  li^ht 
liliic,  streaked,  and  red,  accordin<4'  to  the  views  of 
ditfcrcnt  observers.  The  ^lexican  commissioners  dis- 
a;nn'  with  all  previous  exj)lorers  hy  doing'  away 
altogether  with  the  facinjj  of  hewn  stone,  and  rep- 
iL'sciitin<(  the  facinj^^  to  consist  of  different  conglom- 
erates arranged  in  successive  layers,  as  follows:— 1st, 
,-inall  stones  from  eight  to  twelve  inches  in  diameter, 
with  mud,  forming  a  layer  of  about  thirty-two  inches; 
2(1.  tVagments  of  volcanic  tufa  as  large  as  a  man's  list, 
also  ill  mud,  to  the  thickness  of  sixteen  inches;  .'id, 
small  grains  of  tetzontli,  of  the  size  of  i)eas,  with 
iiiud,  twenty-eight  inches  thick;  4th,  a  very  thin  and 
smooth  coat  (4'  pure  lime  inortar.  These  lavers  arc 
iv[ieated  in  the  same  order  nine  times,  and  are  paral- 
lel to  tlie  slo2)es  of  the  p^'ramid,  which  would  make 
tlic  thickness  of  the  superKcial  facing  al)out  sixty 
t'lL't.  There  have  been  no  excavations  sufficiently 
dicli  to  show  what  may  be  the  material  in  the  centre. 
Aiiiiaraz  states  that  a  somewhat  different  order  and 
thickness  of  the  strata  was  observed  in  certain  exca- 
vations, or  galleries,  to  be  described  later;  but  none 
(if  these  galleries  are  described  as  of  sufficient  depth 
to  [K'netrate  the  facing  of  sixty  feet,  and  the  exact 
iiuaiiing  of  the  I'cport  in  question  it  is  very  difficult 
to  determine.  I  give  in  a  note,  however,  what  others 
have  said  of  the  building-material.*' 

'I'  r midit  iwijourd'lnii   que  tntis.'     'I'm  psciilier   roiisfruit  en  <;ranil(*s 

liiriiv-i  lie  taillo,  coiiduisoit  jadis  a  Iciir  ciiiii'."  M 'liatiiiic  do  i|iiatrcH 
:i^>i-('>.  iniiicipalcs  ('toit  siilidivisi'c  en  jictils  ^fiadiiis  d'liii  niMrc  dc  li.iiif, 
'liiiit  (111  ilistii);:iic  t'liciirt'  li's  arri'tcs.'  lliimliolilt,  A'.ssiii  J'ol.,  tmii.  i.,  p.  ISH, 
AI;i\rr,  Mr.f,  (IS  if  ]\'iis,  \t.  '2'2'i,  says  that  tliiTi'  storios  arc  vet  disiinctlv 
\mK1c.  ''riu'  line  friiiii  lia^o  to  siiiniiiit  was  hrnkoii  by  tlirt-c  terraces, 
"r  liirli;i]is  four,  ruiuiiiiy  t'(tiiii>U'tt'ly  rniind  tlieiii.'  Tijlor'a  Aiuiliii'tr,  pp. 

'I.i'iir  iKiyaii  ost  d'arfjilt'  int"'l(''o  de  pelitcs  |iifrn's:  il  est  revetii  d'liii 
Tiuri  |i;u-,  de  tczontli  on  amygduloide  porousc'  llambuliU,  Vues,  toiu.  i.,  jij*. 


:1 


884 


ANTKirrriEs  of  mkxico. 


u 


1'lio  excavation,  or  fvullery,  already  reU'rreJ  to,  ex- 
leiui.^  al)out  tweiity-Hve  feet  on  an  incline  into  the 
]>yrai)ii(l  from  an  entrance  on  the  Koutliern  .«»l(i[ii, 
lietween  the  second  and  third  terraces  according-  to 
!Mayer,  ahout  sixty-nine  feet  ahove  the  l)ase  acnnd- 
in<^  to  Almaraz.  It  is  larij^e  enouj^h  to  })ernut  the 
])assa;^e  of  a  man  on  hands  and  knees,  and  at  its 
inner  termination  are  two  scjiiare  wells,  walled  with 
Mocks  of  volcanic  tufa  three  inches  thick,  o)-,  ii> 
!Mayer  says,  of  adohes, — ahout  five  feet  s([uaii',  ainl 
one  of  them  fifteen  feet  deej).  No  relics  whatrwr 
liave  heen  found  in  connection  with  ;^allery  or  W(  11^: 
Almaraz  s})eaks  of  the  former  as  sim}»ly  excavatiuih 
hy  treasure-hunters,  an<l  mentions  only  one  will, 
without  statin;^'  its  location  with  respect  to  the  i^al 
lerv.  Mr  Jjowenstern  states  that  the  jjfallerv  is  a 
Inmdred  and  tifty-seven  feet  long,  increasin»r  in  Ik  i^ht 
to  over  six  feet  and  a  half,  as  it  penetrates  the  jiyia- 
mid  ;  that  the  well  is  over  six  feet  S(juare,  extcmliiii; 
apparently  down  to  the  hase  and  u[.  to  the  suniiiiit: 
and  that  other  cross  galleries  are  hlocked  up  hy  dc- 
l»ris.  Still  lower  on  this  slope,  at  the  very  t>a<e 
according  to  the  plan,  is  a  small  mound  like  tliu>c 

lill-i.  '(Ill  y  rcroiiniitt,  cn  outre,  ilcs  tmcos  d'une  com-lie  dc  cliaux  '(iii  in 
diiit  K'H  [(iciTcs  |i;ir  di'liiirs. '  /'/.,  K.isui  I'n/.,  toiii.  i.,  \>.  l'>7.  'In  iiuiiiv  |iLii''>. 
1  discovcri'd  till'  I't'Miains  of  tlit-  cdiitiii;;  of  ciMiiont  with  wliicli  tlifv  «fri-  in- 
•  Tiislcd  ill  till-  days  of  tlu'ir  jH-rfi-ctioii.'  Mni/rr'A-  Mx.  as  if  ll'-f.v,  p.  •-'•-';(. 
'Ari'illa  y  ]ii('dras,'  covcrt'd  willi  a  ciiii^doiiu'ratc  of  It't/oiitii  and  imid,  ami 
a  t:oatiii;r  of  poiisiu-d  linn-,  which  has  a  Idiie  tint.  Liinirr.s,  in  S>ir.  Mu. 
(t'liiif,^  lUilitiii,  ;{ia  (''|M(ca,  tcini.  i.,  |i|i.  Id.'t  ."».  'Kn  ar^rile. . .  .aver  ivmIi'- 
incut  cn  |(icrrc.'  ('/nrn/iii;  }fixii/iir,  ji,  "lO,  '  No  trace  of  n';,'iilar  slniic  wurk 
or  masonry  of  any  kind.'  hn/lork's  Ai-nis.i  Mi,r.,  p.  Ki.").  Ori<.'iiially  cuv- 
t'lcd  witii  a  white  cement  hcariii;^  inscriptions,  (llrnnir,  acconiiii;^  In  .\""- 
T'ffra  Aiiii'i/r.s  i/rs  I'oif.,  IH.'U,  toiM.  11.,  jip.  •J.'^H  <»,  Hnilt  of  clay  and  >ImIii'. 
Jl'l/ir,  U'Isni,  p.  I,"i7.  Salnitni-ctdorod  Stucco.  Lnlnilir.  I'liiu'wii  sliiiic> 
of  all  sliapcs  am!  si/.i's.  Tliitnijisoii.  Stones  ami  pelildes,  faced  willi  iiormb 
(<tcme.  <i  iri-in.  .Vdoiies,  stones,  day,  and  mortar,  with  a  casin;.'  cii  Www 
t-liine  ami  smooth  stucco.  Ti/fur.  A  coniilonu'rateof  common  volcanic  .-tiiiii'» 
iind  mini  mortar  with  the  faces  smoothed.  Jliuiifiii/.  Masses  of  falliiri;  >l'ini' 
and  masonry,  red  cement,  H  or  1(»  inches  thick,  of  lime  ami  pelihlcs  />'"/• 
/')'•/•.  "It  is  true,  that  on  many  ]iarts  of  the  ascent  masses  of  stmic  iiml 
other  materials,  stroiijriy  cemented  to;;etlier,  annoniice  the  dc\iii'^  Mini 
workmanship  of  m;iii;  hut  on  ]ienetratin;;  this  exterior  coating;  iii'tliin;: 
f:iitlier  \\as  perce|iiili|e  than  a  natural  structure  of  earth'  like  any  iiiitiini! 
hill  willi  many  loose  stones.  An  .\nierican  eiij;iiieer  w  ho  had  iiimiIi' cM'I- 
^ations  conlirmed  the  idea  that  the  pyramids  were  natural,  aIthoii::li  arti- 
licially  s!ia|ied.    Titdur'a  Mar.,  vol.  ii..  ]•.  'JTS*. 


IIOlSK  OF  THE  SIN. 


535 


1  to.  cx- 
llltn  tlir 
I  slope, 
[•(lill!^'  tu 

mit   till' 

I  at  its 
led  wltli 
,  or,  !h 
iiri',  and 
^'liatrvcr 
)r  Wflls: 
•avatmih 

111'     Will, 

till'  nal- 
ery   is  a 

II  lu'i^dit 

lit"  jtyra- 

xtomliiiL;' 

suiiiiiiit ; 

])   liV  (li- 
■rv    liase 

iC    tlln>c 


U\  ipll  I'll- 

Ml\   I'l: V 

V   \MTf  111- 

;(,v,  p.  •Jii. 
iinnl.  aii'l 

Snr.     .l/.r 
Vll-    IVM'll'- 

iiiiilly  i'hv- 
1,-  til  .V'.'(- 
iiii.l  >t'ini', 
uii  slmii's 
\\\[\i  1  ion  III- 
111  lir«n 
anil'  -liiiit'- 
lliiiu>tiiiiu 

iiiirs.  /;«/• 

^liiiit"  ami 
.\i,-,'<  ami 

ll;;    Ijiitllill^; 
my  iialilial 

|||;|,lc  r\iM- 

huii-li  arii- 


scat  t(  1(^(1  over  tlio  plain  to  be  described  later.  ^Fr 
I'.iilldck  c'ljiiin.s  to  have  ibund  on  tlie  summit,  in  18'2;{, 
walU  of  roiiLjb  stones,  eij^lit  feet  lii^li  and  tliree  feet 
thit  k,  forminL>;  a  sijuare  enclosure  fourteen  by  forty- 
[M'V.ii  feet,  with  a  doorway  on  the  south,  and  thieo 
windows  on  each  side.  This  author's  unsujtjjorted 
htattiuents  may  be  taken  always  with  sou<e  allowance 
ji.i  the  [day  of  his  imagination. 

Soiiie  eight  hundred  and  seventy-five  yards  south 
(pf  tilt'  JCouse  of  the  Moon,  between  it  and  the  Kio 
San  Juan,  at  B  of  the  plan,  stands  the  Tonatiuh  Itza- 
tiial,  or  'house  of  the  sun,'  also  called  sometimes  in 
tradition,  accordins;  to  Brasseur  and  Vevtia,  Tona- 
(atrculitli,  'god  of  subsistence.'  In  material,  form, 
and  construction,  it  is  precisely  the  same,  so  far  as 
my  authorities  go,  as  its  northern  companion;  indeed, 
many  of  the  remarks  which  I  have  (pioted  in  the 
jircccding  descrij)tion,  were  applied  by  the  authors  to 
linth  pyramids  alike.  Its  dimensions  are,  however, 
(iiiixidi'iably  larger,  and  its  sides  vary  about  sixtcn 
doL;rtHs  from  the  cardinal  points.  It  measures  at 
the  hase  seven  hundred  and  thirty-five  feet  from  east 
to  west,  and  is  twt)  hundred  and  three  feet  high. 
lioanloy  estimated  the  size  of  the  summit  })latform 
at  >i\tv  by  ninetv  feet."^ 

This  ]»yramid  is  in  better  condition  than  the  other, 
and  tho  three  terraces  are  plainly  visible,  although  as 
iK't'oiv  no  one  but  Almaraz  has  discovi-red  that  they 
do  not  extend  completely  round  the  four  sides,  and 
tlif  latter  author  states  that  the  zigzag  path  on  the 
tasti'in  sl()])e  is  much  more  clearly  defined  and  makes 
iiioiv  angles  than  that  on  the  House  of  tin.'  Moon. 
biaiit'oy  found  a  path   leading  up   the  slope  at  the 


^'  llmnlMiltlt's  ilimonsinns,  nrmnliii;!  to  Otpy/a's  inoaHurPinonfs  aro,  20S 
ini'liv-  iis-_>  feet  I  Ion;;  and  .m  nii'ticM  ( ISO  feet)  lii^'li.  ti4.">  ft-ft  wjiiaic,  /liil- 
'■■/.■,  I  sol  iy<;(  Ml  tVft,  linnifinj;  IS-_»  feet  s<|liart',  ^'<»;v/(^  •_"_'l  fci-l  lil-li,  Mni/ir; 
-■-'1  lii'i  lii;.'li,  'I7ii)iii/>sii)i.  ISonnd,  'J'.tT  varas  in  iliaini'tcr,  '210  varas  |7I"> 
t'''t!i  hl_'li,  I'l  i//iii,  aiTordin;;  to  Hotiiriiii's  nu'asnreiiiL'iit.s;  OU  mcUea  liiyli, 
!.'>,':■  „.!■  ni;  "-JO  by  4SU  by  ISo  feet,  (Ji:indi  Vurcri. 


53G 


AXTItiriTIKS  OF  MEXICO. 


north-wost  corner,  ami  TTumboldt's  remarks  nliout  a 
stairway  of  stone  })lot'ks  may  apply  to  this  ])yiaiiml 
as  well  as  to  the  other.  Bullock  states  that  tlie  sec- 
ond terrace  is  thirty-ei_i»ht  feet  wide.  There  arc  no 
traces  of  huildin^»'s  on  the  summit  or  of  o'allerios  in 
the  interior,  but  this,  like  the  other  pyrannd,  ims  a 
small  mound  on  one  of  its  sides  near  the  hasr,  and 
this  mound  seems  to  have  embankments  conneetim,'  it 
with  the  road  on  the  west.  The  House  of  the  Sun  is 
also  surrounded  on  the  north,  south,  and  east,  accord- 
ing to  the  report  of  the  Mexican  commission,  by  tlic 
embankment  a,  h,  c,  <I,  which  is  a  hundred  and  thirty 
feet  wide  on  the  summit,  and  twenty  feet  Iul,-^!!,  with 
slopini^  sides,  wideninLf  out  at  the  extremities,  '/  and 
d,  into  unequal  rectanjjfular  platforms.  It  is  iri- 
tainly  ver}'  remarkable  that  among  the  many  visitms 
to  Teotihuacan  no  one  had  found  any  traces  of  iUl^ 
embankment  before  1864. 

Twelve  hundred  and  fifty  yards  still  furtlicr  sontli 
across  the  stream  is  the  Texcalpa,  'citadel,'  'palace, 
or  'stone  house,'  as  it  is  called,  or  defined,  l)y  tlilKi- 
ent  writers.  The  Citadel  is  a  quadrangular  enclosuie, 
whose  sides  measure  twelve  hundred  and  forty-six 
and  thirteen  hundred  and  thirty-eight  feet  respectively, 
or  nine  hundred  and  eighty-four  feet  S(|uare  accDidin;' 
to  Linares,  and  are  exactly  parallel  with  those  of  the 
Pyramid  of  the  Sun.  The  enclosing  walls,  or  enil)ank- 
ments,  are  two  hundred  and  sixty-two  feet  thick  and 
thirty-three  feet  high,  except  on  the  west  side,  where 
it  is  but  sixteen  feet  high;  their  material  not  bt  in.f 
mentioned,  but  presumably  the  same  as  that  of  the 
pyramids.  A  cross-embankment  of  smaller  dimensions 
divides  the  square  area  into  two  unequal  parts,  and 
on  its  centre  stands  a  smaller  pyramid,  said  by  Lina- 
res to  be  ninety-two  feet  high,  in  ruins,  having  traced 
of  a  stairway,  or  path,  on  its  eastern  slope.  Two  small 
mounds  stand  at  the  western  base  of  the  small  jiyia- 
mid,  one  is  found  in  the  western  enclosure,  and  loin- 
teen,  averaging  twenty  feet  in  height,  are  synuuetric- 


PATH  OF  THE  DEAD. 


ear 


allv  ai'r.'ini^'od  on  tlic  summit  of  tlio  main  cmbank- 
iiit'iits,  .as  shown  in  the  plan.  Tho  Citadel  in  some  of 
its  features  seems  to  bear  a  slij^ht  resemblance  to  the 
woiks  at  Tenampua,  in  Plonduras,  and  at  ^lonte  Al- 
biiii,  ill  Oajaca.*^ 

Just  south  of  tho  House  of  tho  Moon  a  line  of 
mounds,  C  D,  forms  nearly  a  circular  enclosure 
altout  six  hundred  feet  in  diameter,  with  a  small 
mound  in  the  centre.  From  this  area  two  parallel 
lines  of  mounds  extend  south  15^  west,  parallel  also 
with  the  sides  of  the  House  of  the  Sun  and  Citadel, 
for  two  hundred  and  fifty  rods  to  the  liio  San  Juan, 
f(jrniin<»'  an  avenue  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  wide, 
callod  by  the  natives,  as  in  the  Toltec  traditions, 
Micaotli,  'path  of  the  dead.'^*  The  mounds  that 
form  this  avenue  are  of  conical  or  seniispherical  form, 
iuid  of  different  din)en:iions,  the  lar«»'est  being  over 
thirty  feet  in  heiij^ht.  They  are  built  of  stone  frag- 
ments, earth,  and  clay,  and  stand  close  together,  so  as 
to  resemble  in  some  parts  a  continuous  end)ankmont. 
Six  cross-embankments  divide  the  southern  part  of  the 
]'atli  of  the  Dead  into  compartments,  three  of  MJiich 
liave  a  mound  in  their  centre.  Linares  represents 
the  avenue  as  extending  four  or  five  miles  beyond 
the  House  of  the  Moon,  to  the  Cerro  de  Tlaginga; 
and  Mayer  in  his  plan  terminates  it  on  the  south  at 
a  point  opposite  the  House  of  the  Sun,  where  it  is 
crossed  by  the  modern  path. 

Besides  the  mounds,  or  thilfcln^,  that  form  tho 
Path  of  the  Dead,  there  are  numerous  others  of  the 
siinie  form  and  material — being,  so  far  as  known, 
iiieie  lieaps  of  stone  and  earth— scattered  over  the 
plain,  some  of  them  in  lines  or  groups,  with  an  ap- 
proacli  to  regularity,  and  others  with  no  ai)}>arent 
arrangement.     They  vary  in  height  from  four  or  five 

'-  ^i-f  pp.  74,  .380,  of  this  voluiiie. 

"Lilian's,  ,Vw.  Mix.  Gcoq.,  Jiofifin,  .3ra  6poca,  torn,  i.,  pp.  lO:?-.'),  calls 
it  Mijciliotli".  IJiusscMir,  liisf.  Xiif.  ('ii\,  toiii.  i.,  i>]).  14S-.')1,  applies  the 
iiaiiie  to  tlie  whule  plain,  ralleil  by  tlie  Spaniards  Llanu  de  lus  Cues. 


D38 


ANTKiUlTIES  OF  MEXICO. 


to  twenty-five  or  thirty  feet.  Resjieoting  tliose  tlal- 
teles  I  quote  from  Alinar.az  as  follows:  "In  them 
many  exeavations  liavo  been  made,  causinj^  most  of 
the  dilapidation  which  is  noted;  nome  of  them  exe- 
cuted for  scientific  purposes  in  search  of  archjeolonjcal 
t)hjccts;  others  made  by  ignorant  and  rai)aci(»us  jm- 
sons,  impelled  by  a  hoj^e  of  finding  falsely  rcitnittd 
treasures:  Neither  have  there  been  wanting-,  and 
this  is  the  cause  of  most  of  the  destructitm,  jtersoiis  of 
evil  intentions  who  undertake  to  demolish  tlit'  iiiins 
in  order  to  obtain  the  liewn  blocks  of  por})hyry  w  liidi 
are  used  in  the  construction  of  their  barbarous  dwcH- 
ings;  and  they  do  not  even  preserve  the  blocks,  l)iit 
break  and  destroy  them;  in  this  manner  have  pol- 
ished relics  truly  precious.  Almost  under  my  eyes 
there  were  taken  from  one  of  the  tlalteles  eight  liowii 
blocks  four  by  three  and  a  lialf  feet;  the  outer  faros 
Avere  sculi)tured,  representing  a  strange  and  gr(»tos(jue 
figure,  with  the  head  of  a  serpent  and  of  soniu  otlior 
fierce  animal,  like  a  tiger  or  lion;  they  were  curvod 
on  the  outsi<le,  and  all  nuist  have  formed  a  oiicular 
monument  seventeen  feet  in  diameter;  they  woio 
broken  up  without  pity,  although  I  was  able  to  make 
a  drawing  of  one  of  them.  In  the  same  tlaltel  were 
other  sculptured  stonefe  ...  In  the  houses  of  8aii  .biaii 
de  Teotihuacan  are  seen  some  of  these  sculptures  built 
into  the  walls,  and  in  the  Ventilla,  near  the  ruins,  1 
liave  seen  stones  representing  in  my  opinion  a  ser- 
pent. .  . .  Of  all  the  objects  of  this  class  the  most  no- 
table is  a  monolith  found  amonjj  the  debris  of  a  tlal- 
tel,  and  of  which  I  give  a  drawing  [see  next  pago.^ 
It  is  a  parallelopipedon  ten  feet  and  a  half  higli,  and 
five  feet  and  a  half  wide  and  thick,"  weigliinLi,  ac- 
cording to  the  author's  calculations,  over  fifteen  tons. 
"I  had  an  excavation  made  in  one  of  the  smallest. 
and  found  four  wall'i  meeting  at  riarht  angles  and 
forming  a  sijuare;  they  are  inclined,  and  within  arc 
found  some  stei)s  which  are  parallel  to  it  [the  si[tnno  : 
in  the  upper  part  of  these,  begin  four  other  walls  also 


MOUNDS  OF  TEOTIHUACAN. 


539 


Monolith  from  a  Teotihuacan  Mound. 

iiicliiicd,  containing  a  little  room: — I  tlioii<Tht  it  was  a 
tniiili,  Jiltliough  1  havo  some  doubts  about  its  true 
(il)jr(t.'"'"  The  people  of  the  vicinity  said  that  in  one 
(if  tilt'  mounds  there  had  been  found  a  stone  box  con- 
taiiiiiiLf  a  skull,  beads,  and  various  curious  relics  of 
Inn  1,  scr})entine,  heliotrope,  and  obsidian.  They  also 
ilaiiiHtl  to  have  found  quantities  of  gold-dust  and 
i;iil(l  vases. 

lliiniboldt  speaks  of  hundreds  of  these  mounds 
ariaiint'd  in  streets  running  exactly  east  and  west 
and  north  and  south  from  the  pyramids.  ^Mayer's 
lilaii  rej)resents  a  square  area  partly  enclosed  by  a 
liiii'  of  tlalteles  north-east  of  the  House  of  the  Moon. 
Ac(ni(liiig  to  Latrobe,  the  mounds  extend  for  miles 
town  ids  Tezcuco;  and  Waddy  Thompson  is  conKdent 
that  they  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  city  nearly  as 
lar^v  as  Mexico.  The  Citadel  he  calls  the  ])ublic 
>'iuaic  of  twenty  acres  with  a  stone  building  in  the 
iviitiT,  and  he  also  finds  traces  of  several  otlier 
smaller  sfpnires.  The  streets  are  marked  l)y  large 
]iilis  (if  rock  rescml)ling — except  in  size — j)otato-hills, 
fi>niir(l  by  falling  buildings.  In  the  opinion  of  this 
author  it  is  sinq)ly  absurd  to  suppose  these  ]ieaj)s  to 
liiUc  been  formed  as  separate  movmds.      Thonq)son 

^*  Aliiiamz,  Apuntcs,  pp.  354-5,  with  plate. 


% 


Ih"' 


nr 


lit 
I 

1 

,    Si 
i'      ' 

44H 


64a 


ANTIQl'ITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


also  found  a  nunibor  of  circular  niches  two  fcrt  in 
(liauKitor  on  tlio  bank  of  a  ravino  west  of  tliu  otlm 
rejuains."* 

Afayur  found,  near  i  of  the  plan — as  nearly  as  can 
he  dutorinined  hy  his  plan,  which  differs  considiialily 
in  detail  from  the  one  I  have  ^iven — a  globular  iii;i>s 
of  ^mmite  nineteen  feet  eight  inches  in  circund'tn  ii't  : 
also,  near  m,  the  stone  block  shown  in  the  cut.     1 1  is 


nni 


i 


The  Fainting-Stone  at  Tcotihuacan. 

ten  feet  and  a  half  lon<?,  five  feet  wide,  lies  exai  tly 
east  and  Avest,  and  is  found  in  the  centre  of  a  oiDup 
of  small  mounds.  The  cut  shows  the  sculpturo  on 
the  face  turned  toward  the  south,  that  on  the  top  ami 
north  being  very  indistinct.  At  h  of  the  cut  is  u  hal- 
low described  as  three  inches  deep  at  the  sides,  and 
six  at  top  and  bottom.  Notwithstanding  Col.  Maviis 
opinion  to  the  contrary,  it  is  most  natural  to  rrunid 
this  monument  as  an  overturned  pillar.     The  natives 

85  'It  is  certain,  that  where  they  stand,  there  was  formerly  n  j,nv:il  <it,v, 
as  appears  by  the  vast  ruins  ahoiit  it,  and  l»v  tiio  {^rots  or  di'us.  ii~  will 
artilicial  as  natural.'  Irniii/li  Cinrri,  m  C/iiirc)iiir.i  Col.  Voifd'f'",  vol.  iy., 
)».  514.  Huiu.s  of  streets  and  plazas.  Linares,  iu  Sue.  Mcx.  Ucotj.,  Duldm, 
Sra  epoea,  tout,  i.,  p.  104. 


MISCKLLANEurs  liKLUS. 


6il 


1m  licvo  that  wliocvor  .sits  or  reclines  on  this  stone  will 
iiiiiiiitliately  fiiint."* 

At  tlie  time  of  tlie  Con(|uest  statu»!s  of  the  sun  antl 
iiioHii  are  reported  to  liave  heen  ibiuul  on  tlie  sunnnits 
(if  tlicir  respective  j)yraniicls.  The  jjfohl  plates  whieii 
jiiv  s;ii(l  to  have  covered  or  decorated  these  idols  wcro 
(if  (diirse  immediately  a})propriated  hy  the  Sjtanish 
solilicis,  and  the  idols  themselves  hroken  hy  order  of 
tlif  |niests.  Gemelli  Careri  claims  to  have  seen  fra_<^- 
111 'iits  of  their  arms  and  le^'s  at  the  hase  of  the  l)yra- 
iiiid,  iiiid  Ramon  del  Moral  assured  Veytia  that  ho 
liad  linind  the  colossal  head  of  the  statue  of  the  moon, 
aii<l  that  the  pe<lestal  still  remained  in  place;  Yeytia, 
liuwcvor,  could  find  no  traces  of  such  relics  in  1757, 
altlioUL,']i  Ixtlilxochitl  and  Boturini  lioth  claim  to  have 
Mrii  them."  ]\Iayer  claims  to  have  found  well-defined 
{races  of  an  ancient  road  covered  with  cement,  he- 
twtvii  tlie  ruins  and  the  villa^-e.  The  whole  surfaces 
(if  the  ])yramids,  mounds,  and  much  of  the  surrounci- 
iiiL;'  I'lain,  are  literally  strewn  with  the  fra^inents  of 
lottery  and  ohsidian;  and  small  terra-cotta  heads  are 
iitr«it'(l  to  the  visitor  in  yreat  quantities  for  sale,  hy 
thr  natives,  who  })ick  them  u[)  amoiiiL''  the  ruins,  or 
]n  rhaps  manufacture  tliem  when  their  search  is  not 
sutficiciitly  fruitful.  Many  of  these  heads  have  hecu 
hrmi'^ht  away  and  sketched,  and  they  are  very  simi- 
lai'  iiiK'  to  another.  One  of  them,  sketched  \>y  Mr 
A  rtili,  is  shown  in  the  cut.** 

"  l/^'//'c'.s-  ^^l■x.  an  if  Was,  jip.  '2'J2-.">,  witli  cut.  Tliompson,  ^^r.l•.,  p, 
l|ii.  illiiiliii;,'  ]ir<>l>at)ly  to  tlic  saint'  iiicniiimciit,  Idciit.-s  it  "a  fi'w  liiiii- 
ilii'l  viinls  from  tlio  ])yraiiii(ls,  in  a  secindi'd  spot,  slint  I'losi-ly  in  liv  two 
^lll;l!l  liilliii'lvs,'  pronoiiiiccs  it  uncloulitcilly  a  sacrilicial  stone,  ami  t'stimatis 
till' uciirlit  at  i.")  tons.  lU'iinfoy  also  speaks  of  an  niisculptuml  sat'rilii'ial 
stniM'  II  liy  4  liy  4  ft't't.  '  I'nc  fort  ;ri'anil»'  pioirt'  st'inliialili'  ;i  uni'  tonilii', 
eoincrti' ,riiii''roj,'1yplies.'  /Vvvc//,  Mi .vijur,  p.  HHi.  'A  massivo  stone  eul- 
uiiiu  li;ili'  liurieii  in  the  f^roinid.'   lUilhifk'fi  Arross  Mi,i\,  p.  1(>(>. 

"■  l'>;/ti(i.  111.-!/.  Ant.  M'j.,  torn.  i..  ]>\>.  •2'M-Ml  •J47-'.>;  iJom/ni,  in  J'na- 
rnif,  Ihs/.  ('„i,q.  -lAi'.i'.,  tom.  iii.,  ji.  :V.l;  Urinrlll  Cn-ii-i,  y.  r)l4.  r.iillock, 
.I'/'.v.  Ml  I-.,  p.  lt)."»,  says  lie  saw  as  late  as  18(»4,  on  tlie  siiinniit  of  tlit; 
li'iii-i'  lit  tiie  Nfooii,  an  altar  of  two  liloeks,  eovereil  with  wliiie  (ilaster 
t'viiiriiily  rei'eiit,  with  an  aperture  in  the  eeiitre  of  the  upper  hloek,  siiii- 
1»>mm1  III  have  i-arried  oil"  the  lilood  of  vietiins. 

■"  /.'.„//,  liiiio.  Siir.,  Jtiiir.,  vol.  vii.,  ji.  10.  'One  may  shut  his  eyes 
aii'l  'li  i|'  M  dollar  from  liis  hand,  ami  the  ehaiiees  are  at  least  e^uul  that  it 


5-12 


AXTIQl'lTIKS  OF  MKXICl). 


Terra-Cotta  Ili-atl  -  TtMitiliuiiPan. 


1*5: 


The  ruins  of  Tootihuacan,  like  the  pyramid  <<\' 
Cliolula,  contain  no  intornal  evidenocs  ot"  tluii  ;i.:v. 
Its  luiildini,'  is  attrihutud  in  difiuront  records  tn  tlio 
Toltecs,  Ohnecs,  and  Totonacs,  in  tlie  vury  lailir^t 
])eriod  of  Naliua  supremacy.  Tlie  name  TrDtilmaciii 
is  one  of  the  very  earliest  ])reserved  in  Naliua  ;imi;il>, 
and  there  can  he  l)ut  little  d^uht  that  the  pyramids  ar.' 
older  than  that  of  Chohda,  or  that  they  were  hiiilt  at 
least  as  early  as  the  sixth  century,  the  conunenccnuiit 
(»f  what  is  rcLjarded  as  the  Toltec  era  in  Anahuac  I  lu' 
i)vramids  themselves  served,  '.'cordinijf  to  tradition,  as 
jdaces  of  sepidture,  hut  not  alt(j,y'ether  for  thi>  luir- 
])osc,  f(»r  Teotihuacan  is  s})oken  of  as  a  great  (•■iitio 
of  relit^-ious  worship  and  priestly  rites,  a  position  it 
would  not  have  held  had  it  heen  simply  a  lairial 
])lace.  It  is  altogether  i)rohal)le  that  the  hou>r>  i^t' 
the  Sun  and  Moon  served  the  douhle  purpost  ot 
tomhs  and  shrines,  although  there  is  no  proof  tliat 
a!iy  temi)les  i)roi)er  ever  stood  on  the  summit  as  at 
Chohda.  These  structures  are  said  to  have  served  as 
models  for  the  Aztec  teocallis  of  later  times.  l)<»ii 
Lucas  Alaman,  a  distinguished  ^Mexican  statismaii 
and   author,  helieved   that  the  numerous  terra-rutta 


will  fall  iipnii  sonu'diiiifr  of  the  kind.'  Thnrnpunti^n  Mr.r.,  p.   110. 
of  VI  tcrra-cotfa  licails  in  Xihrl,  Vlajr.     Cutn  of  8  lieads,  jsunic  tli 
as  NflM-r.s,  ill  Mnycr'n  Mcx.  as  it  Wan,  p.  '2'2', 


'  >,11110 


'Si 


TIIOTIIII'.UAX  AXI>  EJ;VI'T, 


r>i3 


h.;iil>  iilrc'iuly  s[>()koii  of  wuro  rclitN  distiiKiitcd  l»v' 
tlic  piitsts  to  thu  crowds  of  i»ilgniu.s  tliat  iissLiublcd 
at  tli<:  sliriiiL'S.*' 


Si  Aiiloiiio  (iiirciii  V  Tuhas, 


•f  tl 


ic  i'iitiiitn.-.r>ii)ii  «lii»ic  I 


MTIp 


tluii  lit'   I'l'iililiiiiiiaii  I  liave  iihciI  as  mv  ,  iMcf  aiitlmril v,  I 


laM  MiM'f  inih 


.1... 


<|iim|  mm  Eiisin/ii  lie  nil  Kstiliiio  niui/iiirntii'ii  riitrr  hix   I'iiiiniiili  s    1; 


M 


I' 

11/111,1.1 


IS,  Mcxifii,  1.S7I,  wliicli  I  liuvL"  rt'ci-ivcil  since  wiiliii;.'  llic  |ii 


rnllli;:  |i.i^'i'h. 


lie  ;;ivfs  tlu>  Haine  plan  and  view  thai    I   liaxi 


il,  al>i 


laii  nt  till'  K;^'V|iliaii  |iyrainiils  in  tlii>  plain  of  (ilii/.rli,  ami  a  platr  i'i'|iic- 
iitiii;.'  I'Mi'l  of  a  linnian  face  in  xtono  from 'IVotilinaran.  'I'lit'  aulinii'  niailt! 
Hill'  iiiMitional  o)>Kt'i'vations  saiis«><|ni>ntly  to  tlu>  rxploratinn  of  tlit-  nmi' 
li.^jiiii   ami  nivL's  tlie  following  tliincntiionN,  wliicli  vary  snni.'wliai   t'loni 

!■  I  liavi' ;rivi'n,  I'spccially  the  licij^lit:     Snn     'iH-' liy  •_''_'0  liy  (!(>  mrt; 

iiiit.  IS  iiy  ;<•_'  nu'tiTs;  slope,  north  anil  Hoiith  'M    .'V,  east  ami  west  ;Mi  ; 


lllii^r 
^UIll 


[lirrctiuii, 


i:.  to  \v 


them  Hiile,  H'A'  N.W.;  direition,   N,   to  S.  ea^t 


erii 


>ii|i.  7   N  K.     Direition,  'roail  of  the  «leail,'  H'  4.">'  N.K. ;  line  tliriin;,'li  ecii 
til- of  the  two  |iyraiiii(ls,  10'  X.W.      Moon-    l.'>(i  l»y  \'M)  \t\  \i>  mities.     ist- 
iTii  >lo|ie.  :U    HO,  Hontliern  slope,  IW  ;  snininit,  (!  l>y  (iiiii'lres;  iliierlin       .  atli 
«hIi',  Ns  :<(•'  N.W.,  east  siile,  1 '  30'  N.K.     Theanthor  thinks  the  ilillerence 


till'  mil 


iiri'  nil"  I'll 


1  lii'i'.'lit  may  result  fi'in,   the  fact  that  the  ;;ronml  on  which  the  pyiami>l 
-i;iihl  sliiiics  towanl-.    I.    smith,  an<l  the  altitnile  «»•■  taken  in  one  case  i  'i 
the  siiiiili,  in  the  other  on  the  north. 

Till'  III!!  '  'n^' i|notatioii  contains  the  most  iin|iortant  .pinion  aihanceil 
ill  tlu' essay  III  (|nestion:  -'The  pyraniids  of  'reotihnacan.  as  they  <'\ist  to- 
iliiv.  arc  not  in  their  primitive  state.  There  is  now  a  mass  of  loose  stones, 
wliiiM'  iiilcistices  covereil  with  ve^^etaMe  earth,  have  canseil  to  spriii;:'  n|i 
llitmleof  jilants  ami  llowers  with  which  the  faces  of  the  p\ramiiU 
ciivereil.  'I'liis  mass  of  stones  ilill'ers  from  the  plan  of  coiistriiciiou 
tHllnwcil  ill  the  lioily  of  the  monnnients,  ami  hesiiles,  the  fa II in;;  of  these 
>iniics,  wliich  has  taken  place  <-hielly  on  the  eastern  face  of  the  Slooii,  has 
l.iiil  liiiii'  an  inclineil  |ilaiie  perfectly  Hiiiooth,  whic'h  .seems  to  lie  the  true 
liHc  lit'  llie  pyramiil.  'J'liis  isolateil  ohservatioii  woiihl  not  ;;ive  so  much 
fiinc  til  my  ar^inment  if  it  were  mit  accompanieil  liy  the  same  circmii- 
^tanl^-•  ill  all  the  inonnmentM.'  The  slope  of  these  re;j;nlar  smooth  snrface.H 
lit  the  Miiiiii  is  47,  ilill'eriii;;  from  the  slope  of  the  outer  surface.  The 
sum'  inner  smooth  faces  the  author  claims  to  liave  foiiml  not  only  in  tin.' 
I>vniiiii>ls.  lint  in  the  tialteles,  or  smaller  nionmls.  Srtiarcia  y  < 'nlias  thinks 
lliat  ilic  Tiittecs,  the  ilescemlants  of  the  civili/ed  jieople  that  Imilt  the 
lAraiiiiils.  ciivereil  np  thesi-  toinhs  ami  sanctuaries,  in  fear  of  the  ilepieila- 
timis  III  the  .sava-'e  races  that  came  after  them. 


ic^iMTtiii"'   niisce 


llaii 


eons    remain 


s   at    Teotihnacan    the   author   savs, 


'Till'  iImt  empties  into  Lake  Te/cneo,  with  j;real  fiesliets  in  the  rainy  sea- 
^"11,  it- riin-eiit  heeomin;;  at  such  limes  very  impetuous,  its  waters  ha\o 
liiiil  iiaii'  tliron;rhont  an  immense  extent  of  territory,  fonmlalioiis  of  Iniilil- 
iiii;^  ainl  Inirixontal  layers  of  a  very  line  mortar  as  hard  as  rock,  all  of 
vliiili  iinlicates  the  remains  of  an  immense  town,  ]ierhaps  the  Memphis  of 


ilu'sc  ii"_'iiins. 


Thronidiout   a  jjreat   extent   of  lerritorv  alioiit    tl 


le  pyra- 


iiiiils.  till-  a  radins  of  over  a  leai'iie  are  seen  the  fonmlalioiis  of  a  miiltilmlo 


Ht  I'ljiti. 


it  the  hanks  of  the  riviy  and  on  hoth 


if  III 


are 


liiiiiiij  till' hiiri/ontal  lavers  of  lime;  others  of  earth  and   mud.  "f  tel/nntli 


kI   lit 


anic  tufa,  sliowini:  the  same  method  of  eonstruclioii;  on  the 


T'laij-  111  lueen  the  pvramids  ami  San  .Fnan  are  distinci''-  seen  traces  of 
« Imli  cross  eaeli  other  at   ri'dit   ani'Ies.'     He  also  found  excavations 


wall 

whirl 


I'll  -I'l'iii  to  havi;  furnished  the  material  for  all  the  strncliiies. 
•V"  til  the  chief  purpose  for  which  the  r/(.v^<;/o  was  written,   the  am!. or 
tliiini- ihc  fiillowin;.;  analo;,'ies  lietweeii  Teotihna<'an  and  the  K;.'\ptiaii  pyr 


aiuiil.-;   1.   The  site  chosen  is  the  same.     'i.  Thu  btructurc^  are  oriei 


ited 


V  i"l 


■  i'H 


644 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


At  Otuiuba  few  rullcs  of  antiquity  scorn  to  liavc 
been  discovered;  Mayer,  liowever,  n'ives  a  cut  of  a 
pillar  oruanieuted  with  j^eoiiietric  sculptured  tinuivs, 
which  is  said  to  have  been  found  by  Mr  Poinsutt.  At 
Tizayuca,  a  little  north  of  the  lake,  a  low  hill  i,, 
spoken  of  with  a  small  hole  in  the  top,  whence  isrsins 
continually  a  current  of  air;  1  know  not  whetlicr  there 
are  evidences  of  anything  artificial  al)out  this  cu- 
rious i)henonienon  of  more  than  doubtful  authcutii  itv. 
The  same  authority  also  mentions  some  ruined  Imild- 
ings  on  the  hacienda  of  San  Miguel."'^  Brasscur  de 
Bourbourg  tells  us  that  the  ruins  of  Quetzalcoatr.s 
temple  at  Tulancingo  were  visible  long  after  the  Con- 
quest, and  also  speaks  of  a  subterranean  palace  calkd 
Mictlancalco,  and  a  stone  cross  discovered  on  ]\Iouiit 
Meztitlan.  Veytia  also  speaks  of  the  cross  of  Mcz- 
titlan,  seul})tured  together  with  a  moon  on  a  loCtyaiid 
almost  inaccessil)le  clitf;  and  Chaves  barely  nuiitiuuft 
relics  of  antiquity  not  described  very  definitely.''^ 


At  the  Cerro  de  las  Navajas,  near  !Monte  Jacal, 
about  midway  between  Real  del  !Monte  and  Tulan- 
cingo, are  the  mines  or  quarries  from  which  the  na- 
tives of  Anahuac  arc  believed  to  have  obtained  tlio 
large  quantities  of  obsidian  used  by  them  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  their  implements  and  Aveapons.  Tin; 
mines  are  described  as  oj)enings  three  or  four  i'eet  in 
diameter  and  one  hundred  and  ten  to   one  huiidml 


vitli  sli^'Iit  vMiiiitiDii.  ,"?.  Tlic  line  tliroujjit  tlio  centres  of  tlie  pyiaiiiiiU  w 
]!!  tlie  'astriiiiiiiiiical  meridian.'  4.  Tiie  eunstriictiini  in  <;ra(ies  ami  --tt'i^is 
file  same.  .">.  In  liotli  eases  the  larjfer  jiyraniiils  are  dediealcil  to  liir  >iiii. 
(').  Tiie  Nile  lias  a  'v.iiley  nl  the  dead,'  as  in  'reotilinaciin  tliert  i>  ;i  '^iK't 
of  tiie  dead.'  7.  Some  nuniuincnts  of  each  class  liave  llie  nalinc  nf  tmtili- 
cations.  8.  'J'lio  smaller  mounds  are  of  tlie  same  nalme  and  for  lln'  >iMiu' 
inirpuse.  0.  Hnlli  ])yramids  have  a  small  mound  joiiuMl  to  one  d  liuir 
laces.  10.  '{'he  ojienin;.''s  discovered  in  the  .Moon  are  also  foiiinl  in  -iiH;' 
K;.'y|itiaii  pyramids.  11.  The  interior  arrangement  of  the  iiyraiiii(l>  i-^ 
aiialoj;(>iis. 

'■"'  Mi.firo,  AiKiIrs  (frl  Miiii.ifrrio  <lr  Fominto,  lSr)4,  to'ii.  i.,  pp  i^-'": 
Jill  Iff  r'.s  Mix.  Ar.lii\  r/r..  vol.  ii.,  ]).  •2H-2. 

'"  llriis.\riir  i/r  /liiiir/iunrif.  Hist.  Xiil.  Civ.,  tom.  i.,  p. 'J.")S;  ]'i  if/in.  Il"^'- 
Ant.  MiJ..  torn,  i.,  ]ip.  ITl-o;  C/i(tir.f,  Ji'djtjior/,  in  'ii  riiaii.c-Cotiqiaiis,  Vvij., 
Hcrie  ii.,  tom.  v.,  p.  300. 


OBSIDIAN  MIXES. 


to  liavL' 
ut   uf  a 

^utt.  At 
•  hill  i. 
•(J  issues 
WV  tlll'lt' 

this  cn- 
L'litiritv. 
a  huilil- 
sscur  do 
Ciileoiitls 
Lhu  ('i)li- 
ec  calk-d 
i  Blount 

of   Ml'Z- 

lol'ty  iuid 
nuiitioii.'i 
dy.- 

tv    .I.'U'ill, 

I  Tulaii- 
thf  Ha- 
lt'd  the 
w  iiiaii- 
Tiiu 
r  \'vv{  \n 
uiidrcd 


|i\  raiiiiil^  i'' 
iiinl  ^'t'l'^  !■' 

IV  (,|  I'llltili- 
ir    till'    MlllU' 

mil'  (il  tlifil' 
ml  ill  >i'iii'' 
liviamiil^  !■■* 


and  forty  feet  in  extent,  proUiibly  liorizontal,  with  side 
drifts  wherever  the  o))siili;in  is  of  a  desirahle  (iuality 
and  most  ahiin(hint.  Larsjce  quantities  of  tlie  matei-ial 
arc  found  in  fragments  of  different  sliapes  and  sizes, 
\\hi( h  throw  some  light  on  the  manner  in  \vhi(di  the 
Aztecs  manufactured  their  knives  and  other  imj)le- 
inciits.''-  In  the  vicinity  of  Actopan,  at  Mixcpiiahu- 
ala.  we  are  t(dd  m  a  Mexican  government  report 
alivady  often  (pioted,  that  clay  relics  are  frequently 
discovered."^  At  Atotonilco  ol  (Jrande,  south  of  (Ju- 
antia,  ^Ir  Burkart  found  ])ieces  of  obsidian  of  many- 
sided  j)yramidal  form,  from  which  knives  had  appar- 
ently heen  split  off  hy  tlie  natives  in  ancient  times. 
The  art  of  woi'king-  this  intractalde  material  has  heen 
juactically  lost  in  modern  times."* 

At  Zacualtipan,  in  the  noi'th-eastcrn  portion  of 
Mexico,  a  very  peculiar  moimment  is  described,  con- 
sisting of  a  liouse  excavated  fn^m  a  single  stone.  A 
diMiiway  on  the  south,  with  colunms  at  its  sides,  leads 
to  an  ajiartment  measuring  about  twelve  l)y  seven 
and  a  half  feet,  and  ten  feet  and  a  half  higli.  The 
riMini  contains  the  remains  of  a  kind  of  altar  and 
a  sculptured  cross.  A  stone  Ijencli  extends  round 
tlie  sides,  being  two  feet  high  and  one  foot  wide. 
This  main  room  is  connected  by  a  doorway  on  the 
West  with  another  very  narrow  one,  in  the  south  end 
of  \\lii(di  is  what  is  descril)ed  as  a  kind  of  stone  bed 
nieasuring  three  1)V  six  feet,  all  of  the  same  stone. 
Another  stone  neai'  by  has  a  bath,  so-called,  and 
still  another,  known  as  Ca{)arrosa,  has  an  inscription 
painted  in  red.  Thesj  remains  are  of  so  extraordi- 
iiaiv  a  character,  that  in  tli(>  absence  of  conHrmation 
the  report  must  be  considered  doubtful  or  erroneous. 


''•  T;il(}r\-  Aiiafiiiiir,  |i]>.  0(»,  101).  with  I'lit  uf  a  knife  or  sjMMr-lii'ad; 
Biiil.i'i-i,  Miyin),  tiiiii.  i.,  lip.  I'J4-.").  l.iiwciistt'rii  spcaUs  of  the  o'.isiiliaii 
iiiiiii^iii  ( iuajolofc,  wliicii  lie  (Itwcrihcs  as  (iitrlu's  one  or  two  ini'irc-;  wide, 
iiml  (if  varviii;;'  (li'|itli;  iiaviii;;  only  small  frajjineiits  of  tlic  iiiiiicral  scat- 
Uriil  iiLoat.   Mi:rii/i>  \  p.  -Jll, 

'■"  M  i-irn^  Allah's  ilil  Minis/frill  i/r  Fiiinrnfo,  1854,  toni.  i.,  ]•.  '-'77. 

^^  Hmhirf,  Mfxifii,  toiii.  i.,  p.  .')1. 
\uL.  IV.    yo 


'.t* 


510 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


M 

It ' 


1^ 


At  Tocomal,  north  of  Lolotla,  a  stone  is  mentioned 
nix  feet  li-.^h,  whicli  lias  six  steps  leading  uj)  to  tli." 
isunnnit,  where  is  an  oval  hole  a  yard  and  a  lialt" 
deep."^  At  Monte  Penulco  Mr  Latrobe  s])eaks  of 
some  remains  j)rol)ably  of  S})anish  origin,  like  iiuiiiv 
others  that  are  attributed  to  the  antiguos."^ 

Near  San  Juan  de  los  Llanos,  in  the  extienie 
noi-th-eastern  part  of  the  state,  some  forty  leaniiLs 
i'ytmi  the  city  of  Mexico,  the  existence  of  a  ruimil 
city  was  reported  late  in  the  eighteenth  century  on 
{ij)})arently  good  authority;  but  I  find  no  later  inin- 
tion  of  it.  The  descrij)tion  bears  some  resembliuici' 
to  that  of  Metlaltoyuca,  discovered  in  1805,  just 
across  the  line  in  Vera  Cruz,  twenty-five  or  thirty 
miles  north-east  from  San  Juan.  The  two  grou|)s  of 
remains  may  be  identical,  or  the  earlier  report  may 
refer  to  other  monuments,  many  of  which  veiy  ]>rol)- 
ably  exist  yet  undiscovered  in  that  densely  woikIimI 
district.  The  ruined  city  near  San  Juan  was  de- 
scribed in  1786,  by  Sr  Cafiete,  as  covering  an  aiva 
of  one  league  by  three  fourths  of  a  league,  siir- 
lounded  by  walls  of  hewn  stone  laid  without  nioitar, 
five  to  eight  feet  high  and  very  thick.  A  street  lim- 
ning from  east  to  west  was  paved  with  volcanic  stom\ 
worn  smooth,  and  guarded  by  battlements,  or  sidi- 
w^alls.  Several  ruined  temples,  sculptured  blocks  of 
stone,  stom^  metates  and  other  implements,  stone 
statues  of  men  and  animals — including  a  lion — were 
found  here,  but  all  of  a  ratlier  coarse  workmaiishii). 
A  tall  pine  was  growing  on  the  summit  of  one  of 
the  temples,  and  there  seemed  to  l)e  some  evidonie 
that  the  town  had  been  abandoned  for  want  o^  ;i 
supply  of  water. "^ 

!»  ^^r.riro,  Aiinlrn  dd  Mliiiaterio  de  Fomento,  1854,  foin.  i.,  Jtp.  (1.211-4, 
Tli);   Hunslcni,  Xotiritis,  ]>]>.  48-5»,  (i!). 

"G  lAitnihf's  liiimlilir,  p.  7">. 

37  J.  F.  R.  C<(i)r/i;  ill  A/z<tfi-  1/  liamirrz,  (7,irrtn  dr.  Lifrrnfun'.  rdi 
20,  17!)0;  also  ill  /(/,,  reprint,  toin.'i.,  pp.  •JS2-4.  Sr  Al/afo  y  Kainin  /.  ali- 
tor of  the  Uitfifo,  hail  also  liuard  from  other  souree.-i  of  ruins  in  tin  >aiiii' 
vicinity. 


It 


REMAINS  AT  TULA. 


547 


At  Tula,  north-west  of  tlie  city  of  Mexico,  tlie 
ancient  TuUan,  the  Toltec  capital,  wo  are  told  that 
c>ctfnsive  ruins  remained  at  the  time  of  tlie  Con- 
(|iiist,''''  but  very  few  relics  have  survived  to  the  ])res- 
int  time,  althoui,di  some  of  the  few  that  have  hecn 
tiiiind  here  are  of  a  somewhat  extraordinaiy  cliaracter. 
Thr  cut  shows  both  sides  of  an  earthen  vase  from 


Eurtlicn  Vase— Tula. 

Tula,  which,  as  Mayer  says,  is  "of  exquisitely  grained 
and  tempered  material,  and  ornamented  with  figures 
in  iiit(«/(i<>,  reseml)ling  those  found  on  the  monuments 
ill  Yucatan."**"  Villa-Senor  y  Sanchez,  one  of  the 
early  S[ianish  writers,  names  Tula  as  one  of  the  many 
liHiilitics  where  giants'  bones  had  been  found.™  A 
Cdniiiiission  from  the  Mexican  Geograjihical  Society, 
cmnixisL'd  of  Drs  Manfred  and  Ord, — the  latter  an 
old  resident  of  California,  who  takes  a  deep  interest 
in  the  anti([uities  and  history  of  the  Pacific  States — 
with  Mr  Porter  C.  Bliss,  —whose  large  collection  ol' 
Mexican  works,  with  some  curious  relics  of  anti((uity, 
lias  hccn  lately  added  to  my  libi-ary — and  Sr  (jiai'ci'a 
yCuhas,  made  an  exploration  of  Tula  ami  vicinity  in 
l^7M,  bringing  to  light  some  interesting  momimcnts, 
"f  wiiich  an  illustrated  account  was  published  in  the 
holctiii  of  the  society.  The  cut  shows  a  very  curious 
il(»ui)le  column  of  basalt,  somewhat  over  eight  feet 

•>'  rrrsroffs  .Vrx.,  vol.  i.,  p.   1.3. 

*'■'  M'lu-r,  in  Sr/ioofrnifTs  Arrft.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  588,  pi,  iii.,  fi^r.  1,  2.;  lil., 
•W^A  .I;.'"',  ill'.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  -.MS;  /,/.,  Ml\c.  as  it  }\'as,  jip.  107-S. 

'""  Tiir,(/ru,  tola,  i.,  ]ip.  Sii-7. 


, : 


543 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  MEXICO. 


Basaltic  Column — Tula. 

hig'h.  The  sculptured  knots  are  interpreted  l)y  tlie 
coniniissioners  mentioned  as  the  tlaljuUi,  or  jHiiods 
of  thirteen  years.  None  of  them  occur  on  tlie  ruvi  rsc 
of  the  cohimn.  Otlier  reht-s  discovered  by  this  |iait\' 
inchided  hah'  of  what  seemed  to  be  a  kind  of  caltii- 
dar-s*^')ne,  a  hiri^e  animal  in  basalt  or  monster  idnl, 
and  some  hiero<^ly}»]iio  sculptures  on  the  clitf  of  tlif 
Cerro  de  la  Malinclie.  There  were  also  found  tlio 
three  fragments  shown  in  the  cut,  which  are  iiitciL'st- 


Parts  of  a  Column — Tula. 

ing  as  showing  an  aboriginal  method  of  forniiiiL;'  <ol- 
umiis  not  elsewheru  mot  with  in  America,  a  inuiid 
tonou  on  one  part  fitting  closely  into  a  hole  in  tii'' 
iie.Kt.  The  largest  of  the  three  parts  shown  is  tniir 
feet  long  and  two  and  three  fourths  feet  in  diaimtor. 
The  material  is  basalt  and  the  sculpture  is  said  tn  Ite 
well  done.  Most  of  the  Tula  relics  were  found  at  tlio 
Cerro  del  Tesoro,  west  of  the  modern  villaiife."" 
Gondra  speaks  of  Hue  pieces  of  basalt  and  ntlitr 

""  ,SV.  Mcx.  Ocog.,  Bolctiii,  3ra  cpoca,  torn,  i.,  pp.  1S5-7,  '.villi  I'Hij,'. 


KEMAINS  AT  TILA. 


549 


stone,  about  nine  feet  lowj;,  recently  discovered  on  tlie 
liacitiidii  of  Tliihuililpan  near  Tula,  leavin_i»;  it  to  l>e 
iiit'trivd  that  tlie  blocks  were  artificially  shaped  if  iii)t 
siuliitured.^"'^  Another  author  savs  that  on  the  same 
liacii  iida  an  idol  six  feet  hin'h  has  been  found, '"^  and 
iiiciitions  some  ruins  of  d\vellinL;s  al)out  Jacala  in  the 
Tula  district,  especially  at  Santa  ^laria  de  los  Alamos 
iiiid  ( 'tiro  Prieto,  and  also  a  pillar  in  the  middle  of  the 
Hill  (le  .\[ontezuma.^"*  ( )ther  remains  vaguely  reported 
t(j  exist  in  this  i)art  of  the  state  include  a  subterranea)> 
aivli  at  Huehuetoca,  between  ^Fcxico  and  Tula,  built 
liv  tlie  natives  to  kee[)  the  water  from  the  capital; 
and  a  y'roup  of  ruins  at  Chilcuautla,  amon^'  which  are 
those  of  a  temple  of  stone  and  mortar,  and  a  pyramid 
til'ty-Hve  feet  long  and  seven  feet  high,  with  steps  iu 
a  good  state  of  preservation.^"' 


Still  further  north-west  in  the  state  of  Queretaro, 
three  groups  of  antiquities  are  re])orted,  but  very  in- 
adequately described.  At  l^ueblito  a  league  and  a 
half  south  of  the  city  of  Queretaro,  said  to  have 
lueii  a  favorite  resort  for  Mexican  tourists  and  in- 
valids m  the  last  centurv,  there  stood  on  a  natural  ele- 
vatioii,  in  1777,  the  foundations  of  a  large  rectangular 
huildiiiij:.  The  walls  were  ])uilt  of  stones  laid  in  clav, 
and  were  not,  when  visited,  standing  above  the  level 
of  the  ground,  one  or  two  feet  having  been,  however, 
hrou^ht  to  light  by  excavaMon.  On  the  east  and 
West   of  t        inain    buildin<r   were  two   smaller   ones. 


trull  I 


whicl 


1   ma 


>»y 


K 


l(d^ 


an( 


1  oth 


ler   relics,    iiu 


hiding 


ruiiiid  polished  stones  pierced  through  the  centre,  ai'i; 
f^aid  to  Jiave  been  taken.  A  i)avement  of  clav  is  also 
sitokm  of  in  connection  with  these  ruins.  ( )n  the 
anil'  elevation    stood  an  artificial    sugar-loaf-shaped 


luoiiiid,  built  of  alternate  lavers   of  loose   st( 


)nes  an( 


I 


laud,  having  at  its  summit  a  level  mesa  thirty-three 


10)  J/, 


ih-(t,  in  Prrsrntt,  JJIaf.  Cnvj.  Mrx.,  toni.  iii.,  p.  04. 


p,  .s:u 


Aiiiilr.s  del  Miuidrriu  id:  Foiiuutu,  1854,  torn,  i.,  |>.  20.3. 


^"^  hi,  pj..  417,  iitO-.SOO. 


m 


t:V; 

ft! 

II 


550 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  QUEUETAKO. 


fuct  in  diameter.  It  is  said  tliat  many  idols,  S(ul|it- 
ured  fVagnieuts,  pedestals,  architectural  deconitimis, 
and  Hint  arrow-heads  from  Puehlito,  wuie  sint  to 
enrich  collections  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  'riic  unlv 
writer  on  the  subject,  Sr  Morfi,  attempts  some  de- 
scriptions of  the  scul[)ture,  but  as  is  usual  with  sudi 
accounts  unaccompanied  by  cuts,  they  convey  no  idcu 
whatever  of  the  subjects  treated.  Certain  adohL' 
ruins  of  doubtful  anticpiity  were  also  shown  to  tliL- 
author  mentioned.^"" 

In  the  Sierra  de  Canoas,  between  thirty  and  tnity 
miles  north-east  of  Queretaro,  is  a  stee]>  hill  known 
as  Cerro  de  la  Ciudad,  the  summit  of  which  is  wrv 
strongly  fortified.  A  lithograjdiic  plate  showing'  a 
general  view  of  the  hill  is  given  in  a  Mexican  gov- 
ernment report,  but  I  do  not  coi)y  it  because  tlic 
view  is  too  distant  to  show  anything  furtliei-  tliaii 
Avhat  has  already  been  said;  namely,  that  the  lidl  i.> 
steep,  and  the  sununit  covered  with  strong  stniie 
fortifications.  Another  plate  shows  sinii>ly  tlir  ar- 
rangement of  the  stones,  which  are  brick-sIiajiLd 
blocks,  wliose  dimensions  are  not  given,  laid  in  a 
mortar  of  reddish  clay  and  lime.  There  are  in  all 
forty-five  defensive  works  on  the  hill,  including'  a 
wall  al)out  forty  feet  in  height,  and  a  rectangidar 
])latform  with  an  area  of  five  thousand  S(|uaic  tret. 
Some  large  trees,  one  of  them  three  hundred  years 
old  by  its  rini>s,  are  urowinij:  over  the  ruins.  It  is 
very  unfortunate  that  we  have  no  grountl  plan  ot 
tlu'se   fortifications.*"^ 

Two  or  three  leagues  north-west  of  the  ruiii>  last 
mentioned  is  the  rancheria  of  Kanas,  situnttd  in  a 
small  valley  enclosed  by  hills  on  every  side,  on  tlu' 
summits  o\'  most  of  which  are  still  to  be  seen  ti  art's 
of  an  ancient  population.  The  fortifications  on  tlase 
hills  seem  to  resend)le,  so  far  as  may  be  detennincd 

los  Miirfi,  Vitiijr,  in  Dor.  Hist,  ^fr.l•.,  st'rio  iii.,  toin.  iv..  i>|p.  .'U'J-I  f  Ali- 
prc,  J/isf.  Com/),  i/c  Jisii.i,  ♦oiu.  ii.,  ji.  1G4,  altso  sjioaks  of  .sniiu'  >iiiiill 
iiiounils  at  l*uel)lito. 

1^"  Mta:iru,  Mem.  dc  hi  Sec.  Justieia,  1873,  pp.  21G-17,  two  \<\dU>. 


CAXOAS  AND  RAN  AS. 


551 


liv  tlio  sllu'lit  ac'connts  cxtiiiit,  tliust.'  of  tlio  Itarraura- 
ir'wi  |»L!iiiiisular  jilatcuux  of*  Vera  Cruz.  One  liill- 
siiiiimit  oil  the  north  lias  a  pvraiiiid  sixtv-Hvc  ti-rt 
s'niaic  at  the  hasf,  witli  four  stairways  loiuliun"  to 
t!i(!  toj).  Near  tlie  }>yi'iinii(l  is  a  hurial  mouiid,  or 
nilril/o,  ill  wliicli  witli  a  hiiiiiaii  skeleton  were  loiiiid 
iiKiriiie  shells,  pottery,  and  heads.  The  eiiicillos  are 
iiuimroiis  throughout  the  whole  rejjfictii,  and  marine 
slirjls  are  of  frecjueiit  occurrence  in  them.  From  a 
iiiiiiiMil  ill  the  vicinity  of  San  Juan  Del  Rio  some 
iiliils  were  taken  as  well.^"^ 

Fiom  an  article  read  hefore  the  ^lexican  rjeoiicraphic- 
al  Society  hy  Sr  JJallesteros  in  1872,  1  (juote  the 
t'olliiwiiiLC  extracts:  "What  all  down  to  the  ]>resent 
tiiii'  called  cities  (Canoas  and  Kaiias),  are  only  the 
tuitilied  points  which  jji'uarded  the  city  proper,  whii-Ii 
was  situated  hetweeii  the  two  at  the  pc^iiit  called  lia- 
nas, wliere  was  the  residence  of  the  nudiarch.  In  a 
rL';;i(»n  al)solutely  hrokeii  up  and  cut  in  all  directions 
liy  oiiormous  harrancas,  caused  hy  the  sinkinj^  of  whole 
iiiountains,  the  settlement  could  not  be  svnimetricallv 
liid  out,  hut  was  scattered,  as  it  is  still  found,  in  the 
Itiittniii  of  ravines,  on  the  slopes  and  tops  of  the  hills  for 
many  leaijfues."  A  small  lake,  and  a  perennial  spriiii,^ 
arc  su|)posed  to  have  heen  the  attractions  of  this 
Iticality  in  the  eyes  of  the  ancient  peojtle.  "  ( )n  all 
the  hills  alxiut  are  still  seen  vesti<.^es  of  their  inoiiu- 
iiKiits,  particularly  what  are  called  cuicillos,  scattered 
ill  every  direction  from  the  i)uehlo  of  El  Doctor  to  the 
I'liiks  of  the  streams  that  drain  the  valley  o])posite 
/^iiiiapan,  an<l  even  to  that  of  Estt)rax.  Although 
I'ltuifhand  I  helieved  that  the  ca])ital  was  situated  in 
t'.u;  central  part  of  lianas,  still  this  idea  was  rather 
vayiie;  hut  now  1  think  I  may  l)e  sure  of  it,  since  I 
liavf  found  a  place  surrounded  with  little  elevations, 
with  all  the  sii^ns  of  a  circular  plaza,  with  many  re- 
iiiaiiis  of  monuments,  which  have  heen  destroyed 
tluniiL;h  ignorance  and  greed.      In  my  presence  were 

"'  /(/.,  y.  217. 


5r.2 


ANTItil'ITlKS  OF  QrKJ'KTAUO. 


(lestrovt*<l  tliulast  reiuiiiiisof  a  cuii'illo  to  tound  a  Ikhisi'. 
the  work  not  Ix.'iiiL''  clicckod  by  the  presiJiice  of  the  ImkI- 
ieaot'a  man  and  woman,  wliose  skulls,  which  I  wi>li((l 
to  remove,  were  reduced  to  dust  l>y  the  simple  tiuicli 
of  the  liand.  This  circumstance  may  serve  to-d.iy  as 
a  j)roof  that  the  cuicillos  are  nothinjj^  l)ut  nutituarv 
monuments  erected  over  tlie  sepulchres  of  j)ers()iis  df 
rank,  more  or  less  ^-rand  accordiniif  to  the  jiowcr  of 
the  puehlo,  or  of  tlie  relatives  (►f  the  deceased.  '  'Tin 
idea  of  a  remote  antiquity  is  ]>roved  l»y  the  |ti 
of  the  remains  of  very  larLje  oal 


CSCllCI' 


W 


hicl 


I   sprati^'  iiji 


amonijf  the  edifices,  lyfrew  and  died,  and  IVom  tlieaslus 
of  which  others  equally  lari>;'e  have  orown  up  Mini 
cover  to-day  the  majestic  remains  with  their  slmdc" 
"The  summit  of  the  hill  on  which  it  [tlu;  foi'tilicatiuiij 
"Nvas  founiled  is  somewhat  over  a  (luarter  of  a  K  .c'lU' 


long,  ai 

three  tlu)usand 


pi; 
id   between  ^vall  and  wall  there   is  rooi 


ithout  crowdiuij:.      The  tci 


sink 


Km<r  (> 


f  tl 


le 


men 

mountains  cut  down 


n  inr 
riMr 


th 


\i\. 


le  ciirrs,  wiinii 


ai 


e  ])erpendicular  on  the  north  to  a  height  of  ii\rr 
eleven  hundred  feet.  On  the  brow  of  the  clitf  was 
built  the  superimposed  wall  of  stone,  of  a  very  i(»ii- 
siderable  thickness,  and  terraced  on  the  interior  win  le 
the  warriors  were  sheltered.  On  the  highest  p.iit  nf 
the  wall  there  is  a  kind  of  tower,  the  1ieii>ht  of  wliicli 
IVom  the  bottom  of  the  ravine  is  not  less  than  sixteen 
luiiKb'ed  and  fifty  feet.     The  hill  has  only  one  en- 


trance, but  at  the  same  time  it  has  three  j)r()jeeti 
])oints  which  ini])eded  the  enemy  from  api)roaeliiiiu 
suflicient  numbers  to  make  an  assault.      At  tlii 
])oint  \> 


in 


s  same 


the  tl 


•hid 


th 


nee  el 


ower  wliicli  was  })erlia])s  tlie  resulei 
the  chief  of  the  fortress,  the  view  from  which  eoin- 


maiided   the   only   two   roads  by  which  the  ei 


lelllles 


lid 


couUl  ap[)r(.)acn 


The  two  fortifications  (( 'anoas  ami 


lianas)  are  about  two  lea,iL»'ues  distant  one  from  tli 
other,  and  throughout  the  whole  extent  are  sei'ii  th 
remains  of  the  settlement,  which  territory  the  native 
still  inhabit.  That  <jf  Caiioas  eruards  tlu'  entiaiiee  ( 
imaiian  bv  wav  of  Santo  ])oniinL'o  ai 

i  V  •,'  O 


Zi 


IR 


I  .AI 


icuii: 


alia 


MISC'KLLAXKorS  KKMAINS. 


553 


tli.it  of  Uiiiiiis   ])n)tL!('ts    tlio    iii»i>roac'li  to   CjulL'n.'Vt:i 
aii.l  riualdo  AiuoW'"'-' 


I  liavo  Dow  moiitionod  ull  the  relics  of  anti(iuity 
that  liavf  ht'cii  found  in  stated  localities  within  the 
cciitial  ^Fexican  region,  wliich  was  to  constitute  tli(^ 
^f('n'.;iaj>liical  basis  of  this  cha])ter.  iJesides  these 
nljrs,  liowever,  there  are  verv  many  others  in  aiiti- 
(|ii;nian  collections,  puhlie  oi-  private,  in  different  ])ait.s 
of  tlie  Morld,  respecting-  which  ull  that  is  known  is 
that  tiusy  are  Mexican,  that  is,  were  hroiiyht  from 
some  jtart  of  the   Mexican    Hepuhlic,   <»r   I'Ven    from 


thi'  no 


rthern   Central   Anu^ricau  stat 


es. 


Trol 


)altlv  a 


lai'^vr  i)art  did  actually  originate  in  that  j)art  of  the 
lupiihlie  which  has  been  treated  of  in  the  ])reseiit 
ami  tlu!  two  preceding-  chapters.  Very  few,  if  any, 
caiiic  from  the  hroad  northern  rei»ions,  Avhose  \'v\v 
scattered  remains  will  form  the  sid)ject  of  the  follow- 
iiii;'  cliajtter.  Neither  do  the  general  remarks  of  dif- 
toiviit  writers  on  Mexican  anti(|uities  lefer,  excejifc 
very  slii^htly,  to  any  northern  nuMunneiits;  conse- 
iHitiitly  I  may  introduce  liere  better  than  elsewhere 
such  miscellaneous  matter  as  wouKl  naturally  come  at 
the  close  of  my  descri])tiou  of  Nahua  aiiti(|iiitit!s. 

The  collections  in  the  city  of  ^Texico,  end>racin'^ 
vchcs  (tf  aboriginal  times  gathered  at  vlitferi'ut  dates 
tVniii  all  })aits  of  the  country,  are  ilescribed  by  trav- 
elers us  very  rich,  but  little  cared  for.  Tbt'  public 
('(ijh'ctions  were  gradually  united  in  the  National 
Museum,  whei'e  it  is  to  i)e  supj)osed  they  an'  still 
|nvsiiv('d  and  cared  for  under  novi'rmne'iit  auspices. 
M.  (h'  Waldeck  at  otie  time  imdertook  tlu!  woik  ol" 
]>uhiishin<j;'  litho^'raphic  jtlates  of  "the  relics  in  t!ie 
Musiinn,  but  never  completed  it,  and  so  far  as  I 
kiKtw  no  systematic  catalogue  has  ever  been  i;iven  to 
tlic  |iublic.  Every  visitor  to  the  city  has  had  sonu'- 
tliiii'  to    sav  of  these    monuments,    but    most    have 


T4\ 


I'nil/i.sfrrij'i,   in  Sw.   Mcr.   Gcmj.,  Ituhtiit,  '2ila  ejidca,  tuiii.   iv.,  pp. 


6M 


ANTUillTIES  OF  THE  MEXICAN  HErrULIC. 


g'iveii  tliL'ir  attention  to  tlio  oalondar-stono,  and  ;i  li  w 
other  ^vell-kn()^vn  anil  famous  objects.  Afany  tH|ii(s 
have  been  made  by  travelin<jf  artists,  and  aueh  is  the 
source  wlience  many  of  tiie  cuts  in  tlie  iirt'(((liii.f 
j)as^es  have  been  taken.  Kes})ectinjjf  tlie  various 
])rivate  collections  of  Mexico,  fre({uently  cIimm'^jhm; 
liands,  and  scattered  more  or  less  to  foreiy'ii  ImiuIs  at 
every  succeedinj^  revolution,  I  do  not  deem  it  iiii| Mut- 
ant to  notice  them  in  this  place,  especially  as  I  liavc 
no  inibrmation  about  their  present  lunnber  and  cini- 
dition,  or  the  eft'ects  of  'he  French  intervention. 

M.  de  Fossey  represents  the  IMuseum  as  coiitaiii- 
m<f  "a  hundred  masks  of  obsidian,  of  serpentine,  and 
of  nuirble;  a  collection  of  vases  of  marble  and  » la\ ; 
implements  in  clay,  in  Avood,  and  in  stone;  nu  tal- 
lic  mirrors;  anudets  and  ornaments  in  ajj^ate,  tdial, 
and  shell,"  all  in  jj^reat  confusion.""  Mr  Mayer  yivLS 
perhai>s  the  most  complete  account  of  the  monuiiiciits 
gathered  in  this  and  some  other  collections  in  tliu 
city  of  Mexico,  illustrated  by  many  cuts  besides  thdso 
wliich  I  'lave  had  occasion  to  copy  or  to  mention  in 
describin<^'  the  monuments  of  particular  localitiis.  I 
make  some  quotations  from  this  author  resptctiiii,'' 
miscellaneous  objects.  "In  the  city  of  Mexico  I 
constajitly  saw  serpents,  carved  in  stone,  in  tlu;  ^a^i- 
ous  collections  of  antitjuities.  One  was  presented  to 
lue  by  the  Conde  del  l*enasco,  and  the  drawinos  he- 
low  rei>resent  the  fii^ures  of  two  'feathered  seri»eiit.s,' 
which,  after  considerable  labor  I  disinterred  (1  may 
say,)  from  a  heap  of  dirt  and  rubbish,  old  hexes, 
chicken-coops,  and  decayed  fruit,  in  the  court-yard  of 
the  University."  "The  carvinof  with  which  thiv  are 
covered  is  executed  with  a  neatness  and  o-racefuhie!?s 
that  would  make  them,  as  mere  ornaments,  worthy  of 
the  chisel  of  an  ancient  sculptor."  "On  the  benches 
around  the  walls,  and  scattered  over  the  Hoor,  are 
numberless  fii^urcs  of  dogs,  monkeys,  lizards,  birds, 
serpents,  all  in  seemingly  inextricable  confusion  and 

n»  Fossey,  Mcxique,  pp.  213-14. 


THK  MKXICAX  MISEUM. 


C55 


utter  ncufk'ct."  A  mortar  of  ImHult  ^vith  a  roiled 
sti|iriit  round  the  rim,  and  a  heautilully  cut  liumau 
liLiid  of  the  same  material.  "In  the  a(lj(»inini,'' cases 
[o\'  the  Museum]  are  all  the  smalka-  Mexican  anti<|- 
uitits,  which  have  heen  ji^athered  toytitlur  hy  the 
liilior  of  many  years,  and  arran;L^ed  uith  some  atten- 
tion to  system.  In  one  department  you  tind  the 
li.itchets  used  hy  the  Indians;  the  ornaments  of  hiads 
(it"  (thsidian  and  stone  worn  round  their  necks;  the 
iiiiirois  of  ohsidian;  the  masks  of  the  same  material, 
which  they  hun<jf  at  diti'erent  seasons  l)efore  the  faces 
(if  their  idols;  their  bows  and  arrows,  and  arrow- 
li(.';i(ls  of  ohsidian,  some  of  them  so  small  and  lieau- 
tit'ully  cut,  that  the  smallest  birds  mi^ht  be  killed 
Avithout  injurin.iif  their  plumaiice.  In  another  dej»art- 
iiu'iit  are  tlie  smaller  idols  of  the  ancient  Indians,  in 
day  and  stone,  s})ecimens  of  which,  together  with 
the  small  domestic  altars  and  vases  for  burninL;"  in- 
c'eiis(.',  are  exliibited  in  ^he  following  [7j  drawings, 
^laiiy  of  these  figures  were  doubtless  worn  suspended 
iiiouiid  the  neck,  or  hung  on  the  walls  of  houses,  as 
several  are  pierced  with  holes,  through  which  cords 
liuve  evidently  passed.  In  the  next  place  is  a  col- 
lettiou  of  jSIexican  vases  and  cups,  most  of  which 
v'eru  discovered.  .  . .  in  the  Islaml  of  Sacrificios,"  and 
Ikivc  conse(]uently  been  already  mentioned.  There 
t'oHow  cuts  of  an  axe  and  two  i)i})es;  nine  small  clay 
idols;  and  seven  musical  instruments.  Sixt(;en  cuts  of 
(thjccts  from  the  Penasco  collection  are  alsc)  given.'" 
Mr  Tylor  tells  us  that  the  Uhde  collection  at  I  lei- 
delhti-g  is  a  far  finer  one  than  that  in  ^lexico,  exce]>t 
in  the  de])artment  of  picture-writings;  it  contains  a 
lari;c  number  of  stone  idols  and  trinkets,  pi|tes,  and 
calendars.  The  Christy  collection  in  London  is  ])ar- 
tieulai'ly  rich  in  small  scul})tured  figures,  many  of 
them  from  Central  America.  It  includes  the  sipiat- 
tiiig  female   figure  carved   from   hard    black  basalt, 

"•  Mucin's  Mrx.  fix  it  TI',7.9,  pp.  31-2.  84-.',  ST-lOfi.  '272-fl;  /'A,  Mix.  Az- 
'"',  (^■.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  205-74;    /</.,  iii  Scliuolrrdft's  Arch.,  vol.  vi.,  \\\.  i.-vii. 


ANTItn  ITIKS  OF  THK  MKXKAX  HErmLIC 

fiftoon  iiicheH  lii«^h  and  seven  and  a  lialf  inclies  wide, 
duMcrilH'd  l>y  llinnholdt  as  an  iV/Avc  prioHtoss;"'-  aiul 
also  lnonzo  mt'dlos  and  tin;  l»it)nzo  bells  shown  in  tin- 
cut,  which  I  take  IVoni  Tylor.     The  wamo  author  aUo 


nroiizc  Bells — Clirinty  Collection. 

describes  and  illustrates  various  other  relics  seen  Ity 
him  in  Mexican  and  European  collections.  Tlusc  in- 
clude stone  and  ol)sidian  knives,  spear-heads,  and 
arrow-heads;  lieads  and  small  idols  in  terra  (Dtta; 
pottery,  consistiiii^  of  vases,  altars,  censei's,  lattKs, 
flageolets,  and  whistles;  and  masks  of  obsidian,  stdiio, 
wood,  and  terra-cotta,  lves})ecting'  obsidian  ivlics 
Mr  Tylor  says,  "Anyone  who  does  not  know  (jbsidiaii 
may  imau'ine  i>reat  masses  of  bottle-y'lass,  such  as  diir 
orthodox  ugly  wine  bottles  are  made  of,  very  liard, 
very  brittle,  and — if  one  breaks  it  with  any  ordinary 
implement — j^oing",  as  glass  does,  in  every  dirt'ctidii 
but  the  right  one."  "(Jut  of  this  rather  unpromising' 
stutt'  the  JSIexi  'ans  made  knivef.,  razors,  arrow-  and 
epear-heads,  an  '.  other  tilings,  some  of  great  beauty. 
1  say  nothing  ♦f  the  polished  obsidian  mirrors  and 
ornaments,  nor  ven  of  the  curious  ma^ks  of  tlu'  liii- 
nian  face  that  i  e  to  be  seen  in  collections,  for  tln'se 
were  only  labor)  usly  cut  and  i)olished  with  jtwrKis' 
sand,  to  us  a  co'  'mon-})lace  process."  "We  got  sev- 
eral obsidian  maces  or  lance-heads — one   about   ten 


112  llumbohU,  Vites,  torn,  i.,  pp.  51-fi,  [date  of  front  and  roar;  /"' ,  in 
Antiq.  Mf.r.,  toni.  i.,  div.  ii.,  i)p.  1(-1(»,  suppl.,  ])1.  i.  Ht'inarksoii  tln'  ^intiie 
liv  Visi'onti,  in  hi.,  p.  32;  i'iates  iti  LinriKUii/ii^re,  Mr.v.  it  (iiml..  |il- 
xxviii.,  I).  48;  J'rcsroft,  Hist.  Coii'j.  Mcx.,  toni.  i.,  p.  389;  und  V' I "J'dd'n 
Antii/.  Aiiter.,  p.  GI. 


MOSAIC  WUKK. 


BST 


nu']\M  lonsf  -wliicli  were  taper  from  base  to  point,  an  ! 
luvtied  witli  tai)c'r  Hutin<^H;  and  tlierc  are  otlier  tliiinjfs 
which  present  jjfreat  difticulties."  "Tlie  axes  and 
cliisL'ls  of  stone  are  so  exactly  like  those  found  in  Eii- 
n»j<t;  that  it  is  (juite  inipossii)le  to  distinj^uisjj  them. 
The  hronzo  hatcliet-hlades  are  tiiin  and  Hat,  Hli^;htly 
thickened  at  the  sides  to  j«;ive  them  streni^th,  and 
iiiMstly  of  a  very  peculiar  shape,  somethiuLf  like  a  T, 
hut  still  more  resemhliuL,'  the  sev.':.)n  of  a  nuislirooni 
(lit  vertically  throuijfh  the  middle  of  tiie  stalk.""' 
These  supposed  hatchets  were,  accordiuijf  to  some  au- 
thoi'itius,  coins.  They  are  extremely  liijfht  to  he  used 
a>  hiitcjiets.  "Many  speciiniius  are  to  he  seen  of  the 
ivil  and  hlack  ware  of  Cholula."  "The  terra-cotta 
rattlijs  are  very  characteristic.  They  Jiave  little  halls 
ill  them  wiiich  shake  ahout,  and  they  puz/led  us 
iiiiich  as  the  a))ple-dumplin_ijf  did  i^ood  Kin<jf  (Jeorijfe, 
t'li'  wc  could  not  make  out  very  easily  how  tlie  halls 
yiit  inside.  They  were  prohal)ly  attached  very  slii^htly 
t)  the  inside,  and  so  baked  and  then  hroken  loose." 
A  cut  is  given  of  a  brown  lava  mask  from  the  (,'hristy 
ciilK'ction,  which  seems  to  have  some  sculptured  fig- 
ures on  the  inside."* 

There  are  three  very  remarkable  mosaic  relics  in 
the  ( 'hristy  collection,  one  of  which  is  tiie  knife  rep- 
rtsouted  in  the  cut,  which  I  take  from  Waldeck's  fine 


Mosaic  Knife — Christv  Collection. 


oolored  plate,  although  most  of  the  information  re- 
specting these  relics  comes  from  Tylor.     Tlie  blade  is 

"'  f^i'o  p.  .382,  for  a  cut  of  a  Niinilar  article. 

'•'  Tjlor'n  Aiiuhuac,  pp.  9d-la;j,  110,  I'Jo,  225-G,  23j-G. 


m 


558 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  MEXICAN  REPUBLIC, 


of  a  semi-translucent  chalcedony  found  in  the  volcanic 
rei^ions  of  Mexico,  The  uncolored  cut  o-ives  hut  a 
faint  idea  of  the  beauty  of  the  handle,  v.iiich  is  cov- 
ered Avitii  a  complicated  mosaic  work  of  a  lirii^lit 
^•roL-'n  turquoise,  malachite,  and  both  white  and  nd 
shell.  Jt  is  certainly  most  extraordinary  to  tiiid  a 
po(jj)le  still  in  the  stone  a,i,^e,  as  is  proved  by  the  blade, 
able  to  execute  so  perfect  a  piece  of  W(^rk  as  tlu' 
handle  exhibits.  Two  masks  of  the  same  style  of 
workmanship  are  preserved  in  the  same  (•(tlKctiim. 
"The  mask  of  wood  is  covered  with  minute  jiiects  u\' 
tunjuoise — cut  and  polished,  accurately  fitted,  many 
thousands  in  number,  and  set  on  a  dark  ,i,''uni  oi-  <•»- 
ment.  The  eyes,  however,  are  acute-oval  ])at(lies  ef 
mother-of-pearl;  and  thfo  are  two  small  s(jiiaie 
patches  of  the  same  on  the  temples,  throu<,di  wliicli  a, 
•striui^  passed  to  suspend  the  mask;  and  the  teeth  are 
of  hard  white  shell.  The  eyes  are  perforated,  and  so 
are  the  nostrils,  and  the  upper  and  lower  teeth  aiv 
separated  l)y  a  transverse  chiidc  . , . .  The  face,  which 
is  well-proportioned,  pleasing,  and  of  i>reat  .syniinetiy, 
is  studded  also  with  numerous  projecting  j)ieces  of 
tunpioise,  rounded  and  polished."  The  wood  is  tlie 
fragrant  cedar  or  cypress  of  Mexico.  The  knit'i; 
handle  is  "scub>tured  in  the  form  of  a  crouching  hu- 
man figure,  covered  with  the  skin  of  an  eagle,  and 
j)resenting  the  well-known  and  distinctive  Aztec  tyjic 
of  the  human  head  issuing  from  the  mouth  of  an  ani- 
mal." "The  second  mask  is  yet  more  distinctive. 
The  incrustation  of  tunjuoise-mosaic  is  placed  on  tlie 
forehead,  face,  and  jaws  of  a  human  skull....  The 
mosaic  of  turquoise  is  interrupted  by  three  hinad 
transverse  bands,  on  the  forehead,  face,  and  chin,  ot  a 
mosaic  of  obsidian  similarly  cut  (but  in  larger  jiiece.-«i 
and  highly  polished, — a  very  unusual  treatment  of  this 
difficult  and  intractable  material,  the  use  of  which  in 
any  artistic  way,  appears  to  have  been  confined  to  the 
Aztecs  (with  the  exception,  perha})S,  of  the  Egyiitians). 
The  eye-lialls   are  nodules  of  iron-pyrites,  cut  iieiiii- 


M^ 


..!■■  ;  -  \?,    I 


THE  AZTEC  HUITZILOl'OCHTLI. 


669 


siilicrically  and  liighl}''  polished,  find  are  surrounded 
liv  circles  of  hard  white  shell,  similar  to  that  toi'niino- 
the  teeth  of  tlie  wooden  mask.  The  Aztecs  made 
t'i.iir  mirrors  of  iron-pyrites  polished,  and  are  the 
only  pe()j)]e  who  are  known  to  have  })ut  this  material 
1 1  oiiiamental  use."  These  mosaic  relics,  and  two 
>iiiiil;ir  l)ut  danuiL^'ed  masks  at  Co}>enhaj4en,  are  proh- 
alily  American,  if  not  Aztec;  hut  this  cannot  he 
directly  proved ;  for  while  soniethini*'  is  known  of  their 
iuir()|>ean  history,  their  origin  cannot  he  detinitely  as- 
aTt;iiiied."^ 
The  image  shown  in  the  following  cut  is  given  hy 


Image  of  Huitzilopochtli. 

Sr  Ciimdra  as  representing  the  Aztec  deity  Huitzilo- 
jMclitli,  although  he  gives  no  reason  for  tlie  opinion ; 
unr  ddcs  he  name  the  material,  or  dimensions  of  tiie 
relic  Sr  Chavero  also  spealcs  of  several  images  of 
the  same  god,  in  his  possession  or  seen  by  liim.  They 
•He  (if  sandstone,  granite,  mai"l)le,  quartz,  and  one  of 
s  iliil  n()hh  Several  had  a  well-detined  heard.""  (Jon- 
"ha  L;ivos  plates  of  many  weapons,  imphinents  ui' 
^'■uljitine  and  sacrifice,  funeral  urns,  and  nmsical  in- 
struments.   The  Diacaua,  an  Aztec  aboriginal  wea})on, 

"'  W'lli/rrk;  Pnh-iiqiir,  p.  viii.,  pi.  x!,v. ;  Ti//ors  Aiirihiinr,  jip.  1 10,  M7- 
'■'  Mr  r\  lor  iiott's  tliiit  in  an  old  work,  Altlnnutnihis,  Miisnitni  M  lullinini, 
''"lii^'iia  liUS,  tlii-re  wore  (lrawin;,'s  of  a  Unifo  and  wooden  mask  with  ino- 
^■iii'"iii;iiiicntation,  Itut  of  a  dillereiit  (lesi;,'n. 

'■'' /'(■' \(7(/^,  Hifit.  Coil'/.  .'»/.  I'.,  toin.  iii.,  p.  70,  jil.  xiii.;  C/ntrrro,  in 
'j'dlu,  llumOns  Iluntfcn,  torn,  i.,  pp.  14G-7;  Gilltuiii'n  True,  pp.  41-5. 


I    il 


I     I 


i'i 


I 


11 


I 


!     I 


p 

if 

"' 

""~,"ra 

1' 

i" 

1'' 

w 

5C0 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  MEXICAN  REPl  P.Lir. 


shown  in  tlie  cut,  is  coi)ie(I  from  one  of  his  plates. 
The  material  is  probably  a  basaltic  stone."' 


^  (y^^^at8a-a-artg-B^5^-__ 


W  'lli'i 


An  Aztec  Macina. 

In  1831  a  report  was  n>.tde  to  the  French  Geo- 
j^raphical  Society  on  a  collection  of  drawinys  of 
JSIexican  anti([iiitics  executed  l)y  M.  Franck.  This 
collection  embraced  drawings  of  about  six  luuidrcd 
objects,  most  of  them  from  the  National  Museum  in 
Mexico;  ei«^hty  in  the  museum  of  the  Philosophical 
Society  at  Philadelphia;  forty  in  the  Penasco  col- 
lection in  Mexico,  and  others  belonifiniif  to  Castafitda 
and  other  private  individuals.  They  were  classilitd  as 
follows:  one  hundred  and  eii^hty  figures  of  men  and 
women;  fifty-five  human  heads  in  stone  or  clay;  tliirty 
masks  and  busts;  twenty  heads  of  difll;rent  aiiiinals; 
seventy-five  vases;  forty  ornaments;  six  l)as-rrlit'fs: 
six  fragments;  thirty-three  flageolets  and  whistles : 
and  a  miscellaneous  collection  of  weapons,  ini}»lc- 
ments,  and  divers  objects. 


118 


Sixteen  specimens  of  Mexican  relics,  in  the  posses- 
sion of  M.  Latour-Allard  in  Paris,  are  reprcsciitcd 
by  Kingsborough  luiaccompanied  by  explanations. 
The  objects  are  mostly  sculptured  heads,  idols,  and 
animals.  Bullcx'k  also  gives  plates  of  six  Mcxiciiu 
idols,  about  which  nothing  definite  is  said;  Hunilnddt 
pictures  an  idol  carried  by  him  from  Mexici  to 
Berlin;  and  Nebel's  ])lates  show  about  thirty  miscel- 
laneous relics,  in  addition  to  those  that  have  hcea 
already  mentioned.  Humboldt  also  ofives  an  A/.tcc 
hatchet  of  green  feldspath  or  jade,  which  has  in- 
cised  figures  on   its  surface.      He   remarks   that   lie 

11'  I'irscoff,  Ili.sf.  r„„q.  Mix.,  toin.  iii.,  pp.  82,  87.  00.  101,  pi.  xv.-xv. 
ii'*.s'w.  (iaiij.,  JiiiNr/iii,  Unn.   v.,  No.  '.C),  p.  11(5,  No.  'J8,  \i.  I'S:!,  ct  .ii'4-; 
IVun/cii,  ill  Aiifiij.  M(.i:,  toiii.  i.,  iliv.  ii.,  pp.  30-40. 


r. 


Is  plates. 


MUSICAL  INSTRUMENTS. 


5G1 


never  lias  found  this  iiuxterial  'in  place'  in  !N[cxioo, 
altliiiii^ii  axes  mado  of  it  aiu  c(.)ninion  enough."''  The 
two  musical  instruments  shown  in  the  cuts  are  taken 


nch  Oeo- 
winn's  of 
3k.     This 

hundred 
useuiu  ill 
losojihiral 
iaseo  cul- 
Jastafifda 
[iHsitied  as 

men  and 
ly;  tliirty 
,  animals; 
Eis-reliet's: 

Avhistlts: 


.k- 


mi} 


le  posscs- 
iresciited 
mat  it  Ills, 
ois,  and 
^Fexieaii 
umliiildt 
exifit  to 
iiiscei- 


V  1 


0  lieeii 

■m  Aztec 

ha>  iii- 

that    lie 

1.  XV  -N>;. 


Aztec  Flageolet. 

fmrn    Waldcck's    plates.       Their    material    is    terra 
cotta."°     Other   miscellaneous  cuts    and  descriptions 


Tcrra-Cotta  Musical  Instrument. 

are  n'iven  in  the  work  of  the  CJerman  traveler  Mul- 
It'i'.  and  in  the  ap[)endi.\.  to  the  ( Jerman  translation  of 
Drl  Kio  and  Cabrera.'^^  Jose  ^lari'a  Butstamante 
tnld  Afr  Lyon  of  an  ohsidian  ring,  carried  away  hy 
Iltniil)(ddt,  which  was  perforated  round  the  eircum- 
teniiee  so  that  a  straw  introduced  at  one  side  would 
traver.se  the  circle  and  come  out  aLiain  at  the  same 

'^  Kiiii\^lii)rnu<ih\  }ri\r.  Aiifiq.,  vol.  iv.,  uniiunilionMl  plates  fojliiwinj? 
tli(i-.c  iif  Cistaricila;  Jliiliiirk's  Mr.riro,  ]i.  ;V_'(i;  Ilinnlio/i/f.  I'ms,  tmii.  ii.,  ii|i. 
-117.  I  111,  (till.  f(l.  111.  xl.,  xwiii.);  /(/.,  ill  .In/iff.  .l/-.;-..   tuiii.  i.,  div.  ii.,  pp. 

'-'■"'   7.  Mi|i|i|.,   ]il.    vii.,   li^r.    10.   j,l.   vj,_   lij,    S;    Xr/irf,    ]',,,/. 

'-"  Wiildnk,  I'dlrii'/iir,  pi.  Ivi.;  otiier  lui.sccliaiiL'ous  relics,  pi.  iii.-v., 
xliii..  \lv.-vi. ,  Iv. 

'  '  Miillir,  Rrisrti.  toiii.  ii.,  p.  t>92,  et  slmj.  ;  Cabrera,  lii.srhrriliiDnj  rincr 
ullt.K  I'^t'ii/t.  a|)p('iiilix. 
Vol.  IV     UO 


■ 

wsi 

1 

>   << 

li 

I 

J 

t. 

TWa 

'h^ 


562  ANTIQUITIES  OF  TIIK  MEXICAN  KEITUMr. 

opening.*-^     The   two   idols   shown  in  tho  cut  wtrc 


Aztec  Idols— British  Museum. 

copied  by  Kini^sboroiig-h's  artist  in  the  Brltisli  ^\n- 
seum.  The  figures  of  the  cut  are  one  sixtli  of  tlir 
original  size.^"^  Prescott  tells  us  that  "a  ^lent  rol- 
lection  of  ancient  pottery,  with  various  other  spKi- 
niens  of  Aztec  art,  the  gift  of  Messrs  l\)insftt  and 
Keating,  is  deposited  in  the  cabinet  of  the  Aiuovicaii 
Philoso})hical  Society,  at  Philadelphia,"  a  list  of  tlie 
relics  having  been  printed  in  the  Transactions  <>['  that 
Society. 


121 


riiiillic  Itclic  in  National  Museum. 

'?2  Z//r))f'.s-  Joiiriifif,  vol.  ii.,  p.  11!>. 
''■"  l\i)i<ish(jfoii'i/i\'i  Mix.  Aiiti'/.,  vol.  iv. 

'-'  I'lrsculfs  Mc.c,  vol.  i.,  p.  143;  Amcr.  Phil.  Sop.,  Tmnsnrt.,  v.il.  iii., 
p.  510. 


IIIEROGLYnilC  SCri.I'TUltKS. 


5C3 


Tlio  prcccdincf  cut  represents  a  serpentine  relic  pre- 
scrvid  in  the  Xational  ^[usenni,  mikI  sIidwii  to  Col. 
^rayrr — from  ^vllose  alljuni  I  co])y  it — by  Sr  Gontlra 
us  !i  'cosa  muy  curiosa.' 

Four  interesting  scul})iurecl  stones  are  rcpresentod 
and  tlieir  inscriptions  interpreted  l)y  Sr  Kaniiivz,  in 
a  Sjianish  editit)n  of  Prescott's  Avork.  The  first  is  a 
lyliiider  twenty-six  inches  liini*',  eleven  inches  in  <li- 
aiiK'ter,  represent iuL,^  a  bundle  of  straight  sticks  bound 
with  a  double  rope  at  each  end.  There  are  hiero- 
i^lyjihic  sculptures  on  one  side  and  both  ends,  Avhidi 
aiv  interpreted  by  Sr  Kaniirez  as  a  record  of  the 
t'last  which  was  celebrated  at  the  last  'bindinL*"  up  of 
tlk'  years'  in  1507.  The  second  is  a  block  of  bhuk 
lava  tliii'teen  and  a  half  by  twelx'e  and  a  half  inches, 
licaiiiiii;-  a  serpent  carvod  in  low  relief  The  third  is 
a  similar  block  somewhat  larucer,  Avith  a  sculptmvd 
iiisci'ij)tit)n,  suppost.'d  to  rt-'prcscnt  th(3  date  of  Novcm- 
I'cr  L'S,  1450.  The  fourth  monument  is  that  sliown 
iu  the  cut.      It  is  a  block  of  green  aerpeutine,  nicas- 


Scrpeutinc  TIiero;;lyiiliic  Block. 

"i'mil;-  thirty-ei^'ht  by  twejity-six  inches.  Accordiiiuf 
t"  till'  meaning'  attributt-d  to  the  sctilptuivs  by  Ka- 
ii'iivz,  the   lower  inscription   is   the  year  8  Acatl,  or 


*iM 


504 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  MEXICAN  REPUnLIC. 


1487;  tl)o  upper  ]);irt  sIk/Vvs  the  day  7  Acntl,  or  Fd). 
riijiiy  10.  The  left  hand  iigiire  is  .supposed  to  iv|,iv- 
seiit  Ahuitzotl,  and  that  on  the  riucht  Ti/oc.  The 
event  CDnuueinomted  hy  the  wliole  seid})tinv  i.> 
th(JUi(ht  to  be  the  dedication  of  tlie  oreat  teni|ilt.'  nf 
Mexico,  begun  by  Tizoc  and  c()ini»leted  l)y  Ahuitzntl. 
The    same    bh)ck     is    shown    in    one    of   Waldccks 


I 


)hites, 


125 


I    may   also    notice    a    small    collet-t 


Kill    (it 


jVIexican  relics  in  my  possession,  obtained  by  JNnttr 
0.  Bliss  dui-inn-  his  travels  in  the  country.  Tliis  col- 
lection  includes  a  i»rotes(pie  mask  of  clay;  a  head  of 
terra-cotta,  eight  inches  high  and  six  inches  uidu,  in- 
cluding head-dress;  a  small  head  carved  from  liiiiL- 
stone;  u  wooden  te})onaztli;  a  co[)per  coin  oi'  hutdut: 
five  terra-cotta  faces,  whose  dimensions  ai.  nciu  rally 

V  or- 


ith 


ubout  two  indies;  six  fragments  of  j)()tteiT,  must 
iiamented  with  raised  and  indented  Hgui'es     one  w 
raised  fiijfures  added  after  the  vessel  was  coniiiKtrd. 
one  with  painted  tiii'ures,  one  <>'lazed,  and  oi 


1 


le  apjiar- 


ently  engi'aved;  and  seven  I'ragments,  some  of  wliirh 
seem  to  have  been  handles  or  legs  of  large  \(>si|-.. 
J  close  my  description  of  Mexican  Antiipiitics  witii 
the  two  following  (piotations,  somewhat  at  \ariaiicr 
witli  the  matter  contained  in  tlie  ])receding  pa^vs. 
"This,  like  otlier  An)eiMcan  countries,  is  of  too  icivia 
civilization  to  exhibit  any  monuments  t>f  anticjuity. "'-" 
"  I  am  informed  by  a  person  who  resided  long  in  N\u 
Spain  and  visited  almost  every  province  of  it.  tliat 
there  is  lutt,  in  all  the  extent  of  tliat  vast  enij)iiv.  any 
momimeiit  or  vestige  of  any  building  more  ain  ii  hi 
than  the  coiuiuest,  nor  of  any  bridge  or  hi'-hwav 
cept  some  remains  of  the  causeway  from  (!uai! 


r\- 


Ih'lll 


to  the  gate  of  .Mexico."^-''      1   gi\e  in   a   note  a  li-t 
authorities    which  contain   descriptions  more  or  \< 
comjiK'te  of  ^fexican  relics,  but  no  infurmatiini  in  ad- 
dition  to  what  has  been  presented 


I'JS 


12-,  A' 


Xof 


Id.  Ill 


I'rcsrui/,  Hist.  Cfiii'/.  ^^l.l•.,  tom.  a. 


1()(;--J1;    Wiihlirk;  /'ii/niiji'r,  pi.  Hi 

I-''  lli;//,iilir.s   Vliiri,/  llir   U'or/i/,  Vol.  v.,    [i.  .VjrS. 

'-'  lidlii  r/stiii'.i  Ilis/.  Aiinr.,  vtil.  i.,  p.  "JCiil. 

^'^*  Aiiqnix,  J'ruiii.  en  Aiiicr.,  toiu.  ii.,  pp.  'JOlJ-T, 


il'l'l-  I'l'- 


.».S7-02;   .1 


riii'ii, 


ir 


IC. 

1,   or  Frlu 

to     |V]il'l>- 

ZOC.        Tln' 

ilptinv  i> 
teinplt'  of 
■Vlmit/.iitl. 
Waldcrk'. 
Icctiuu  iif 
by  J'drttr 
This  cul- 
a  lirad  (if 
s  ^vi(K■,  iii- 
Voiu  liuK- 
»r  liutclut : 

mostly  iii- 
-  out'  with 
„'uin|ikti(l. 
jiio  ai'iiar- 

ot'  wiiirli 
i-e  V('ssc!>. 
iiitirs  witli 
t  variaiuv 
no'    |ia;^vs. 

()0   rriTlit 

uity."'- 

.•  in  Ni'W 

it.  tli;il 

i|)iiv.  ;iiiy 

(■   aiii'i'i.t 

iway.  i\' 

ia(lal.'ii|i- 

.  a  li~t  pf 

loll  in  ail- 
ii.,  >iiiti-.i'r' 


til 


NAIIUA  MONUMENTS. 


5G5 


No  tjcnoral  view  or  rt'smiid  of  Naliua  monuments 
seems  necessary  here,  nor  are  extensive  coneliidinn" 
itiiiaiks  called  for,  in  addition  to  wliat  lias  been  said 
ill  coiiiiection  Avith  particular  jj^roups  of  monuments, 
and  to  the  conclusions  which  the  reader  of  the  pre- 
(•idiiiu;'  pa<,a'S  will  naturally  form.  The  most  imj)ort- 
iiiit  l)carin<^  of  the  monuments  as  a  whole  is  as  a 
iniitinuation  of  the  Nahua  civilization  as  it  was  found 
to  exist  in  the  sixteenth  century,  re})orted  in  the 
pages  of  the  conquerors  and  early  chroniclers,  and  as 

All'-  .Ui:r.,  pp.  47-50;  Aiifhrirs'  Ilhixt.  W.  lurl.,  pp.  73-4;  P,emifny\i  Mix. 
Illiislr.,  |ip.  198-9;  lioiiinjri(st/c\i  S/kiii.  Awn:,  vol.  i.,  ]t.  .')•_';  Ilrail/Dnl's 
Aijin-.  Aiifiq.,  jip.  108-1.3;  Broir/irll'.i  Itid.  liarrs,  pp.  50-4;  ('((lilrroii  (If  Id 
I'nn-ii's  I.i/rni  .V(\i\,  Vol.  i.,  ]>.  93,  vol.  ii.,p.  1.3(i;  <.'li<iinlnrs  Jour.,  1S.S4, 
Vdl.  ii..  jip.  374-5,  1838,  vol.  vi.,  p|t.  43-4;  Chcnilin;  Mcxii/iir,  p.  10;  ///., 
M'.r.  Ainurn  if  Mud.,  pj).  50-3,  453-4;  ('ondir^s  Mr.r.  Gtnit.,  vol.  i.,  ji.  •_'7i'; 
I'lit-lii'  I)r.y)iitrhi'.-i,  \)\).  8'2-3,  '2(>5;  Dnnocnifir  lirriru;  vol.  xL.jip.  (Jll-13; 
Jiiirii  Aiir.  Aiitrr.,  jip.  G-7;  Drlo/iild'-s  Anfiq.  Aiiirr.,   pp.  ,30,  50,  (>1;  7>i;- 

'li,  Jour.,  pp.  'J89,  371;  /yOrliif/in/,  Vojutfjr,  p.  ,3.3t);  J'^'liiibiirijh  llr- 
.Iiilv,  lS(i7;  EIrmnilof  (le  d'loif.  Vii'il,  ]>.  29;  Kraii.f'  Uiir  i!i.stcr  Jlr/)., 

Xi):i;  Fro.^r.s  I'l'rt.   Jli.sf.    Mr.r',   pp.    44-0;  (iillidtns    Trnr.,    i)p.   95-9; 


Mill' 

rir/r. 


Hist.  (1)1(1  Groq.  Mrin.,  ])]).  45-();  Id.,  Anciriit  ^fl■.r.,  vol.  i.,  ]i[ 
•JOIS;  (irri/(iri/\^  Hist.  Mr.r.,  p.  17;  Groiic,  Jirirfr,  ])p.  9 !-•_',  90-7;  Ihllrr, 
ll'i.-i'ii,  pp.  148-50;  llrljis'  Spun.  L'onq.,  vol.  i.,  pp.  '_'S8-90,  vol.  ii.,  \>.  1  (1; 
ll-i:'ir/,  Kirrlini-drsrliirhtr,  toiii.  ii.,  p.  499;  llill'n  TrarrLs,  vol.  ii.,  ]>]).  'S.iS- 
4J;  Ili.s>.  Mmj.,  vol.  iv.,  p.   "271;  Kniditll's  A'((r.,  vol.  ii.,  j).  328;  Klrnnn, 


'■„// 


iir-drm 


hir.htr,  ti  111.  v.,  i)p.  5-0,  8,  .17-19.  137-43,  l.")3-()3;  Larruiaid 


nrr. 


M'.i:  if  <ii(iit.,  pp.  .30,  44,  40-50,  53,  2(!4,  320-7;  L<(nif.'i  J'oli/iir.fiiiu  An/ 
2IS-24;  fAdrohrx   lliiinhlrr,  ])]).    108-70;    Lrniprirrr's  Xulr.i  in    Mr 


SS-9;  L 


'iiiiti,    doslninr.'i,  ]i 


il.    29;   T.i 


l.ijnii  s 
vi.,  p|,. 


luiiniid,  vol.  ii..  i)p.  119-21;  Mnltc-I 


trrn,    Mi.riqnr,  ]).  100,  et  .^ei). 


is  dr  In  Groq.,  toiii. 


ElH.I.>l   lli.sf.. 


•J93,  2-.t5,  400,  440,  400;  MrS/irrri/'s  El  Piirlirro,  yy.  151-5;  Mrji 


ih. 


Mr.v.l 


.Vr 


dr  III  Srr.    K.sludo.   1835. 


I'I» 


I  I II 
42-4;  Mr 


■III-  /.iiHfiindr,  j)p.   372-0;  Mrxirn,  Trip  to,  \t.   (ili;   .Mr.rico,  Slorir,^  of. 


NT.    105;  Mr.rirn   in    IS.}.',    J)]).    80-7;  Mniii/larr,   Ji 


l.p.  .5,  ii-i;{. 


S;  ]f',rfiiii'.i  Critnin  Amrr.,  p.  149;  .IKivi,  ('nrtus  Mrj.,  y\^.  80,  90-3,  132 
Wrrrrlil,   ](.    219;  M iildrnpfordt,    Mrjiro,    toll 


:U',l-.V.I:   M,„ifi(, 

|i  22'.t,  torn,   ii.,  pt  ii.,  jip 


1, 


:95,  318-19,  ,3.")2;  Mall 


iiirriuiiniA 


■hr  r 


yli'iiiiiim,  ]ip.  45,  457-9.  4(i3-4,  400-8.  49S-9.  543-5,  549-02,  (1 42-0;  Xiiriiuni'.i 
H'iiiililr<<  in  Ym:,  ])p.  277-80;  /'/.,  Juinddr.i  bij  Land  and  H'litrr,  \t\>.  199- 
-ii);  X'l/t  mid  Gliildon'.s  Indii/.  h'nn-.s-,  pp.  184-7;  I'imrntrl,  Afrm.  .suhrr  In 
H'K'i  Iiiiliqrnii,  j)p.  9-10,  54-.5';  I'l-isrot/'.-i  Mr.r.,  vol.    ill.,  jip.  402-4;  Pri</i 


•il's  lir.sriirr/i 


1.1. 


PI 


345-S;  / 


//•.v  Xoti-\  .Mr.r. 


Vl> 


'3-0,    111 


l'i-i'-il's  .\ini-r.  Aniii/.,  p]).  255-7;  llnnhiiiii'.s  lli.sf.    lirsriirrhrs,   jip.    353-t 

lill'i        I,..         .  J     t  ir  -  A"^         ¥  I        !.-       \'     ....-II...        I I..  .     .1..     T' 


W-'.\\  Uii.(lons  Ad 


rrn.  Mr.r 


p.   4 


[d.. 


I'^'iO,  toni.  rxxvi..   jip.    45-0;  Sntxrday  Miiijar. 


rllr.s  Aiindlc.s  dr.s  ]'iii/. 


nir,    vol.    VI. 


2,\' 


..  4'J 


SilllUII  s 


I'll  ■/>//)..<,  pp.  1."),'),  l.")7,  p.lO,  283;  Siir.  Afrx.  Groij.,  JSolrtin,  2din'-\>i>rii,  ttilii 
'■  |>.  37;   Sliiirk'.i   ('ill.    Srrnp-lioiik.,    p.    057;   Ti(i/iir,    in    Conil/r  d'Arrh. 


1 800 


]).  142;  Tdi/liir'.-i  Kldonido,  vol.  ii.,  pp,   159-0(»;  Tlininp 


-I''.,    I'p.    110-17    213;   flnimiiirl,    Mr.riko,    pp.     134-.5,    182-3,   240-7,    3.3(1; 
Tii.liir'.s  Xnr.,    vol.    ii.,    pp.  239-40,    2.53-5;   Wnldrrk,    I'oi/.   Pitt.,    )).    72: 


.'.M-i; 


'I'/i'ins.  Grni).    ii.  Sl((t..  \)\>.    180,    18S,    192,    190;    Wi^r'.i  Los  Grin ijos.  ]i] 


Will 


I'j'n  Hint.  Mcx.,  p.  21. 


inirr.   Hist.,  pp.  73-4,  87-9;  fl'urtlri/'s  Trav.,  pp.  194-8; 


1-5 


.  I 


r>u(> 


ANTIQl'ITIKS  OF  THE  MKXICAN  UKPrHLIC. 


it  lias  l)ueii  exliiljited  in  a  procL'diiiLjf  vohnnL-.  Tli.it 
thc'i'o  were  exa<4;i4'e  rat  ions  in  the  reports  that  h;i\(' 
t'oiiio  down  to  us  is  (loul)tlt'ss  true,  as  it  is  \,iv 
natural;  hut  a  ])coj)lo  who  (,'ould  execute  the  Wniks 
tliat  have  heeii  descrihed  and  pictured  in  this  and  tlio 
two  })i'ecedini(  chapters,  were  surely  far  advanced  iii 
luany  of  the  elements  of  what  is  termed  civilizatinn. 
And  all  this  they  did,  it  nmst  be  rememhered,  wliili.' 
])i'actically  still  in  their  'stone  ai^'e;'  for  althoui^h  cn])- 
])er  M>,s  used  by  them,  it  has  been  seen  that  ini|ilc- 
ments  of  that  metal  but  randy  occur  in  the  li>t  of 
relics  described.  It  is  d(iubtful  if  any  known  }ic(i]»]u 
ever  advanced  so  far  under  similar  circumstances— 
that  is  in  their  'stone  a^'e,'  or  in  the  earlier  stages  of 
their  'bronze  aire' — as  did  the  Nahuas  and  ^lavas  of 
this  continent. 

Not  oidy  do  the  northern  nKmnmcnts  conlirni  tlio 
re])orted  culture  existing-  at  tiie  Concpiest,  but  tiny 
a^ree,  so  far  as  they  «.^o,  with  the  traditional  aiiii.ds 
of  Anahuac  dur'.ni^  the  centuries  preceding'  the  coiii- 
ino'  of  the  Spaniards.  Teotihuacan  and  Cholula  dif- 
I'ei-  fi'oni  any  woiks  of  the  later  Nahua  epochs;  while 
Xochicalco  and  ]\Iitla  are  far  superior  to  any  known 
works  of  the  Aztecs  i)roper.  All  remains  sustain  tlic 
traditions  that  the  Aztecs  were  superior  to  their  iiriL;]i- 
liors  (diieriy  in  the  arts  of  war,  and  that  the  oldei-  in- 
habitants were  more  devoted  to  the  arts  of  architecture 
and  sculpture,  if  not  more  skillful  in  the  practice  of 
them,  than  their  successors.  Still,  this  must  not  ho 
imderstood  to  indicate  anythino-  like  a  permanent  de- 
terioration, or  the  be,oinnin_o'  of  a  baidvward  niaicli  of 
civilization,  Avhose  march  is  ever  onward,  altlmuLili 
making  but  little  account  of  centuries  or  oeneratioiis. 

'JMie  comparison  of  Nahua  with  ^laya  monunieuts 
is  a  nu)st  interestin!»-  subject,  into  the  details  of  wiiieli 
1  do  not  propose  to  enter.  In  the  use  of  the  pyram- 
idal structure,  comnuni  to  l)oth  branches  of  Anieii- 
caii  civilized  nations,  and  in  a  few  scul}itured  end>!eiii> 
there  is  doubtless  a  resemblance;  but  this  likeness  is 


N.MIUA  AND  MAYA  UKLICS. 


5C7 


utti  rly  iiisnffit'lont  to  support  wliat  has  been  in  tho 
p;iM  a  favorite!  theory  anumi^  writers  on  the  subject; 
— iiaiiu'ly,  tliat  of  a  civiHzed  people  nii_L,n*atiuiif  slowly 
soutliwai'd,  and  leavini^  behind  them  traces  of  a  y'rad- 
iially  iiiii)roving  but  identical  culture.  The  resem- 
liliuices  in  ([uestion  have  in  my  opinion  been  <,^reatly 
ix;iL:m'rated,  and  are  altogether  outnumbered  and 
uiitwrighed  by  the  marked  contrasts,  which,  as  they 
ixist  between  the  monuments  of  Yucatan  and  Chia- 
pas, ami  those  of  Mexico  and  V^era  Cruz,  do  not  need 
to  lie  pointed  out  to  one  who  has  studied  the  })reced- 
hi'j;  descriptions.  It  is  true  that  the  best  archi- 
tortural  specimens  of  Nahua  art  have  been  entirely 
(k'strnyed,  still  there  is  no  reason  to  doul)t  that  if 
they  could  be  partially  restored  they  would  reseml)le 
the  structures  of  Vera  Cruz,  or  at  best,  Xocliicalco, 
ratlii  r  than  those  of  Uxmal  and  Palen(pie. 

Till-  ditferences  between  the  northern  and  southern 
ivmaiiis,  while  far  more  clearly  marked  than  the  re- 
sLinliLinccs,  and  constituting  a  much  more  forcible 
aintiiiieiit  against  than  in  favor  of  the  theory  that 
all  American  peoples  are  identical,  must  yet  not  be 
lyi^aicK'd  as  in  any  way  conclusive  in  the  matter;  for 
it  may  be  noticed  that  the  likeness  is  very  vague  be- 
tween the  Nicaraguan  idols  of  stone  and  those  carvctl 
hy  the  hands  of  tho  northern  Aztecs.  Yet  the 
peoples  were  doubtless  identical  in  blood  and  lan- 
.iiua^o,  as  tho  divinities  which  the  respective  artists 
attempted  to  symbolize  in  stone  were  the  same. 
The  leader  will  jirobably  agree  with  me  in  the  con- 
elusidii  tluit,  while  a  comj)arison  of  northern  and 
^fiuttirrn  monuments  is  far  from  proving  or  dis]>rov- 
iii;''  the  original  identity  of  the  Civilized  liaces  of 
the  Tacific  States,  yet  it  goes  far  to  show,  in  con- 
nection with  the  evidence  of  language,  tradition,  and 
institutions,  a  Nahua  and  a  Maya  culture,  progressing 
lu  separate  paths, — though  not  without  contact,  tVic- 
ti'iii,  and  intermimifling, — during  a  long  course  of  cen- 
tunes. 


\l 


% 


CHArXER  X. 

ANTIQUITIES    OF    TUK    NOUTHEUX    MEXICAN    STATES. 
The  Homk  of  tue  rmcniMKfs— MicnoArw  -Tzintzintzvn,  1.\ki: 

rATZCl  Alio,    TKHKMKNIH)— ANK  UK    AM*    .iKitlt.I'AN      Cnl.lM  \      All- 

MKii(A  AM)  CivfTbAN  -Jalisco  — ToNAi.A,  (Uadai-a.iai;  a,  ('ii\- 

C'AI.A,    SAYII-A,  Ti:rATITI,AN,    ZATOThAX,    NAYAKIT,    TKI'K  ,    S\M1. 
A(iO    IXcriNTI.A,  ANIl  lltU.ANOS— (U'ANA.irATO  -San  ( lltKiinMlii  aNH 

Santa  Catauina—Zacatkcas    La  c/ikmada  ano  Ti:i  i.    T\mm- 

UPAS-  ENfAliNACION,  SANTA  BaHHAHA,  i'AltMKI.OTK,  Tliril.\,TAM 
I'U'O,  AXIJ  IJlKinTA— NlKVO  LkON  and  TKXAS— ("OAHI  II,A      iidlsoN 

DK  Mai'imi,  San  Mautkko-  l)ri!AN(io  -Zapk,  San  A(;i  sun,  anh 
La   r.iMj^A  — Sinaloa  .iND   Lowkk  Cai.ikounia  -('i:i;1!u  di.  i.as 

TlUNCllKRAS  IN    SONOllA— CASAS  URANDKS  IN  CHIIIUAHl  A. 

A  somewhat  irrc\o'iilar  line  cxtendinq'  amiss  the 
continent  from  north-east  to  soutli-west,  terniinatiiiL;' 
at  Tam})ieo  on  the  i^ulf  and  at  tlie  bar  of  Zacatulii  o!i 
tlie  Pat'iHe,  is  tlie  limit  which  the  proi'-ress  nortlnvaid 
of  our  antiijuarian  exj)loration  has  reached,  the  ivsults 
havino-  been  recorded  in  the  preceding  chapters.  Tlio 
re^'ion  that  now  remains  to  be  traversed,  exicptiii'i 
the  sino'le  state  of  Michoacan,  the  home  of  the  Taras- 
cos,  is  without  the  limits  that  have  been  assii^iK  <1  to 
the  Civilized  Nations,  and  within  the  bounds  v\'  (oni- 
j)arative  savao^ism.  The  northern  states  of  wliat  is 
now  the  jNIexican  Republic  were  inhabited  at  tlio 
time  of  the  Con(piest  by  the  hundreds  of  tribes,  wliidi, 
if  not  all  savao-es,  had  at  least  that  reputation  ninoiii,' 
their  southern  brethren.  To  the  proud  resident  v\ 
Andhuac   and   the    southern   plateaux,  the  noithcrn 


w:ii. 


TAllASrAX  MOXr.MF.XTS. 


BCD 


Jiovdcs  were  Clilrliiinocs,  '(lon^s/  hiirltarlans.  Yet  sev- 
eral of  tliese  so-called  Itarbariiin  trihts  were  probaMy 
as  l;ir  advanced  in  certain  elements  of  i-ivilization  as 
sonic  of  the  natives  that  liave  hecn  included  ainontjf 
the  Xahuas.  They  were  tillers  of  the  soil  and  lived 
tiiidcr  systematic  forms  of  j^overnment,  althouu^h  not 
nji])arently  nuich  jjfiven  to  the  arts  of  architecture  and 
siiilpture.  ^hdy  one  n^raiid  pile  of  stone  ruins  is 
known  to  exist  in  the  whole  northern  ( 'hicJiimeo  re- 


(ri( 


»ii,  and  the  future  discovery  of  others,  thoui,di  pos- 
sil)t(',  is  not,  I  think,  very  likely  to  occur.  Nor  are 
smaller  relics,  idols  and  implements,  very  numerous, 
except  in  a  few  localities;  hut  this  may  he  attrihuted 
])( rliaps  in  o^reat  dei^ree  to  the  want  of  thorough  ex- 
[iliiration.  A  short  chapter  will  sulHce  for  a  di'scrij)- 
tioii  of  all  the  monuments  south  of  United  States 
ten-itorv,  and  in  des('ril)ini»-  them  1  shall  treat  of 
each  state  separately,  i)roceedin_<j;'  in  General  terms 
tVoiii  south  to  north.  A  j^'lancc  at  the  map  aci-om- 
]iaiiyiiiu;-  this  volume  will  show  the  I'eader  tlu^  position 
nt"  each  state,  and  each  _i»'roup  of  remains,  more  clearly 
than  anv  verbal  location  could  do. 


The  civilized  Tarascos  of  IVfichoacan  have  left  hut 
Very  tew  traces  in  the  shape  of  material  relics.  Their 
capital  and  the  centre  of  their  civilization  was  on  the 
sliores  and  islands  of  Jiake  Patzcuaro,  where  the 
Spaniards  .at  the  time  of  the  Conquest  found  some 
tcinjtles  described  by  them  as  mao-niticent.^  Beau- 
nmnt  tells  us  that  the  ruins  of  a  'j)laza  de  armas'  be- 
lon^ino-  traditionally  to  the  Tarascos  at  Tzintzuntzan, 
tile  ancient  ca])ital,  were  still  visible  in  177(),  near 
the  ])uoblo  of  li^natzio,  two  leagues  distant.  Five 
liundi'ed  paces  Vv'est  of  the  ])uel)lo  a  wall,  mostly 
iallci),  encloses  a  kind  of  plaza,  measuring*  four  hun- 
(lit'il  and  fourteen  by  nine  hundred  and  thirty  feet. 
The  wall  was  about  sixteen  feet  thick  and  eighteen 
in  heiijrht,  with  terraces,  or  steps,  on  the  inside.      In 

'  Jlra.'on'ur  dc  Bourbourg,  Hist.  Nat,  Civ.,  torn,  iv.,  p.  5S. 


570 


ANTK.UITIKS  OF  .MICHOACAN. 


lii . 


the  poiitri'  wrrc  tlic  loiiiKlations  of  wliat  (lie  autlinr 
su|i|i(ist'.s  to  liavi'  lit'cii  ji  towi'i",  and  wrst  ol"  tlir  ni- 
closcd  ai'i'ii  wvw  tlirt'u  heaps  of  stoiK'S,  sujtj«»r(|  tn 
Itu  Ixiiial  iiiKiiiids.  '[\\()  i(l(»ls,  om.'  in  liuinaii  tuim, 
lai'kiii!4'  lii'ad  and  t'oct,  the  other  sliaped  like  an  ,illi- 
^•at(»r,  Were  loiind  hero,  carved  from  a  stDiie  (.ilLd 
tdiioiiiit,  much  like  the  t(.'tz()iitli.  'J'he  same  aiiilidr 
says,  "  respcctinn'  the  ruins  of  the  palace  of  thr  Tii- 
rascau  kiii^s,  accordiun'  to  the  exaniiiiation  which  I 
lately  made  of  these  curiosities,  I  may  sav  that  (a>t- 
Avard  t»f  (his  city  of  'i'zintzuutzan,  ou  the  slo|»i'  nf  ,i 
H'reat  hill  called  Van'uarato,  a  hundred  [taces  fmni  tlitj 
settK'inent,  are  si-eii  on  the  surface  of  the  L;roiiiiil 
some  sultterranean  foundations,  which  ext»'nd  iVdiu 
north  to  south  ahout  a  liuntlred  and  Hftv  jiaces.  ainl 
ahout  fifty  from  east  to  west,  where  there  is  a  tiadl- 
tion  that  the  palace  of  the  ancient  kin^s  wassituatid. 
In  the  centre  of  the  I'oundation-stones  are  live  small 
mounds,  or  cuicillos,  which  are  called  stone  ijiinihis, 
and  hewn  l)locks,  over  which  an  Indian  j^iiai'dian  is 
ne\er  wanting',  for  even  now  the  natives  will  nut  prr- 
mit  these  stones  to  he  removed."  "On  the  shores  of 
l^ake  Sira^'uen  are  found  ancient  monuments  of  tliu 
thiuj^s  which  served  tor  the  pleasure  of  the  kin^s  and 
nohles,  with  othei-  ruined  edifices,  which  occur  in 
various  jtlaces."-  Tzintzuntzan  is  on  the  south-eastern 
shore  of  the  lake,  sonic  leaiifucs  northward  from  tliD 
modern  Patzcuaro.  Lyxii  in  later  times  was  tnld 
that  the  roval  i)alace  and  vther  interestinuf  ri'inains 
were  yet  to  bo  soon  on  tlnj  lake  shores,  but  ho  did  nut 
visit  them.'^ 

2  Ilcfniiiionf,  Crnii.  ^^<'rhoflrn)1,  JIS.,  pp.  45-().  Iliuafzii),  ]i1(i1im1iI.v  \W 
truo  11111111'  (if  till'  tKWii  calK'il  l)y  JJeamiioiit  I^iiatzio,  '  rci-iiorila  imi-  sii^  iiii- 
ti,uiii'ilailcs  (la  I'in'uiiidt'  ami  no  destniida.  (jiR'  It's  scrvia  ilc  pla/a  ik'  aiin;i-: 
(itras  l'((''</".v,  I'l  M']iiilcriis  (Ic  sus  Hoyt's:  las  relii|uias  de  una  tmiv  (|iic  la- 
lirici'i  su  ])rinu'r  fuiidador  antes  vciiir  los  Espanoles,  y  la  riK,  eallc  «'  laiuiii'i 
tlo  Qiirrciiiliiro,  t\\w  CKniiinicalia  coii  la  Capital)  tiistes  rneniDrias  di'  \a 
graiidc/a  niiiluiacaiia."  Micliiinrnii,  Andlisis  J-J.-/ii</.,  jtnr  J.   J.   L.,  ]>.   l''';. 

^  Li/>iti\s  ■hinrind,  vol,  ii.,  pp.71--.  'Some  R-lk'snf  tlic  Taiascau  ani;i- 
tcctiiiv  aiv  said  to  lie  found  at  this  jilaee,  Init  we  do  not,  possess  any  an- 
tiieniic  .•iicoiints  or  di;i\vin-s  of  tliein.'  Maii'i's  ilex.  Az/ir,  ifr.,  vol.  ii.,  [i. 
'2';tl.  Mention  in  Mii/ilctqifunK,  Mjico,  toiu.  ii.,  pt  ii.,  p.  30',»;  ir^vv"""'. 
Geoff,  u.  Stat.,  p.  1(JT 


TKItr.MKMXt  AM)  ANKIH:. 


571 


AimtlitT  rarlv  wi'iter,  N'mji-Sufinr  v  Sniiclic/,  savs 
thai  ill  171-  lio,  with  a  compuiiion,  riitiird  what 
xriiicil  a  cavuni  in  a  deep  harraiira  at  'ri.'iviiitii<li>, 
(i^lit  h'an'iK's  soiith-wust  of  N'alladithd,  or  Moirha. 
••Tin  IV  wiTo  discovoi'i'd  pHxli^ioiis  ahorjuiiial  vaults, 
liniiiuli'd  hy  vi'iy  stroiij^*  walls,  i-t'iidcrt'd  solid  hy  lire. 
hi  iht'  ct'iitro  of  the  second  was  a  l)oii<'h  like  tlu'  foot 
of  all  altar,  whiu'e  there  were  many  idols,  and  IVesh 
(ill'i  lilies  of  copal,  and  woolen  stulls,  and  varii»ns 
li^iii'fs  of  men  and  animals."  It  was  found  arcord- 
iiiu'  to  this  author  that  the  huilders  had  coiistincted 
walls  (if  loose  stones  of  a  kind  easily  melti'd,  and 
tin  II  l>v  (ire  had  joined  the  hlocks  intcj  a  solid  mass 
without  the  use  of  mortar,  continuinijf  the  jiroeess  to 
till'  roof  'I'he  outside  of  the  .structure  was  over- 
uicwii  with  shrubs  and  trees.^ 


At  Aniche,  an  island  in  Lake  Patzcuaro,  !^^r 
]')!  ail'' A' discovered  some  hieros»lvphio  llyures  cut  on 
a  ruck;  and  at  Irimho  about  fifty  miles  east  of 
Murclia,  he  was  shown  some  small  mounds  which 
till'  natives  called  forthications,  although  thcu;  was 
iintliiiin'  to  indicate  that  such  liad  been  their  u^e.'  in 
till'  mountains  south-east  of  Lake  Chapala,  in  the 
iv'^joji  of  Ji(juil^ian,  Sr  ( Jarci'a  re[)orts  the  remains  of 
an  ancient  town,  and  .says  further  that  o])als  and 
iitlit  r  |)rt'cious  stones  well  worked  have  been  obtained 
litiv.'''  Humboldt  })ictures  a  very  beautiful  obsidian 
liiaivli't  or  ring,  worked  very  thin  and  brilliantly 
]inlis|i(Ml;  and  aiK^ther  wi^iter  mentions  some  Li'iants' 
bolus,  all  found  within  the  limits  oi'  JSliclujacan.'' 

At  tlie  time  when  official  explorations  were  nndei'- 
takt  11  by  L^u[)aix  and  Castaheda  in  the  .southein  [)arLs 

*  I'i'fi-Si  ilor  1/  Sdiichcz,  Thralfo,  toin.  ii.,  jiji.  70-1;  nioiitiim  in  IIhsmI, 
-V  .'.  (;,i,,t.,  II.  154. 

■  l',:nif„ifs  M'x.  I/hisfr.,  ji.  100. 

*>■'/'•.  Mr.v.  (tnuj.,  Hull  till,  lMii  I'lxK'a,  torn,  iv.,  ]>.  5.")0. 

"  ll'i,ii'i<i/i/f,  ill  Ati/i'i.  M'.i:,  tmii.  i.,  div.  ii.,  p.  30,  !su[iiil.,  \>\  vii.,  fly;.  13; 
>>'"■.  .1/. .(•.  Gcuij.,  livktin,  torn,  viii.,  j...  5oS>. 


w 


m 


if'j" 


572 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  COLIMA. 


of  New  Spain,  it  scoins  that  officials  in  .some  nortli- 
crn  ro^-ions  also  were  requcstod  by  the  Spanish  oov- 
ernmcut  to  report  upon  such  remains  of  antiquity  as 
niii,*'ht  be  known  to  exist.  The  antiipiarian  i^'ciiius 
to  whom  the  matter  was  referred  in  Colima,  tiuu  a 
dej)artnicnt  of  Miehoacan,  but  now  an  indepeiulciit 
state,  made  a  comprehensive  report  to  the  eti'ect  tliat 
he  "had  not  been  able  to  hear  of  anythin,i]f  excc]»t  an 
infinite  numbe^'  of  edifices  of  ruined  towns,"  and  sdiuo 
bones  and  other  remains  apparently  of  little  iiH|)(iit- 
ance,  which  had  been  taken  fro;x.  excav?tioiis  on  the 
hacienda  of  Armcria  and  Cu/uti'crv,  i^'d  which  scciiud 
to  have  been  destroyed  and  coveiv.d  up  by  volcanic 
erupilons.  If  this  archaeologist  had  found  more  than 
*an  iiiHnitc  nund)er'  of  ruins,  it  might  possibly  liavc 
occurred  to  him  to  describe  some  of  theui.^  iS'otliiiig 
more  is  known  of  Colima  anticpiities. 

At  Tonala,  probably  just  across  the  Colima  liae 
northward  in  the  state  of  Jalisco,  the  re])oi't  sent  in 
reply  to  the  inquiry  just  spoken  of,  mentioned  a  liiil 
which  seemed  to  be  for  the  most  i)art  artificial,  and 
in  which  excavations  revealed  walls,  galleries,  and 
rooms.  Similar  works  were  said  to  be  of  fV(M|',uiit 
occurri'iice  in  that  region.  In  digging'for  the  ibiinda- 
tions  of  the  Koyal  Hosj)ital  at  Guadalajara,  "tluie 
was  found  a  cavity,  or  subterranean  vault,  wi  1! 
])ainte(l,  and  several  statues,  especially  one  wliidi 
represents  an  Indian  woman  in  the  act  of  grinding' 
corn."  It  was  hollow,  and  probably  of  clay.  N'  ir 
Ai'tlan,  in  the  south-west,  there  were  said  to  c\i>t 


IK' 


some  traces  of  feet  sculptured  in  the  rock,  one  at  t 
ford  railed  Zo])ilote,  and  another  on  the  road  between 
Autlan  aiul  Te{)anola.  Near  '  liacala,  still  furtliei' 
south,  "there  is  a  tank,  and  ne  u-  it  a  cross  A\ell 
carved,  and  on  lU  foot  certain  ancient  unknown  !<  t- 
tors,  with  points  in.  five  lines.  On  it  was  seen  a  nin>t 
devoted  crucifix.     Under  it  are  other  lines  of  cIkii- 

^  K>uc,  J  few.  Gcog.,  Bolctin,  -da  I'pocu,  toiii.  iii.,  p.  277. 


PYUAMID  OF  TEl'ATITLAN. 


C73 


'actrrs  witli  tlu;  said  points,  Mliicli  soomod  llc'l)iv\v  or 
S\  liac."  'I'liis  inlbrmatioii  coiiu's  from  an  old  author, 
and  is  a  specimou  of  the  absurd  re})orts  of  tlio  Cliris- 
tian  gospel  liaviiig  boon  proaclied  at  various  j)oints  in 
tlu'sc  rcL^ions,  ^vllioll  arc  still  believed  to  a  coiisidera- 
1)1('  extent  by  a  certain  class  of  the  j)eoj)le  of  ^[exico.* 

An  author  who  wn^te  in  1778  states  that  between 
Guadalajara  ■;iid  JSaynla,  and  four  leagues  north-oast 
nf  the  latter  town,  "there  is  a  causeway  of  stone  and 
cartli,  about  half  a  lea^'ue  loui,*-,  across  the  narrowest 
])ait  of  a  niarsli,  or  lan'oon.  There  is  a  tradition  that 
till'  n'ei. tiles  built  it  in  ancient  times.  On  most  ])ai'ts  of 
its  shores  this  marsh  has  little  ]ieai)s  of  pottery  in 
fragments,  very  Avide  and  thick,  and  there  can  still  be 
found  tii;'ures  of  lar^'e  vessels,  and  also  foundations  and 
tiaci's  of  small  houses  t)f  stone.  Tradition  relates 
thai  the  antiiji'uos  of  dilfei'ent  nations  came  hero  to 
make  salt,  and  that  they  had  several  blood v  lisjhts, 
of  w  liich  many  traces  a[)[)ear  in  the  sha[>e  of  black 
transparent  Hints  worked  into  arrow-])oints.""' 

Mr  L(iwenstern  discovered  near  Tepatitlan,  some 
fifty  miles  north-east  of  (Guadalajara,  a  |)yramid  de- 
.s<Mil)ed  as  somewhat  similar  to  those  of  Teotihuacan, 
luit  smaller,  its  exact  dimensions  not  beiuL;'  n'iNin,  i)ut 
tlio  height  beim;'  estimated  at  fi'om  ninety  to  a  hun- 
(Iri'd  and  thirty  feet.  it  w;'..-  built  '\\\  three  stories  of 
t-aiali,  sand,  and  pebble-;,  aiui  bore  on  Its  summit  a 
(Innic-sliaped  'iiotind.  Tho  pyramid  at  the  base  was 
tiHMscd  with  lai'^'e  stones:  whether  or  not  (Iny  were 
ill  liewn  blocks  is  not  stated,  but  tlie  stones  lyiiiuf 
;'ltout  indicated  that  the  whole  surface  liad  originally 
Iiorne  a  stone  facing".  The  Ibnn  of  tin.'  base  was 
i|iiailrano'ul-M;,  but  time  and  tlie  cultivation  (»f  the 
w'liiije  suil'.^je  as  a  corntield,  had  modilied  the  original 
torni  and  ^'iveii  the  strucvuro  an  octa,i;onaL  confoi'ina- 
tinn  with  not  veiy  clearly  defined  angles.  It  i(i(iiires 
iiiMirional  evidence  to  })rove  that  this  suppt^sid  pyia- 


■''.''(//.■;•;•'■;,  ill  .S'fiC.   yii.f.  Giii'i.,   I'nliliii,  'Jilil  i'|M>i;i.  tiiiii.   ,ii,.  |i|i. 
'"  A'/eo,  ill  Sui\  MiX.  li'i'i/.,  Il'jlcdii,  -All  t'liocii,  tola,  ill.,  p    \^'.'i. 


I  -sa 


I 


574 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  JALISCO. 


mid  was  not  a  natural  hill  liko  Xochicaleo  witli  sdino 
artificial  improvement.  The  hill  is  called  Cerrito  do 
Montezuma,  tlio  custom  of  applying  this  monarch's 
name  to  every  relic  of  anti(piity  being  even  niuiv 
common  in  the  northeiMi  regit)ns  than  in  other  ])ai'ts  of 
the  country.  The  author  of  Cuiciimafiis'  Tr(ir,'l..i^ 
mentions  a  'mound'  at  Zapotlan,  about  fil'ty  iniK-.s 
east  of  Guadalajara,  which  is  five  hundred  feit  liii^li. 
He  does  not  expressly  state  tliat  it  is  artificial,  and  a 
gentleman  familiar  with  the  locality  tells  me  tli.jt  it 
is  not  generally  so  regarded,  having  the  appearaiuv 
of  a  natural  grass-covered  hill." 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  state,  in  the  region  i>f 
Tepic,  the  Spaniards  seem  to  have  found  grandei' tem- 
ples, a  more  elaborate  religious  system,  and  a  (JNil- 
ization  generally  sonicwhat  more  advanced  than  in 
most  other  parts  of  the  north  or  north-west.  Still 
no  well-defined  architectural  monuments  are  repoitcd 
on  good  authority  in  modern  times.  It  is  to  tiic 
earlier  writers  that  we  must  go  for  accounts  t)f  nnv 
extensive  remams,  and  such  accounts  m  all  cases 
j)robal)ly  ret  r  to  the  buildings  which  the  Spaniards 
found  still  in  use  among  the  natives;  and  the  old 
writers  were  ready  to  seize  upon  every  scrap  of  iii- 
mor  in  this  direction,  that  they  mi<>-ht  successi'ullv 
trace  the  favorite  southward  course  of  the  .A/.tucs 
to  Anahuac.  Hervas  savs  that  "there  liave  been 
found  and  still  exist  in  Na^-arit  ruins  of  edilicLS 
which  by  their  form  seem  to  be  ]\texican,  and  the 
natives  say  that  the  ^Fexicans  built  them  when  they 
were  in  Nayai'it."^'^  This  was  another  of  the  n'gims 
where  some  wandering  apostle  jireached  thegosprl  in 
alK)riginal  times,  and  the  'cross  of  Tepic'  was  one  of  tlio 
celebrated  Christian  relics.  Some  woiuLrful  foot-piints 
in  the  stone  are  also  among  the  re[)orted  relics.'^  A 

"  Liiirrnsfmi,  ^fl\riqllr,  pp. 'JO.j  7,  'JSO,   344;  /-/.,  ill   Xinin!l,s  A.' 
ifc.t  Vii;/.,  ISJO,  toiii.  Ixxxvi.,  i)]).    ll!t-"2(»;  ///.,   ill  Loud.  (rcog.  .S't/c. 
Vi)l.  xi..  j>.  104;  Ciiiriiniafii.s'  rnirr/.-i,   ji.  •2it{). 

•''  /frrriis,  ('iifi>/i)</it,  tiini.  i.,  |i.  311. 

'3  l-'hiiriirin,  Uriji'ii  ifr  /us  SitJltll'irins,  )).  S;    I'ltdlUd,  ('(lUq.    X. 

MS.,  pp. 


./.,.- 


(ll'l.  lit. 


11). 


.SAXT[Af;0  IXCUINTLA. 


teinplo  of  hown  stone,  .situated  on  a  roclvv  liill,  as- 
ceiiiK'd  by  a  winding  road,  was  found  at  Xu('lii]iilte- 
jiutl  Ity  the  Spanisli  ex})lorers  in  1841;  and  Villa- 
Sefior  describes  a  cave  wliere  tlie  natives  were  wont 
to  worsliip  the  skeleton  of  an  ancient  king  gaily 
appjutled  and  seated  in  state  upon  a  throne.'*  Fi- 
nally Prichard  informs  us  that  "near  Nayarit  arc 
seen  earthen  mounds  and  trenches."'^ 

A  writer  hi  the  Boletin  of  the  ]\rexican  Oeogrnpji- 
ical  Society  describes  the  tem2)le  at  Jalisco  as  it  was 
'und  by  the    first    S})aniards;  and    another    in    the 
'iirclU's  Aiuiah's  dc\s  Voymjes  states  that  the  village 
%f        :  Jalisco,  about  a  league  from  Tepic,  is  built  on  the 
ruins  of  the  ancient  city,  and  that  "in  making  exca- 
vations there  are  found  utensils  of  every  kind,  wcap- 
i\m  and  idols  of  the  ^Mexican  divinities."'"    After  all, 
the  only   definite    account   extant  of  relics    found   in 
this  part    of  the    state    is  that   by   Sr   Ketes.     Ho 
says  that   the  northern  bank  of  the  Ilio  (Jrande,  or 
Tnlolotlan,   contains  numerous   remains  for   three  or 
t'nur  hundred  nuKiS,   consisting   chieHy  of  stone  and 
elay  linages  and  p(jttery,  and  occurring  for  the  most 
part  oil  tlio  elevated  spots  out  of  the  reach  of  inunda- 
tii;iis.     'J'he  |iart  of  this   region  that   has   been  most 
explnroM,  h,  ""he  vii'inity  of  Santiago  Ixcuintla,  tweti- 
ty-^\"  ':v  lliirty  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the   ri\er. 
•  Ml  U:t}    -hijc   of  a  hill    four    leagues  noith-west   of 
Santiago  i:     <h  •  foot  uf  Lake  San  Juan,  Avas  found  a 
civtcddilo  of  natural  size  carved  from  stone,  together 
with  several  dogs  or  sphinxes,  and  some  idols,  wliich 
the  author  deems  similar  to  those  of  the   lvgv[itians. 
Huniai.  riauains  have  been  found  in  comiection  with 
the  other  relics,  and  most  of  the   lattei'   ai'e   said  to 
have  heen  sent  to  enrich  European  collections  by  rieh 


1:1 


'•  .'  •■'//,  in  Iciizh'ihrtn,  CoJ.  dr  Dor.,  toiii.  ii.,  lip.  ."n:!-!!;  ]'(liu- 
Sd'mr  :i  >       /cr,   rh'Ktrn,  torn.  ii..  pp.  'J()',)-70. 

'VV.fi,  y./.v/.  ^tltll,  vol.  ii.,  It.  Til."). 

'''''//,  \\\  >\iii\  Mi.r.  (iidij.,  /)(//<7//;.  tiiiii.  viii.,  ]).  lOCc  Ti  riuin  r-l  'niii/ifitix, 
ill  .Vi,./,-, //,.<  .liiiiii/is  ifi.-i  ]'iii/.,  1S4'J,  toiii.  xcv.,  p.  I'll.");  f-aiiic  ;uiipuuI  ill 
M'jfiV'i,  Ej/,/or.,  turn.  1.,  p.  l(tl. 


57G 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  JALISCO. 


foreiij;']!  rosidents  of  Topic.  Tlio  ()l)j(jrts  co,  slst  of 
idols  ill  huiuiin  and  animal  forms,  axes,  iuid  Lnices, 
tlic  pottery  being-  in  many  cases  briglitly  colored. 
Tlio  cut  shows  six  of  the  tliirty-eiglit  relics  pictured 


ojcsoo-^"-"-^ 


'->,-' 


lit 


Relics  from  Santiago,  Jalisco. 


ill  the  ])latcs  o-Iven  by  lletes.  Fig.  1,  2,  arc  Hi.' 
heads  of  small  stono  idols,  the  first  liead  hciii-'  <>iil,v 
two  inches  in  height.      Fig.  3  is  a  head  of  wliat  tlif 


ANTKiUlTIES  OV  (irANA.JlATt  >. 


577 


nutlior  calls  a  8i)liinx.  Fijjf.  4  is  aii  eartliuu-waro 
mold  for  staini)iii!4'  dcsiii^ns  on  cloth  or  i)()tteiT;  thero 
art'  several  ot"  those  I'cpresciitcd  in  the  collection. 
Vvj;.  .")  is  an  earthen  jar  six  inches  hi^^h,  of  a  matei'ial 
maily  as  hai'tl  as  stone.  ^lany  of  the  jars  I'ound 
,iiL'  very  similar  to  those  now  made  and  used  in  the 
siiiie  rcL-'ion.  Fii,''.  G  is  an  earthen  idol  four  inches 
lii'ili.  Amon<^  the  other  ohjects  is  a  Hint  lance-head 
with  notches  like  saw-teeth  on  the  sides."  Similar 
itllcs,  hut  of  somewlni^  ruder  style  and  coarser  n)a- 
tciiiil,  have  heen  found  </  a  locality  called  Ahreva- 
(lero,  ahout  eii;liteen  miles  south  of  Santiago  towards 
IVpir."  At  liolahos,  some  distance  east  from  Sant- 
iiLlo,  on  a  northern  hrancli  of  the  same  I'iver,  J^}  'U 
(ilitaiiied,  hy  otferiui*-  rewards  to  the  natives,  "three 
vtiy  L;(iod  stone  wedges  or  axes  of  hasalt."  Bones  of 
uiaiits  were  reported  at  a  distance  of  a  day's  journey. 
At  the  same  distance  southward  "there  is  said  to  be 
a  cave  containing  several  figures  or  id(jls  in  stone.'* 

Ti('s]K'cting  the  anti([uities  of  Guanajuato  Sr  Dus- 
tiiiiaiite  states  that  the  oidy  ones  in  the  state  are 
line  natural  caves  artificially  improved,  as  in  the 
*  iiin  (le  San  Gregorio,  on  the  hacienda  of  Tu}»;itaro; 
■  Mil  siiine  earthen  mounds  in  the  jdains  of  Bajio, 
j  nived  to  he  burial  moinids.  Under  the  earth  and  a 
liver  of  ashes  the  skeleton  lies  with  its  head  covered 
ly  a  little  brazier  of  baked  clay,  ttud  accompanied  by 
Minus,  fragments  of  tlouble-edged  knives,  obsidian 
ira'^iueiits,  bird-bone  necklaces  strung  on  twisted 
lii'(l-L;'ut,  smooth  stones,  some  small  semi-s]»lK'res  of 
linked  clay  with  a  hole  i)i  the  centre  of  each,  and  a 
I'W  grotes(pie  idols.™ 

Castillo  describes  a  small  humaii  head,  brouoht 
■'  'III  tile  mines  of  CJuanajuato,  the  material  of  whicli 
\\as  a  "concretion  of  (piartz  and  chalcedony  for  the 

'"  /'' ''  V,  ill  Miism  Mr.r.,  2(l;i  c'lKica,  toni.  i.,  ]i]).  3-0. 
]"  l<' .  ]>.  <1. 

'•''  Li/ihi's  Jo'iniiif,  vol.  i.,  ]i]i.  ;t2"2-.1. 

'"'  IJ:i-.fiiiii"iif'\  in  Sue.  Mtx.  Ucoj.,  Bulidn,  torn,  i.,  pp.  i5C-7. 
Vol.  IV.    :j7 


ii 


m 


'uH 


AXi'li.tli  rnis  OK  ZACATKCAS. 


most   p.'irt,  s])riiil<liNl  with   liiu'  tjfraiiis  nl"  ^-old,  .iiid  a 
little   pyrites,   ol'  a    whitish   (-(tlor,   l»iit  partly  stain, il 
red  hy  the  oxidt'  of  iron.  "     'I'liis  head,  it  seems.  \\;i> 
claiiiied  hy  some  to  he  a  pi^trilaction,  hut   the  autlmr 
is  ol'  a  eoiiti'arv  opinion,  although   lie  helieves  thir, 
is  nothing-  aitilieial  ahout  it  e\ee|)t  tlu'  inoiitli.-'     l"i 
iially    r>erlan<Iier   deserihes    two    pyramids    near   ih. 
puehlo  t»r  Santa  ("atarina,  in   the  vicinity  ol"  the  ciiv 
ol"  (Juanajuato.      They  an  s(|uare  at  the  hase,  facetln' 
cardinal   |)oints,  and  are   hnilt  of  pieces  of  porphyrv 
laid  in  clayey  earth.      'V\\c  eastern  pyramid  istwiiiiy 
three   I'eet  hinh,  thirty-seviii  I'ei't  scpiare   at.   the  l>a>(. 
with  a  ,  ummit  platform  lilt  'v\\  t'et't  scpiare.      The  inr 
ri'spondino'   dimensions    ol"    the    westi'rn    mound    aiv 
eii^ht'.  en,  thii'ty-sewn,  and  til'teen  I'eet.    They  are  enlv 
tit'teen  or  twenty  Teet  apart,  ;  nd  aiv  joined   hy  an  en, 
haidvinent  ahout  livo  i"oet  hi^h." 

The  most  imj)ortant  and  fainous  vuins  of  Ihe  wjieli 
iiorthei'u  re^'ion  are  those  known  to  the  worM  uiidn 
the  name  ol"  Quemada,  in  soi  thern  Zacaticas.  Tin 
ruins  ar(>  hari-ly  mentioned  hy  the  early  writers  a- 
(mc  ol"  the  prohahh*  stations  ol'  the  mi^ratin^' .\zttr>; 
and  the  modern  explorations  v  hi«'h  have  itsnhcd  in 
])ui»lished  descri|>tions  were  made  hi'twei'ii  iSiMi  iiihI 
IS;')!,  althoun-h  ^[anuel  (Jutierre/,  parish  ju'iest  et' tlir 
locality  in  ISO;"),  wrote  a  slight  account  whirli  ha^ 
heen  reciMitly  puhlished.-'  ("apt  (i.  F.  I^yon  \i>itKl 
(.^luemada  in  I8l'(),  and  puhlished  a  lull  descri|ttiuii, 
illustrated  with  three  small  cuts,  in  his  Jonriial."' 
(Jov.  (hircia  «)l"  Zacati'cas  ordereil  Sr  l<>|>ar/a  in  IS"'" 
to  ex|)lore  the  ruins.  'I'he  latter,  however.  l>y  rt.isun 
of  other  duties  and  a  fear  of  snakt^s,  was  not  ahl«'  '" 
make  a  personal  visit,  hut  ohtaiiiod  a  r^'port  Iimhi  1'' 


»i  CitstiUo,  in  T(L,  -(111  (''|)o('ii,  toiii,  iv..  \\\\.  107  S. 
S-  III  rill iiiliir  iiiitl  Tliori  /.  Piunn,  \>.  'I't. 

"■'  Siir.  Mi.r.  tiioij..  liiiliiiii.  'Jilii  i'|)oi'ii,  toin.  iii.,   jiii.  'JTS-V.  pn  icili'il  ''^ 
:iii  ai'ciiiiiit  (|uiitoii  ti'Diii  'riir(|iu'iMaila. 
-<  l.i/uii'a  Juuntid,  vol.  i.,  iip.  •_'2r>-44. 


Ill  I 
\v;is 


IU'( 


uriNs  (»i-  (,»i  T.MAKA.  r.:.) 

i u\ t  I'.i  w Iio  li;ul   iiiado  siicli  ;i  visit.      Tliu   ri'port 
|iilltiislu!(l  ill  the  s;ililf  yi'ur.-'^ 
Mr    r>('rjj;'li('s,    u    (u'riiuui     iiiiiiiiiL;'    eiiniiioLT,    coii- 
trd   with    tlio    IJiMioiis   W'tii  ( Ji'aiidi'  silver    iiiiiics, 
siir\('y  of  t\\v  niiiis  in   l.s;!!,  foi-  (Juv.  (J;irri;i, 
nil    tlu!   survey  j)re|)ar('(l  u  detailed    and    pit'- 


iii.'hii'  a, 
;iihI     IV( 


>iii 


iii:ilily  aeeiiratr  |Maii  ot  tlu;  works,  wliieli  was  alter- 
i.irds  puMislied  l>y  \el»el,  and  which  1  shall  <"<>jty  in 
liis  elia|>ter.  Mr  Ihirkart,  another  engineer,  was 
he    ((inipanion    (»!'    Uer^'hes,   and    also    visited    (Jiie- 


iii.iila  on  several  o 


ther 
d  1 


occasions. 


II 


IS  iMihllshed 


cull 

wii 

Nclul  visited  Oiii'mada  ahont  tht.!  same  tinu 


ml    IS  accoin|>anie(l  hy  a.  j>lan  an'rceinn'  vi'iy   we 
li   that  of  l)eriL>hes,  hut  containin<4'  lewi'r  details. 

II 


■J7 


IS 


•  1,1 


iVnlil 


M)  I;i 


Its  all'  two  ill  nuinher,  ii  L>eneral  \  iew  of  []\v  I'liiiis 
the  sonth-wc:st,  and  an   interior   \  iew  of  one  of 


-linctiiri 


iH'SKleS 


Ilerol 


les 


plan 


II 


s    views. 


V  as   I    know,  are  the  only  ones  evi'r  |>nl»lisiie(l.'-'*^ 

The   location    is    ahont  thirty    miles   southward   of 

apital    city  of   Zacatecas,  and   six   miles   north- 


'IC     ( 


ward    ol 


\ 


illanileva. 


TI 


le    stream    (»n    which 


th 


niiiis 


siaii 


d    is    spoken  of    hy     Ihirkart    as     iJio    (h 
\ill;iiiiie\a,   and    hy    Lyon    as    the    Kio  del    l*ajtido, 
lU'    (^)ik'iiiada,    'hurnt,'    is    that    of   a    neij^h 


he   iiai 


iiuriir. 


Iiach'iula, 


out    .-i    league    distant    toward 


the    siiutli-wi.'s 


t.       I     (h 


o  not    know   the    origin   of  the 
aiiie  as  a[)[>lied  to  the  hacienda,  hut  there  is  no  e\i- 


'K'S 


111   lllr 


}l>, 


sn,     M, 


iiriiic,  |)|(. 
.1'..  Idiii.    i. 


-S.      'I'lir  sMiiic  ii'iiorl  iiUii  |i\it>lislic(l  ill  |S|: 


I'- 


\\lii(  saw  tin-  ruins  in  IS.'tl 


ls,>.   ct 
Til 


Willi 


Mltll-Il> 


iiiiu'   rciiijiiks   liv  Hie 
I   iiiiiilaliini 


<>   iiii'liiili 


IhMii  l'rrj(s,  ('iiiiijiii.\lii  tic  /.iifiilcfds,  an  illlc'lii|il   \n  r\c;w  ll|i  liic  tiri;:'ili    ain 


ii-lmv  111   the  niiiicil  citv,  and  a  plalc  rciluccd  tnuii 


I'liirhirl,  Anfi  iilhiill,  Inn 
*'  '"'/'■.      Mis   Mcxifaii  tri| 


lip.  '.IT    in.'i 


m;i. 


1.  11. 

1  iifi;aii   ill 


Nrli: 


'-'/'»;.,    lUilht; 


tnlii. 


Ill, 


(1  i: 


•  iii'kai't   met   liini  in  /ai'al('(-a>  xniii'  lime  Ixluic 


oiiirr  ai'Cdiiiils  t'lintaiiiiii;:  no  aililitional  infurniali 


i\i('|il  one  (!!•  (WD,  tnini  Ihc  aiitiidritics  alicailv  niciilicnit 


nil.  ami   niailt'  n|i, 
in    Siir. 


-til  li;  /'/.,    M, 


/.,    liiihliii,   tiiMi.    viii.,  |)ii.  44l-"_* 


M. 


Azt, 


VV 


•m; 


ll/i  f  s 

•h.  I, 


Mr 


I  HI. 
It     II" 


I'l'- 


Villi  s  ilcsi'i'Mii  lull  am 


■NiluTs  |j|ati';  /(/..  ill  Scluiiilmi/rs  Arr/i.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  ."iSI;  Ilrni/J'nril's  A  iinr. 
■I"''7  .  p|i.  ".1(1-,");  Mii/ilrii/if'i,rilf.  Mt/'lro.,  toin.  ii.,  |it  ii..  p.  l".!'!';  ]l'ii/)/iii>ix, 
''■"■I  ".  S/,if.,  ||.  'Jitl;    Fri',.s/'s  I'Irl.  Hist.  M,  i\,  \\\y  ')S()i;;  /-/..  limit  Cltl.s, 

I'l'.  oiil  IJ,  futs;  Itiv,  Iksvlitril),  litur  nU.  Sladt.,  apiioniliN,  pp.  70^). 


G30 


ANTiQrrni:s  of  /acatkcas. 


i 


J.  ■  1 


doucc'  tliat  it  lias  any  conncc-tioii  Avitli  tlie  iiii:>. 
The  local  naiiitf  of  tlio  latter  is  Los  Kdilicios.  Th' 
only  other  name  which  I  have  fonnd  a))plie(l  to  tlic 
place  is  Tnitlan.  Fv  Tello,  in  an  nnj)ul)lished  historv 
of  Nueva  (Jalicia  written  about  1050,  ti-lls  us  that 
the  Spaniards  under  Capt.  Chirinos  "found  a  L;i»at 
city  in  ruins  and  abandoned;  hut  it  was  known  tn 
have  had  most  sumptuous  edifices,  with  u^rand  struts 
and  plazas  well  ai'rano'ed,  and  within  a  distance  of  a 
(piarter  ol'  a  lea^nie  four  towers,  with  causeways  of 
stone  leadiuL;'  from  one  to  another;  and  this  city  was 
the  y-reat  Tuitlan,  where  the  ^lexican  Indians  it- 
maiiicd  manv  vears  when  thev  were  iournevin"'  tVniii 
the  north."'-''  This  ruined  city  was  in  the  rei;ion  of 
of  the  modern  town  of  Jerez,  and  without  nnidi 
douht  was  identical  with  Quemada.  Sr  (!il  a|i|ilits 
tlie  same  name  to  the  ruins.  Othei's  without  any 
known  authority  attem})t  to  identify  Quemada  with 
Chicomoztoc,  'the  seven  caves'  Avhence  the  A/.trr^ 
set  out  on  their  mii^'rations;  or  with  Ama((uein((aii. 
the  ancient  ('hichimec  capital  of  the  ti'aditioiis.  (iil 
rather  extrava^'antly  says,  "these  ruins  aif  tin 
^ii'i'andest  which  exist  amoni*-  us  after  those  of  I'a- 
leiKpie;  and  on  examining;'  them,  it  is  seen  that  tiny 
■were  the  fruit  of  a  civilization  more  advanced  thnii 
that  Avhich  was  found  in  Peru  at  the  time  of  thr 
Incas,  or  in  Mexico  at  the  time  of  ^lontezuma.  "" 


The  Cerro  de  los  Edificios  is  a  lonijif  narrow  i  ohitiJ 
liill,  the  summit  of  which  forms  an  irreuiilar  OMikcn 
l)lateau  over  half  a  mile  in  leni^th  from  nortli  to  -Diitli, 
and  from  one  hundred  to  two  hundred  yards  wi(h'.  ex- 
cept at  the  northern  end,  where  it  widens  to  al'mit 
live  liundred  yards.  The  hein'ht  of  the  hill  i^  i^ivcii 
1)V  TiVon  as  from  two  to  three  himdrcd  feet,  Imt  hy 
JJurkart  at  ei_L;ht  to  nine  hundred  feet  above  tlic  Icvd 

^  T1//0.  rroiiiiiniffi.-i,  ill  Tr((zh(th'rtn,  Col.  ih'  ft'ir.,  toiu.  ii.,  p.  .'Ill 
3"  ,S'm".  Mi.r.  (iiivf..  li()!r/iii.   toiii.  viii.,   p]).  441-'_',   I'.Ki;  I'ltjr.s,  in    1A'>'" 
Mcx.,  tuiii.  i.,  jip.  18G-'.I;  Lijijii'a  J<junial,  vol.  i.,  \i.  '-'l.'j. 


LOS  KDIFlCKtS  OF  OIKMADA. 


'.SI 


i!'  tlif  jtliilll 


Intl 


10  cun 


tr.il 


)iirt  is  a  ( 


lit!' 


risliiu'  iilM)ut 


thirty  i'uct  cil)ovc  the  rest  of  tho  i)latL'au.  I.^')'()iii  the 
lii(i\v  tlu;  hill  (lesceiuls  more  or  less  )»r(.'ci|iit(>usly  oil 
(litruiviit  sides  i'or  ai)out  a  huiulred  and  til'ty  feet,  and 
tlicii  sti'etehes  ill  a  ^'ontler  slope  of  from  two  to  four 
limidred  yards  to  the  surroundini;'  plain.  ( )n  tlie  slopo 
ami  skirting'  the  whole  ciivumference  of  the  hill,  (,'\- 
it|)t  on  the  north  and  north-east,  are  tra<'('s  of  ancient 


I'liails  crossmi^'  eaeU  other  a 


It  ditil 


',ul 


erunt  anijles,  and  eon- 


ii''i 


t(  d  hy  ci'oss  roads  runninti;"  up  the  slope  with  the 
lit.      iJer^hes'  plan  of   Qucinada 


\,urks    on   tne  suinm 


i>  '/wrw  on  the   followiiiL;'  l)ai;e,  on  which  the   roa(h 
-iinkiii  of  are  indicated  hy  the  dotted  lines  maiked 

1  « 

II,  11,  11,  ete.     This  plan  and  Bui'kart's  plan  and  de- 
Nri[)iion  ai'e  the  only  authorities  for  the  existence  of 


loads  runninu'  round  the  hill,  Lyon  and  other  v 


is- 


itiii 


icakino'  oidy  of  those;  that  diverge'  foni  it:  hut 
it  is  pi'ohahle  that  In'ri^hes'  suryey  was  moi'e  cai'eful 
and  tlioi'ou^'h  than  that  of  the  (>Jiers,  and  his  plan 
-liniild  he  accepted  as  i^ood  authority,  esj)ecially  as  the 
iitlui'  jiccounts  au'ree  with  it  so  i'ar  as  they  n'o/'^ 

One  of  the  roads,  which  turns  at  a  I'inlit  an^le 
I'Miiini  the  south-Avestern  slope,  has  traces  of  havini^' 
!iivn  enclosed  or  raised  hy  walls  Avliose  foundations 
Wi  remain ;  and  from  it  at  a  ])oint  near  the  an^ie  a, 
raised  causeway  ninety-three  feetwide  extends  straight 
i'.|i  the  slope  north-eastward  to  the  foot  of  the  hlnlf. 


he  wal 


sui)|H)se( 


'PI 


Itol 


lave  raise( 


Itl 


lose  SoUtll-Weste!:i 


n:u 


Is  are  not  spoken  of  hy  iJurkart  or  shown  on   his 


an: 


Lvon   siieaks   of   certain   walls   hen 


w 


lii.-l 


I    Ik; 


!■  in>i(|er,' 


osi;  o 


'liiDi 


a 


til 

point    near 


f  an  enclosed  area  of  some   six  acri 


th 


junction    of    tin;  roa< 


and 


;l^  lill 
Willi 


i  iir  ('\|ilMnntiiiii  of  tlic  jiliin  liy  tlic  Icttcrin;,'  <i 


,'1V('I1    111 


Ncl.^ 


i; 


A  i.,  A  ii..  A  iii.,  A  iv.    'J\'iii|)li's  iintl  stni(tiir('si'()iiui'i'li''l  tlifii'- 


.lir|oslli;r   \v 


('.   Wal^ 


sii]iiiiirliiiu-  Icnjirc: 


I>.    I' 


till'  iiiliTiiir   of  tL'iiiiilcs.      Iv    Isolatcil    I'yriiiiiiils.      1'.    Itiiins   of  dwcll- 


liij;s, 

K.  1- 

M,  A 

lilt  r. 


Stairway; 

I'lliliraliciiis 


II.   Aiicifiit  roads.     .1.    Kiiiil  of 


L 


Small  stair\\a\> 


anai'. 


Uii'U'iit  toiiiiilatiiiii 


|ila/a  ill-  ariiias. 
din;;'  to  tlic  (oiirl  of  tlic  tciii|i!c, 
( ).    iialtcriis  ill  tlic  l..:ii:  of 


la/oti'as).      1'.    .Modern  cross  on  tlic  siiiiiiiiit  of  the  liill.     i).    \\ 


i;n.k.  "v. 


liall  wilii  11  coliiiiiii.s  to  siiii|)ort  the  louf.     S.    J'wo  coliiiiiiis 
Stream. 


582 


ANTKil'ITlKS  OF  ZACATIX'AS. 


H>. 


';j    f 


causowu}'  throe  niisecl  roads,  paved  \vitli  roiiuli  stnius 
extend,  accord iiiLi;'  to  IjVoii,  in  pcrleetlv  strai'^Iii  liiH- 
S.  W.,  S.  S.  W.',  and  S.  AV.  by  S.  The  tii'st  tmiii- 
nates  in  an  ai'tiHcial  mound  across  tlie  ri\'er  towai'd- 
the  hacienda  of  Queniada;^'-  tlie  second  extends  tour 

^■-  Itivora,  j)]i.  r)(!-S,  says  tliat  tlu'  causeway  li-adiii;,' towan!  tlic  li;i  icmia 
runs  S.  v.. 


I,()S  KDIFM'Ius  OF  <,H  KMAhA. 


.'.s:? 


mil,  s  t(t  tile  ('oy»)tL'  Itiiiiclio;  iuid  tln'  tlili'd  is  sjiid 
li\  ilic  iiJitivus  to  tcnniimte  ut  u  inoiiiitaiii  six  iiiilcs 
distant.  Two  fsimiliir  roiids  thirtt'cii  or  loiirti-cii  it'ct 
wide  c.vteiid  from  the  castcni  slope  of  tlie  lull,  one 
(it"  tln'ia  cnj.-isiiiij^  ji  .stream  and  termiiiatiiiL;'  at  a  dis- 
t  inc.'  of  two  miles  in  a  eiiii-illo,  or  liea})  of  stones. 
iSinkait  found  some  evidence  that  the  heajM-oiistituted 
ric  luins  of  a  ren'ular  struetui'e  or  pyramid;  and  \{\- 
vi  la  locates  the  cidcillo  on  the  summit  of  the  Sierra 
(Ic  I'alomas.  He  also  speaks  of  a  r<»ad  runninn' west 
tioni  the  iiorth-westerii  part  of  the  hill  to  the  small 
hills  of  San  Juan,  on  the  Zacatcfcas  road.  ( )f  the 
ntJH  r  loads  radiatin<if  from  the  hill  I  have  no  farther 


llllo 


imation   than  the  fact  that  they  are  laid  down  in 


tlic  plan. 


At  all  ])oints  in  the  whole  circumference  whei'e  the 
natural  condition  of  the  sloj>e  is  not  in  itself  a  sutii- 


(Uiit    l)arrier 


to   tl 


lose  seelvm<»'  access 


to  the  sunnnit 


[one 


|ilatrau,  the  hrow  of  the  hill  is  guarded  hy  walls  of 
marked  J3  on  the  plan  f .  r  the  northern  por- 
and  indicated  I'l'enerally  by  the  black  lines  in 
ith.      Indeed   the   northern  end   of  the   mesa. 


loMs, 


the 


>(»! 


lu  le  the  ai)[)roacli  is  somewhat  less  j»reci])itous  than 
here,   is   continuously  guarded  hy  sut'h  a  wall, 


■icw 


in 


ilia  nine  to  twelve  feet  thick  and  hiiih,  eiu'losiiin'  an 
v^ulai-  triangular  area  with  sides  of  about  four  hun- 
nd    Hfty   yards:    this    area    being   divided    I)y 


ilivd 


iintlicr  wall  into  two  inie([ual  jiortioiij- 
file  most  numerous  and  extensive  ruins  are  on  the 


uitlieiu 


pt)rti 


on 


of  tl 


le 


hi 


II. 


where  a  lander  ]>art  o 


tllC     I 

racrs 


nieven  surface   is  formed  into  ])latforms  or  ter- 
l»V  means  of  walls  of  solid   masonry.      (  hie  of 


these  sii|)po)-tmg  walls  is  ( 


doiil 


)ie 


that 


IS,  c< 


)mi 


>ose(l  o 


f 


t\V(»  walls  placed  in  contact  side  by  side,  one  havin<>- 
I'liii  completed  and  ])lastered  bel'ore  the  other  was 
'h  141111,    the   whole    structure    Ijeinijf    twentv-oiie   feet 


4 

m 

I 

■5" 


1  till'  lin  it'iiii.i 


^'  I'rcjcs,  ill  .}fii.svo  Mix.,  toni.  i.,  ii.  ISO,  s|i('iiks  of  'tics  ralziulas  tie 
■'•'N  v;ir:i>  di' iincliii  i|ii('  |H>r  liiiuas  (li\t'r;;i'iiti's  forieu  al  iiiudit)iliii  al;,niiias 
li;-:iiii>  lia>ta  jionlciM!  tie  vista.' 


Kv  f 


.(J. 


m 


i 

II 


684 


.\NTI(,triTlF,S  OF  ZACATIX'AS. 


hiu^li  Jind  of  tlie  suiiK'  tliifkncss.'^  On  the  plattnniis 
tluis  t'oniu'd  lire  ii  urt'.it  nimiUcr  of  odiHce.s  in  ditl'i  icnt 
<le,i,Tfc.s  of  (liliipidatioii.  Any  uttciii|)t  on  n»y  jtait  tn 
di'sci'ilK!  tlii'SL'  editic'c's  in  dotull  fn»in  the  infoniLitioii 
idforded  l»y  the  luithoiities  availultle  vi)\\\{\  not  lie 
otherwise  than  conrnsint;'  and  nnsatisfactoiy.  Tin  iv 
is  jn-ohahly  no  rnin  in  onr  territory,  the  \'erlial  doi  rip. 
tioii  of  whicli  would  ))reHent  so  i;-reat  <lilhcultit  s,  cvi  n 
if  the  accounts  of  the  oi'ii;inai  ex|)loi'('rs  wt  it  \ny 
iectly  comprehensive,  as  they  are  not;  f(»r  |Hrli;i|s 
more  than  three  fourths  of  tlie  structuivs  shown  i  :i 
the   phui   are  not  delinitely  spoken  of  hy  a.ny  nut 


I 


wil 


lowever,  ^ive  as  clear  a  tiescription  as  j 


l>le,  referring'  the  reader  to  the  |tlan  and  to  one  \ 


mr. 


lew 


dl 


th 


wliicli  1  sliall  copy,  tlie  on 
lished. 


dy  sat 


isiactoiy  one  vwv  \ 


ip.i' 


Near  eacli  end  of  the  wide  causeway  ah'eady  iiu 
tioneil  are  two  coinpai'atively  small  masses  of  ri;i 
One  of  them  appears  to  Inive  hi'en  a  s(|iian 
huildiiiL;'  tliiity-oiio  feet  s(juare  at  the  haso  and  »»l 
same    height;   the   otiiers,    i 


Mm. 


low  comn 


.letel 


V   m    ii; 


may  jierhaps  have  heen  of  similar  dimensions,  so  f; 
as  may  he  judged  by  the  dehris.      In  the  ceiitiv  i 
the  causeway,  perhaps  at  F  of  the  })lan,  although  di 
serihed  as  nearer  the  hlutf,  is  a  heap  of  stone  over 
star-shaped  horder  or  })avenient.      ( )n  the  lowci' 
of  the  mesa,  at   the  extreme   southern   end  and 
near  the  head  of  the  causeway,  at  A  iv  of  the  | 
is  a  quadrantifular  s])ace  measuriuij^  two  lumdrnl  ly 
two  hundred  and  forty  feet,'*''  and  hounded,  at  ie;ist  «  n 
the  north  and  east,  by  a  stone  terrace  or  einhaiikiiu  :.r 
four  or  five  feet  hioh  and  twenty  fei't  wide,  tlie  w  iillli 
of  which  is  probably   to  be  included   in  tlie  (hiiirii- 


;il1 


lll^n 


i|;ili. 


^'  Liinn.  Ai'conliiii^  to  the  Miisco  Mix.,  ttnn,  i.,  )>.  KS7,  it  is  .">  oidxara^ 
hi'th  iiiid  10  i\w\i. 

^'  niiri<iirt  ;.'iv('s  till' (Uiuensioiis  us  1!)4  l>y  232  IMu'iiisli  feet.  s,iiih"1i;i! 
liir^'i-r  tliiiii  Kii^'liili  fi'ct;  Itivcra  says  ',\7i  (ir  40  varus  smiaiv.  Tlii-  aiiili'  i' 
also  iidtiit'il  (III  tile  sl(i|ic  of  tilt'  hill  licuno  rcacliiii;,'  tlif  steeliest  iiari,  a  |  y- 
raiiiid  iilpdiit  20  feet  lii^'li  ami  11  feet  si|iia:-e,  imw  Iriiiicated  luii  ai'i'ii- 
eiitly  ]M(iiite(l  ill  its  ori^'iiiul  eoiiditiou.  This  was  j'l'obalily  the  In  ap  ni 
stones  iiieiitioiied  above. 


I. A  (^  K.MADA. 


■'•M,') 


>iuns  '^Ivcii.''"'  Afr  iJiiikiirt  states  that  near  tlic  iiiticr 
el  ;•(•  (tf  this  terrace  is  a  canal  a  lutit  (lee|»  ami  wide, 
ciivereil  with  stoiK,"  lla'4"s.  On  the  outi^r  ed'^e  <>t"  tlnj 
I  ir.ice,  on  th(!  eastt'l'li  side,  stands  a  wall  eii;iil  leet 
t'iirk  and  I'i^htcen  feet  hii;'h.  Mv  Lyon  thinks  the 
r  sides  were  always  open,  hut   Jhiikart  speaks  <»f 


(iilH 


IS 


t.K'  wall  as  liavni'4'  originally  enclosed  the  sipiare,  and 
liavinn'  heen  torn  down  on  three  sidi-s,  which  set-n 
iiiiiili  inort'  |>i"ohal)le.  At  one  |»oint  on  the  eastern 
ti  rr.ii'e  stands  a  ronnd  pillar  nineteen  leet  in  ciicnni- 
I'l  riiice  and  of  tho  same  heie'lit  as  the  wall,  or  eighteen 
I'crt.  There  are  visihle  traces  of  nine  other  siniihir 
pillnrs,  seeniinu'ly  indicating;'  the  former  presence  uf  a 
iii;is>ive  cohimn-su[)ported  portico. 

Adjoininn'  this  enclosure  on  the  east,  \vitli  (ndy  a 
iiaii'ew  p.-issa'^'e  interwninijf,  is  another,  ii  of  the 
jiliii.  nieasurinn'  according-  to  Ihn'kart's  nieasure- 
iiHiit,  which  an'riHis  vc;rv  nearly  with  that  of  iJer- 
'f\u-<,  one  hundred  hy  one  lumdred  and  thirty-eii^ht 
t'lvt,''  with  walls  still  ])erfect,  eii;liteen  feet  liieii 
.iii'l  ei'^ht  feet  tliick,  in  connection  with  which  no 
trrract's  ari'  mentioned,  althou^'li  Kivera  spe;d\'s  of 
strps  on  the   west.      Within  the  walls,   twenty-three 

t  tiMin  the  sides  and  nineteen  and  a  half  from   the 


I'll!  I 


I  I  me  of  eleven  })i  liars 


— Lv 


on  savs  fourteen, 


iiid  llivera  ten — each  seventeen  feet  in  cii'cuml'erence 


a:i( 


I  tif  the  same  hei^'ht  as  tho  walls.      'J'heiv  can 


ese  CO 


lumns  ont'e  sustained  a  roof. 


little  douht  that  th 
Mr  l)ern"hes  in  one  of  liis  excavations  in  Is-'ll  is 
^'lid,  l>y  Xehel,  to  liave  found  an  ancient  roof  sup- 
piirted  hy  a  coluum,  and  showinn"  exactly  the  methixl 
iiillowod  hy  the  l)uilders.  'J'he  roof  was  made  of 
I.iruv  llat  stones,  covered  with  mortar  and  supported 
I'V  hcanis.  It  is  not  quite  clear  how  an  tixcavatioii 
<JU  the  hill  could  show  such  a  room,  but  there  is  little 

••''I'liik.-irt  imiilii's  that  the  tenacc  oxtomls  oiitircly  nimnl  tlic  s(|ii;ii(', 
fiiliiiii,'  II  siiiikfii  liasiii  1  (ir  .">  tcct  ilcc]);  ami  this  is  ](nilialily  the  case, 
:!■*  it  M-icfs  with  thi'  idaii  iif  smut'  nthfi'  struct iirt's  uii   the  iiill. 

'"  l.\oii  says  i;{7  hy  ir)4  tVi't;  liivfra,  ')!»  to  <il»  vaias,  witli  w.tll-  S  to 
9  Viiras  lii.'h.  ' 


-i 


i 


);.f| 


n'M)  ANTIQUITIKS  OV  ZACATKCAS. 

r.xnii  t;)  cl()ul)t  tliat  tlvo  roof-striu'turo  was  8iiiii],ir  to 
tliat  (luscril)O(l.  Near  this  secoiul  eiK'losui-c  aiul 
west  of  it,  as  is  said,  but  that  would  bo  liardly  \nis- 
siblo  -llivcra,  speaks  of  a  circular  ruiu  sixtc(.!ii  and  a 
half  feet  in  diameter,  with  five  ste[)S  leadiiin'  uji  tn 
the  summit,  ou  which  some  apartments  were  still 
traceable. 

From  the  level  jdatform  in  front  of  the  two  main 
structures  described,  a  causeway,  bei^inninL!;'  Avith  a 
stairway  and  guarded  at  the  sides  bv  walls  for  iiiii,Ii 
of  its  length,  leads  uorthward  up  the  slope.  Ahuiit 
three  hundred  yards  in  this  direction,  possibly  at  the 
point  marked  F  on  this  cau.seway,  is  a  ])yramid  in 
perfect  })reservation,  about  titty  feet  sipiare  at  the 
base,  also  fifty  feet  hinh,  with  a  flat  sununit.  Near 
this  is  another  pyramid,  oidy  twelve  feet  sfjuaic  and 
(-U^'hteen  feet  hin'h,  but  standing'  on  a  terrace  lifty  liy 
one  hundred  feet.  Two  bowl-slia]»ed  ciivulai'  pits. 
ei^ht  feet  in  diameter,  with  frau;"ments  of  pottery  ami 
ti\u'es  of  fire;  a  squai'o  building  ten  by  ei^ht  feet 
on  the  inside,  with  walls  ten  feet  lii.i^h;  and  a  sim|ile 
mound  of  stones  eii^'ht  feet  hi^'h,  are  the  niisctl- 
laneou!-;  remain?)  noted  in  this  })art  of  the  hill. 

'I'he  most  extensive  and  complicated  ruins  are 
found  between  the  steep  central  hei<;'ht  and  the  west- 
ern brow  of  the  hill,  where  there  is  a  perpendicular 
descent  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  feet.  On  this  central 
liei^-ht  itself  there  ore  no  ruins,  but  jKissini^'  luaily 
round  its  base  are  terraced  r«)ads  twenty-five  feet 
wide,  with  perjjendicular  walls  oidy  partially  artilieial. 
Of  the  extensive  li^rouji  of  momunents  on  tiie  platliiiin 
of  the  south-western  base  of  the  central  height,  only 
the  poi'tion  about  V  ii,  of  the  })lan,  has  been  <lcti- 
iiitely  described,  and  the  description,  altliougli  char 
enough  in  itself,  does  not  altogether  agi'ee  with  the 
])lan.  ]"[ere  we  have  a  S(|uare  enclosure  similar  to 
t!ie  one  ah'eady  described  in  the  south  at  A  iv.  Its 
sides  are  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet,  bounded  lya 
terrace   three   feet   hi^h   and  twelve   feet  wide,  wita 


PYRAMID  OF  l^KMADA. 


587 


st;']>s  in  the  centre  of  encli  side.  Back  of  tlio  ter- 
nifc  on  the  cast,  west,  nnd  south  sides  stand  Malls 
ci'^ht  or  nine  feet  in  thickness  and  twenty  feet  hiii;h. 
Till'  north  side  of  the  S(juarL!  is  hounded  hy  the  steep 
sul'  of  the  central  cliff,  in  which  ste[)s  or  scats  are 
cut  in  some  ]>arts  in  the  si)lid  rock,  and  in  others 
Imih  up  with  i-ou^h  stones.  In  the  centre  of  this 
sill',  and  partially  on  the  terrace,  is  a  truncated  jjyra- 
iiiid,  with  a  hase  of  thirtv-eiuht  1)V  thirtv-Hvc  feet, 
and  nineteen  feet  high,  divided  into  several  stories — 
live  accoi'dinn'  to  Nehel's  drawing',  seven  according  to 
Lyon's  statement.^ 

hi  front  of  the  pyramid,  and  nearly  in  tlie  centre 
t)\'  the  s(piare,  stands  a  kind  of  altar  or  small  pyra 
mid  seven  feet  s(piare  and  five  feet  high.  A  veiy 
clear  idea  of  this  s([uare  is  given  in  the  following  cut 
tViiiii  Nehel's  drawing.  It  pi'esents  an  interior  view 
I'lMiu  a  i>oint  on  the  southern,  teri'ace.  'J'lie  jtyramid 
in  tive  stories,  the  central  altar,  the  eastern  terrace 
with  its  ste}>s,  and  standing  portions  of  the  walls  are 
all  clearly  ])ortrayed.  The  view,  howe\er,  disagrees 
very  essentially  with  the  jil-in  in  representing  exten- 
sive remains  nert'.'ward  iioni  the  enclosui-e  on  the 
ujijier  slojie,  where,  according  to  J>erghes'  ]ilan,  no 
liiins  exist.  There  is  im  entrance;  in  the  centre  of  the 
eastern  wall,  another  in  the  western,  and  two  on  the 
S'Hith.  These  entrancv'S  do  not  seem  to  he  in  the 
i'n'in  of  doorways,  hut  extend,  according  to  the  di"aw- 
iiig.  to  the  full  height  of  the  walls.  That  on  the 
fist  is  thirty  feet  wide  and  leads  to  an  adjoining 
s  [iiare  with  sides  of  two  Ivundred  fi'et  and  walls  still 
]i('rr"ct.  The  arrangement  of  these  two  adjoiniug 
.s|Uares  is  much  like  that  of  tlioSi>  at  A  i\-  in  the 
s"U>h,  hut  in  the  northern  structures  there  are  no  pil- 
lar- to  he  seen. 

The  opening  through  the  western  wall  leads  to  th(» 
c'atiaiice  to  a  cave,  re[)orted  to  he  of  great  extiJiit.  l.iJu 

'"  limkiirt  j.'1'.cs  tilt-  iliiiii'MNi.piw  cif  tlif  i>viiiiiiiil  ii'^  .'in  t'cMt  sip  mio  ami 
3');Vci  lii-li;  ami  of  ilio  altar  in  I'nuit  as  (J  fi'i-l  .sci^uuiv  ami  (i  li'tl  liiyii. 


:V^ 


^m 


%  m 


588 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  ZACATECAS. 


not  oxplori'd  l)y  any  visitor  on  account  of  tlio  niimil 
condition  of  tlu-  ])assau'o  leading'  to  it     or,  as  ( Jutin  ivz 


savs,  hocauso  tlio  wind  issues  c( 


I 


onstantlv  from  tli^  c\\- 
trance  \\itli  sucli  force  that  no  one  can  enter  wiili 
liglits.      I'lie  mouth  of  tlie  sid»tei'ranean  ]:)assage  is  mi 


ItClNS  OF  (,>ri:MADA. 


580 


the  Lrliik  of  tho  wetstcrn  prec-ijticc;  tlio  walls  were 
jihistcrt'd,  and  the  titp  siH)i)oi"tcd  by  cudar  hoaiiis. 
Stiaiincly  oii()U<4-h  the  structure  at  A  iii,  so  dearly 
(li 'iiicd  on  the  plan,  is  not  deserihed  at  all.  It  seems 
til  !)('  very  similar  to  the  enclosures  described. 

The  ruins  on  the  northern  j)art  of  the  plateau  are 
similar  in  character  to  those  in  the  south,  hut  fewer 
in  numher.  Among"  them  are  stjuare  terraced  en- 
rliisuivs  like  those  already  mentioned;  a  pyi'amid 
\viih  sloj)inn'  sides,  and  eighteen  feet  S(|uare  at  the 
>iiiiiniit;  a  s(piai'e  building  sixteen  feet  sijuare  at 
t!if  base  and  sixteen  feet  high;  and  two  })arallel 
>{n\\r  mounds  thirty  feet  lonsf. 

On  the  lower  southern  sl()})es  the  foundation-stones 
lit'  numerous  buildings  are  found,  and  many  paits  of 
the  ailjoining  ])lain  are  strewn  with  stones  similar  to 
thtsc  employed  in  the  construction  of  the  editices 
ahiive.  There  is  now  no  water  on  the  hill,  but  there 
aiv  several  tolerably  perfect  tanks,  witli  a  well,  and 
wliat  seem  to  be  the  remains  of  a(|ueducts. 

The  material  of  which  all  the  works  descrll)cd  are 
hiiiU  is  the  gray  |)orj)Iiyry  (.)f  this  and  the  neighbor- 
iii;4-  liills,  and  iJurkai't  states  that  the  building-stone 
nf  Los  KdlHcios  was  not  (piarried  in  tiie  hill  (tn 
\vhi(  h  they  stand,  but  brought  from  another  across 
the  valley.  The  nature  of  the  stone  ])ermits  it  to  hv 
\erv  easily  fr.".;ti'.ved  into  slabs,  and  those  emphyed 
in  the  buiUi'no-s  are  <) 


II'. 


hfwn. 


two    or 
They   are 


th 


f  ditl 
•1 


erc;nt  sizes,  l)ut  raiclv  e\- 


ireo    mciies    in    liiicKiiess   an( 


•k 


laid 


m   a  mortar  ol   rechiish  chav 


not 
•1: 


mixid  witli  straw,  in  which  one  visitor  found  a  corn- 
The  mortar,  accoi'ding  to  Ihirkart,    is  of   an 


III! 


iiileiior  (|uahtv,  —although  otiiers  represent  it  as  very 


an( 


1  on  ti 


lie  outer  walls  and  m  all  exposed  situa- 
ti  HIS  is  alm;)st  entirely  washed  out.  Kxeept  this 
\vashiiig-oiit  of  the  mortar,  time  and  the  elements 
li  ive  committed  but  slight  ravages  at  (j)uema(la,  the 
(hla|iid;ition  of  the  buildings  being  due  for  the  most 
part  lu  man's  agency,  since  most  of  the  Iniildings  of 


690 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  ZACATECAS. 


the  ncin'li1)<>ring  liacienda  liavo  l)eoii  eonstructtd  df 
blocks  taken  from  Los  EdiHcios.  Lyon  tbinul  suhil' 
eviduncu  that  tliu  walls  weru  originally  i)lastt'i-ud  and 
whitened. 

A  lai'ijfe  cinnilar  stone  from  ten  to  thirteen  feet  in 
diameter  and  from  one  to  three  in  thickness,  according' 
to  different  observers,  on  the  surface  of  wliich  wciv 
sculptured  representations  of  a  hand  and  font,  was 
found  at  tlie  western  base  of  the  hill,  or  as  iinrkarr 
says,  at  the  eastern  base.  The  editor  of  the  Mnsn, 
2L',i-ii'<iiio  also  speaks  of  a  sculptui'ed  tui'tle  beaiiii.; 
the  fiLjure  (»f  a  reed,  the  Aztec  <(raf/.  Xo  otlier  mis- 
cellaneous relics  whatever  have  been  found.  Notliinu' 
resembling'  inscri[)tions,  ]iieioi,''ly])liics,  or  even  anlii- 
tectural  decorations,  is  found  in  any  part  of  the  ruins. 
Obsidian  fragments,  arrow  and  sjtear  heads,  knives, 
ornaments,  heads  and  idols  of  terra  cotta  and  stmic, 
pottery  whole  or  in  fraL>'ments,  human  remains  and 
burial  dei)osits,  some  or  all  of  which  are  strewn  in  sd 
ii'reat  abundance  in  the  vicinity  of  most  other  Aiut  i'^ 
lean  ruins,  are  here  utterly  wanting;  or  at  least  tlic 
only  exceptions  are  a  few  bits  of  ])or[)hyry  soniewliat 
resend)lin<4-  ari'ow-hecids,  and  some  small  bits  nt  pot- 
tery found  by  Lyon  in  the  circular  i>it  on  the  sunnnit. 

The  works  which  have  been  described  natuiaily 
imply  the  existence  in  this  spot  at  some  time  in  tin.' 
past  of  a  great  city  of  the  plain,  of  whicii  tlie  <  Vi- 
ro  de  los  Kditicios  was  at  once  the  fortified  citadel  and 
temple.  'I'he  })aved  causeways  may  be  regarded  as 
the  ])i-in(dpal  streets  of  the  ancdent  city,  on  whitdi  the 
habitations  of  the  peo[)le  were  built  of  peiishalili' 
material,  or  as  constructed  for  some  purely  religieiis 
])urpose  not  now  miderstood.  ^[r  Burkart  su<'V^t^ 
that  the  land  in  the  vicinity  was  once  s.\"am]ty.  and 
the  causeways  were  raised  to  ensure  a  dry  road.  An 
examination  of  their  foundation  should  settle  \h;\t 
j)oint,  as  a  sim))le  pavement  of  Hat  stones  oii  tlif 
suriace  of  a  marsh  would  not  remain  permanently  iu 


ItUINS  OF  l^H'KMADA. 


591 


lilai'c 


As  siinj)lo  roads,  sucli  structures  wrrc  hardly 
Kicdi'd  ])y  l»aroto()ted  or  saudalcd  natives,  liaviiiL''  no 
(•;iniaL;es  or  beasts  of  burden;  ;ind  it  seems  most 
ivas.tnable  to  believe  that  they  had  a  connection  with 
rcliiiious  rites  and  processions,  serving  at  the  same 
time  as  main  streets  of  a  city. 

The  ruins  of  Quemada.  show  but  few  aualogies  to 
any  of  the  southern  remains,  and  none  \vhate\er  to 
any  tliat  we  shall  find  further  north.  As  a  strongly 
i'nrtitied  hill,  beariug  also  teiuj)les,  Quemada  bears 
considerable  resemblance  to  Quiote|)ei'  in  ()ajaca; 
and  |)!)ssil)ly  the  likeness  would  be  still  stronger  if  a 
]ilaii  of  the  Quiotepec  fortifications  were  extant. 
Tlir  massive  character,  number,  and  extent  of  the 
niiiimmeuts  show  the  builders  to  have  been  a  ]»ower- 


uiu  111  some  res}>e('ts  an  advancetl  })i'op 


d 


.le.  1 


lardlv 


K'ss  so,  it  would  seen^  at  first  thought,  than  the  ])e( 
]i!is  of  Central  America;  but  the  absence  of  nain 


)W 


aiilduigs    covered    l)y  arches  ot    overla])j)mg  stones, 
f  all   decorative    sculpture  and   painting,  nuike 


and  o 


the  contrast  very  striking.  The  })yramids,  so  far  a> 
tlicv  are  described,  do  not  ditfer  verv  mati'rialb'  from 
MIMIC  in  other  ])arts  of  the  country,  l)ut  the  location 


he 


i'.y 


raniK 


is    si 


lown 


in    the   drawiu* 


au( 


I    pi 


wirliin  the  enclosed  and  tei'raced  scjuares  seems 
unii|ne.  The  pillars  recall  the  roof  structures  of 
Milhi,  but  it  is  quite  ])ossible  that  the  jiillai's  at 
Qiicinad;!  sup[)orte(l  balconies  instead  of  roofs;  in- 
deed, it  seems  im})rol)abIe  that  these  lai'ge  s<juares 
\V(  It!  ever  entirely  covered.      The  walls  of  Los    Edi- 


hcii 


are 


hiiiher  as  a  rule  than  those  of  otlu^r  Amcri 


••an  ruins,  and  the  absence  of  windows  and  rt'gular 
diiorways  is  noticeable.  The  total  want  of  idols  in 
structures  .so  evidently  built,  at  least  ])artially,  f<ii- 
ivli;;ious  purposes,  is  also  a  remarkable  feature,  as  i> 

the 
woa 


iiosence 
)ons, 


of   the    usual   pottery,   inijdemeiits,  and 


Tht 


e    peculiar  structure,  several  times  le- 


pcated,    of  two    adjoining    quadrangular    spaces    e 
cloHcd 


n- 


or   oar 


1' 


•tiallv    so,    hv  hi<'h  walls,  and    one   oi" 


■fi 


1   vrl 


1   -  i.'»^:i , 


ly)-l 


ANTKJUITIES  OF  ZArATECAS. 


tliein  rt)rnic'(l  \)y  a  low  terrace  into  a  kind  of  sijuan; 
l)iisin,  containing'  soniething  like  an  altar  in  its  ctn- 
tre,  is  a  feature  not  elsewhere  noted,  Thiic  cini 
li:irdly  1)0  any  doubt  that  these  and  other  portions  u\' 
the  Editicios  wei'e  devoted  to  relin'ious  rites. 

Wliile  Queniada  does  not  coni])are  as  a  spcciiiKii 
of  advanced  art  with  ITxnial  and  Palencjue,  and  is 
inferior  so  far  as  scul[)ture  and  decoration  arc  (.•dh- 
cerned  to  most  other  Nahua  architectural  niDUu- 
nients,  it  is  yet  one  of  the  most  remarkahlo  of 
American  ruins,  presenting  strong  contrasts  to  all 
the  rest,  and  is  well  worthv  of  a  more  careful  ixaia- 
ination  than  it  has  "ver  yet  i-eceivud,  Sudi  an 
examination  is  rendered  comiiai'ativelv  easv  hv  tlio 
accessihility  of  the  locality,  and  would,  J  lia\e  no 
doubt,  he  far  from  nnproiitable  in  an  antiquaiiaii 
])oint  of  view.  Los  Editicios,  like  Coj)an  and  I'a- 
lt.'n(|ue,  have,  so  far  as  has  yet  been  ascortaincd,  im 
])lace  in  the  traditional  annals  t)f  the  country,  yi't 
tliey  bear  no  marks  of  very  great  anticpiity;  that  is, 
there  is  more  reason  to  class  them  with  Xochicalco, 
Quiote])ec,  Monte  Alban,  and  the  fortified  towns  u\' 
Vera  Cruz,  than  with  the  cities  of  Yucatan  and 
Chiapas,  or  even  the  pyramids  of  Teotihuaean  and 
Cholula. 


At  San  Jnan  Teul,  nearly  a  hundred  miles  south- 
ward from  Quemada,  the  Spaniards  found  a  gi.ind 
aboriginal  temple  when  they  first  came  to  tnis  jiait  ut' 
the  country;  and  Frejes,  an  early  writer,  says,  ''thtiv 
ai'e  ruins  of  a  temple  and  of  dwellings  not  tar  tioni 
the  i)resent  pueblo."  There  is,  however,  no  latir 
information  respecting  this  group  of  remains.  At  a 
])lace  called  Tabasco,  about  fifty  miles  from  Queniada, 
Ksparza  mentions  the  discovery  of  some  stonu  axes 
No  other  antirpiities  have  been  definitely  reported  ii. 
the  state  of  Zacatecas,  although  Arljgui  tells  us  that 
the  early  missionaries  were  much  troubletl,  and  hin- 
dered in  their  work   of  conversion  by  the  cuu-tant 


AOrA.-CAl.lKNTES  AND  SAN  Ll'I.S  I'OTOSI. 


r)93 


(liscovury    of    idols    and    templus    concealed    in    the 

iiioiiutains.''''' 

I  have  no  record  of  any  relics  of  antiquity  in  the 
state  of  Aij^nascaliontes:  !San  Luis  l*otosi  has  hardly 
jnoved  a  more  fruitful  field  of  archceological  research, 
Ahiyer  i^ives  a  cut  representing  a  stone  axe  from  this 
state ;  Cahrera  re[)orts  some  ancient  tonihs,  or  cuicillos, 
— which  he  calls  cuiztillo.s;  the  word  heing  written 
(litiereiitly  hy  cliflerent  authors,  and  as  api)lied  to  dif- 
ferent states — in  the  suhurhs  of  the  city  of  San  Luis 
Pi»t()si;  and  according  to  a  newsjiaper  report  two  idols 
and  a  sacrificial  hasin,  cut  from  a  concrete  sandstone, 
\\v\v  found  in  the  sierra  near  the  city  ancl  brought  to 
Xu\v  Orleans.  One  of  the  idols  was  of  life  size,  had 
two  faces  and  a  hole  for  the  insertion  of  a  torch  in  its 
iii;lit  hand;  the  hasin  was  two  feet  in  diameter,  and 
Jn-ld  by  intertwined  serpents/*^ 

In  southern  Tamauhpas  relics  are  quite  al)undant 
iiiid  of  a  nature  very  much  the  same  as  that  of  those 
wliirli  have  already  heen  described  south  of  the  Kio 
i*ihiuc(>,  the  bouinlary  line  between  Tainaulipas  and 
Vela  ('ruz.  At  Encarnacion,  in  the  vicinity  of  Tani- 
]'ii(>,  yiv  Furber  reports  the  stone  idol  shown  in  front 
and  profile  view  in  the  cut.  The  sculpture  is  described 
as  rude,  and  with  the  idol,  three  feet  high,  were  dug 
up  several  implements  and  utensils."     Near  a  small 

3'  'Ti(Mip  csto  piioWo  fToiil"!  pnr  ralipza  iin  porro  al  prinfipin  Piiadrailo 
(■'Miiii  lie  \K'hi\  tajiida,  y  arrilia  <itni  vrmt  redoiulo,  y  LMicinia  tli>l  )irinu'n) 
liuy  tii;ita  cajiacidad  (iiic  calu'?!  iiiiis  dc  vt'iiite  mil  iiulios.  . . .  Kn  c^^tc  niuiitc 
tMii)i,i  una  sala,  en  dcnuh!  cstalia  sii  idido,  ([uo  llanialian  el  Tootl. . .  .ticno 
iiia>  una  pila  de  losas  dc  jnntnias  di"  I'inco  varas  do  larj^'o  y  trcs  dc  aiiclio, 
villus  iinclia  de  an'il>a  que  de  aliajo. . . .  Ksta  ]iila  tienc  ilos  cntiadaH;  la 
'iiiii  I'll  la  es({iiina  ([ue  iiiira  al  Norte,  con  cineo  j;iadas,  y  la  "tra  (lue  mini 
til  t'^i[iiiiui  al  Sur,  roll  otias  cineo:  no  lejos  do  esta  pila,  eomo  tlo.s  tiros 
til'  aicaliuz,  cstiin  ilos  montccilloH  que  erau  los  c  ....^s  de  los  iiidios  (|iie 
^:ll■ri^n■allan.'  'J\//o,  in  Ii-nzliiilcrtri,  Cal.  (Ic  Doc,  torn,  ii.,  jip.  .St!"_*-4;  /(/., 
ill  lSi(ii/iiiiiiif,  Criiii.  Mif/ioiirini,  ^IS.,  )>.  300;  description  oi  the  temple, 
I"',  in  Siic.  .}[r.r.  (iraij.,  Jhlcfiti,  torn,  viii.,  j).  407;  mention  of  ruins,  Fnjis, 
ill  Miixi;,  Mi.r.,  torn,  i.,  p.  18(5;  stone  axes,  Es/tnrza,  Informr,  j),  7;  eon- 
I'l'ili'd  teiii]pk's  and  idols,  Arfci/iii,   C/irdii.  Zfini/rrKs,  ]).  Oo. 

'"  ^f'll|,■r's  ^[^'X.  as  if  IVits,  p.  OS;  Cahrcrrt,  in  Soc.  Mcx.  Orng.,  Dolctin, 
'.Mil  (■pcMM,  torn,  iv.,  J).  "24;  Aimnn/  Sririi.  Discor.,  1850,  p.  3G1. 

'1  F,i,-l,rr.-i  Tirr/rr  Mvntlin  Vuliuitccr,  pp.  387-8. 
Vc   IV.    ;i8 


l< 


i 


ii 


■^'.1 


K 

t 


594 


ANTUiUITIES  OF  TA.MALLllMi:; 


Idol  from  Tamaiilipas. 

salt  lake  between  Tula  and  Santa  Barbara,  ^h  Lymi 
found  a  ruined  pyramidal  niuund  of  hard  eaitli  or 
day,  faced  with  flat  nnhewu  stones,  with  siiiiilai- 
•stones  projectinj^  and  forming  steps  leading-  up  tin- 
slope  on  one  side.  This  })yramid  is  thirty  paces  in 
circumference  at  the  base,  and  is  divided  by  a  toiJUL' 
into  two  stories,  the  lower  of  which  is  twenty  t'cit 
hiiji'h,  and  the  u])i)er  in  its  present  state  ten  ti''t. 
Some  stone  and  tei'ra-cotta  images  have  been  taken 
from  this  mound,  and  another  much  smaller  but  simi- 
lar structure  is  reported  to  exist  somewhere  in  the 
same  vicinity.*" 

On  the  Tamissee  River,  which  flows  into  Tanipico 
Bay,  traces  of  ancient  towns  have  been  found  in  tw^ 
localities  near  the  C'armelote  Creek.  They  consist  (4' 
scattered  hewn  blocks  of  stone,  covered  with  vimta- 
ble  mold  and  overgrown  with  immense  trees  and  lank 
vegetation.  At  one  of  these  localities  the  remains 
include  seventeen  large  earthen  mounds,  with  traces 
of  a  hyer  of  mortar  at  the  bottom.  In  them  Inivc 
been  found  broken  pottery,  rudely  carved  images  <it 
natural  size  in  sandstone,  and  idols  and  heads  in  terra 

**  Lyon's  Journal,  vol.  i.,  pi).  141-2. 


ToriLA  nr.MAiNS. 


{Ji)5 


pritt.i.     "Mr  Xoniiiui  gives  cuts  representins^  two  of 

tlu-^o  llL'ilds.*^ 

Ill  tlio  south-western  part  of  tlie  state,  in  the  To- 
](il;i  liilis,  near  a  creek  of  the  same  naiuf,  is  a  lar^e 
^Toiilt  of  remains  at  a  locality  known  as  Ivaiicho  «le 
las  riedras.  Mr  Norman,  who  spent  a  week  in  their 
examination,  is  the  only  authority  for  these  remains, 
and  ;is  lie  was  ohlij^ed  to  woi'k  alone  and  unaided,  his 
examination  was  necessarily  superticial.  Over  an  area 
several  miles  square  the  n'round  is  strewn  with  hewn 
liloiks  of  stone  and  fra,i>"ments  of  pottery  and  ohsidian. 
Many  of  the  hlocks  bear  decorative  sculj)tured  tin- 
invs.  A  female  face  carved  from  a  block  of  tine  dark 
ivddish  sandstone,  was  l)rou<'ht  awav  bv  ^Ir  Norman 
1111(1  j>r(isented  to  the  New  York  Histoi'ical  Society. 
It  is  shown  in  the  cut.     The  face  is  of  life  size,  very 


Stone  Face — Topila  Ruins. 

svnimctrical  in  its  form,  and  of  a  Grecian  type. 
All!  it  I  nr  monument  .sketched  by  the  exploivr  w;is  a. 
stune  turtle,  six  feet  lony',  with  a  human  head.  The 
Miilptnre,  especially  of  the  turtle's  shell,  is  descrilied 
IS  v(  ly  tine;  the  whole  rests  on  a  lai'^e  i>loek  of  coii- 
ii'tte  sandstone,  and  is  called  bv  the  finder  the  Anier- 
i'"Ui  S|)]iynx.  This  relic  was  somewhat  damaged,  but 
tile  features  of  the  human  face  seemed  of  a  ( '  lucasian 
latlier  than  a  native  ty{te. 

flic  To[)ila  ruins  include  twenty  mounds,  both  cir- 
cular and  square,  from  six  to  twenty-fi\e  feet  in 
li'i^lit,  built  of  earth  and  faced  with  unil'orm  blocks 
"t  sandstone,  eighteen  inches  S(]uare  and  six  inches 
tliick,     The  facings  had  for  the  most  part  fallen,  and 

*^  .\',riiiaii\i  Rambles  hi/  Land  and  Water,  pp.  100-70. 


i        I".  1 1 


'-■'■J' 

■v,  ?  I 

'  :'  -^  i 


iJG 


ANTKMITIKS  or  TAMAILIPAS. 


(lijit  iiiviu-ialtly  liiw.'ird  in  tlu>  siiiMllcr  inoimds,  indi. 
citiiiL;'  |)crlm|)s  tlirii"  ofi^iiiiil  wso  ns  toiiilis.  M.inv  nf 
(1k'  I»I(K'I<s  iii'o  sciittt'ivd  tlirounh  tlie  loi'cst  in  pLicts 
AvluM'c  tlu!  nioiiiuls  lijid  cntiivly  (lisM|>|u'are(l.  Of  nil 
the  mounds  »)nlv  one  has  iinv  trace  of  a  ti'iiacf.  ;iii(l 
in  tliat  one  it  is  very  taint;  and  tluMH^  is  n(»  eNidcnrc 
that  mortar  was  employed  in  layinijf  thf  stones.  Tlu' 
lai'i;'est  covered  uhont  two  iieres,  and  hore  on  its  sinii- 
mit  ;i  wild  ti^-tree  one  huiuh-ed  feet  hinli.  At  its 
l>ase  is  a  eireular  wall  of  stone,  tlie  top  of  which  is 
even  with  tlu^  snrfaeiMif  the  ground --perhaps  a  well 
-  -and  which  is  tilled  with  stones  and  hroken  poth  ly. 
Its  top  is  covered  with  a  eireular  stone  foni"  fr(  t  and 
nine  inches  in  diameter  and  sevt'U  inches  thick,  with 
a  hole  in  its  centre  and  some  ornamtMital  lines  sciilp- 


tured 


on    I 


ts    upi 


)er   surlace, 


A  not  I 


icr   round   .stoiu 


twelve  tcet  in  diameter  and   three  feet  thick,  on  tl 
front  ot"  which   is  carvi'd  a  colossal    human    head, 


hhown    m    tlio    cut 


Tl 


le    au 


thor 


n» 


s|)eaK,'5   vauiulv  ol 


Colossal  Head  Topila  Ruins. 

"vast  piles  of  broken  and  crumhlinsj^  stones,  tlie  rnins 
of  dila|>idated  buildings,  wliich  were  strewed  «'\(i'  ;i 
vastspact-;"  and  his  cuts  of  t\\v  ivlics  which  I  ]i;i\i' 
copied  show  in  the  hacku^round,  not  incdudcd  in  my 
cojties,  rei^idar  walls  of  hewn  stone.  ^Ir  Norman  iv 
ji'ards  this  onmp  as  the  remains  of  a  i>reat  city,  tlif 
jsite  of  which  is  now  covered  hy  a  heavy  forot.  In 
another  locality,  seven  miles  further  north-wot  cii 
the  To[)ila  Creek,  and  a  few  n»iles  from  tin-  raniic" 
Hi'  er,  is  another  grouj)  of  circular   mounds,  oiio  ut 


nol.SUN  DK  MAIM  Mr. 


m 


tlii'iii  I  wriity-llvf  l('«'t  liiL;li,  jiiid  the  l(»\\i'i-  pdftiotis 
!';ii((l  with  lint  Iicuii  stoiK's.  Jlown  l>l(»ck.s  df  xiiiioiis 
liiiiiis  iiiid  si/t's  iWi'  also  scattcrt'd  alxMit  tlu;  locality, 
liut  iioiit!  <•!"  tliciii  arc!  sciil|»tiirt'(l."  liVoii  Irlls  us 
tliat  •' ri'iiiaiiis  of  iitriisils,  statues,  \\('a|MHis,  and  cvi  ii 
>krl('|oiis,"  lia\t!  Ik'«'M  ol'tf'ii  loiiiid  ill  dinniiin"  l"!"  tli(! 
t'niiiidatioiis  of  new  l»uildiiiL;s  in  tlii!  vicinity  of  Tain- 
pi<ii,  or  'rainaiilipas.  He  made  diawin^s,  wliicli  ho 
(lid  Hot  ]>ul>lish,  of  (\V(»  Very  pcrloct  hasalt  idols,  and 
iiii'iitioiicd  also  sonio  hoiu^  carvinn's  and  tcira-cott;i 
iiliils  loiind  in  this  rcL^don.^"'  In  iiorthcrn  'ramaidipas 
I  tiiid  only  oiu!  mention  of  ahorii^iiial  inonnnu'iits, 
a;i(l  that  at  Ihin'ita,  ahout  twenty  miles  east  iVom 
M.itamoras,  respect ini,^  which  locality  llerlandier  says, 
"(III  a,  small  hill  which  is  seen  two  or  three;  hundred 
pacrs  j'rom  the  ranclio  of  Pmrrita  are  I'oiind  in  alaind- 
aiice    (as    the    I'aiiclieros    say)    the    hones   ol'   ancient 


K'd   IK'S. 


Ni 


iiivo  Loon,  adjoinm!^  lanianlipas  on  tlu^  Avest, 
!•<  allot  her  ol"  the  states  within  whose;  limits  no  an- 
tii[iiities  liaN't!  heeii  i'eportt;d;  and  in  Texas  on  the 
iinrili  almost,  the  sanii;  ahseiice  ol"  ahorii^'inal  remains 
is  lo  he  remarked,  althounh  one  i^roiip  ol"  rock-in- 
ii|itioiis  will  he  noted   ill  a  I'litiire  clia|tter  at   iJocky 


Dfll 


creek,    in    the    north-western    part  ol"  tin;    stati 


nrdcriii"''  on    Xew  Mexi 


CO. 


II  the  rc'ion 


herd 


eriii'"' 


"11  tile  \alley  known  as  the  Txilsoii  de  Mapimi,  com- 
jil'lsiii^'  parts  ol"  the  states  ol"  ('oahiiila,  I  )iirali;_;it,  and 
'liiliuahiia,  the  natives  at  sometime  in  tlu;  past  seem 
til  li;i\e  (le|)osited  their  (K'ad  in  natural  caves,  and  sev- 
'lal  of  tlu;s(^  hiirial  deposits  ol"  L)r(;at  extent  ha\(; 
'ii'cii  disco\(;red  and  reported.  Xoiu;  ol"  tlieni  are 
a'viiiMtcjy  located  hy  any  traveler  or  writer,  nor  is  it, 
iKissilile   to  tell   in  which  of  the  three  states  any  «>n«-' 


"v  U'l iiililcs  hi/  fjiviil  (Dill  Wiitir,  pii.  rJl-:!7. 
<'  l.'imi's  .fiiKrniil,  vol.  i.,  |)|i.  '_'!,  'JS.   I  I  \.      Mi'iilioii  of  'riiiiiiiiilipiisi  aii- 


'i'|jiilii>  fnim  Ndiniiiii  iiml   Lynn,  in  Mnii'i-'s  Mi.r.  A.lcr,  I'l' 

-"i-!l;  /'/.,  ill  Scliiiiih-riifl'fi  Arch.,  vol.  vi.,  )>.  .^Sl.  Nc\v>-]ia|icr 

"'iiiu' rrlii-s  lit"  ('iii'istiiinity,  in  ('rmiisi'.f  <  'c/'/'nniiii,  \>.  'M. 
'''  /)'  i/,(,i(l,(r  mil/  T/iiirc/,  Jiittriu,  \>.  1.'>1, 


;ii'('i)iinl  III 


^;KX 


C9H 


ANTKirrriKS  of  COAIiriLA. 


; 


of  tliciii  should  1k!  (les(;i'il»L'tl.  As  anti(]uitios,  Imw- 
ever,  these  hiiriul  cuves  do  not  re<iuire  u  h)iii^'  iKiticc, 
Tlie  one  of  whieli  most  has  l)eeii  written  is  that  (Hs- 
eovered   l)y  Juan    Flores   in    iMoH.      The   entnuicr  to 


the   cave   was  at   the   foot  of  a   liil 


an( 


I  witl 


I  HI   UlTO 


se 


ated 


rounc 


I    th 


le    walls    t)Ver  a 


thou 


sand  inuniiHR'.s 


"di'essed  in  tine  hlankets,  made  of  the  tihres  of  Itclm- 
U'liilla,  Avith  sandals,  made  of  a  species  of  liaii;i,  nii 
theii'  feet,  and  ornamented  with  colored  scarfs,  with 
heads  of  seeds  of  fruits,  polislied  hones,  iScc. ,"  as  Wiz- 
li/enns  says,  ^riihlenpionlt  tells  us  that  Flons  to 
iiiid  this  cave  traveled  eastward  I'rom  the  liancho  San 
Juan  do  Casta,  which  is  eighty-six  leagues  northward 
i'rom  ])uran_L;o.  Another  traveler  lieai'd  of  several  of 
these  caves,  and  that  the  remains  found  wei'e  of  l:!- 
H'aiitic  size,  flayer  i;ives  a  rej)o)'t  that  in  latitiidc 
•27  '  2h'  there  are  a  multitu(h>  of  cavei'iis  excav'itid 
from  solid  rock,  hearinsj^  inscvihed  fi!j;'ures  of  aiiiiuals 
and  men,  the  latter  dressed  like  the  ancient  Mexi- 
i-ans.  Some  of  them  were  descrihed  1)V  Fr  lletia  as 
iifti'en  hy  thirty  feet,  and  identical  prohahly  with 
( 'hicomoztoc,  the  famous  'seven  caves.'  A  writer  in 
Si//iiii<tti's  JoiiriKt/,  referriuLjf  perhaj)S  to  the  sum; 
ca\e,  extends  the  numher  of  nmmnues  IVoni  a  tlieii- 
sand  to  millions,  and  sj)eaks  of  necklaces  ol  niaiiiie 
hhelLs.  ]\[r  Wilson  hjcates  one  of  these  munniiydo 
])osits  on  the  western  slope  of  a  hinh  mountain  ;i\er- 
l.)okin,ij;'  the  ancient  })Uehlo  of  Chiricahui,  in  ('hlliua- 
liua  ])rohal)ly.  Several  rows  of  hodies,  driid  I'd 
dirunken  hut  not  decayed,  were  ex])ose(l  hy  :      e\< 


vatiou  for  saltpetre.      Each  hody  sewn 


Avell-woven  c 


h)th 


1,  and  coveret 


1 


eaves,   lay  on 


h 


I  i\<j;i 


un  V 


its  hack  on   two   stici       with 


^tl'ellL; 

wii  ]Mhii- 


liec; 


drawn  up  to  chin,  and  feet  toward  the  n^  'UtI        t! 


cavern. 


The  cave  was  a  hundred  feet  in 


er    r.iiue 


ence  and  thirty  or  forty  feet  hin'h,  and  the  heit 
a  de[)th  of  twenty  feet,  at  least,  Avas  composed 


(  III  lor 


,t 


ai 


U'l)i 


ternate   layers   of  hodies,  and  of   earth   and   ] 
The  preservation,  is  thought  to  he  attrihutahle  to  t 


IC 


L^H,  how- 
'4"  notice. 
:h;it  (lis- 
caiifi'  to 
liiii  Wert! 
iiuiiiiiiii'S 
A'  Kcliii- 
liaiiii,  I'll 
irt's.  with 
'  as  \Vi/- 
I'ld'cs  to 
iirlu)  Sail 
(irlliward 

SL'NTIal  o| 
iVC  nt'  ui- 
L  latitude 
jxra\  -iti  (1 
f  animals 
Jilt  Mixi- 
l{(it»'a  as 
il)ly  with 
liter  ill 

a  tliiMi- 

niariiie 

inmy  dc- 

lin  nvii'- 

(  'hiiiua- 

Iried   a!;<l 

r\' 

>tl'i>li'i 

,1  I'.i'iii- 
:!i  \:wv> 
111  .  r  the 
•ii ,  niiiit'V- 
iditi  111  I'"' 
.0(1  u!'  al- 

I )('!)!  lies. 
,1c  ti)  the 


lUltl.M-  CAVKS.  5<»U 

(liyiu'Ms  of  tlu!  i'.ir  and  tlio  presonoo  of  saltpetre. 
I'lits  (»!'  tlu?  lii'.iiiiinlL's,  of  tho  wrappiriLj-clotiis,  Imiiio 
lit  ads  anil  heads  of  Idiie  stono,  wiMi  parts  of  a  l»elt 
and  tassels,  were  proseiited  to  the  (  alifoi'nia  Academy 
(if  Natural  Scieiicos  in  Jidy,  IH()4.  Sr  Avila  (h?- 
Ndihes  two  of  these  eaves  situated  in  the  vicinity  of 
San  l^oienzo,  al)oiit  thirty-tive  h'ayiies  west  of  l*ar- 
ia>,  in  Coahiiiia.  One  liad  t<)  ht;  entered  from  tht^ 
top  l»y  means  of  ropes,  and  the  other  had  some  of  its 
I'oiks  artificially  cut  and  painted,  in  hoth  of  these 
deposits  hones  \vere  found  instead  of  munnnies,  hut 
thiv  Were  as  in  tiiu  other  cases  wrap|)ed  in  cloth  and 
<;aily  decked  with  l)ea(ls,  sti(d<s,  an(l  tassels.  Hair 
was  found  on  some  of  the  heads,  and  a  white  hand 
was  noticed  freijuently  painted  on  the  walls.  Padre 
.'vl("4're  speaks  of  the  existence  of  caves  in  this  ivn'ion, 
with  human  remains,  and  ])ainted  charactei's  on  the 
'! Ill's.  llesj)ectinn'  the  latter,  Padre  llihas  says  "the 
litis  of  that  hill  and  of  the  caves  were  mai'ked  with 
tiiaracters  and  a  kind  of  letters,  formed  with  l)lood, 
and  in  some  i)laces  so  hi^'h  that  nohodv  but  the  devil 
foiiid  have  ])ut  them  there,  and  so  j)ermant!nt  that 
iiiitlier  the  ruins  nor  winds  had  erased  or  diminished 

the 


111. 


'47 


Htsides  tho  burial  caves,  the  only  account  I  find 
of  any  antiquities  in  the  state  of  Coahuila,  is  con- 
tained in  the  fcdlowinj^  ({notation,  of  rather  doubtful 
authenticity,  ]ierha]>s,  res|)ectinn'  some  remains  on  the 
haeii'iida  of  8an  Martei'o,  about  twentv-si.v  miles 
from  Monclova.  "The  spot  bears  every  appearance 
of  !iavin<^  once  been  a  })oj)ulous  city.  St(Mie  founda- 
tions are  to  be  seen,  covering  many  acres.      Innunier- 

^'  U'i-!i.:r)ii,s'  Tom;  pp.  01)  70.  This  .author  says  tho  hodics  aro  sup- 
l"'Mi|  i((  liclonjj;  to  the  hijians,  ,]n(/i/iiijif'ori/f,  Mijinj,  torn,  ii.,  ]it  ii.,  p. 
■'!">;  ~  '  ni's  Joiiniid,  vol.  xx.x.,  jt.  .SS;  M((iii)'s  .}lr.i\  ti.s  it  Was,  pp.  'I'M)- 
I";  /  Mix.  Aztrr,  etc.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  S.SH;  SilliiiiKii's  Jniir.,  vol.  xsxvi.,  jt. 
-"I';  '  'il.  Ari((/.  Xdf.  Srinifr.'i,  vol.  iii.,  |ip.  KiO-l;  I'or.  Muntlilii.  vol.  xi., 
]!  7s;i;  XdiircUrH  AiuKili's  ilis  I'"//.,  18;{'.t,  toiii.  Ixxxi.,  ]ip.  l"J(i-7;  I.int- 
l'  I' I'i's  Xiifr.i  in  Mix.,  ]).  in.");  Ariln,  \\\  A/lntin  Mi'.r.,  tniii.  i.,  |i|).  4(').">-S; 
.!.'.'//•,■,  ///\7.  CoiHj).  dc  Jcau^,  toiH.  i.,  p.  418;  liiOas,  Hint,  dc  lus  Trivm- 
I'-i'i^   \<.  (is,"). 


;' '-« 

'  in 


'ii 


•A  ■'  ,i 


600 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  DURANGO. 


able  columns  and  walls  rise  up  in  every  direction, 
composed  of  boUi  limestone  and  sandstone.  Tlic  col- 
umns are  built  in  a  variety  of  shapes,  some  round, 
others  sijuare,  and  bear  every  imprint  of  the  work  of 
human  hands.  .  .  .For  miles  in  the  vicinity,  the  l)asin 
is  covered  with  broken  pottery  of  burnt  clay,  fantas- 
tically painted  and  ornamented  with  a  variety  ut"  in- 
exijlicable  designs."*^ 

In  Durango,  besides  the  sepulchral  deposits  al- 
luded to,  Kibas  in  his  standard  and  very  rare  ^vo^k 
on  the  'trium})hs  of  the  faith'  in  the  northern  regions, 
mentions  the  existence  of  idols,  columns,  and  tlu 
ruins  of  habitations  at  Zape.  in  the  central  })art  of 
the  state:  and  Larios  tells  us  that  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  ehurch  which  was  being  built  in  his  time, 
there  were  found  at  every  step  burial  vases,  con- 
taining ashes  and  human  bones,  stones  of  various 
colors,  and,  most  wonderful  of  all,  statues  or  images 
of  men  and  animals,  one  resembling  a  priest.*'*  At 
San  Agustin,  between  the  city  of  Uurango  and  San 
Juan  del  Kio,  Arlegui  notes  the  existence  of  some 
bones  of  giants.  The  good  padre  did  not  rely  in 
making  his  statement  on  mere  reports,  l)ut  saw 
with  his  own  eyes  a  jaw-tooth  which  measured  <»V(  r 
eight  inclies  scpiare,  and  belonged  to  a  jaw  which 
must,  according  to  his  calculations,  have  roeasuitd 
nine  feet  and  a  half  in  the  semicircle.'''^  In  the  vol- 
canic region  extending  south-eastward  from  the  city 
f>f  Durangc,  known  as  La  Brena,  there  arc  laruc 
numbers  of  very  curious  natural  caves,  the  bottoms 
of  which  are  covered  with  a  thick  layer  of  fine  ilu^t, 
containing  much  saltpetre.  In  this  dust,  fSr  .hi-^L' 
Fernando  Kamirez  discovered  various  antitpKuian 
relics,  which  he  deposited  in  the  National  ^luseuni 
of  Mexico.     The  only  one  s[)ecially  mentioned  wa-;  a 

<''  D(tii)iavfiii\i  A<Ivcn.,  ])p.  ,30-1. 

*^  Ldfiiis,  in  Alc;/ir,   Hist.  Voiiip.   tfr  Jrsiis,  toiu.   ii.,  ]>]).  T)-!  5;  Julms, 
Hist,  (fr  /lis  Tr.'  iii/i/ios.  |>,  '■^H'^■,  Orozro  //  Ikvni,  Grwjni/iit,  ]>.  Iil8. 
i'^  Arlcfjr.i,  L'iiron.  Zaada'ds,  \\\i.  (i,  (i7. 


REMAINS  IN  LA  BRENA. 


GOT 


very  small  stone  turtle,  not  over  half  an  incli  in  di- 
ameter, very  perfectly  carved  from  a  hard  material. 
The  region  of  La  Brefia  has  always  been  a  land  of 
mystery  poi)iilarly  supposed  to  contain  immense  C(,>n- 
cealed  treasure,  the  localities  of  the  de])osits  bein^ 
marked  by  siujdl  heaps  of  stones  which  occurred 
IVocjuently  in  'jut-of-the-way  places  not  covered  by 
tlu>  :orrent  of  lava.  Most  of  these  stone  lieaps,  pcr- 
]ki[)S  ailars  or  burial  places  of  the  ancient  inliabitants, 
have  been  destroyed  by  the  treasure-seekers,  always 
without  yieldiui''  the  sou<>-ht-for  deposits  of  i^old  or 
siher.  The  only  other  relics  of  aboriginal  times  in 
La  J3rena  are  certain  small  cup-shaped  excavations 
ill  the  living  rock,  supposed  to  have  been  used 
(irigiually  for  offerings  to  the  deities  worshiped  by 
the  natives."^ 

I  find  no  record  of  any  ancient  monuments  in 
Sinaloa,  and  across  the  gulf  in  the  state  of  Lower 
Cahfurnia,  witli  the  exception  of  some  idols,  said  to 
have  l)een  l»rouglit  to  the  priests  by  tlie  natives  they 
were  attempting  to  convert,  and  a  smooth  stono  about 
.six  feet  long,  bearing  a  kind  of  coat  of  arms  and 
some  inscril)ed  characters,^'^  the  only  accounts  of  an- 
ti(juities  relate  to  cave  and  clitf  paintings  and  inscrip- 
t;'))is,  which  liave  never  been  copied,  and  concerning 
wliirli  c()nse([Uently  not  much  can  be  said.  Chivigero 
says  that  tlie  Jesuits  found,  between  latitude  27°  and 
-6%  "several  great  caves  excavated  in  living  mck, 
ar.d  iiainted  with  fiijfures  of  men  and  women  deceiitlv 
•.lad,  and  of  several  kinds  of  animals.  These  ])ic- 
tufes,  thougli  rude,  rej)resente(l  distinctly  the  (»bjc(ts. 
Thu  ('olors  em[)loyed  in  them  were  obtained,  jis  may 
Ite  plainly  seen,  from  the  mineral  earths  which  are 
t'nuud  about  the  volcano  of  Virgenes."  'I'he  j)aiiitinL:s 
V\er(j  not  the  work  of  the  natives  found  in  j)o.ssess)i()n 

'■'^  J!'iinhr:.,  X')/iri<i.i  Hist,  dr  Pinrnirfo,  pp.  0-0;  /(/.,  in  Sue.  ^flX.  f>'''";/., 
Ijiil'liii,  tiim,  v.,  pp.  10-1 1. 

^'  J>nr.  ][isl.  Mrx.,  si'ril'  iv.,  titlll.  V.,  ]ip.  _M.'?,  'J.")4. 


602 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  LOWER  CALIFORNIA. 


■'f?1- 


of  the  country,  at  least  so  tlie  Spaniards  decided,  and 
it  was  considered  remarkable  that  they  had  renmiiieci 
through  so  many  centuries  fresh  and  vuiinjurtd  liy 
time.  The  colors  were  yellow,  red,  green,  and  l)lark, 
and  many  designs  Avere  placed  so  high  on  clifls  tliat 
it  seemed  necessary  to  some  of  the  missionaries  ti) 
suppose  the  agency  of  the  giants  that  were  in  'tliosc 
days.'  Indocd,  giants'  bones  were  found  on  the 
])eninsula,  as  in  all  other  parts  of  the  counti y,  and 
the  natives  are  s;iid  to  have  had  a  tradition  that  the 
])aintings  wero  the  work  of  giants  who  canic  tVoia 
tlie  north.  Clavigero  mentions  one  cave  wliose  w  ill> 
and  roof  formed  an  arch  resting  on  the  floor.  1 1  was 
about  fifteen  by  eighty  feet,  and  the  pictures  on  its 
walls  represented  men  and  woman  dressed  like  ]\h\i- 
cans,  but  l)arefooted.  Tlie  men  had  their  arms  raised 
an<l  spread  apart,  and  one  woman  wore  her  bail-  loose 
and  flowing  down  her  back,  and  also  had  a  [diinie. 
Some  animals  were  noted  both  native  and  foreign. 
One  autlior  says  tliey  bore  no  resemblance  to  ^h'xi- 
cau  paintings.  A  series  of  red  hands  are  reported  on 
a  cliff  near  Santiago  mission  in  the  south,  and  alsn. 
ti>wards  the  sea,  some  ])ainted  fishes,  bows,  anows, 
and  obscure  characters.  A  rock-inscription  near 
Purmo,  thirty  leagues  from  Santiago,  seemed  to  tlio 
Spanish  observer  to  contain  Ciothic,  Hebrew,  and 
Chaldean  letters.  From  all  that  is  knov/n  of  the 
Lower  California  rock-jiaintings  and  inscriptions, 
there  is  no  ivason  to  supi)ose  tliat  tliey  differ  nmeh 
from,  or  at  least  are  su[)erior  to,  those  in  tlie  New 
Mexican  region,  of  whieh  we  shall  find  so  many  speei- 
mens  in  the  next  cha])ter.  It  is  not  improbable  that 
these  ruder  iiiseriptions  and  pictures  exist  in  the 
southern  country  already  ])assed  over,  to  a  much 
gi'eater  extent  than  ap[)ears  in  the  preceding  ]>aues. 
but  have  remained  comparatively  unnoticed  by  trav- 
el (^-s  in  se-aivh  of  more  wonderful  or  perfect  relies  ut 
anti(piity.'''^ 

M  rlnri>;rr<),  ^hrln  dclhi  CuL,  toiii.  i.,  pp.  107-9;  Doc.  Hist.  -V.,r,  so-ii' 


CEUKO  DE  LAS  TllIN'CHEKAS. 


G03 


r)iily  one  nionumGnt  is  known  in  Sonora,  and  tliat 
only  throuo-li  newspaper  reports.  It  is  known  as  the 
( Viro  cle  las  Trinclieras,  and  is  situated  about  fifty 
miles  south-east  of  Altar.  An  isolated  conical  hill 
his  a  spring-  of  water  on  its  summit,  also  some  heaps 
of  loose  stones.  The  sides  of  the  cerro  are  encircled 
hy  ;i'  y  or  sixty  walls  of  rough  stones;  each  ahout 
nine  feet  hii*-)!  and  from  three  to  six  feet  thick,  occur- 
ring' at  irre^-ular  intervals  of  tifty  to  a  hundred  feet. 
E;i*;li  wall,  except  that  at  the  base  of  the  hill,  has  a 
L;;iteway,  but  these  entrances  occur  alternately  on  op- 
posite sides  of  the  hill,  so  that  to  reach  the  summit 
uii  enemy  would  have  to  ti^'ht  his  way  about  twenty- 
live  times  round  the  circumference.  One  writer  tells 
us  that  Las  Ti-incheras  were  first  found — probably 
\y  the  Spaniards — in  1G50;  according-  to  another,  the 
Datives  say  that  the  fortitications  existed  in  their 
javseut  state  Ioiil*"  before  the  Spaniards  came;  and 
linally  Sr  C.  M.  Galan,  ex-governor  of  Sinaloa  and 
Lower  California,  a  o-entlenian  well  acquainted  with 
all  the  north-western  rei^ion,  informs  me  that  there  is 
much  doubt  amouo'  the  inhabitants  of  the  locality 
AvliL'ilier  the  walls  have  not  been  built  since  the  Span- 
is!  i  C;)n(piest.  Sonora  also  fiirnished  its  quota  of 
,^"iauts'  bones."* 

TIktc  are  three  or  four  localities  in  tlie  state  of 
(liiliuahua  where  miscellaneous  remains  are  va^'uelv 
lii  iitioued  in  addition  to  the  burial  caves  already  re- 
i  ■ii'.'il  to  in  the  extreme  south-east,  liardy  reports 
a  lave  near  the  jiresidio  of  San  Buenaventura,  iVom 
wliich  saltpetre  is  taken  Ibr  tlu;  manufacture  of  pow- 
(l  T,  and  in  wliich  some  arrows  have  been  found,  with 
f^>Mie  curious  shoes  intended  for  the  hoof  of  an  aiii- 
lail,  arraii'4-ed  to  be  tied  on  heel  in  iVoiit.  with  a 
vi>  \v  of  misleadini^"  pursuers.    The  cave  is  Ncry  lari^'e, 

iv.,  loin.  v..  |,],.  '21;?,  2.")4;   Tm/loi;  in  Cnl.  Faniin;  Ihc.  •_'!,  isiio.   NDv.  •_••_», 
l^^'il.  .Ian.  II).  is:;_»;  lfr.y,rri'l,i,  vol.  iii..  p.  "i.Sil. 

■'' N  0(  I-'nnirisrit  Eriiiiiiif  l!ii//ifiii.  .Iiily  lt>,  1S(U;  (''//.  I'uniirr.  Mari-ll 
20,  ISCI!,  .\[iiil  4,  I.S(J2;  Dor.  /li^t.  Mi\c.,  wrVit:  iii.,  tnni.  iv.,  y\).  (liid  7. 


604 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CHIIILAHL'A. 


and  tlie  natives  have  a  tradition  of  a  subterranean 
passage  leading  northward  to  the  Casas  Grandis, 
over  twenty  miles.°^  Lamberg  mentions  the  exist- 
ence of  some  remains  at  CorraHtos,  and  amioinKes 
his  intention  to  explore  tliem.^*^  Garcia  Condo  says 
that  ancient  works  are  found  at  various  points  in  tin; 
state,  specifying,  however,  only  one  of  tliem,  Avliieli 
consists  of  a  spiral  parapet  wall  encirchng  the  sides 
of  a  hill  from  top  to  bottom,  near  the  canon  of  Ba- 
chimba.'^'' 


One  celebrated  group  of  ruins  remains  to  bo  de: 
scribed  in  this  chajiter — the  Casas  Grandes  of  nurtli- 
ern  Chihuahua.  These  ruins  are  situated  on  tlio 
Casas  Grandes  River, — which,  flowing  nortlnvard, 
empties  into  a  lake  near  the  United  States  boundary, — 
about  mid wav  between  the  towns  of  Janos  and  (ia- 
leana,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  nortli-west  of 
the  city  of  Chihuahua.  They  are  frequently  men- 
tioned l)y  the  early  writers  as  a  probable  station  nf 
the  migrating  Aztecs,  but  those  early  accounts  aio 
n\ore  than  usually  inaccurate  in  this  case,  lioheit 
son  found  in  a  manuscript  work  a  mention  t>f  tlie 
Casas  Grandes  as  "the  remains  of  a  paltry  building' 
of  turf  and  stone,  plastered  over  with  white  earth  or 
liine."'^^  Arlegui,  in  his  Chronica,  speaks  of  tlieiu  as 
"grand  edifices  all  of  stone  well-hewn  and  ])olislie(l 
from  time  innnemorial."  So  nicely  joined  were  the 
blocks  of  stone  that  they  seemed  to  have  been  'hi an 
so,'  without  the  slightest  trace  of  mortar;  but  tlic 
author  adds  that  they  might  have  been  joined  with 
the  juice  of  some  herbs  or  roots.^"  Clavigero,  wlut 
claims  to  have  derived  his  information  froi  i  parties 
who  had  visited  the  ruins, — since  the  hostile  .itlitiulc 


N 


55  ITardji's  Trar.,  p,  407. 

s"  I.diiihcrii.  ill  Sue.  ^^l^x.  G('n(j.,  Bahtln,  toiii.  iii.,  p.  2o. 
'y  (riirriit  f'diiilr,  Kiisinfo  nohre  (Uiihuii/iiia,  p.  74. 
5'^  llnhrrlsoii's  llisl.  Aiiirr.,  vol.  1.,  ]).  'J(il). 

^^  Ar/r,/it>\  Clirdii.  Ziivdlccas,  pp.   104--5.     Sfiiiie  in  Podillo,    Cd)!'/.  X 
Galtcia,  AIS.,  pji.  484-5. 


ifir 


CASAK  (JUANLES  OF  CIIIIIUAIIUA. 


G05 


(if  tlio  Apaelics  at  tlie  time  of  liis  own  rosidence  in 
till'  country  made  a  visit  impracticable — was  tlie  first 
to  oive  any  definite  idea  of  tliesc  monuments,  al- 
tliituuh  lie  also  falls  into  several  errors.  He  says: 
'This  })laco  is  known  by  tbe  name  of  Casas  Grandes 
on  account  of  a  vast  edifice  still  standinij^,  which  ac- 
(Midiiiij^  to  the  universal  tradition  of  the  people  was 
liuilt  by  the  IVIexicans  in  their  pil<Tfrima.i»'e.  This  edi- 
tiic  is  constructed  according  to  the  ])lan  of  those  in 
\(  .V  Mexico,  that  is  composed  of  three  stories  and  a 
tiiiace  above  them,  without  doors  in  the  lower  story. 
Tlio  entrance  to  the  edifice  is  in  the  second  story; 
so  that  a  ladder  is  required.""" 

Sr  Escudero  examined  the  ruins  in  1810,  and  de- 
siTibos  them  as  "a  group  of  rooms  built  with  nuid 
walls,  exactly  oriented  according  to  the  foui"  cardinal 
points.  Tiic  blocks  of  earth  are  of  unecjual  size,  but 
jilaccd  with  symmetry,  and  the  perfection  Avith  which 
they  have  lasted  during  a  ])eriod  which  cannot  be  less 
than  three  himdred  years  shows  great  skill  in  the  art 
of  hnihling.  It  is  seen  that  the  edifice  had  three 
(^torios  and  a  roof,  with  exterior  stairways  probably  of 
wood.  The  same  class  of  construction  is  found  still 
ill  all  the  independent  Indian  towns  of  ^Foipii,  north- 
east from  the  state  of  Chihuahua.  Most  of  the  rooms 
art'  very  small  with  doors  so  small  and  narrow  tluit 
they  seem  like  the  cells  of  a  prison.""  A  writer  in 
thu  AIIhoii  Mexicano,  who  visited  the  Casas  Grandes 
ill  1S42,  wrote  a  description  which  is  far  superior  to 
anything  that  preceded  it.''^  ^Ir  Hardy  visited  the 
liluiv.  but  his  account  affords  very  little  information;" 
and  Mr  Wizlizenus  gives  a  brief  descrijjtion  evidently 
drawn  fi'oui  some  of  the  earlier  authoi'ities  and  con- 


''"  Cl'ir/f^rro,  S/oriii  Ant.  (h'l  M'Ssiro,  toiu.  i.,  p.  1,")0;  llrnilni  ;/ Sarnii- 
mill,  Smiii'iii,  jip.  S<,l-',)(). 

"  Esriiilrm.  Xiitlrliis  Kstad.  i/i'l  Est'iilit  (!<',  Chihuiihua.  ]>|i.  'JIM-.");  rc- 
I"'ati'il  ill  (hivcin  Coin/i',  Knsni/o  suhrc  Chi/tua/itiu,  \>.  71;  Oru-co  ij  JJcrra, 
ii"i:inij'i,r,  pp.   1H»-1|. 

'- .i////(/,/.  .lAx,  toiii.  i..  i)p.  .S74-5. 

^  Huit/i/'s  Tcac,  pp.  4(J5-(5. 


i  IS 


m 


I' 


606 


ANTIQUITIKS  OV  CIIIIIUAIIUA. 


soquently  faulty."*  Fin.ally  Mr  Eartlott  cxpk)rc(l  tlie 
locality  in  1851,  and  his  description  illustrated  with 
cuts  is  by  far  the  most  satisfactory  oxtant.  From  Ins 
account  and  that  in  the  Album  most  of  the  follow  ill^• 
information  is  derived.*'' 

The  ruined  casas  are  about  lialf  a  mile  from  \]w 
modern  ^[exican  town  of  the  same  name,  located  in  ,i 
finely  chosen  site,  connnandin,<»'  a  broad  view  ovei'  tlic 
fertile  valley  of  the  Casas  Grandes  or  San  ^Mi^m  I 
I'iver,  which  valley — or  at  least  the  river  bottom  is 
hero  two  miles  wide.  This  bottom  is  bounded  hy  ;i 
j)lateau  about  twenty-five  feet  higher,  and  the  ruins 
are  found  partly  on  the  bottom  and  partly  on  tl.j 
more  sterile  phiteau  above.  They  consist  of  wiills, 
generally  fallen  and  crumbled  into  heaps  of  rubliisli, 
l)ut  at  sonie  points,  as  at  the  corners  and  where  sup- 
jtorted  by  partition  walls,  still  standing  to  a  height  df 
from  five  to  thirty  feet  above  the  hea])s  of  debris,  ai:tl 
some  of  them  as  high  as  fifty  feet,  if  reckoned  iVnin 
the  level  of  the  ij^round.     The  cuts  on  this  and  the 


IK 


if. 


Casas  Grandes — Cliiliualuia. 

opjiosito  pages  represent  views  of  the  ruins  from  tlneo 
different  standpoints,  as  sketched  by  ^Mr  Bartlett. 

"■I  Wlr.lir.nnif;''  Tniir.Y\\  fiO-fiO. 

'■'  lliir/!f/f\s'  /Vr.v.  Nor.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  347-04.  Otlior  roin])iIed  acniiiiits 
may  1m'  found  in  Mtnirrs  Mix.  Az/rr,  etc.,  vol.  ii.,  p.  'X\'^\  Avnilii,  Ihi-i  Ihn- 
tif^r  ^^rx.,  ]!]).  'J()i)-70;  Miillhiiic^rn,  T(i<jr>'it'h,  ]ip.  .'U'-'-l,'?;  Midilinpfi'riU, 
Mijiro,  tin...  ii  i)t  ii.,  p.  ."vj.");  Thihintnl,  Mfxiko,^.  .S47;  It<nil:liiifs  Hist. 
h'rsrrn-rfics,  pp.  282-3;  H'd/i/xhis.  Groi/.  II.  S/af.,  Ji  21<i;  Wilhini'-'  .1  "'•. 
Hist.,  p.  501;  Gordon's  Ancient  J/«u'.,  vol.  i.,  p.  105;  Oir-jori/'s  Hist.  U.r., 
p.  71. 


CASAS  GIIAXDES. 


C!j7 


Cusas  GranJos— C'liilmiilma, 


Tlio  material  of  the  walls  is  siui-drled  Mocks  of 
imid  and  Lj-ravel,  about  twenty-two  inches  thick,  and 
of  iiret2;ular  length,  oenerally  uhcdit  tliree  feet,  ])r()h- 
iiMy  formed  and  dried  in  situ.  Of  tliis  matei'ial  and 
method  of  construction  more  details  will  he  given  in 
the  tollowinf>"  chapter  on  the  New  Mexican  region, 
wliii-c  the  buildings  are  of  a  similar  nature.  'J'hc 
walls  ;ire  in  some  parts  tive  feet  thick,  hut  were  so 
iiuicli  damaged  at  the  time  of  ^fr  Bartlett's  visit 
that  nothing  could  be  as^/urtained,  at  least  witliout 
excavation,  respecting  their  iinisli  on  either  surface. 
riic  author  of  the  account  in  the  AlhiDii  states  that 
the  plaster  which  covers  the  blocks  is  of  ])o\vdei'ed 
*^titiic,  but  this  may  bo  doubted.  There  is  no  doubt, 
howtver,  that  they  were  plastered  on  both  inte- 
rior and  exterior,  with  a  composition  much  like  that 


608 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CIIIHUAHrA. 


of  wliicli  the  l)lo('ks  wcro  made;  Escndero  fuiiiK! 
some  }u)itions  of  the  phister  still  in  place,  hut  docs 
not  state  what  was  its  composition.  The  remains  df 
the  main  structure,  Avhich  was  rectani*'ular  in  its  plan, 
extend  over  an  area  measuring  ahout  eight  hmidivd 
feet  from  north  to  south,  and  two  hundred  and  titty 
from  east  to  west.*""  Within  this  area  are  three  iri'cat 
lieaps  of  ruined  walls,  but  low  connecting  lines  (if 
debris  indicate  that  all  formed  one  editlce,  or  were  at 
least  connected  by  corridors.  On  the  south  the  Avall, 
or  the  heaps  indicating  its  existence,  is  continuous 
and  regular;  of  the  northern  side  nothing  is  said; 
but  on  the  east  and  west  the  walls  are  very  irregular, 
with  many  angles  and  projections. 

The  ground  plan  of  the  whole  structure  could  not 
be  made  out,  at  least  in  the  limited  time  at  Mr  IJait- 
lett's  disposal,  vie  found,  however,  one  row  of  ajjait- 
nients  whose  plan  is  shown  in  the  cut.     Each  of  tlic 


LUILiJim 


Ground  Plan — C.isas  G  ramies. 

f^ix  shown  is  ten  by  twenty  feet,  and  the  small  struct- 
ure in  the  corner  of  each  is  a  pen  rather  than  a  room, 
being  only  three  or  four  feet  high.  In  the  All'mn, 
the  usual  dimensions  of  the  rooms  are  given  as  about 
twelve  and  a  half  by  sixteen  and  a  lialf  feet;  ouc 
very  perfect  room,  however,  being  a  little  over  lour 
feet  square.  Bartlett  found  many  rooms  altogetlitr 
too  small  for  sleeping  apartments,  some  of  great  size, 
whose  dimensions  are  not  given,  and  several  en- 
closures too  large  to  have  been  covered  l)y  a  roof, 
doubtless  enclosed  courtyards.  One  portion  of  stand- 
ing wall  in  the  interior  had  a  doorway  narrower  at 

*••  Although  the  dimensions  in  the  AUmni  are  <;iven  as  414  hy  K>'^1  tt-'ot- 
probably  including  yoiue  structures  reckoned  by  Bartlett  as  dutachod. 


CASAS  (niANDKS. 


(309 


the  ti»p  than  at  tlic  Imttoin,  and  two  cireuhir  oponin'jfs 
or  windows  above  it.  The  exjihirer  of  1H42  sjtcaks 
dt"  doorways  \ou*^,  H(|uai'e,  and  round,  some  of  them 
hciiiL,^  walled  up  at  the  bottom  so  as  to  form  windows. 

Xot  a  fninfment  of  wood  or  stone  remained  in  18,51  ; 
nor  could  any  holes  in  the  walls  be  found  which 
seemed  to  have  held  the  orii^inal  floor-timbers;  and 
consequently  there  was  no  way  of  determinini;-  tiie 
miniber  of  stories.  In  1842,  however,  a  piece  of  rot- 
ten wood  was  found,  over  a  window  as  it  seems;  and 
the  people  in  the  vicinity  said  they  liad  found  many 
lieanis.  No  traces  of  any  stairway  was,  however, 
visible.  No  doubt  the  earlier  accounts  spoke  of 
w linden  stairways,  or  ladders,  because  such  nieans  of 
iiitrance  were  commonly  used  in  similar  and  more 
iiindern  buildings  in  New  Mexico;  later  writers  con- 
verted the  conjectures  of  the  first  visitors  into  actual 
fact;  hence  the  i^-alleries  of  wood  and  exterior  stair- 
ways s[)oken  of  by  Wizlizenus  and  others. 

It  is  difficult  to  determine  where  the  idea  orig- 
inated that  the  structure  had  three  stories;  for  the 
w  ills  still  standing-  in  places  to  a  lieight  of  fifty  feet, 
notwithstanding-  the  Mear  of  three  centuries  at  least, 
would  certainly  indicate  six  or  seven  stories  rather 
than  three.  These  hiyh  walls  are  ahvavs  in  the  in- 
terior,  and  the  outer  walls  are  in  no  ]»art  of  a  suffi- 
•  ient  heii-'-.t  to  indicate  more  than  one  story.  'J'he 
i;'  iieral  idea  of  the  structure  in  its  oi'i^inal  condition, 
f'linied  from  the  descriptions  and  views,  is  that  of  an 
immense  central  ])ile — similar  to  some  of  the  J*neI)lo 
towns  of  New  Mexico,  and  particularly  that  vi  Taos, 
of  wliicli  a  cut  will  be  o-iven  in  the  followinu;'  chajiter 
— lisiiiu-  to  a  heio'ht  of  six  or  seven  stories,  and  sur- 
i'liiihded  by  lower  houses  built  al)out  several  couii- 
vardsj  and  presenting?  on  the  exterior  a  rectanoular 
torm.  Notwithstandino'  the  inij)erfect  exjdoration  of 
this  ruin  and  its  advanced  state  of  dilapidation,  the 

reader  of  the  fidlowing  chapter  will  not   fail  to  un- 

VoL.  IV.  aa 


GIO 


ANTIQUITIKS  OF  (illllUAHU  V 


dorstand  clearly  what  thin  Casa  Grande  was  ]\h 
Avheii  still  inhabited;  for  there  is  no  doul)t  that  tlii^ 
l)iuldini;  was  used  for  a  dwellin<^  as  well  as  Im 
otlier  purposes,  and  tliis  may  he  regarded  as  tlio 
iirwt  instance  in  the  northward  progress  of  our  in 
vesti<^ation  where  any  remains  of  authentic  aboriginal 
dwellinj^s  have  been  met. 

About  one  hundred  and  fifty  yards  west  of  tlie 
main  buildini^  and  somewhat  higher  on  the  ])l;it{an, 
are  seen  the  foundatior,  ■(  of  another  structure  of  simi- 
lar nature  and  material,  indicatin<^  a  line  of  siniil 
aj)artments  built  round  an  interior  court,  accordin'^ 
to  the  ground  i)lau  shown  in  the  cut,  the  whole  i'uim- 


Ittttttt^ 


Ground  Plan — Casus  Grandes. 


ing  a  square  with  sides  of  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty  feet.  There  are  S(jme  other  heaps  in  the  viciii 
ity  which  may  very  likely  rei)resent  l)uildings,  df 
whose  original  forms,  however,  tliey  convey  no  idea, 
besides  some  remains  of  what  seemed  to  Mr  Bartlttt 
to  be  very  evidently  tliose  of  modern  Spanisli  l)uil(l- 
ings,  Betw^een  the  two  buildings  described  there  are 
three  mounds  or  lieaps  of  loose  stones  each  about  fif- 
teen feet  high,  wliich  have  not  been  opened.  J">iii- 
dero,  followed  by  Oarcia  Conde,  states  that  through- 
out an  extent  of  twenty  leagues  in  length  and  ttii 
leagues  in  widtli  in  the  valleys  of  the  Casas  Graiuks 
and  Janos,  mounds  are  found  in  y-reat  numbers  over 
two  thousand,  as  estimated  in  the  Album — and  that 
such  as  have  been  opened  have  furnished  paintcil  put- 


nUoKF.X  PUTTER Y, 


6U 


tiTV,  nictates,  stone  axes,  and  otlior  utonslls.  One 
visitor  tliou<^}it  that  one  of  the  niounds  jn-esentcil 
oicat  reguhirity  in  its  form  and  liad  a  sunnnit  jthit- 
forni. 

Kscudero  and  Hardy  report  the  existence  of  an 
ii([ii(.'(hict  or  canal  wliicli  formerly  bronij^ht  water  from 
a  spring   to   the   town.     The    following    cut   shows 


Pottery  from  Casa.s  Gnuidos. 

specimens  of  broken  pottery  foimd  in  connection 
\vith  the  ruins.  The  ornamentation  is  in  black, 
ivd,  or  brown,  on  a  white  or  reddish  ground.  The 
luiitcrial  is  said  to  be  superior  in  texture  to  any 
iiuimiractured   in  later  times  by  the  natives  of  this 


C12 


ANTIQirriKS  OK  CIIIIIl'Am'A. 


n><,»"ion.  The  wliolo  vallcv  fur  miles  nrouiid  is  strewn 
with  such  fr.'ii^ineiits.  IJiihroiveii  HpLriinciis  of  jMit- 
tory  nro  not  ahuiuliiiit,  as  is  naturally  the  cmsk  in  a 
country  travorsod  continually  by  rovinij;'  hands  (tf  n.i- 
tivcs  to  Avhoni  it  is  easier  to  pick  up  or  di'^-  out 
earthen  utensils  than  to  manufacture  or  huy  them. 
Three  s])ecimens  were  however  found  ])y  Mr  Jjartictt, 
and  are  shown  in  the  cut.     !N[r  Hardy  also  skttcliul 


■  ■> 


P^ 


Potti-ry  from  Casus  CJrandes. 

a  vase  very  .similar  to  the  first  fi^^ure  of  the  cut,  and 
he  speaks  of  "i^ood  specimens  of  earthen  ima'^rs  in 
the  Ei4yj)tian  style,  which  are,  to  me  at  least,  sn  pir- 
fectly  uninteiestiui^,  tiiat  I  was  at  no  pains  to  pnuuiv 
any  of  them."  Ai'cordiiii^  to  the  Alhum,  some  idols 
had  been  ft)und  hy  the  inhabitants  amonof  other  rtdiis, 
and  the  wtmien  claimed  to  have  discovered  a  monu- 
ment of  anti(|uity  whitdi  was  of  practical  utility  to 
themselves,  as  well  as  of  interest  to  archreoloi^ists— 
namely,  a  jar  filled  with  bear's  o-reasel  The  |ti]ie 
shown  in  the  cut,  has  a  suspiciously  modern  look, 


Pipe  from  Casas  Orandos. 

althoui^li  included  in  Bartlett's  plate  of  Chihualuuui 
antiquities. 


FOUTIIKSS  AT  CASAS  (illAXTlES. 


m 


The  inhaMtiints  pointed  out  to  Burtlctt,  on  tlio  top 
of  a  lii,L;h  mountain,  soinu  ten  miles  south-west  of 
tlie  ruins  (lescril)e(l,  >vhiit  they  sr.id  was  a  stone  t'ort- 
ivss  of  two  or  tiiree  stories.  Kscudero  describes  this 
monument,  which  lio  locates  at  a  distance  of  only 
two  leai^ues,  as  a  watch-tower  or  sentry-station  on 
tilt-  top  of  a  hio'h  diti';  and  says  that  the  southern 
sl()[»e  of  the  hill  has  many  lines  of  stones  at  invi,nilar 
iiitci'vals,  with  hea})s  of  loose  stones  at  their  ex- 
tiviaities.  This  is  prohahly,  in  the  absence  of  mojo 
definite  information  the  more  credible  account.  The 
Allniin  ic})resents  this  momnnent  as  a  fortress  built 
of  <4'reat  stones  very  ])erfectly  joined,  thonyh  without 
the  aid  of  nujrtar.  The  wall  is  said  to  be  eij^'hteen 
or  twenty  feet  thick,  and  a  road  cut  in  the  rock  leads 
to  the  summit.  At  this  time,  1842,  the  works  were 
lifino'  destrc^yed  for  the  stone  they  contained.  Clavi- 
gcrct  s[»eaks  of  the  hill  works  as  "a  fortress  defended 
on  one  side  by  a  high  mountain,  and  on  other  sides 
l»y  a  wall  about  seven  feet  thick,  the  foundations  of 
which  yet  rciuain.  There  are  seen  in  this  fortress 
stones  as  largo  as  millstones;  the  beams  of  the  roofs 
are  of  ])ine,  and  well  worked.  In  the  centre  of  tho 
vast  edifice  is  a  mound,  built  as  it  seems,  for  the 
jiiupose  of  keeping  guard  and  watching  the  enemy," 
I'lavigero  evidently  confounds  tho  two  groups  of 
ruins,  and  from  his  error,  and  a  similar  one  by  others, 
come  the  accounts  which  represent  the  Casas  Grandes 
as  l)uilt  of  stone.  He  mentions  obsidian  mirrors 
among  the  relics  dug  up  hero,  jn'ohably  without  any 
authority.  The  cut  from  Bartlett  shows  a  stone 
luetute  found  among  the  ruins. 


Mctate  from  Casas  Orandcs. 

So  far  as  any  conclusions  or  comparisons  suggested 


C14 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CHIHUAHUA. 


hy  th.'s  Ciiihualiuan  ruin  are  concerned,  tliey  iiiay 
i)jst  be  detorred  to  the  end  of  the  following-  cha})ttr. 
The  Casas  CIrandes,  and  tlie  ruins  of  the  northoin  or 
New  Mexican  group,  should  be  classed  togctlitr. 
They  were  the  ^vork  of  the  same  people,  at  about  the 
Baoie  ei^och. 


w- 


CHAPTER   XI. 


ANTIQUITIES    of    AlMZnNA    AM»    NKW    MKXICO. 

Ai;i:\  KNCLOsr.i)  r,v  riir,  (;ir.\.  Ivio  (iuA.'DK  dki.  Norm:,  ami  Coi.o- 
i;\ii(>--A  Land  or  .Mvsttk.kv  Wondkijfii.  IIei-outs  and  Auvkn- 
Ti  iti:s  oi-  Mission  a  lilies,  Soi.dikks,  IIiNTKiis,  Minkhs,  and  I'l- 
(im;i;i;s  -  Kxpi.ouatii'X     IIaii  hoad  Siuvkvs— I'lassu-ic  tion  or 

llKMAINS --MONL'MENTS   OK     Illi;    (Wl.A    VaI.I.KY — lUxi.DKi;-!  ..scitll'- 
TIONS      -TllK   ("ASA    (iKANDK    n|     AltlZONA         ivVKKV    Accol  NTS     AND 
MnliKllN    K.\ri.»«KATIoN         ADOItK    l!i   I  I.DINfJS  -   ViKW    AND    I'l.ANS 
MlsciiLLA3fEU*S  KEMAr\S,  AcKl,"!  IAS,   AND  I'oTTKKY      (ITIIKI!  Kl  INS 

hn  the  (iti.A  - A'ai.lky  or  tiik  liio  s  u.ADo     liio  Vkhdk     I'i  kisi.o 

ClIKKK  -ri'ri:i;  (ill.A  -  TuUUTAlilKS  o|-  TIIK  CoI.OHADO  ItoCK-lN- 
SCKII'TIONS,  nil.l,  Wll.l.lA.MS  I'OUK  IillNKD  ClTIKS  ol'  TlIK  Ciil.n- 
K\|IO  <'HHiliro  IllO  PUKRfO  L|TI1oDI;NDI!ON  <'Rl.t>.K  Navakko 
Hl-lflNl.      Zl'Jil    VAI,I.1;V  -  All.  !l  SPklNti      Zl   N(      0,J0  DKI.  Pkmado 

Is  MiMiTioN  Hock     Itio  San  .Iian    -  Iti  ins  or  the  <"iii;i.i.v  and 

<  llACO  ("ANONS  -  V  VI.I.KV  OK  I'lli:  l{lO  (rHANDE  -I'lKlil.O  I'oUNS, 
ImIAIUTED  AND  IN  !.l  IN^  TlIK  MiK.HI  T<»\VNS  -TlIE  SlA  E.\  I'lTIE.S 
UK   ClliOI.A— IlKsr.Mi;,    Co.Ml'AlilSoN^,    .iND    < 'ON(  M-SK/N: 


(  rossiiiijc  tb.c  l)ouiKlary  lino  bctwtM.'U  the  iKift'icrii 
aii'l  soutlu.-ni  repiil'lics,  ;uid  enteriiiof  the  territory  ot' 
till'  Pjicitic  United  States,  1  .shall  ])ivsent  in  the 
Jtrcsfiit  eiiapter  all  that  is  known  of  untiiinitits  in 
Aiizdiia  and  New  NTexico.  An  area  a|>)>i'o\iniatin^' 
Noiiirwliat  the  tbrni  of  a  rio;']it-ani;'le  trianij^le,  witli  ;i 
•t"  tour  hundred    miles  and  a   |)eri»e'n(lieular    ot' 


tillVi 


uiulred,  includes  all  the  remains  in  tlii 


s  jVLjum. 


lilt.'  valley  of  the   Uio  (Jila,  with  those  of  its  tiihu- 


tary   streams,    is    the    southeiMi     hitundai'V,    oi"    I 


i;ise 


r>i 


CU't 


AXTIi,H   ITIKS     >:"  AKIZ  tNA  AM>  NIAV  .MEXICO. 


strutcliiiii'-  ;il(tii<'-  tlu'  thii'ty-tliinl  i)arallel  of  latitiidi-; 
tliu  llio  Cilraiide  del  Norte,  tiowiii^;'  soiitliwanl  lir- 
tweoii  the  one  liiiii(lietl  and  sixtli  and  one  liundrid 
and  seventli  nieritliaiis,  iornis  with  it.s  valley  tlie  east- 
ern limit  or  perpendicular;  while  (Mi  the  north  and 
Ave.st  the  re^'ion  is  hounded  hy  the  Rio  Colorado  as  ,i 
liypothenu.se,  aJheit  a  very  winding'  one.  'Die  lattn- 
river  nii^ht,  howe\er,  he  straightened,  thus  inipinv- 
inn"  inatei'ially  the  y'eonietrieal  syinnietry  of  my  tri- 
anL;-i<j,  witliout  interfering'  iiinch  with  ancient  remains, 
as  will  he  seen  when  the  relies  of  the  Colorado  suc- 
tion are  de.scril)ed. 


ijf.    .;. 


i 


The  face  of  the  country  is  made  up  of  fcrtiK'  val- 
leys, ])reci})itous  canons,  ruy'^ed  mountains,  anddts-  it 
tal/le-lands,  the  latter  i)redominatiny'  and  ('(Mistitutii!- 
a  very  lai-ge  i)ortion  »jt  the  area.  Arizona  and  Nt  a 
Me.xico  since  first  they  hecame  known  to  the  out>idr 
M'orld,  hav(>  always  had,  as  they  still  Inivo,  m<»iv  ny 
less  of  the  mysterious  connected  Avith  them.  Ih  if 
luive  been  located  for  over  three  hundred  years  u><: 
■wonderful  ])eo])les,  mai'velous  cities,  extensive  j'uiiis, 
mines  of  untold  wealtli,  un})ar;dleled  natural  phciimii- 
vuii,  sa^■a^•es  </f  tin;  most  hloodtliirsty  and  mcr'  ilcss 
charac^ter,  and  (/ther  marvels,  that  from  the  nai'i'atlvt- 
of  adventurers  and  missionaries  have  found  theii-  w.iv 
into  romaiw*:!  ai»4  history.  This  \Vi,m  tH  iH  ceitaiii 
sense  the  last  Ain(yJ/'an  st)vn^)i^Ji()ld  (/f  the  M#/stcri'>us 
as  connect*'*!  wifli  the  ahorii/ines,  wiieJ'O  th«'  native 
I'aces  yvt  di>*|/uf<'  the  prouji'es.^  <^  n  foi-ci'/n  civili/w^yjii. 

And  tlu'  wondrous  tal<s  <^/f  this  l>ord<  )•  land  ii(tw'c<:i 
tiviiizatioiii  and  sava/isrri,  at^v>'ny^  i(t%fi/^^OYiito(\,  liad 
ijeverthelexH  mwh  f<fini(\,itU}h  in  fi¥i,  The  I'mhl'i 
trilK'H  of  SfW  \fvK\(<fHftd  t\y  Hoouis '^/f  A  ii/.<>na  af 
i\  w<;nderful  p<  </|»|f>  when  we  consid'T  tiio  wall  of  sav- 
agisff»  whicli  env<d<rj^s  them;  *h<  .j-  toAiis  of  nia?iy- 
Mx>ried  i<<:ructureH /iru  biN^.tf>r  foiuuhitv  <i  usually 

tx'iM.'  for   tyavujt'rs'   t(»Ks  of  mivjfmfwt'ht  y»tti^ 

*re  airf'M]:\nt,  MufWiu'^  th;it   tic  jai'l/'/  >)/'!, on.-  *'«*!■ 


FA'PLOIIATION  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


617 


in  tlio  ])a.st  iiiore  miinerous,  ])()\V(.tI"u1,  and  cultiii-id, 
than  Eiiropoan.s  have  found  tliuni;  ri(.-li  minus  nw  hdw 
worked,  and  yet  ricliur  ones  nru  awaitiiit;'  dcvclo]!- 
nicnt;  few  <^TeatL'r  natural  cuiMosities  have  l»een  seen 
in  Auiei'iea  than  the  ('afiun  of  tlio  Colorado,  witli  per- 
]tondicular  sides  in  some  j)laees  a  mile  in  luiuht;  and 
the  A])aehes  are  yet  on  the  war-path,  making'  a  ti'ip 
thrnut;h  the  eouiitry  inuch  more  dan_<»'erous  now  than 
at  the  time  when  the  Spaniards  first  visited  it. 

Although  a  lai"i4'e  ])ai't  of  these  states  is  still  in  the 
])()ssession  of  the  natives,  and  no  oHici.il  or  sciciitilie 
coiunnssion  has  made  ex{»h)rations  \\  !iii-li  were  esj)e- 
I'ially  directed  to  its  anti([Uarian  treasui'es,  yet  (he 
lahorsof  tlie  priest,  hunter,  immii^rant,  liuhaii  tiulitei-, 
raih'oad  sui'veyor,  and  prospector,  have  left  few  val- 
leys, hills,  or  canons,  mountain  passes  or  desert  ])lains 
iui\  isitt,'d.  While  it  is  not  prohahle  that  all  even  of 
tlh-  mi>re  impoi'tant  ruins  have  heen  seen,  ordescrihed, 
We  may  feel  very  sure,  here  as  in  Yucatan,  from  the 
iinit'ormity  of  such  niomiments  as  have  heen  hi'oui^'ht 
t  I  ii^'ht,  that  no  veiy  imj)ortant  dt'\elo[»ments  remain 
to  ho  made  res})ectinti'  the  character,  or  type,  of  tiio 
N<  w  Mexican  reiuj 


uns. 


This  country  was  first  visitcMl  hy  tlio  Si)aniards  in 
till'  middle  of  tin;  sixteenth  century.  The  ]tart 
known  to  them  as  New  Mexii'o,  and  to  which  tlu'ir 
'■tl'oits  HM  c«»n(|uistadoi'es  and  missionaries  wen;  ])ar- 
ticiilarly  directed,  was  the  valley  ot*  tlie  Ivio  (Ii.inde 
;ui(l  its  tributary  stre;ims,  hut  the  whole  district  was 
iVr.jUi'ntly  crossed  and  i'<crossed  hy  the  ).adi<- dow  n 
to  the  latter  jiart  ot"  the  sevent«enth  ci'ntuiy.  Itc- 
Jiorts  of  larn'e  cities  and  powet'fid  nations  lar  in  the 
I  "rrh  reaclu'd  ^fi  \ico  tlir"iiL:Ji  the  ii;iti\<'s  as  early  ;is 
lj:;<>;  Caheza  de  Vaca,  shi  wi'ecked  on  the  coast  of 
ttir  Sfoxicnn  gulf  wandereil  ihrouifh  the  rcLiions  south 
ill'  iiul  near  Now  Moxit;o,  in  looG-G;  roused  hv  the 
''lipw recked  soldic^r's  tale,  Fv  Marco  do  Xiza  pono- 
nt  least   into   Arizona   from   Sinaloa  in    1539, 


'!  I' 


lii£, 


G18 


ANTK^LITIKS  OF  AUIZOXA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


and  was  followed  by  Yasinicz  do  Coronado,  mIio 
readied  the  Pueblo  towns  on  tlie  llio  (Jrande  in  If)  10; 
Antonio  do  Espejo  followed  tlie  course  of  the  oicit 
river  nortlnvard  to  the  Pueblos  in  1583,  and  in  I.V.i.S 
New  Mexico  was  brought  alto<>'ether  under  S|);iiii>li 
rule  by  Juan  de  Onate.  In  1G80  the  natives  tlin  w 
off  the  yoke  by  revolt,  but  were  ag'ain  sul)dued  litb'in 
years  latei",  and  the  Spaniards  retained  tlie  jxtwt  r, 
thougli  not  always  without  difficulty  until  1848,  wlicii 
the  territory  came  into  the  possession  of  the  Fnitiii 
States.  The  archives  of  the  missions  are  said  to  liiivc 
been  for  the  most  part  destroyed  in  the  rcNoh  of 
1G80,  and  consequently  their  history  previous  to  tliat 
date  is  only  known  in  outline;  since  1G80  the  annals 
are  tolerably  clear  and  complete.  The  diaries  of  tlic 
S{)anisli  jtioneers  have  been,  most  of  them,  jtrestivcd 
in  one  form  or  another,  and  show  that  the  authois 
visited  many  of  the  ruins  that  have  attracted  tlio 
attention  of  later  explorers,  and  also  that  tliey  found 
many  of  the  towns  inhabited  that  now  exist  only  as 
ruins.  Their  accurate  accounts  of  towns  still  stand- 
ing' and  iidiabited  attest,  moreover,  their  general 
veracity  as  explorers. 

It  is,  however,  to  the  explorations  undertakin 
under  the  authority  of  the  ITnited  States  goxciii- 
ment,  for  the  purpose  of  surveying  a  practical  •It- 
route  for  an  interoceanic  railroad,  and  also  to  estah- 
lish  a  boundary  line  between  American  and  ^lexiiaii 
territory,  that  we  owe  nearly  all  our  accurate  de- 
scriptions of  the  ancient  monuments  of  this  gniiip. 
These  exploring  parties,  as  well  as  the  militaiw  expe- 
ditions dui'ing  the  war  with  Mexico,  were  accompa- 
nied by  scientific  men  and  artists,  whose  observations 
v-'re  made  public  in  their  official  reports,  togfthcr 
with  illustrative  j)lates.  They  generally  followed  the 
course  of  the  larger  ri\ers,  but  the  ruins  disco\('ied 
by  them  show  a  ivmarkable  similarity  one  to  anotlui", 
and  conse([uently  the  reports  of  trappers  and  giiiiles 
res]tecting  I'emains  of  similar  ty}»e    on    the    sniallir 


MOUTH  OF  Tin:  COLORADO 


619 


streams,  may  be  <>-eiierally  accepted  as  wortliy  of 
more  im})licit  conHtleiice  than  can  generally  be  ac- 
corded to  sucli  reports. 

In  this  division  of  Pacific  States  anti<piities,  which 
may  be  spoken  of  as  the  New  Mexican  ^roup,  we 
sliall  find,  1st,  tlie  remains  of  ancient  stone  and  adobe 
Iniildiiigs  in  all  stages  of  disintegration,  from  st.ind- 
iiig  walls  with  roofs  and  tloors  to  shapeless  heaps  of 
debris  or  sim})le  lines  of  foundation-stones;  2(1,  anom- 
alous structures  of  stone  or  oarth,  tlie  purpose  of 
which,  either  by  reason  of  their  advanced  state  of 
ruin  or  of  the  slight  attention  given  them  by  tiavol- 
tis,  is  ncjt  apparent;  Hd,  traces  of  aboriginal  auricul- 
ture  in  the  shape  of  ace(jiii((s  and  zanj'is,  or  irrigating 
canals  and  ditches;  4th,  ]»ottery,  alvv'ays  in  fi'agmciits; 
ath,  implements  and  ornaments  of  si: )ne  and  shell,  not 
munei'ous;  and  Gth,  ])ainted  or  engraved  figurf,'!^  on 
clitfs,  boulders,  and  the  sides  of  natural  caverns. 

About  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado  tliere  ;ire  no 
authentic  remains  of  aboi'iginal  work  dating  1-ack  be- 
yond the  coming  of  the  8j)auiar(ls,  although  Mr 
Bartlett  found  just  below  the  mouth  of  the  (Jila 
traces  of  cultivation,  which  seemed  to  Iiini,  judging 
h'oni  the  growth  of  trees  that  co\'ered  them,  not  to 
1)0  the  work  of  the  present  tribes  in  the  vicinity.  I 
tiiid  also  an  absurd  newspaper  report — and  no  part  of 
the  Pacific  States  has  been  more  prolific  of  such  re- 
jturts  than  that  now  under  consideration  -of  a  won- 
derful ruined  city  of  hewn  stone  somewhere  about  the 
head  of  the  (Julf  of  California.  This  city  inchided 
numerous  dwellings,  circular  walls  of  gi'anite,  scul])- 
tured  hierogly[)hics,  and  seven  great  ]nraniids.  not 
unlike  the  famous  Central  American  cities  of  Paleii- 
(|Ue  and  C(»pan,  Some  rude  figures  scratched  or 
])ainted  on  thi3  surface  of  a  boulder,  seen  by  a  tra\fler, 
have  beejt  proved  by  ex[)erience  to  be  ample  foundation 
for  such  a  rumor.  ^ 

Ascending;'  tlh'  llio  (<ila  eastward  from  its  junction 

'  Col  .  I'dtct.  A-»^  null  Fnlurr,  p.   M5. 


^\ 


620 


AXTlliUITIKS  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


M'it]i  tlio  ( "olorado,  for  some  two  limujrod  iiiik's  mo 
fiml  notlijiii;  that  can  l)o  classed  with  aiiciuiit  inonu- 
iiients  cxcc])t  natural  heaps  of  lar<j^e  boulders  at  two 
])oiuts,  the  tlat  sides  of  which  are  "covered  with  rude 
lii^'ures  of  nieii,  animals,  and  other  ohjects  of  i>;r()tes(|Uo 
form;,,  all  ])ecked  in  with  a  sharp  instrument."  Tliu 
accompanyini,''  cut  shows  some  of  these  houlder-scul])- 
tiires  as  they   were  sketched    by  Bartlett  in    Iboii. 


Boultlcr-Sciilpturcis  on  tlio  (lihi. 

Some  of  thorn  seemed  of  recent  origin,  while  many 
were  much  defaced  by  exjiosure,  and  aj»}mriiitly  "I' 
iireat  aye,  Tho  newer  carviim's  in  some  cases  ext^  <1 
ovei-  the  older  ones,  and  many  are  found  on  the  undv  f 
side  of  the  nxks,  whei'e  they  must  have  been  ex- 
ecuted before  they  fell  to  their  present  }H)sitiun.     Tlio 


ROCK-INSCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  CJILA. 


621 


locality  of  the  sculptured  rocks  is  shown  on  the  maj); 
the  first  is  about  fifty  miles  east  of  Fort  Yuma, 
and  tlie  second  twenty  miles  west  of  the  hi^-  bend  of 
the  (Jila,  both  on  the  south  bank.  Two  additional 
incised  figures  are  ^iven  in  the  following-  cut  from 
Fi'oebel's  sketches,  since  tlie  author  thinks  tliat  JJart- 
litl^  may  have  selected  his  specimens  with  a  view  to 
sricnothen  his  theory  that  the  figures  are  not  hiero- 
^Ivphics  with  a  definite  meanin*'-.^ 


BotiKlcr-Sciilpturos  on  tlip  (lil;i. 

Bt'tween  tlie  Pima  villages  and  the  junction  of 
tiic  Sail  I'udro  witli  the  (jlila,  stands  the  most  fa- 
iiKiiis  ruin  of  tlie  whole  region — the  C'asa  Cirande, 
or  Casa  do  !^^ontezuma,  which  it  is  safe  to  say  has 
ln(  II  mentioned  bv  every  writer  on  American  an- 
tiiiuity.  Coronado  (hiring  his  trip  iVom  ( 'uiiacan  to 
t!ie  'seven  cities'  in  1540,  visited  a  ])uildiiig  called 
('liichilticale,  or 'red  liouse,'  ^\]li('h  is  supposed  with 
iiiihh  roasvHi  to  have  been  the  (  asa  (irande.  The 
iiiily  account  v)f  Coronados  tiip  which  gives  any  de- 
srription  of  the  building  is  that  of  Castafieda,  who 
"vyvs,  "Cliichilticale  of  which  so  much  bad  been  said 
'joHtkibly  by  the  guides  or  natives]  proved  to  be;  a 
liiiiise  in  ruins  and  without  a  roof;  which  seemed, 
lu'Wever,   to  have   been  fortifie<l.      it  ^vas  clear  that 

■'   llvllitt's  Pits.   Xdf.,   vol.   ii.,  pp.    l',*.'>,   -IK);    Frorhi/.   Alls  Jnnr.,   totll. 

'i  .  '    4(kS;  /(/.,   Cent.  Anicr.,   pp.  .")iy-'J4;  Kmvrij's  Uecuniiuinsancc,  pp.82, 
Ml-  'I,  with  plate. 


!>  - 


l.;'li 

1-  ^'i'"'^^ 

i  kk.M 

G22 


ANTI(,)1  ITIKS  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MHXU'O. 


this  Ikmiso,  Iniilt  of  rod  earth,  was  tlic  work  of  civ- 
ilized ])t^()plo  wlio  liad  coino  from  far  awaj'."  "A 
house  which  liad  loui;"  l>eeu  iiiliahited  hy  a  poo})lo  wlio 
oaiue  from  ( 'I'hohi.  The  earth  in  this  eouiiti'v  is  red. 
The  liousu  was  Lirge;  it  seemed  to  have  servetl  as  a 
lor  tress. 

Father  Kino  heard  of  tlio  ruin  wliile  visitiiiL;-  tlic 
northern  missions  of  Soiiora.  in  the  early  ])art  of  lO'.l-l. 
He  was  at  first  incredulous,  hut  the  infoiniation  hav- 


ing'  Ih'o 


n  conHrmed  hv  other   reports  of  the   nativ 


poi' 


,  es. 


lie  visited  the  Casa  Grande  later  in  the  same  year, 
and  said  mass  within  its  walls.  Since  Kino  was  imr 
acconi]»anied  at  the  time  hy  Pach'e  ^Fani^'e,  his  secit- 
tar}^  who  usually  ke])t  the  diary  of  ids  expeditions, 
no  definite  account  resulted  from  tliis  first  visit.* 

in  1()1)7,  liowever,  Pa(he  Kino  revisited  the  jilacc 
in  comi)any  this  time  with  ^laiin'e,  who  in  iiis  diaiy 
of  the  flip  wj'ote  what  may  he  regarded  as  the  lii>t 
definite  description.'' 


3  Cii-ifanrf/ff,  in  Trriiaiir-rotiijians,  Voi/.,  s('iic  i.,  toni.  ix.,  ji]).  10-1,  liil- 
2.  Two  iitlier  accimiifs  of  tlic  tri|i  were  wiiltcii  niii'  hy  .hiaii  .laiaiiiillii, 
wliicli  limy  lie  foiiinl  in  tiic  saiiu.'  volume  of  'l"('iii;m\-<'oni|iiiiis'  woiU  ;  iu\d 
the  sucond  by  Coidiiailo  liinisi'if,  an  llaliaii  translation  of  wiiicli  a|i|Miir(il 
ill  Ritiiiiisio,  Xfin'iiii/io/ii,  toiii.  iii.,  fol.  .'!.")',>,  ct  seq.,  and  an  l'',ii;:li>ii  Iraii:-- 
latioii  ill  //(i/,iii)//'s  I'oi/,,  vol.  iii.,  |i.   'AI'A,  I't  se(|.     For  an  ali>tiact  of  tin- 


trip  anil  (iisciission  aliotit  tlic  location  of  tin;  routo,  see  (Inlhtti 


Klh 


UK),    .StlC 


-.lift. 


>l.  ii. 


SiflK 


A I 


for  N( 


(1  s; 


l>er,  IS4S;    ll'/ii/,/ili\  rt  111.,  in  I'ar.  li.  R.   llrpf.i.,  v( 

Smif/isDiii'iii  111  pi.,  IS.")!),  ji.  'M)\\,  ut  .si'ii.     The  last  is  the  best  artiilc 

snlijfit,   ami   is   ai'coiiiiiaiiied   liy  a  nia 


I  unison.  Ml 


on  lilt' 


All  th 


fact   that    the  I'xjiedition   )iassed   thioiij;h  Chiehiltieale,   hut  only    the  i 


aeconiits    inentioii  tl  e 


lie 


luoteil  desiiihes  the  hnildin, 


^    I, 

J\fllHI/i 


III 


i])iiiito  en  eiiiliiion  ] 
l>or.  Ilixt.  Ml 


n  iior  no  liahev  ido  vo  d  cste  deseiiliriineiitu.' 


serie 


toni. 


■■-  In  hiir.  I  list.  M,. 


I'P 


•'."I'.t. 


r.i,  8(>: 


serie  iv.,  toni.  i.,  \t]>.  'JS'j 


is  as  follows:    -' One  of  tliein  is  a   lar;;('  eiiiiiee,  th 


-3.     Mi 
lirii 


iiij;e  s  descrijitinn 
i|ial  roiiin  in  Hie 


CLMitre  iiein;;  four  stories  liij,di,  and  those  idjoiiiin;,'  it  on  its  four  sides,  lime 
stories;  with  walls  two  vaias  fhieU,  of  siion^'  iirt/iiiiiiisii  ij  Imnti  [that  is, 
the  material  of  which  adohes  are  m,ide|  so  smooth  on  the  inside  that  liny 
I'osenihle  iilaned  hoards,  and  so  ]iolislied  th.'t  they  shine  liUe  Piielila  pul- 
tery.  'I'he  corners  of  the  windows,  which  are  iiiuarc,  ;ue  very  strai.L.lit  and 
ithoiit  siijiports   or  ('ross])ieces  of    woi  il,  as  ;f  inadi    \\ith  a  mold;  tl 


door 
of  I 


tl 


th: 


loiiifh,  narrow. 


iiid  hv  this  u  is  known  to  he  the  wmk 


ndiaiis;  it  is  lid  ]iaees  loiii;  hy  2!  wide 


<1 


II  Imilt.     At  t 


lance  of  an  aninehnse-shot  are 
with  tl 


iicU  w 


:.y 


seei 


1  twtdve  other  hniid'nv's  half  fal 


le  ills- 
II.  iil-i) 


ills;  and  all  the  roofs  1> 


nnied  out  except  one   .  'W  room,  wlmli 


lias  round   beams  apnareiitlx  of  cedar,  or  satiino,   small  iind 


iver  them  ntnlrs  (rei 


loiiih.  am 


it 


lal  nze,  .'iiid  a  lav  r  of  hard  mud 


:llli| 


orlar. 


formiiii;- a  very  curious  roof  or  Hour,      la  the  \iciuitv  are  seen  maii\  in. 


\'ir(). 

ovk  of  fiv- 
way.  A 
people  who 
iitry  is  1T<1. 
iurvud  as  a 

visiting"  tlie 

art  of  ir.'.M. 

Illation  liav- 

lIic   natives, 

same  yt-'ar, 

^ino  was  nut 

V,  liis  sfcrc- 

... 
expeditions, 

;  visit.* 

xl  tlu-  ]tlac(\ 

in  his  (haiv 

as  tlie  iii>t 


ix.,  l>]>-  !"-'•  V''' 
.liiiui   .huuiiiillii, 
i|iaiis'  wiirk  ;  luid 
wliich  iii'iKiincl 
liii   Kii^li>l'  iraiir- 
1  iiliMiiict  (if  the 
a//, dill,  ill  'l"i"'' 
,■('.((■  fur  Ntivi'iii- 
iuul  Siiii/iiDii.  ill 
,■^1  article  oil  ilic 
Its  uH'iilii:"  tl  e 
i)iit  only    tUf  •iiiL' 

(Icsculiriinfiitii. 

mi-i. 

iiiue's  (Ipscriiitinn 

jipTll    Vtinlll    ill   tilt' 

four  si.lcs,  iliive 
(/  hiirni  [tliiit  is, 
'insiilf  that  tlnV 
likf  I'url.lai'"'; 


Ivcrv  sti-iu.-lit  ail 


lith"  a  iiioM;  'li^' 

u  to  1»'  tin'  wnik 

liilt.     At  tlif'li- 

half  fall.  11.  Ills'' 

|;  .\\  room,  wliiili 

;n,l   ,  :iiootl\,  ami 

liimd  ami  ii'oilav. 

!,ceu  many  oi-""^ 


(ASA  CIRANDE  OF  TIIK  CIT.A. 


023 


Padre  Jacobo  Si'delniair  visited  tlie  Casa  (Jrando 
ill  1744,  l)ut  in  his  narrative  he  coj)ies  Man^i^'s  ac- 
count. He  Aveiit  further,  however,  and  discovered 
•)\\\<  r  ruins.'"' 

Lieut  C  ^r.  Bernal  seems  to  liave  heen  niilitary 
coiiiniandant  in  Kino's  expedition,  and  he  also  de- 
siiihes  tlie  ruin  in  liis  re|tort.''  Padres  (Jarces  and 
Font  made  a  jt)uruey  in  1775-0,  under  Ca[it.  Anza, 
to  tlie  (iila  and  Colorado  valleys,  and  thence  to  the 
missions  of  Alta  California  and  the  ^lotpii  towns. 
J)otli  mention  the  ruin  in  their  diaries,  the  latter 
ui\inL;'  (juite  a  full  account.  I  know  not  if  Pathe 
Font  s  diary  has  ever  l)een  jninted,  hut  I  have  in  my 
rollcction  an  Enolish  manuscript  translation  from  the 
oii'^inal  in  the  archives  at  Cuadalajara, — })er]iaj)s  the 
same  copy  from  which  ^Ir  Bartlett  made  the  extracts 
wliirli  he  printed  in  his  work.^     Font's  plan   is   not 

niiM>  aiitl  stories,  and  lionps  of  nildiish  ■svliicli  cover  tlie  >;roiiiiil  fur  two 
lia;rui'>;  witii  inin'li  hroUcii  pottery,  ])lates,  anil  o/las  i>i  lini'  eiay  jiaintetl 
ill  \aiioiis  eoiors  ami  lesenililinj,'  the  (luadaiajara  jpottery  of  New  Spain; 
liiiiic  it  is  inferrei'  I'lat  tlie  eity  was  very  lar;;u  and  the  work  of  a  civilized 
1ii'ii|p1c  iimler  a  ;.'overnnient.  Tliis  is  \erilied  hy  a  eanal  wliicli  runs  from 
tile  ri\cr  over  the  jilaiii,  ein'irciin;,'  the  settlement,  which  is  in  the  centre, 
three  lea;,'ues  in  circumt'eroiiee,  ten  varas  wide  and  four  di'ejt,  carryinj,'  per- 
iiiip^  liall  the  river,  and  thus  servinj;  as  a  defensive  ditch  as  well  as  to  su[i- 
|ily  water  for  the  houses  and  to  irri;;ate  the  surrounilin;^  liidils. ' 

''  Si  i/ifumir,  Ri'liirioii,  in  line  Hist.  Mix.,  serie  iii.,  torn,  iv.,  ji,  817. 
Oru/eo  y  Herra,  (/iminif'iii,  \\\).  1(»8-1(),  takes  this  description  from  Sedcd- 
iiiaii-  MS.  in  the  .Mexican  archives,  as  hein;,'  written  liy  one  who  was  'al- 
iim^t  the  discoverer,'  hut  it  is  a  literal  copy  of  .Man;;e"s  diary.  .\Ian;:e"^^ 
(liaiy,  so  far  as  it  relates  to  the  Casa  (irande,  is  translated  in  SrhndlcruJ'rs 
Arrli.,  vol.  iii.,  ]>.  'M)\;  and  I  lurt/i //'.•<  I'ns.  \iir.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  'JSJ-'J. 

'  '  N'  vimos  toda  la  vivienda  lUd  edilieio  (|iie  es  muy  ;;rande  de  ijuatio  altos, 
I'liailradas  las  ]iaredes  y  muy  ;^ruesas  eomo  dc  dos  varas  de  aiiclio  del  dii'ho 
laiici  lilauco,  y  auunm.'  estos  jentiles  1o  han  (pieniado  distintas  veces,  se  ven 
1"~  i|iiatioaltos,  (Niii  hue  I  las  >al  as,  a  pose  lit  OS  y  ven  tanas  cnriosauiente  eiiili, 


|ior  ( 


lentr 


()  y  tuera  de  maiieia  ijue  estau  l.is  pareues  cncaladas  y  lisas 


)Ioradi 


iata> 
"  I.I 


i>arri)  alj^o  eo 

or  fuera  once  easas  alL;o  nieiion 


puertas  iiiuy  pari'jas 


Ti 


uniiieu  hav  innie- 


s  f; 


iiiricailas  con  la  iiropia  cm  insula 


ih 


\:vl 


y 


vlt; 


IS. 


.  .V  on  laiLTo  distrito  se  \e  niu 


■hal 
h 


prop 
osa  iiueliiaila  y  \i 


r.  !aniliieii  se  ve  tina  seiiuia  niaestra  de  die/,  \aras  lU'  am  Im  y  i|iiatiii  de 
in  hordi)  muy  j,niieso  hechn  de  la  misnia  tierra  ipie  \a  ii  la  casa  pur 


illl.    V   I 


litriiiil,  in  Ih)!-.  J//s/.  .lA'  »'.,  sihie  iii.,  toiu.  iv.,  p.  SOi. 


ill  M 


'idri'  (Jarces  savs, 


m   this  river  is  situated  the  house  which  they 


"teznma's,  and  many  other  ruins  of  other  edilices  with  \eiy  many 


iiM-iiients  ot  pottery 


)otn  iiaiii 


■It  III. 


Ml 


I  h 


ited 


lllc 


pi; 


iin. 


From  what  1  afli 


d.- 


lave  formed  a  vevv  dill'erent  idea  from  that  which  1  hiforo 


'iileii.iineil  respecting;  tliese  hiiil 


Oilli 


Dor.    Hisf.   .1/c 


iliii>:s,    1 
sc^rie  II.,  lom.  i. 


i'ferrin;;  to   I'adre  I'mil  for  luoit 


If. 


I' 


>nt 


acciiunt    Is  sul)- 


-i.uiii.iily  ii-i  followjj;— 'Wo  carefully  e.s.i.iiuued  this  etlilice  and   its   mius 


■ill 


ill 


i  !B 


;i" '  i 


i  Mi 


024 


ANTliil  ITir.S  OF  AKI/(»NA  AND  NiAV  MKXKd. 


/'/,./- 


«»'ivon  with  the  translation,  hut  in  IJcauniont's  ( 
cii  (ff  Mrc/i(iiic<tii,  a  very  important  wtnk  ni'ViT  juili- 
lislii'd,  of  which  1  liave  a  <'t»|>y  made  from  the  oriL^iiial 
I'or  the  Mi'-vicau  Imjiei'ial  Lihraiy  of  Maximihaii,  1 
find  a  desei'iption  of  the  Casa  (Irande,  which  appears 
to  liavu  heen  (luoted  Hterallv  from  Font's  diarv.  and 
Avhich   also  contains  the  ground  plan  of    the    ruined 


eddice 


1    shall    n(»tice   hereaftei'  its  Aariations  tVon 


the  plan  which    I    shall  c'i)})y.''*     .V  hrief  account  \va.- 


.  Kr' 


lilt' ('cliiio.i^fnililiiciil  i)laii  (if  wliicli  I  licrc  lay  ilnwii  I'l'lic  iilaii  ilcics  nut  ac 


t'i>iii|>aiiy  tlif  translaliiiii, 


lilt  I 


111 


ami' 


an  ill  aiiiitlirr  MS,  w  lijch 


I 


ill 


sciiliy  iiii'iiti(iii|  ami  the  lictlcr  tci  uiiiiiTsiaiiil  it  1  j:i\f  I  lie  I'l 


lli;^'  ili'si'i'i|itiiiii  ami  <-\|ilaiialii>n 


111 


cic  fdllowN  an  ai'i'iiiiiil  uf  liic  In 


(It   the  ('a>.a  liy  I  lie  .\/.U 
Oil  liii'ir  wav  ill  Analiiiai 


ilii'ii  tin-   l>i'\il  It'll  tliciii  tliniU''li  til 


'rill-  Nile  iili  wliirli  tliis  li< 


I'M'  ri'i.'iuiis 
liiiilt  is  Mat  (HI 


ail  silk's  anil  at  tlu'  ilislaiirc  of  almnt  niif  Ica'Mic  fnnii  llu'  ri\i'r  ( iila.  ainl  tlir 


ruins  (if  ilic  lidiisi's  w  liicli  cciiniins 
tiiwaiils  the  I'.ast  ami  tlic  Canliiial 


il  t1 
|M(int> 


11^  tnwn  cxtriiil  inm 


II 


lan  a  l('a',:iii' 


ami  all  tlii^ 


ii-tialK 


il  will 


I  iiicccs  (I 


f 


'ts.  JU^'S.  I 


lat( 


ivc,  Minii'  (•iiininiiii  ami  ntlu'is  jiainli 


IC    WcHK   1.1 


.if  ilill'i 

till"  rinias.     A  I'ari'fiil  nu'asuii'inciit  inaiU'  willi  a  lame  sln.wt'il  thai   'll 


rent  (.'iiluiirs,  \\  liitc.  liliii",  rcil,'  \c.,  vciv  ilillcri'iit  fruni  tl 


ll 


iiiiisc  tiirnis  an  iiIiIuiil;  .si| 


anil  I'liiinil  ai" 


facing;  ('\ailly  tin-  fniir  ( 'ai'iliiial  iinint 


lint  it   tlii'ic  art'  niiiis  imlicatiii;;  a  fcnci'  nr  wall  wliirli  >iir- 


cnnicrs,  w  hiTi' 


nmnilril  tlic  limisi' ami  iitlicr  linililin,L,'s,  |)arliciilaily  in  tlic 

it  ainicars  lliat  tliciv  lias  lici'ii  sniiu'  cililiic  liUc  an  iiitcrinr  c; 

tiiwiT,  fur  in  tilt'  aii'Mi'  wlp  'li  fai'i's  tnwanls  tlic  S.  W.  there  stainls  a  ruin  w  illi 


stl 


e  nr  waii'l 


itsdi 


i\  isiiins  anil  an  ii]i|ier  story. 


Tl 


le  exterior  plaee  [iila/a|  extemls  frmii  N. 


to  S.   l-.*il  feet  ami  from   K.  to  W.  iVIO  feet.     Tlie  interior  of  tlic  li 


sists  of  live  halls,  tho  three  iiiiddk'  on 
trciiie  ones  longer.'     'J'lie  three  iniilill 


iiiL!  of  one  size  ainl  the  Iwr  ex- 


e  ones  are 


•_'i;   hv    10  feet, 


\\v 


others  ;>S  liy  I'J  feet,  ami  all    11  feet   lii>;h.     The  inner  iluurs  nre  of  npial 
size,  twohy  live  feet,  the  oilier  ones  lieiii;,' of  doiilile  widlll.     'I'lie  iniirl 


wal 


ue  four  feet  thiek  and  well  jilastered,  and  the  mityr  walls  six  feel  ilii 


Th 


house  is  70  hv  .")t)  feet,  tl 


le  walls  sloiiiii';-  somew 


hat 


on 


tl 


ll.'     IllllSllll', 


'i'x'fore  the   i'lastern   duorway.   sejiarate  frinii  the  house  there  is  aiioilur 
ImildiiiL',"    •_*()  hv    IS    feet. 


ithiint  eouiitiny;  the    thicUiie: 


o 


f  ll 


11'  \\a 


Tl 


le  tiniher,   it  appears,  was  ot    pino,  am 


1  Ih 


nearest   inoiilitaiii    lieari 


pine  is  at  the  distanee  of  "J,")  lea,i,'ues;  it  likewise  hears  some  nn'ziiiiit 


All 


the  huildin^-  is  of  earth,  and  aei-ordiii;;  to  appearances  the  walls  are  Imill  in 
lioxi's  I  mollies]   of  diirerent  sizes.     A   trench    leads   from    the    river  at  a 


wn  was  snp|ilieil  with  water;  it  is  now  iicarlv 
inried  up.      Finally,  it  is  perceptihlc  that  the  I'.dilice  lud  three  stories,  ;inil 


ll  distance,  hy  which  the  to 
iinried 


if  il  he  true  what  the  Indians  say  it  had  4,  the  h'-t   liein;;  a  kind  of 


•  Ull- 


terraiican  vault.      l''iir  tl 


10  iiuriiose  o 


:lit  to  the  rooms,  nothiii''  w 


seen  Imt  the  doors  and  some  roiind  holes  in  the  middle  of  the  walls  whii 


ll 


face  III  the  l-'ast  and  West,  and  the  Indians  said  that  the  I'rince  wliniii  iIk'V 


louj;!!  these  hole 


(whirl 


I  are 


it  stairs  remain,  ainI  wi' 


call  the  "  hitter  man"'  used  to  salute  the  siiii  th 

jiieity  lar;,'e)  at  iN  risin;f  ami  setiiii;,'.     No 

therefiire  snp]iose  that   they  must   have  heen  of  wood,  and  that  tlicy  wnv 

destroyed  when  the  hnildini,'  was  luiriit  hy  the  Apaches,'  Font's  .Juuiiinl, 


MS.,  pp.  8-10;  also  (Hinted  in   liurtlrli's  J'ir.i.   X( 


ll. 


lis,.  F 


'h  translation  in  'J\ 


itiix-CuiiijKtns 


V 


I'l'-  r 


's-Sii; 


serie  i.,  tom.  i\. 


^  JJdtui/iuiif,  Croii.   Ma'hijaciiii,    MS.,   jip.  oOt-S.     See  an  ahriilgcl 


.KXU"t>. 


ArTiioijiTiKs  (»\  Tin;  casa  ckandi: 


(ij  > 


lout  s   (  'riii.i- 
i   la'Vi'i'  luili- 
i  the  oriuiiial 
[iixiniiliiin.  I 
•hicli  MpiHais 
t's  diary,  and 
f    tlu)   ruiiud 
[.riiitioiis  tVom 
accovuit   was 

Jllall    l\oV^    lint    111- 
llinllliT    MS.   wliiih 

it    1    M-ixc   the   InllnW- 

inii  ipf  till'  liiiililiiiL; 
r(iil;,'li  tlit'M'  ifi^iiiM-. 
sf  is  liiiilt  is  tiat  HU 
!■  river  (lilii,  mihI  iln' 
limn'  tliiui  a  lca;:iie 
land  i-^  iiartiail>  ici\- 
1  ami  i.tlu-rsiiainlnl 
it  I'roiu  till"  sM'ik  Ml 
I.  slii.wfcl  thai   Mhc 
('anlinal  jMiinN      . 
.  or  wall  wliii  h  >nr- 
1  tlio  niriiiTs,  ulinc 
.ritir  castli-  nr  waiiii- 
L'  staiuls  a  mill  willi 
a]  I'xH'iHlsfrdiii  N. 
ot'  llic  lii'iiM'  "■•■>i>- 
zi"  aii'l  tlif  twi  fX- 
10   tV.'t,   aiul  tin' 
(U)urs  nrc  «i  I'ipial 
I.     'I'lii-  iiiiu'i«alN 
rails  six  feet  tlii''l<. 
at  oil    till!   iiiil>iili'. 
it'  tliiTo  is  aiinlli.T 
kiicss  of  till-  vvalls. 
iiii.iiiitaiii   lirariiiu' 

Mil'  iiu'/tiiii'i'      •''" 
,e  walls  aivUii ill  111 

.)m  the  livfi-  at  ;v 
tor;  it  isiiowii.Milv 
;,l  tliive  stoi-ii-.aii.l 
iuj;  a  kind  "I  >"'.'• 
u-  riMiiiis,  nothing;  '•* 
„f  till'  walls  whiHi 
■  rriiH'c  wlimii  tiioy 
iVso  holes  (wUiiliave 

lirs  ri'iiiaiii.  ai»l  «^' 
anil  that  tlu'V  "»'i)' 
s.'  Font's  ,l""fi,"l. 

..1.  ii.,  vv-  ->-^"- 

i-ie  i.,  toni.  IN  ,  1'!'- 
si'c  an  ubriilgi'l  :>'^'- 


ir 


oivcii  in  till'  I'm/o  /\ns<ii/it,  written  alioiit  I7<')I.  and 
liv  \'('lardc:  ill  his  imtici'  u\'  the  IMiiitTia,  wi'itton 
jii'ohaliiy  toward  the  close  nl"  the  ei^iitetiitli  ceiitniT; 
liiit  neitiier  ot'  these  desci'iptioiis  contained  ;iny  nd- 
dilional  inrorniatioii,  haviiii;'  heeii  made  u]»  proh.ilijy 
tVoin   the   |irei'edin^'."' 

i-'inally  the  ( "asa  (Ji'ande  liaslieen  visited,  slcetihed, 
aid  descrihed  hy  l^nioiy  and  dohnstoii,  connected 
with  (Jen.  Keai'iiv's  militarv  expedition  to  ('alirornia 
ill  IS-K);  hv  JJartlett  with  the  Mexican  JJoiindarv 
(  oniniission  in  I.S;")2;  and  hv  Uoss    iirowno  in  iSCt."!.'* 

The  descriptions  of  ditK'reiit  writers  tlo  not  <liHer 
Very  materially  one  tVoni  another,  J^artlett's  aiiioiii^ 
the  latei",  and  Font's  of  the  earlier  accounts  heinn'  the 
must  conipK'te.  Fi-oin  all  the  authorities  1  make  uj) 
the  t'ollowinn"  descri|)tion,  althuUL;li  the  extracts  which 
I  have  already  ,i;iveu  include  nearly  all  that  can  he 
slid  on  the  suhject.  Tlu^  Casa  Grande  stands  ahout 
two  miles  and  a  halt"  south  of  tlie  hank  of  the  (lila; 

I'liiiil  from  the   same  sonn'o  in   PifJiUn,   Coiuj.    .V.   QnVirtu,  'MS.,   j).    !•_'."); 

Al'iirii-i/d^   ('niiiicil    Srrdjii'tl,   ]i[i.  -Ki'J-.'l. 

^^' SoiKini,  lliiilii  Kiisin/it,  \\\\.  lM-'.(;  same  also  in  Ikir.  Ui\l.  Mi.r.,  sirio 
iii.,  tmii.  iv.,  |i]i.  ."id.'M;  I'r/nn/r,  Jiisfn'/i.  ili;  la  J'iiinrid,  in  /''/<•.  lli.t/. 
M'A.  si'iii'  iv.,  tcini.  i.,  ]p|i.  :<(>•_*-.'{.  'I'iiis  author  speaks  of  'aluiinas  naredes 
il''  nil  ;4;iaii  estani|iii',  lieelio  li  inaiiii  ile  eal  y  eaiito.'  Similar  anoiint  in 
M'  trr,  Ili'.f/.  Ciiiii/).  (Ir  ,/iniis,  toiii.  ii.,  |i]i.  '-Ml-l'J. 

"  F.iiiiirifs  Ili'i'iiin(i>insiuivi\  |)|i.  .Sl-Ii;  •lulnislon's  Jniiniiil,  in  A/.,  ]i|i. 
."lUT-liail;  Uriiirid's  .l/iiif/ir  Cii/i/ifr//,  jip.  II  l-'Jl;  Harthit's  J'irs,  Xiir., 
Ml),  ii.,  u\>.  '271-81.  Other  authorities,  eciiitainiii;;,  I  lielieM",  in.  original 
iiifiiriiiation,  are  as  follows:  lliniiliiiUlt,  I'Limd  I'nL,  \i\\.  'J'.t7-t>;  lUilthrni'a 
■  \iii\  Aiiicr.,  ]}.  82;  Mn/nts,  K.r/i/nr. ,  toni.  ii.,  \t.  'MW;  (iutiifrit,  in  I'rrsrott, 
lli-il.  ('i)iii/.  .!/('.'•.,  toni.  iii.,  \>.  lit;  Mm/rr's  Mrr,  ArJn\  rlc,  vol.  ii.,  p.  ',\W\ 


witlicilt;  III.,  Dlisn-riilliiiis.  p.   I.");   /-/.,    M 


ill  Itiiin'lniiirij.  Ilisf.  Xitt.  dr.,  toiii. 


(-.,/ 


\>.  (>s-<»;  /;, 


1' 


1!»7 


ill 


.',/, 


'.•M);  Ii 

(liiiil. 


rii.ssi  iir 
>i. 


'si'liiwtnti,  .'^/iiinii 


'SC-S; 


J)n 


.l-frlc.   S/if.,  p.   ■_".I7;  Cliffs'  Coil'/,  iif 


p|i.  ,{ll'.l-l  1:   l.iifiinil,   I'lii/iiiiis,  toiii. 


(7('.v  /hsf-rls,  V(d.   i.,   ]ip.   :iSl-4;  Mullln 


p.  \'l;  1. 1  III  if. s  A  I 


1' 


ir);   /. 


iirniii  iii/iiri 


Ii, 


7 
Ml 


iiiir- 


■  I.,  torn.  VI. 


1..     l.-):i:    Mill's   Hi  si.    M, 


il  \V.  /..  p]..  ISil  I;    Miilfi-I'.nni,  /'. 


,!,■  Ill 


l!>'_'-:!;    Mmiilli^ 


I'   I7ii;  Miililiii/i/nnlf,  Mrjini,   foiii.  ii.,  ]it  ii.,  ]))>.  4:i.")-(i;   Miillii 


I ' rri  liifi 


t  'III. 


]).  .")l{.';   lliilliitiii,  ill  Xi 


rill- 


Ai 


ilisilis    V 


IS.-.  I, 


•wxi.,  pp.  "JSl-ti,   'H\\;  Frill  liil,   A  lis  Ai, 


■■ii's  Ilisf.  (dill  Irriiij.    Mr 


V^v-r 


I'i' 


Si; 


Cill.  Srrii/i-lliiiil,;    ]i.    (ill'.);   Iluli 


III.,   A  I 

'li  II. ton's 


toni.  it.,  ]ip.   l.'il  '1:  <! 
lit   Mr.r.,    \id.    i.. 


Ciil., 


Mr.r.    firiiif.,    Jliilrfiii,   tDtll.    xi.,    ]>.    !•()•,    Tlii 


.p. 


!t:M; 

.Mr.i;l,„ 


I'm,,  l/E 


cl  L'Ai 


VV- 


I.SS-!»;    /.' 
'I'i;   Sill 


il.rfiiii, 
I'm 


ill  a; 


rllr 


1(14; 


117;  J  fr- 
it lis  ilr.i 


I 'In 


Ai 

rlr.  .Ian.   1"), 


lS,-)(»,  toni.   exxvi.,  pp.  40,  4( 

<rli,„ilfriiff's  Arrli.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  "J'.Ut-IJOO;  II lujlir.s  Jluniplnni's  Ex.,  p. 

v.. I,.   IV.     4  0 


l>.i\ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


J^^IIIM    in 


IM    IIIII22 

m  ""^ 

1110   mil  2.0 


1-4    ill  1.6 


V] 


•c*l 


m 


% 


<?. 


<m>  .> 


/: 


7 


/A 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


V 


^v 


-^ 


\\ 


^9>     ..    o 


#> 


6^ 


V 


^\J^^ 


'%'■ 


\ 


o, 


^' 


<"   ^x 


i/.A 


<,. 


626         ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 

— that  is  all  the  early  writers  call  the  distance  about 
a  league ;  Bartlett  and  Emory  say  nothing  of  the  dis- 
tance, and  Ross  Browne  says  it  is  half  an  hour's  ride. 
The  Gila  valley  in  this  region  is  a  level  bottom  of 
varying  width,  with  nearly  perpendicular  banks  of 
earth.  Opposite  the  ruin  the  bottom  is  about  a  mile 
wide  on  the  southern  bank  of  the  river,  and  the  ruin 
itself  stands  on  the  raised  plateau  beyond,  surrounded 
by  a  thick  growth  of  mesquite  with  an  occasioiuil 
pitahaya.  The  height  and  nature  of  the  ascent  From 
the  bottom  to  the  plateau  at  this  particular  point  are 
not  stated;  but  from  the  fact  that  acequias  are  re- 
ported leading  from  the  river  to  the  buildings,  it  wnuld 
seem  that  the  ascent  must  be  very  slight  and  gradual. 
The  appearance  of  the  ruins  in  18G3  is  shown  in 
the  cut  as  sketched  by  Ross  Browne.  Other  sketches 
by  Bartlett,  Emory,  and  Johnston,  agree  very  well 
with  the  one  given,  but  none  of  them  indicate  the 
presence  of  the  mesquite  forest  mentioned  in  ^Ir 
Bartlett's  text.  The  material  of  the  buildings  is 
adobe,^-  that  is,  the  ordinary  mud  of  the  locality  mixed 
with  gravel.  Most  writers  say  nothing  of  its  color, 
although  Bernal  in  1G97  pronounced  it  'white  clay,' 
and  Johnston  also  says  it  is  white,  probably  with  an 
admixture  of  lime,  which,  as  he  states,  is  abundniit  in 
the  vicinity.  Mr  Hutton,  a  civil  engineer  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  ruins,  assured  Mr  Simpson  that  the 
surroundin<f  earth  is  of  a  reddish  color,  although  hv 
reason  of  the  pebbles  the  Casa  has  a  whitish  ap- 
pearance in  certain  reflections.  Tliis  matter  of  cuidi 
is  of  no  great  importance  except  to  prv>ve  the  iden- 
tity of  the  building  with  Castaneda's  Cliichilticali', 
which  he  expressly  states  to  have  been  built  of  led 


•*  Adobes  arc  properly  sun-dric<l  hricks  without  any  particular  rofcniK >; 
to  the  exact  (juality  or  proiiortions  of  the  iiiyrctlicutH,  many  varictio  it 
earth  or  clay  heiui;  tMuplovcil,  accconliii}^  to  tiie  locality  and  tiie  iiatmi'  nf 
tiie  structure,  with  or  without  a  mixture  of  straw  or  ))el)l»lcM.  Hiit  adul"' 
is  a  very  convenient  word  to  indicate  tiie  material  itself  without  nfirciin' 
to  the  form  and  size  of  its  blocks  or  tlie  exact  nature  of  its  ingredients;  ami 
Bueh  a  use  of  the  word  Heem»  allowaljle. 


CASA  GRANDE  OF  ARIZONA. 


627 


'"■»,,  I   ri^  . 


jtches       ■ 

r 

f  well       H 
je  the       H 

u   :Mr      ■ 

c 

■ 

£. 

mixed       H 
color,       ■ 
cluv,'       H 

f 

ith  an       ■ 

ant  in       H 

ull  ac-       ■ 

lat  the       ■ 

o-h  hy       H 

>h   ap-       ■ 

H 

idea-       ■ 

tieale,       H 

of  red      1 

-<>fi'ri'iu'>'        ^M 

H 

^M 

lit   Mllil'"'             ^1 

ut^;  ainl        ^1 

628         ANTIQUITIP:.S  of  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 

earth."  The  material  instead  of  being  formed  into 
hinjiil  rectangular  or  brick-shaped  blocks,  as  is  cus- 
tomary in  all  Spanish  American  countries  to  this  day, 
seems  in  this  aboriginal  structure  to  have  been  nicjldtd 
— perhaps  by  means  of  wooden  boxes — and  dried 
where  it  was  to  remain  in  the  walls,  in  blocks  of 
varying  size,  but  generally  four  feet  long  by  two  feet 
ill  width  and  thickness.  The  outer  surface  of  the 
walls  was  plastered  with  the  same  material  wliich 
constituted  the  blocks,  and  the  inner  walls  were  hard- 
finished  with  a  finer  composition  of  the  same  nature, 
which  in  many  parts  has  retained  its  smooth  juid 
even  polished  surface.  Adobe  is  a  very  durable  build- 
ing-material, so  long  as  a  little  attention  is  given  to 
repairs,  but  it  is  really  wonderful  that  the  walls  of 
the  Casa  Grande  have  resisted,  uncared  for,  the  rav- 
ages of  time  and  the  elements  for  over  three  hun- 
dred years  of  known  age,  and  of  certainly  a  century 
— ])erhaps  nuicli  more — of  pre-Spanisli  existence. 

The  buildings  that  still  have  upright  walls  arc 
t'lree  in  number,  and  in  the  largest  of  these  both  the 
exteri<>»'  and  interior  walls  are  so  nearly  perfect  jis  to 
show  accurately  not  only  the  original  form  and  size, 
but  the  division  of  the  interior  into  apartments.  Its 
dimensions  on  the  ground  are  fifty  feet  from  north  to 
south,  by  forty  feet  from  east  to  west.  The  outer 
wall  is  about  five  feet  thick  at  the  base,  dimiuisliiiin- 
slightly  towards  the  top,  in  a  curved  line  on  the  exte- 
rior, but  per})endicular  on  the  inside."  The  inteiioi 
is  divided  by  j)artition  walls,  slightly  tliiinier  than 
the  others,  into  five  apartments,  as  shown  in  the  ac- 
companying ground  [dan  taken  from  Bartlett.  Fonts 
])lan  given  by  Beaumont  agrees  with  this,  except  that 
additional  doors  are  represented  at  the  points  nuiiked 


"  Snu'fhsnnifin  lirpt.,  1800,  p.  320;  Castnilcdn,  in  Trriinux-C'ouipiuis, 
Voif.,  s('tu'  i.,  toin.  ix..  |)j».  41,  KU-'i. 

"  ;i(i  l)y  "21  ]iiU'i'.s,  MiiiKjc,  ill  Dor.  Hist.  Mtr.,  sihie  iv.,  toiii.  !.,  y.  '1'>'M 
7  )  l»v  .^>0  fi'i't,  tmtiT  Willis  0  fei't  thick,  iiiiu-r  t  feet,  Fdiil'.i  Jinininl.  MS., 
J)  ).  8-'.»;  walls  hctwciMi  \  and  .'">  foot  \\\\c\.  /hir//r//\t  /',/x  Xxr.,  \'<\.  ii., 
j>.  '27-;  GO  fi'ot  siiiiaiv,  Emoiy'is  liicoiiiioi.smdicr,  p.  SI. 


CASA  GKAXDE  OF  AUIZUNA. 


ti2'J 


Ground  I'liin  of  the  Casa  Grande. 

with  a  dot,  .and  no  doorway  is  indicated  at  n.  The 
tlirco  central  rooms  are  each  about  eight  hy  fourteen 
feet,  and  the  others  ten  by  thirty-two  feet,  as  nearly 
as  may  be  estimated  from  Bartlett's  j)lan  and  tiie 
statements  of  other  writers.*'  The  doors  in  the 
centre  of  each  fai^-ado  are  three  feet  wide  and  five  feet 
\\\\i\\,  and  somewhat  narrower  at  the  to]>  than  at  the 
huttom,  exce[)t  that  on  the  "western  front,  which  is 
two  by  seven  or  eii^ht  feet.  There  are  some  small 
windows,  both  stjuare  and  circular  in  the  outer  and 
inner  walls.  Tiie  followinjjf  cut  shows  an  elevation  of 
the  side  and  end,  also  from  Bartlett.*^ 


€>     a 


o 


Elevations  of  the  Casa  (Jraiidf. 

Tvemains  of  floor  timbers  show  that  the  main  walls 
wore  three  stories  hi.u'h,  or,  as  the  lower  rooms  are 
ir presented  by  Yowi  as  about  ten  English  feet  hi'^h, 
alumt  thirty  feet  in  height;  while  the  central  portion 

15  Central  rooms,  Sfiliv  10  feet;  the  others  38  bv  \'2  feet.  Fmirs  Jmirntil, 
Ms.,  y.  <). 

'"  It  will  he  noticed  that  althonjjh  y\r  Bartlett  speaks  of  an  entrance  in 
tile  cciitreof  eiicli  side,  his  |ilan  sliows  none  in  the  south.  'II  n"e.\iste  point 
ill'  [lortes  au  re/.-de-ehauss'ie.'  Mofnis,  Explur.,  toin.  ii.,  p.  3G1. 


630        ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


is  eight  or  ten  feet — probably  one  story — higher, 
Mr  Bartlett  judged  from  the  mass  of  debris  witliiu 
that  the  main  building  had  originally  four  stories; 
but  as  the  earliest  visitors  speak  of  three  and  four 
stories — some  referring  to  the  central,  others  appar- 
ently to  the  outer  portions — there  would  seem  to  be 
no  satisfactory  evidence  that  the  building  was  over 
forty  feet  high,  although  it  is  possible  that  the  outer 
and  inner  walls  were  originally  of  the  same  height. 
Respecting  the  arrangement  of  apartments  in  the 
upper  stories,  there  is  of  course  no  means  of  judging, 
all  the  floors  having  fallen.  There  may,  however, 
have  been  additional  partition  walls  resting  on  the 
floors,  and  tiiese  may  have  helped  to  make  up  the 
diibris  noticed  by  Mr  Bartlett.  The  floors  were  evi- 
dently supported  by  round  timbers  four  or  five  inches 
in  diameter,  inserted  in  the  walls  and  stretching 
across  the  rooms  at  regular  intervals.  The  holes 
where  the  beams  were  placed,  and  in  many  cases  the 
ends  of  the  beams  themselves  are  still  visible.  At 
the  time  of  Padre  Kino's  visit  one  floor  in  an  adjoin- 
ing ruin  was  still  perfect,  and  was  formed  by  cross- 
sticks  placed  upon  the  round  floor-timbers  and  cov- 
ered with  a  thick  cake  of  mud,  or  adobe."  No  marks 
of  any  cutting  instrument  were  noticed  by  any  visitor 
except  Mr  Browne,  who  says  "the  ends  show  very 
plainly  marks  of  the  blunt  instrument  \7ith  wJiich 
they  were  cut — probably  a  stone  hatchet."*^  The 
timbers,  of  cedar,  or  sahino,  show  by  their  chaned 
ends  that  the  interior  was  ruined  by  fire;  and  Joliii- 
ston  found  other  evidences  that  the  walls  had  been 
exposed  to  great  heat.*"  Nothing  seems  more  natural 
than  that  the  building  should  have  been  burne<l  by 
some  band  of  Apaches.  No  traces  of  stairways  have 
been  found  even  by  the  earliest  visitors ;  so  that  tlie 
original   means   of    communication   with    the   u\>[M' 


•7  Mnnffe,  Itincrario,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mcx.,  s^rie  iv.,  torn,  i.,  pp.  282.3. 

18  lirowne's  Apache  Country,  p.  118. 

•9  Johnston,  in  Emory's  Hcconnoissance,  p.  598. 


CASA  GRANDE. 


681 


stories  may  be  reasonably  supposed  to  have  been 
wooden  ladders,  still  used  by  the  Pueblo  natives  in 
Imildings  not  very  unlike  what  this  must  orij^inally 
have  been.  Mr  Bartlett  and  also  Johnston  found  and 
sketched  some  rude  figures  painted  in  red  lines  on 
the  smooth  wall  of  one  apartment,  but  which  had 
disappeared  at  the  time  of  Mr  Browne's  visit. 

The  descriptions  of  successive  explorers  show  clearly 
the  gradually  increasing  effects  of  ti'-^^ie  and  the  ele- 
ments on  this  ruin;  from  Browne's  sketch  it  would 
seem  that  the  walls,  undermined  at  the  base  by  the 
yearly  rains,  as  is  always  the  case  with  neglected 
adobe  structures,  must  soon  fall;  although  I  learned 
from  a  band  of  Arizona  natives  who  visited  San 
Francisco  in  1873  that  the  Casa  was  still  standing. 
When  the  adobe  walls  have  once  fallen,  they  will 
refjuire  but  one  or  two  seasons  to  crumble  and  be- 
come reduced  to  a  shapeless  mound  of  mud  and 
H'ravel ;  as  has  been  the  case  with  most  of  the  eleven 
otlier  buildings  reported  here  by  the  first  comers,  and 
the  existence  of  which  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt. 

Of  the  additional  casas  seen  by  Kino  and  others  no 
particular  description  was  given,  save  that  Font  de- 
srriht's  one  of  them  as  measuring  twenty-six  by 
eiii^liteen  feet  on  the  ground.  Only  two  of  them  show 
any  remains  of  standing  walls,  one  on  the  south-west 
and  the  other  on  the  north-east  of  the  Casa  Grande. 
The  standing  portions  of  the  former  seemed  to  indi- 
cate a  structure  similar  in  plan  to  the  chief  edifice, 
altliough  much  smaller;  the  latter  is  of  still  smaller 
dimensions  and  its  remains  convey  no  idea  of  its  orig- 
inal form.  "  In  every  direction,"  says  Mr  Bartlett, 
"as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  are  seen  heaps  of  ruined 
editiees,  with  no  portions  of  their  walls  standing,"  and 
flange.  Kino,  and  Font  observed  also  shapeless  heaps 
covering  the  plain  for  a  distance  of  two  leagues. 

Father  Font  found  "ruins  indicating  a  fence  or 
wall  which  surrounded  the  house  and  other  buildings," 
mentioning  a  ruin  in  the  south-west  angle  which  had 


632       ANTIQUITIES  OF  AUIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 

diviHioiis  and  an  upper  story.  Tliis  corner  striutr.ie 
rnay  be  the  same  that  has  been  mentioned  as  standin'^- 
south-west  of  the  Casa  Grande,  and  Font  very  hkrly 
mistook  the  heaps  of  fallen  houses  for  the  remains  of 
a  wall,  since  no  such  wall  was  seen  by  Kino  and 
Mani^e.  The  dimensions  of  this  supposed  wall,  four 
hundred  and  twenty  feet  from  north  to  south,  and 
two  hundred  and  sixty  feet  from  east  to  west,  muiv 
erroneously  applied  by  Arricivita  and  Humboldt,  fol- 
lowed by  others,  to  the  Casa  Grande  itself,  an  encjr 
which  has  given  a  very  exaggerated  idea  of  the  size 
of  that  edifice.^ 

Traces  of  acequias  are  mentioned  by  all  as  occurring 
frequently  in  the  vicinity,  especially  in  the  Gila  I'ot- 
tom  between  the  ruins  and  the  Pima  villages.  No 
plan  or  accurate  description  of  these  irrigating  woiks 
has  been  given.  Probably  they  were  simple  shallow 
ditches  in  the  ground,  still  traceable  at  some  i)oints. 
Mange  describes  the  main  canal  as  twenty-seven  fcrt 
wide,  ten  feet  deep,  capable  of  carrying  half  tlu; 
water  of  the  Gila,  and  extending  from  the  river  for  ii 
circuit  of  three  leagues  round  the  ruins.  Consideiiny- 
the  gciieral  conformation  of  the  bottom  and  platiiui 
in  this  part  of  the  Gila  valley,  it  seems  imjmssiUlu 
that  a  canal  ten,  or  even  twenty,  feet  deej)  could  liuvo 
reached  the  level  of  the  river,  or  that  so  grand  an 
acequia  should  have  escaped  the  notice  of  later  ex- 
plorers. 

The  miscellaneous  remains  near  the  Casa  Grande, 
besides  the  mounds  formed  by  fallen  houses,  the  irri- 
gating ditches,  and  the  fragments  of  pottery  stn  wii 
over  the  adjacent  country  in  the  greatest  profu>^inn, 
are  two  in  number.  The  first  is  a  circular  embank- 
ment, three  hundred  feec  in  circumference,  situated 
about  six  hundred  lieet  north-west  from  the  chief  ruin. 
Its  heiorht  and  material  are  not  stated,  but  it  is  nn- 
doubtedly  of  the  surrounding  earth.     Johnston  oon- 

*<>  Arricivita,  Crdnica  Serdfica,  pp.  402-3;  Humboldt,  Essui  Pol.,  torn,  i., 
r.  297. 


MISCELL.WEOrs  HEMAIN'S. 


siders  it  a  fillcd-up  well;  wliilo  Bartlett  pronounces 
the  circle  a  simple  corral,  or  enclosure  for  stock,  al- 
though of  course  it  could  not  have  been  built  in 
aliori^inal  times  for  such  a  purpose.  The  second 
monument  is  only  a  few  yards  north  of  the  circle,  and 
is  described  by  Johnston,  the  only  one  who  mentions 
its  existence,  as  a  terrace  nieasurinoc  about  three 
hundred  by  two  hundred  feet  and  five  feet  high. 
Resting  on  the  terrace  is  a  pyramid  ordy  eight  feet 
jiigh,  but  having  a  summit  platform  seventy-five  feet 
s(|uare,  atibrding  from  the  top  a  broad  view  up  and 
down  the  valley.  A  nrt)re  complete  survey  of  this 
j>yiamid  would  be  very  desirable,  not  that  there  is 
uiiy  reason  to  (juestion  Mr  Johnston's  reliability  as 
an  exjdorer,  but  because,  as  will  be  seen,  this  mound, 
it'  it  be  not  like  the  rest,  formed  by  fallen  adobe  walls, 
together  with  the  circular  embankment,  ])resent  a 
jiuirked  contrast  to  all  other  monuments  of  the  New 
Mexican  group.''^ 

Sedelmair  and  Velarde  speak  rather  vaguely  of  a 
reservoir,  or  tank,  six  leagues  southward  of  the  Gila, 
which  was  one  hundred  and  ten  by  one  lunidred  and 
sixty-tive  feet,  with  walls  of  adobe  *or  of  masonry.' 

A  few  miles  further  up  the  river,  westward  from 
the  Casa  Grande,  and  on  the  opposite  or  noi-thern 
side  Padre  Kino's  party  saw  a  ruined  edifice,  and 
three  men  were  sent  across  to  examine  it.  They 
found  some  walls  over  tliree  feet  thick  still  standing, 
and  other  heaps  of  ruins  in  the  vicinity  showing  tliat 
a  large  town  had  once  stood  on  the  site.  Emory 
tonnd  there  onl}''  a  "pile  of  broken  ])ottery  and  found- 
ation stones  of  the  black  basalt,  making  a  mound  about 

''  JiJni/iton,  in  Emon/'s  Rrrnntioinsmice,  p.  59S. 

2- '  Hiil)ia  taiiibieii  weis  luguim  distiiiite  (fel  rio  hilcia  el  Siir,  iin  al;,'ivi' 
(le  a,i,'iiii  lit'cho  d  niaiio  mas  que  euailratlo  6  paralcio,  j,'ramle  de  sesciita 
viiras  (le  largo  y  cuarciitinle  aiiclii*;  sua  hordos  parccian  paredes  6  pretil 
lit'  aij;amasa  o  cal  y  canto,  scgnn  lo  fuerte  y  dun>  del  material,  y  por  sus 
cuatro  angnlos  tienc  sus  imertas  por  donde  se  conduce  y  ftc  recoge  el  ajxiia 
lliivL'iiiza.'  Se.iiclinair,  Rcweion,  in  Doc.  Hint.  Mcu:,  uMa  iii.,  tom.  iv.,  p. 
SIS.  ' Sc  ven  algunas  jjaroles  de  un  gran  estanque,  liecho  d  niano  dc  <al 
y  liiiito,  y  una  aeeciuia  de  low  inismos  nuiteriales.'  Velarde,  in  Id.,  serie 
iv.,  toni.  i.,  p.  3(32. 


•n 


ill         ANTlgriTIKS  OK  AIMZONA  AND  NKW  MKXU'O. 

ton  fVvt"  liijjfh.^''  Still  fUrthor  wost,  lu-ar  tlu'  I'iiii.i 
vill.'iyfi's,  .lolnistoii  rouiul  unotluu'  t'irfular  t'tulosurc, 
and  also  what  lio  cniUh  a  immiul,  iiinoty  Ity  a  IiuikIicmI 
ami  Hl'ty  toot,  and  six  toot  l»i,i,'li,  havinyf  a  low  ttrnuv 
of  sixty  by  tliroo  Imnilrod  toot  on  tl>o  oastorn  siil«',  all 
covorod  witli  looso  basaltic  rooks,  dirt,  and  pot  ton. 
I  oonsi<lor  it  not  iiniH>ssil»lo  that  this  mound  was 
t'onnod  l»y  the  walls  of  a  l>uildin<jf  whioh  assunud  a 
synunotrioal  shape  in  tallinij^.'^*  Sodohnair  sju^aks  ot' 
a  i^riHip  o(  niins  on  tiie  southern  hank  of  the  rtvor, 
twolvo  loajjfui's  holow  the  Casii  Grande;  but  no  later 
writer  mentions  such  remains.'" 


The  prinoipal  tributary  of  the  Gila  from  the  north 
is  the  llio  Salado,  or  Salinas,  the  mouth  «)f  wliiili  is 
bolow  the  C^isa  Grande,  i\nd  into  whioh,  noar  its 
mouth,  tlows  the  Kio  Verde,  or  Sun  Franoisoo.  Tlio 
Spaniards  soom  not  to  have  aacondod  those  streams, 
»)r  at  loast  not  to  have  disooverotl  any  ruins  in  tluir 
valleys.  The  ufuitlos,  however,  reported  to  the  mis- 
pionarios  the  oxistonoe  of  ruins  on  the  l\io  Vonlo.  in 
the  north,  similar  to  those  on  the  Gila.**  Sotlolinair 
also  disoovorod  in  1744,  the  ruins  of  a  lari»e  oilitioo 
and  several  smaller  ones  in  the  spaoo  between  tlio 
(lila  antl  Saladi)."  Velarde  speaks  of  ruined  buikl- 
iui^^s  of  three  stories  at  the  junction  of  the  rivers 
Salado  antl  Gila,  and  other  remains  at  the  juiutioa 
of  the  Salado  and  Verde. ^* 

*'  'Parodos  niuy  nltas  y  nnrlias  do  nms  tic  una  vara,  do  un  ^'iioro  dc 
Itiirro  lilaiu'o  iimy  fnorto,  ciia«lrmla,  y  iiiuy  ijmnilo.'  lii-riid/,  in  lim-.  Ilist. 
M'X.,  sorio  iii.,  toiii.  iv..  p.  SOI.  '  Parotlos  tlo  tlos  varas  do  ;;nios(>,  cunu)  iiii 
oastillo  y  otras  A  sus  oontoriios,  jhto  ttulo  do  fiUirioa  aiitiirua.'  Miunji ,  Itiir'- 
Vririo,  ill  /(/.,  sorio  iv.,  toin.  i.,  p.  282;  Soiiom,  liin/o  Eii.iiit/o,  p.  !'.»;  Hmnni'^ 
Ju'Coinioi.tsiiiKr,  p.  S3.  Whipple,  in  l'a<:  Ji.  H.  Jirpt.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  7."'.  ^poalMi 
of  a  oiroular  doprossion  in  the  earth  at  this  point. 

*•  Jo/iiistoii,  in  Kiiiori/'s  Jicconnoisnancf,  p.  (UK). 

»i  Siitilinnh;  J^c/ncion,  in  Doc.  Jlisf.  Mix.,  st^rie  iii.,  toni.  iv..  p.  SiT. 
There  is  no  foundation  whatever  for  the  8t«ten>ent  of  Mofras  that  in  ilii* 
ro>;ion  'en  fai.sant  des  fonilles  on  trouve  encore  des  idoles,  dos  potoiics.  dos 
amies,  et  des  niiroirs  en  nierre  indi  nonimes  ''..li.'  Explor.,  toin.  ii..  v  •*•''• 

**  I'ftn nii;  in  Hoc.  Hist.  J/«r.,  at^ric  iv.,  toni.  i.,  p.  34>.3. 

"  Sfiiiliiiair,  Jtilnci'oti,  in  Doc.  Hist.  Mex.,  serie  iii.,  toin.  iv.  p.  S47. 

w  Vilnnlc,  in  Dor.  Hist.  3/fx.,  si'rie  iv.,  torn,  i.,  pi>.  .l-kS.  .Sf).'?.  '  Po  otros 
cditicios  do  mas  cxteucion,  arte  y  siuictria,  he  oido  referir  al  Padre  Vgiuuio 


IJKMAINS  IN  THE  SALAIM)  VALLKY. 


C35 


A  <»'iiiilo  roportotl  to  Emory  a  rjiHJi  ii»  the  Siiliulo 
vallt-y,  rtmiploto  oxcopt  tho  Hikh'h  jiiul  nxA',  of  larjjfo 
iliiiitiisions,  with  ^luzod  walls,  and  tho  imprint  of  a 
iiakctl  foot  ill  the  iuIoIkj.*'  Ono  of  four  stoiio  axes 
shown  ill  a  out  to  ho  jj^ivon  later,  was  found  in  this 
villi y  and  skotfhod  hy  Whipple.*  Tho  Salado  ruitm 
lictwoen  tho  (iila  and  Verde,  on  tho  south  hanlv, 
aluiiit  thirty-fivo  miles  from  the  mouth,  were  exam- 
iiu'd  hy  Mr  Bartlett.  They  are  huilt  on  the  jdateau 
liivoml  the  river  Iwttoiii,  and  are  exelnsively  of  adoho. 
Tluy  are  voiy  numerous,  hut  consist  for  the  most 
part  of  shapeless  heaps  indicating;  the  location  of 
itiiildinijfs  and  lon«jf  lines  of  walls.  In  oidy  two  in- 
stances tlid  portions  of  standinuf  walls  remain;  heini:; 
ill  itiie  case  the  ruins  of  an  adoho  huildini*"  over  two 
liumlred  feet  lonsj  and  from  sixty  to  eitfhtv  feet  wide, 
taciiiLT  tho  cardinal  points,  and,  so  far  as  could  )e 
j  1(1^(1  hy  the  dehris,  three  or  four  stories  hii^fh;  tho 
iitluis  were  ahout  two  hundred  yards  distant,  and  rep- 
ivst-ntod  a  smaller  structure,  riiere  are  traces  of  a 
wall  which  appears  to  have  surrounded  the  lar<jrer 
Iniiltlinijf.  From  the  top  of  tho  princij)al  pile,  similar 
Ik-aps  of  ruins  may  he  seen  in  all  directions,  includ- 
ing;; a  ranufo  of  them  runninsj;  north  and  south  at  a 
tlistam'o  of  ahout  a  mile  eastward.  The  latter  were 
not  visited,  hut  were  said  hy  the  natives  to  he  similar 
ill  every  respect  to  the  others.  A  small  circular  en- 
dosiire,  whose  dimensions  are  not  jn-iven,  was  seen 
ainoiii;'  the  ruins,  and  there  were  also  excavations 
aloiio  the  sides  of  some  of  the  heaps,  as  if  they  had 
luniished  tho  material  for  tho  oriy;inal  structures.  In 
tho  liver  hottom  irrijifatinij;  canals  are  oi'  freijueiit  oc- 
iiirriiu'e,  one  of  them  from  twenty  to  twenty-tivo 
toot  wide  and  four  to  five  feet  deep,  formed  hy  cut- 
ting down  the  bank  of  the  plateau,  along  which  it 

Xavioi  Kfllor,  nniuiue  no  tcngo  prcaotitc  on  que  pamjc  do  siis  Apostolicas 
liirri-nis.'  Soiiont,  Jtiido  Enmii/o,  pp.  l*.)-'20. 

**  A-//())i/',s-  liccouiioi.isance,  pp.  87-8,  134;  Johnston,  in  Id.,  p.  (50();  Cjm- 
dnuiiliisi'  tnnrfu,  n.  3.">(>. 

^^  Whipple,  Ewoank,  and  Turner,  in  Pac.  R.  R.  Rept.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  45, 47. 


030 


ANTlgilTIKS  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NIAV  MKXICO. 


exteiuls  for  inaiiv  miluH.  The  wliolu  vicinity  ol'  tV' 
riiiiiH,  as  ill  the  (Jila  V^allov,  in  strewn  witli  fVauim ms 
of  earthen  ware.  These  earthen  ware  f'ra«^nieiits  r.iv 
of  a  very  uniform  eliaracter  throujj^liout  the  Niv 
Mexican  re<jfitin,  and  will  bo  illustrated  in  anotlitr 
part  of  this  chapter.^* 

TrajH)ers  and  natives  report  tliat  these  remains  (it;- 
tinuo  indeHnitely  up  the  valleys  of  l)')th  the  Said  • 
and  Verde.  A[r  Leroux,  ^vllo  served  as  ^iiide  to  .v^v 
oral  of  the  United  States  military  ex[»e(liti()ns,  pas^d 
up  the  Verde  valley  in  1854  on  his  way  fnnii  th. 
Gila  to  the  (Colorado  Chiquito,  ke('|>inn'  a  diniv. 
part  of  which  has  heen  printed.''^  lie  claim?^  to  have 
found  tile  river  haidvs  covered  in  many  jilnces  \\it!i 
ruins  of  st«)no  Luildins^s  and  hroken  ])()ttery.  Tin 
walls  were  of  solid  masonry  still  standinin'  iVoin  t,  n 
to  twent}'  feet  \ihj;h  in  two  stories,  three  feet  t'  i  k 
and  from  fifty  to  seventy-Hve  feet  lonf*-.  Except  i:i 
material  the  structures  were  not  unlike  the  ('as;i 
Grande  of  the  Ciila,  and  were  o-enerally  situatrd  in 
the  most  fertile  parts  of  the  valley,  surrounded  ly 
traces  of  acerpiias;  althor  h  in  one  instance  thi-  iiiiiis 
of  a  town  were  ten  miles  irom  the  nearest  water.  A 
complete  chani>e  of  buildinj^  material  within  so  slmrt 
a  distance  is  somewhat  extraordinary,  but  there  is  no 
other  reason  to  doubt  the  accuracy  of  this  re|Hirt, 
These  ruins  arc  not  very  far  from  Prescott  in  tin' 
north,  and  Fort  McDowell  in  the  south,  and  I  re-ivt 
not  having  beeti  able  to  obtain  from  otiicers  in  t!u 
Arizona  service  the  information  which  they  must  liavi 
acquired  respecting  those  remains,  if  they  actually 
exist,  during  the  past  ten  or  fifteen  years.*^ 

31  Utirffrf/'x  Prrs.  l^nr.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  242-8,  with  ii  cut  of  one  of  the  ]n\\]> 
of  ruiiiH.  MolllKtiisen,  TdijrLiirh,  )»i).  308-9.  Cuts  of  luiiuy  .'<in'ciiiii'ii>  "' 
jMtftorv  from  the  (Jila  Valiev,  in  Juhii/iloii,  in  Eiiiorifn  Jicruiuioi.sstiiK'.  |.p 
5%  ,()iM). 

ii  Whipple,  Eirbank,  and  Turner,  in  Pac.  R.  Ii.  Rrpt.,  vol.  iii.,  it  1^ 
15. 

33  Mr  Leroux  also  reported  to  Bartlctt  the  existence  in  tlic  Venlc  valliv 
of  heaps  of  debris  like  tliose  <in  the  Sahido.  BartlrtCs  Pits.  Xar.,  vnl.  ii . 
p.  247.  Mention  of  Verde  remains.  Wankii,  Rirhenhcs,  p.  70;  Mu'lhivi- 
sen,  Rciscii  in  die  Fclseiigeb.,  torn,  ii.,  pp.   140-2;  MiMenjifonlt,  M'jf'j. 


ITKIlho  CllKKK  AM)  THE  II'I'MU  GII.A. 


crj 


\Vliip])lo  (lesoriKes  some  ruiiiH  disoovorod  l>y  him  in 
IS;")!  (HI  l*ut'l)l()  ( 'reuk  u'm!  otlu  r  small  stieiims  which 
toiiii  the  hoiul  wjitors  of  the  V  cMo.  Thoy  consi.st  of 
wh.it  Hoem  to  have  houii  two  turtlHcd  fL'ttliiiuontH,  and 
a  third  suparato  fortification.  The  first  wa.s  an  ii*re<if- 
iiliir  stone  enclosure  on  the  top  of  a  hill  three  or  four 
Imiidied  feet  hiyh.  The  walls  were  from  eiiiht  to  tell 
\\v{  hii^di,  and  the  interior  was  divided  hy  partlf'on 
walls  five  feet  thick  into  difierent  com|)artmeMts.  ()'\ 
t'lf  sl()p(.'s  of  the  hill  were  traces  of  adohe  walls  with 
t  J  usual  abundance  of  hroken  pottery.  The  s-  ond 
\va>  located  i'l  a  fertile  sjiot  on  a  fork  of  the  J  ueblo 
Cvck,  and  coji:  isted  of  a  mass  of  stones,  six  fe«>t 
i!ii«k  and  several  feet  hii;h,  forming  a  scpiare  enclos- 
ing "fi'. ''  paces  in  the  clear."  'J'he  third  work  is 
situated  about  eii^ht  miles  further  west,  and  com- 
luaiids  what  is  known  as  Aztec  l\'iss.  It  is  an  en- 
I  losiire  one  hundred  feet  lonijf,  twentv-five  feet  wide 
;it  (Hie  end  and  twenty  at  the  other,  the  walls  being" 
tour  feet  thick  and  five  feet  in  height,  in  the  ab- 
sriu'o  (jf  any  definite  statement  on  the  subject  these 
iiiirthern  fortifications  are  j)resumed  to  be  of  rough, 
or  unhewn,  stones  without  nu^rtar.^ 

From  the  mouth  of  the  San  Pedro,  which  joins  the 
(lila  about  forty  miles  eastward  of  the  Casa  CJrande, 
uji  the  (Jila  valley  ea.stward,  ruins  of  ancient  edifices 
iiv  fVe(iuently  found  on  both  banks  of  the  river. 
Hiiiury  says  "wherever  the  mountains  did  not  im- 
imii;e  too  close  on  the  river  and  shut  out  the  valley, 
til  V  wore  seen  in  great  abundance,  enough,  I  should 
think,  to  indicate  a  former  population  of  at  least  one 
Iniiidrod  thousand;  and  in  one  ])lace  there  is  a  long 
widf  valley,  twenty  miles  in  length,  much  of  which  is 
lovered  with  the  ruins  of  buildings  and  broken  pot- 

l"i:i  ii.,  jit  ii.,  p.  5.SS.  V'\\ic,  Explnr.  Trrn:,  p.  ,130,  says  vory  a1)'<u» 'ly, 
'  riiii-.c  walls  are  of  a  tilack  (•finiMit  wliicli  oncrcast-.s  jii  slaliility  witli 
•I -I',  iiiid  bids  (leliaiico  to  tlie  war  of  time;  tlio  sL't-rt-t  of  its  coiii|)4)sitioii  is 
i:"w  miircly  lost.' 

''  Whipiih,  ill  Par.  E.  R.  Rrpt.,  vol.  iii.,  pji.  fll-4;  Mi>n/iiiii.<trii,  Trif/c- 
'""/'.  |i|i.  ;{48-9.  Mollliauscii  was  the  artist  couiiettiil  with  Wiiipplc's 
ix|Hiiiiiou. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 

tery."  The  remains  consist  uniformly  of  lines  of  rdunh 
amvi^daloid  stones  rounded  by  attrition,  no  one  of 
whicli  remains  upon  another,  apparently  the  founda- 
tions upon  which  were  erected  adobe  walls  that  liavo 
altogether  disappeared.  The  plan  of  the  buildino.s  as 
indicated  by  their  foundations  was  generally  rectan- 
gular ;  many  of  them  were  very  similar  to  the  modern 
Spanibh  dwellings,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  cnt; 


I  ( 


Typical  Plan  of  Gila  Structurea. 

but  a  few  were  circular  or  of  irregular  form.  One  of 
them  just  below  the  junction  of  the  Santo  Doinin^n, 
on  an  isolated  knoll,  was  shaped  us  in  the  following  cut, 


Plan  of  a  Gila  Stnicture. 

with  faces  of  from  ten  to  thirty  feet.  Besides  the  tra(  es 
of  wliJit  seem  to  be  dwellings,  there  were  also  (il»- 
scrved,  an  e!iclosure  or  circular  line  of  stones,  tour 
hundred  yards  in  circumference;  a  similar  circle  niiiity 
yards  in  circumference  with  a  house  in  the  centre;  an 
estufa  with  an  entrance  at  the  top;  some  well-i»iv- 
served  cedar  ])osts;  and  some  inscribed  figures  on  the 
clitfs  of  an  arroyo,  similar  to  those  lower  d()\vn  tlic 
river,  of  wliieh  cuts  have  been  given.  The  native 
Pimas  rei)orted  to  the  Spaniards  in  early  tiims  tlio 
existence  of  a  building  far  up  the  Gila,  tlie  labyrinth- 
ine plan  of  which  they  traced  on  the  sand,  as  shown 


LABYRINTH  ON  THE  GILA. 

in  the  cut.     Emory  and  Johnston  found  these  traces 


.i) 


fe 


fi 


Plan  of  Labyrinth  on  the  Gila. 

of  aboriginal  towns  in  at  least  twelve  places  on  the 
Gila  above  the  San  Pedro,  the  largest  being  at  the 
uioutli  of  a  stream  flowing  from  the  south-east,  prob- 
ably the  Santo  Domingo.  I  find  no  mention  of  ruins 
on  any  of  the  smaller  tributaries  of  the  Gila  above 
the  Casa  Grande,  though  it  seems  very  probable  that 
siuh  ruins  may  exist,  similar  to  those  on  the  main 
i-ititaui.  A  i>ainted  stone,  a  beaver-tooth,  and  marine 
shells  were  the  miscellaneous  relics  found  bv  John- 
stou  among  the  ruins,  besides  the  usual  large  quan- 
tities of  broken  pottery.  Emory  speaks  of  a  few 
Miiianients,  principally  immense  well-turned  beads  of 
the  size  of  hens'  eggs,  also  fragments  of  agate  and 
(il)sidian.  The  latter  explorer  gives  a  jdate  of  rock- 
hieioglyphics  of  doubtful  antiquity,  and  F'roebel  also 
skctehed  certain  inscriptions  on  an  isolated  rook'. 
8ix  or  eight  })erfectly  synunetrieal  and  wuU-turn^'d 
liciles  alK)ut  ten  inches  deep  and  six  or  eight  inches 
wide  at  the  top  were  noticed,  and  su[)posed  to  have 
(MTVed  for  ufrinding  corii.*^ 

3'  Fiiiorif's  PiYoiinni'.i.'^ntH'',  pp.  OS-O.  RO,  13S-4,  vifV.  ruts  and  plates; 
Jnhii.st'iii,  in  /(/.,  ]i]i.  r>Sl-'.l(»;  ]V/ii/)/ifi\  lurhmik,  mid  'I'lii'iirr,  \\\  I'tir,  11.  U. 
Hill'.,  Vol.  iii.,  ]),  •2'A,  with  fut  illustratiii;^  tiio  lines  of  t'niinilatiiui-stones. 
Friiilnl,  Alls  Ann  r.,  toiii.  ii.,  p.  4-M;  JiL,  Vint.  Amir.,  ]k  -ISS.  witli  eiit  of 
liierci;;ly|iliies.  Two  |)lates  of  colored  fraf^iiients  of  pottery,  in  Sr/i,iii/i'rii//'.i 
Airli.,  vol.  iii.,  ])p.  82-."),  vtd.  vi.,  p.  (W.  Uespeetinjr  the  liiiihleis  of  tliO 
niiiicil  structures,  see  (liirirs,  Oiiino,  in  I)or.  Hist.  Mr.r.,  serie  ii.,  toui.  i., 
It' •I-".  ■■{-!•;  I'lis/iiiirifii,  ill  Tirnini.r-Cninjtiiiia,  Vv>i..  si'rie  i.,  toiii.  i.\.,  jip. 
Iiil-'.';  Sii/i/iiiin'r,  liiliii'.iiin,  in  Ihtr.  Hist.  Mrx.,  Hcrie  iii.,  toin.  iv.,  p.  847. 
Utiicr  n  fercnces  o  •  (iilu  remains  are:  Sniiorii,  Kiulit  Kn-snifi',  |).  Ii),  with 
I'Ul  (if  laliyrintii;  ]  if/n-Sirior  i/  Sinir/ifz,  Tlicutrn.  toni.  ii.,  pp.  ',\''\-\\;  Fii'. 
I'i'nil,  \\\  ('ill.,  J'li.sf,  /'n'.v.,  ((//(/  Fiiliiri',  p.  144;  Fniiiniil  iiml  Kmuriji 
•Vv/'ir^'  Tiac,  \t.  40;  l'iii}mnVs  Ihiaan/us,  vol,  v.,  j)p.  42J-:{;  /(/.,  Mat. 


GIO 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


ITf'vina-  ])roscntcd  all  that  is  knoAvn  of  aiiti(juitics 
upon  tlie  (iila  and  its  tributaries,  I  pass  to  tho  ( 'olo- 
rado,  the  western  and  nortliern  boundary  of  the  Xuw 
]\[exican  territory.  The  banks  of  tlio  C'oloiado 
Canon,  for  tlie  river  forms  no  valley  ])ro])er,  arc  for 
t'le  most  })a]'t  unexj)lored,  and  no  relies  of  aiiti(|iiity 
are  reported  by  reliable  authorities;  indeed,  from  tlit" 
jieeuliar  nature  of  this  region,  it  is  not  likely  tljut 
iiay  ruins  ever  will  be  found  in  the  inuuediato  vi- 
cinity of  the  river.""' 

On  Bill  Williams'  Fork  there  is  a  newspaper  re- 
port, restin^■  on  no  known  autliority,  of  walls  eiidus- 
m<f  an  area  some  eight  hundred  feet  in  circumference, 
still  perfect  to  the  height  of  six  or  eight  feet.^^  The 
onlv  other  traces  of  the  former  inhabitants  found  on 
this  stream  are  painted  cave  and  cliff  ])ictincs  or 
hieroglyphics.  Two  caves  have  their  walls  and  tho 
surrounding  rocks  thus  decorated;  they  are  abont  a 
mile  apart,  near  the  junction  of  the  Santa  ]\Iaria. 
and  one  of  tliem  is  near  a  spring.  Many  of  the  in- 
Bcriptions  appear  very  ancient,  and  some  were  painted 

7//v'.  ^^'1ll,  vol.  ii.,  ]>p.  r)14-15,  SOS;  Dnmriirrh's  Dr.'irrfa,  vol.  i..  jip.  .'iS'J-H; 
V(tl.  Fdriiirr,  Fi'l).  "JS,  1S(»2;  Ciiicinnatns'  Trards,  j)|i.  S.")r)-7',  dollidin,  in 
Xdiiirllis  AniKtIr.i  ilfs  Voi/.,  1851,  toin.  cxxxi.,  ji]).  "JOI?-!.  I  lind  an  :ii'- 
('o:iiit  <;oiii^r  till"  rouiidis  of  the  newspajR'rs  of  n  wonderful  jj;r"ii|)  i>\  nlill^ 
'on  the  (Jilii  .some  niile.s  ca.st  of  Florence,'  discovereil  hy  l.ieiil.  Wiinl. 
'I'liev  consist  of  very  extensive  fortilicntions,  and  other  striietiircs  Imill  of 
liewn  stone.  tli(!  walls  lieinjj;  yet  twelve  feel  hi;;h,  and  two  towers  stamiiii; 
'Jii  and  ;U  feet  respectively.  Copper  and  stone  implements,  ^inldiii  (Hiia- 
iiients  and  stone  vases  were  foniul  here,  r  iiially,  the  whole  account  i>  dcjiilil- 
le.s.s  a  hoax. 

sti  .V  writer  in  the  A'".  1'.  Tribune, — see  Hist.  M^mj.,  vol.  x.,  supiil.,  y.  H'' 
— descrilies  a  pyramid  on  the  (Colorado  Itiver,  without  ;;ivin.ir  the  ior.iliiy. 
It  is  lot  feet  s(|uari'.  •_'()  feet  hi<.;h,  and  has  at  ])resent  a  summit  iilati'iiini. 
It  seems,  however,  to  have  heen  ori;;inally  pointed,  jud;^in;.'  from  tlic  ilc- 
liris.  The  material  is  liewn  ntone  in  blocks  from  IS  to  'M\  inclu's  thirl;, 
t'lose  of  till!  outer  facinij;  liein;^  etit  at  an  an;ile.  This  ri'port  is  piiliii|i< 
fiiiinded  on  some  of  the  rnins  on  the  Colorado  Chi(piito  yet  to  he  incii- 
tioiu'il,  or  (|uite  as  jtroliahly  it  Inis  no  fouc'iatioii  whatever.  'Cpnii  tln' 
liwer  part  of  the  l!io  Colorado  no  traces  of  permanent  dwelling's  luneliccii 
dis;'overeil.'  }l'/ii/i/i/<\  Kir/xni/c,  find  T.iinur,  in  J'ur.  Jl.  J!,  lo/if..  Mil.  iii., 
ji.  ir».  Arizona  miners  occasionally  refer  to  the  rnins  of  old  Indian  lnfiM- 
in_rs  on  the  ('(dorado,  4i)  miles  ahove  La  I'a/,  on  the  easti'rn  side.  >iin:'ar 
iii  (diarai'ter  to  those  of  llu;  Gila.  On  I".hrenl>er;,''s  Mn/i  n/  Arnii'n'.  b'''^. 
they  are  so  locatccl.  and  that  is  all  that  is  kimwn  of  them.  Sun  Fivncinoi 
Erciiiini  Ilii//i/iii,  .lidv  1  1,  IS(!4. 

"  Cal.  Farmer,  .March  '2~,  1SG3. 


TIMIJUTAUIES  OF  THE  COLORADO.  G41 

on  cliffs  very  difficult  of  access.     The  cut  shows   a 


KQX^^ 


Rock-Paintings — Bill  Williams'  Fork. 

specimen  from  the  sketches  made  hy  Mollhauscn. 
The  streak  wliich  crosses  the  cut  in  the  centre,  ex- 
tends to  the  left  beyond  the  other  figures,  and  only 
luilf  its  length  is  shown.  This  streak  is  red  with 
white  borders;  the  other  figures  are  red,  j)urple,  and 
wliite.^ 

Leaving  Bill  Williams'  Fork,  and  passing  the 
Pueblo  Creek  ruins  already  des('ril)ed,  which  are  not 
far  distant,  I  follow  the  routes  of  Sitgreaves,  Ives, 
and  Whi[)ple,  north-westward  to  the  Colorado  Chi- 
ijuito,  a  distance  of  about  one  hundred  miles,  striking 
the  river  at  a  point  a  hundred  miles  above  its  sup- 
posed junction  with  the  main  Colorado.  In  this 
it^ion  we  again  find  numerous  ruined  buildings  with 
the  usual  scattered  pottery,  respecting  which  our 
knowledge  is  derived  from  the  exidorers  just  named. 
The  ruins  occur  at  all  prominent  jioints,  both  near 
the  river  and  away  from  it  towards  the  west,  at  in- 
tt'ivals  of  eight  or  nine  miles,  the  exact  location  not 
heing  definitely  fixed.  The  material  em})l,)yed  here 
i>;  stone,  and  some  of  the  houses  were  three  stories 
high.     A  view  of  one  ruin  as  sketched  by  Sitgreaves 


^^  MiiUhnuscti,  Titgcbuch,  p.  370;  Whipple,  in  Pac.  E.  R.  llcpt.,  vol.  iii., 

I.  lO(i-7. 

Vol.  IV.    41 


642         ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 

is   shown   in   the   cut.     On  a  rocky  eminence  were 


Ruin  on  the  Colorado  Chiquito. 

found  by  Whipple  stone  enclosures,  apparently  for 
defense.  According  to  Mr  Sitsfreaves  the  houses 
resembled  in  every  particular,  save  that  no  adobo  was 
used,  the  inhabited  Pueblo  townis  of  New  Mexico. 
His  descrij)tion,  like  that  of  Mollhausen  and  A^'llil^ 
pi  ;  would  doubtless  be  much  more  complete  and  sat- 
isftictory,  had  they  not  previously  seen  the  Piielilo 
towns  and  other  ruins  further  east.  Some  of  thu 
ruins  are  for  from  water,  and  Sitgreaves  suyoests 
that  the  lava  sand  bhnvn  from  the  neighbc)iiii«( 
mountains  may  have  filled  up  the  springs  which 
originally  furnished  a  supply. 

The  cut  from  Whipple  shows  two  vases  found  here, 
restored  from  fraofments.     This  is  one  of  the  rarest 


Vases  from  the  Colorado  Chiqiiito. 

kinds  of  pottery  found  in  the  region,  and  is  s.'iid  l»y 
Whipple  not  to  be  manufactured  by  any  North 
American  Indians  of  modern  times.  It  is  seldom 
colored,  the  ornamentation  being  raised  or  indented, 


RKMAINS  ON  THE  COLOnADO  CIIIQUITO. 


C13 


somewhat  like  that  on  molded  o^lassware,  and  of  ex- 
cellont  workmanship.  The  material  i«  lij^ht-colored 
and  i)orous,  and  the  vases  are  not  glazed.  The  or- 
dinary fragments  of  earthen  ware  found  on  this  river 
will  he  represented  in  another  part  of  this  cha]>ter. 
Some  very  rude  and  simple  roek-inscriptions  were  no- 
ticed, and  a  newspaper  writer  states  that  the  names 
of  Jesuit  priests  who  visited  the  place  in  the  sixteeiitli 
century  are  inscribed  on  the  rocks.  Some  additional 
and  not  very  well-founded  reports  of  antiquities  are 


"•iven  in  a  note.'*'* 


At  a  bend  in  the  river,  about  fortv  miles  above 
the  ruins  last  mentioned,  arc  the  remains  of  a 
rectangular  stone  building,  measuring  one  hundred 
and  twenty  by  three  hundred  and  sixty  feet,  and 
standing  on  an  isolated  sandstone  hill.  The  walls 
are  mostly  fallen,  but  some  of  the  standing  portions 
ai'e  ten  feet  thick,  and  seem  to  contain  small  apart- 
ments.    Many  pine  timbers  are  scattered  about  in 

^'^  Sifr/ranrs'  Report,  Ziini  (ttxl  Colorado  Hirers,  1S.'3,  jtn.  S-0;  Whip- 
ph;  iu  J'((c.  li.  li.  Rrpt.,  vol.  iii.,  itp.  81,  4(i-50;  /ccv'  Cohirailo  Rir..  j). 
117,  111)  details;  Mollliausrn,  Tni/ehiieh,  pp.  30()-S;  J(/.,  Rrinrii  in  die  Ftl- 
soi'jeh.,  torn,  ii.,  p|).  148-50,  Kit-,"),  ;v,M)-4(ll;  .Vf7i!rvoA'/v//V',v  Jjv/*.,  vol.  iv., 
pp.  'ITt'ii,  vol.  vi.,  p.  G8,  pliites  of  iiiscriptioiiH;  //((//,  in  •*>''((•.  Mi\r.  dioff., 
Bdleliii.  2(lii  epoca,  torn,  i.,  ]>.  20;  Foster's  Pra-ltisf.  Riiees,  pj).  l4()-7. 
X  writer  in  the  San  Franeiseo  EreniiKj  Bulletin,  July  '^,  isdS,  says 
that  the  mont  extensive  rnins  in  Arizona  or  New  Me.xici.  are  situated 
above  the  hi<;h  falls  of  the  I,ittli  Colorado,  20  miles  north  of  the  San 
Fnuii'istM  '  'ntains.  They  extend  for  miles  aion;;  the  river,  ami  in- 
tlnilc  well  niiole  walls  of  hewn  stone  !iow  standing  to  the  heijrht  of  six  or 
i'i;:lit  feet,  liotli  streets  and  irrigating  canals  may  he  tnieed  for  miles. 
This  writer  speaks  Of  the  Jesuit  iuserii)tions.  Aeeording  to  an  arti<'le  in 
tlie  >'(///  Fntiieiseo  lleni/il  o(  18.'>H,  (jnoted  iu  the  Cat.  Former  of  June  22, 
ISiid,  ('apt.  Josei>li  Walker  found  .some  remarkahle  ruins  ou  the  Colorado 
t'hiiniito  in  18.V).  He  speaks  of  'a  kind  of  a  eitadcl,  around  whieh  lav  the 
mills  of  a  city  more  than  a  mile  in  lengtii.'  The  streets  were  still  trace- 
alile,  running  at  ri<'ht  angles.  'J'ho  huildings  wen;  all  of  stone  'reduced 
til  mills  hy  the  action  of  some  great  heat  which  had  evidently  ]iasse(l  over 
tile  whole  country. . .  .All  the  stones  were  htirnt,  some  of  them  almost  cin- 
il  red,  others  glazed  as  if  melted.  This  appearance  was  visilde  in  every 
ruin  lie  met  with.  A  storm  of  lire  seemed  to  have  swept  over  the  whole 
iiiiiiitiy  and  the  inhaliitants  must  hiive  fallen  hcfore  it.'  The  central  hiiild- 
iii^'  with  walls  1.5  or  18  feet  long  ami  10  feet  high,  of  liewn  stone,  stood  uii 
a  nick  20  or  30  feet  high,  itself  fused  hy  the  heat.  The  ruins  seen  hy 
\\iilker  were  in  all  prohahility  similar  to  those  descrilied  hy  Sitgreaves,  ami 
'lie  Ca|itain,  or  the  writer  of  this  article,  drew  lieavily  on  his  Imnginatiou 
MX  iiiany  of  his  facts. 


I 


6M        ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 

jifood    preservation,    and    two    posts    twelve    fuel   in 
liei^''lit  still  remain  standing.*" 

►Some  twenty-five  miles  still  ftirther  up  the  lljo 
Piieico  flows  into  the  Colorado  Chiquito  from  tliu 
north-east,  and  at  the  junction  of  the  two  stroiiins 
Mollhausen  noticed  some  remains  \vhich  he  does  not 
describe."  Twelve  miles  up  the  Puerco  valley,  on 
tlie  banks  of  a  small  tributary,  called  Lithodeudiou 
Creek,  were  scattered  fragments  of  pottery,  and  re- 
mains of  stone  houses,  one  of  the  walls  extending 
several  feet  below  tlie  present  surface  of  the  ground. 
Still  farther  up  the  Puerco  and  five  miles  south  of 
the  river,  at  Navajo  Spring,  scattered  pottery  and 
arrow-heads  are  the  only  remaining  trace  of  an  ab- 
original settlement,  no  walls  being  visible.  On  a 
neigliboring  hill,  however,  was  noticed  a  circular  de- 
pression in  the  earth  forty  paces  in  diameter.  Tho 
cut  from  Mollhausen  represents  some  of  the  aborig- 
inal inscriptions  on  Puerco  liiver." 


o: 


^  B  t 


I 


C) 


f 


Rock-Inscriptions  on  Rio  Puerco. 

Forty  or  fifty  miles  farther  south-east,  the  Colo- 
rado Chiquito  receives  the  waters  of  the  Rio  Zuni, 
flowing  from  the  north-east  in  a  course  nearly  parallel 
to  that  of  the  Puerco.  Aboriginal  inscriptions  and 
])ictures  are  found  on  the  sandstone  cliffs  wliicli  bor- 
der on  the  stream  wlierever  a  smooth  surface  is 
j)resented,  but  no  buildings  occur  for  a  distance  of 

*o  Whipple,  in  Par.  E.  R.  Erpt.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  76. 
<i  M()l/hau,i('n'fi  Journey,  vol.  ii.,  p.  121. 

«  Whipple,  in  I'ae.  li.  R.  Rcj)t.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  73-4;  MoUhauscu,  T>i'je- 
hucli,  p.  255. 


REMAINS  ON  THE  RIO  ZUSl. 


about  fifty  miles,  until  we  come  to  within  ei^-lit 
miles  of  the  Puehlo  town  of  Zuni,  where  tlie  tuhle- 
liuuls  about  Arch  Spring  are  covered  witli  ruins, 
Avliic'h  were  seen,  althouji^h  not  described,  by  Sit- 
i,nvaves  jind  Whipple.  All  the  ruins  of  the  Zuni 
valley  seem,  however,  to  be  of  the  same  nature — 
stone  walls  laid  in  mud  mortar,  and  in  a  very  dilapi- 
dated condition.     The  cut  from  Whipple  shows  also 


Rock-Inscriptions  at  Arch  Spring. 

a  sample  of  the  rock-inscriptions  about  Arch  Sprint*'." 
Zufii  is  a  Pueblo  town  still  inhabited,  and  1  shall 
have  somethino-  further  to  sav  of  it  in  comiection 
with  the  Pueblo  towns  of  the  Ivio  Grande  and  its 
tributaries,  for  the  purpose  of  comparing  the  inhab- 
ited with  the  ruined  structures. 

Two  or  three  miles  south-east  of  Zuni,  on  the 
south  side  of  the  river,  is  an  elevated  level  mesa, 
about  a  mile  in  width,  bounded  oii  every  side  by  a 
javcipitous  descent  of  over  a  thousand  feet  to  the 
jilaiii  below.  The  mesa  is  covered  with  a  growth  of 
cedar,  and  in  one  part  are  two  sandstone;  jdllars  of 
natural  formation,  which  from  certain  }»oints  of  view 
scLMu  to  assume  human  forms.  Among  the  cedars  on 
the  mesa,  "crumbiino-  walls,  from  two  to  twelve  feet 
hiuh,  were  crowded  together  in  confused  bea[)S  over 
several  acres  of  ground."  The  walls  were  constructed 
of  small  sandstone  blocks  laid  in  nuid  mortar,  ami 
were    about    eighteen    inches    thick.      They    seemed, 

«  .s'/V'/^vY/ )•>'.<'  Ziih!  K.i\,  p.  fi;  Whittplc,  Eirbdnk,  (did  Turncv,  in  Vac. 
1!.  A'.  Ii<i,/.^,  vol.  PI).  71,  :W, 


040         ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


however,  to  rest  on  more  ancient  ruins,  the  walls  of 
which  were  six  feet  in  thickness.  At  various  points 
on  the  winding  path,  by  which  only  the  top  can  bo 
reached,  there  are  stone  battlements  which  guard  tlie 
l)assage.  A  supposed  altar  was  found  in  a  secludud 
nook  near  the  ruins,  consisting  of  an  oval  excavation 
seven  feet  lonsr,  with  a  vertical  shaft  two  feet  lii<;h  at 
one  end,  a  Hat  rock,  and  a  complicatod  arrangement 
of  })osts,  cords,  feathers,  marine  shells,  beads,  and 
sticks,  oidy  to  be  understood  from  a  drawing,  wliich  1 
do  not  reproduce  because  the  whole  altar  so-called  is 
so  evidently  of  modern  oriyfin  and  use.  These  ruins 
are  connnonly  cal'ed  Old  Zuni,  and  were  doubtless 
iidial)ited  when  the  Spaniards  first  came  to  the 
country."     The  cut  from  Whipple  shows  two  vases 


Zuni  \''ascs. 

found  at  what  is  called  a  sacred  spring  near  Zuiii. 
Of  the  first  the  discoverer  says:  "the  material  is  a 
light-ci^^jred  clay,  tolerably  well  burnt,  and  onia- 
meiited  with  lines  and  fiijures  of  a  dark    brown  or 

«  Whipple,  rf  ol.,  in  Par.  E.  R.  Rrpts,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  00,  30-41,  4") C,  wiili 
view  of  ruiuH;  JAV///ir</rvc/*',«  ./«///-//<7/,  vol.  ii.,  j).  0(!,  cut  «tf  altar;  /'/.,  H'l-mi 
toni.  ii.,  ]ip.  100,  M)l;  I(/.,  T<if/d>ur/i,  "pp.  •2S.V4,  278,  with  t-ut  of  altai :  Smi/i- 
son,  in  Sitiit/isoiiiini  Rrpf.,  1809,  pp.  .T20- 32;  Dun's'  El  (IriiKjo,  ]).  12S;  li'mu- 
nrc.h\f  Drsvrfs,  vol.  i.,  pp.  211-i;t;  lUirhcr  and  Iluiir'n  Western  States,  [>.  .V).'!; 
Shuck's  (Jul.  Scrap- liuuh;  i)p.  310-12. 


OJO  DKL  PESO  ADO. 


Gil 


cliocolate  color.  A  vast  nmount  of  labor  has  been 
s[)cnt  on  decorating  the  iii)i(|ue  lip.  A  fine  border- 
line has  been  drawn  alonjjf  the  edjjfe  and  on  both  sides 
of  the  deep  embattled  rim.  Horned  frojjfs  and  tad- 
jiolt's  alternate  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  turrets, 
while  one  of  the  latter  is  represented  on  the  outside 
of  each.  Lar<,'er  froj,»'s  or  toads  are  portrayed  within 
the  body  of  the  vessel.*'  One  of  these  figures  is  j)re- 
soiited  in  the  cut  enlarged.  The  second  vase  is  five 
inches  deep,  ten  inches  in  diameter  at  the  widest 
part,  and  eight  inches  at  the  lips.  Both  outer  and 
inner  surface  bear  a  white  glazing,  and  tliere  are  four 
inojections  of  unknown  use,  one  on  each  side.  The 
decorations  are  in  andjer  color,  and  the  horned  or 
tufted  snakes,  shown  above  the  vase,  are  said  to  be 
almost  unique  in  America." 

At  and  near  some  springs  called  Ojo  del  Pes- 
cado,  on  the  head-waters  of  this  stream,  some 
twelve  miles  above  Zufii,  there  are  at  least  four  or 
five  ruined  structures,  or  towns.  They  are  similar 
ill  character  to  the  other  ruins.  Two  of  them  near 
tlic  si)ring  have  an  elliptical  shape,  as  shown  by  the 
lines  of  foundation-stones,  and  are  from  eight  hun- 
dred to  a  thousand  feet  in  circumference.  The  houses 
seem  to  have  been  built  around  the  periphery,  form- 
ini--  a  lariTfe  interior  court.  Tiiese  towns  are  so  com- 
l»letely  in  ruins  that  nothing  can  be  ascertained  of 
the  details  of  their  construction,  except  their  general 
Iniin,  and  the  fact  that  they  were  built  of  stones 
and  mud.  About  a  thousand  yards  down  the  river 
from  the  springs  are  ruins  covering  a  space  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  by  two  hundred  yards,  and  in  much 
better  preservation  than  those  mentioned,  though  of 
the  same  nature.  Tlie  material  was  flat  stones  and 
cement,  and  the  walls  are  standing  in  places  to  the 
lieiij;lit    of  two    stories.      Mollhausen    tells    us    that 


*'  Whipple,  Ewbanl;  and  Turner,  in  Pac.  li.  E.  liept.,  vol.  iil.,  pp.  45-6. 


648         ANTIliUITIKS  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MKXICO. 

the  roofs  and  fire-places  were  still  standing  at  the 
time  of  his  visit.  8inii)son  describes  a  ruin  as  Ixin^^r 
two  miles  below  the  spring,  and  which  may  possJMy 
be  the  same  last  mentioned.  The  buildin/' ^  were 
originally  two  stories  high  and  built  continuously 
about  a  rectangular  area  three  hundred  by  four  hun- 
dred feet.  In  the  interior  of  the  enclosed  court  was 
seen  a  square  estufa,  twelve  by  eighteen  feet,  .ukI 
ten  feet  high,  with  the  roof  still  perfect.  Tlie  tut 
shows  some  of  the  rock-inscriptions  at  Ujo  del  IVs- 
cado." 


,  Rock-Inscriptions — Ojo  del  Pcscado. 

About  eighteen  miles  south-east  of  the  sources  of 
the  Zuni  River,  but  belonging  as  properly  in  this  val- 
ley as  any  other,  is  a  sandstone  rock  known  as  in- 
scription Rock,  or  to  the  Spaniards  as  El  Moro,  I'loni 
its  form.  It  is  between  two  and  three  hundred  tat 
high,  with  steep  sides,  which  on  the  north  and  east 
are  p»erpendicular,  smooth,  white,  and  covered  near 
the  base  with  both  Spanish  and  native  inscriptions. 
Specimens  of  the  latter,  as  copied  by  Simpson,  aiu 


*<'  Simim»i's  Jour.  Mil.  Rfr.nn.,]m.  95-7;  ^follftnme■)l\^i  Joiimei/,  \i>\.  »■■ 
p.  8i2;  fi/.,  Tdifcltnrh,  pi).  '27.5-7;  Whip/ilr,  I'Jirlxni/i,  ((ml  Turner,  in  /'"''. 
1{.  It.  Unit.,  vol.  iii.,p.  .39.  Col.  Donipiian  found  in  1840  on  tiic  liial 
waters  of  the  I'iscao  (Pcscado,  Znfii?)  tlie  ruins  of  uii  ancient  city,  wliiili 
formed  a  scinarc  surrounded  by  double  walls  of  stone  14  feet  ajjurt.  '\\w 
space  between  the  walls  was  divided  into  compartments  14  feet  si|naic, 
oi)enin}^  into  the  interior.  The  houses  were  tiiree  stories  hi^h,  the  lnwi  i- 
story  beinj;  ]>artially  subterranean.  Larj^e  quantities  of  red  cedar.  ;ipi':ii- 
cntly  cut  for  firewood,  were  found  in  connection  with  tlie  buiMiii;;-. 
Ilui/lics'  I)(iiiij)fiiiii'ii  K.r.,  pp.  197-8.  Simpson  explored  the  stream  til  it- 
source,  and  found  no  ruins  excei)t  three  at  Ojo  del  Pcscado,  wliii'li  wiT'' 
])robably  the  same  on  which  I)oni])han's  report  was  founded,  altliinigh 
there  is  no  resemblance  in  the  descriptions. 


I:L  Mono,  OR  INSCIUPTION  ROCK.  GiO 

shown  ill  tlio  cut.     The  fonuur  were  all  t'i)|tit'd  l)y  tho 


:r^ 


'7 


A' 


Inscriptions — El  Moro. 


same  explorer,  but  of  course  have  no  connection  with 
tlie  subject  of  this  volume:  they  date  back  to  1(50(5, 
but  make  no  reference  to  any  town  or  ruins  upon  or 
about  the  rock.  The  ascent  to  the  suniiuit  is  on  the 
south  and  is  a  difficult  one.     The  cut  shows  a  plan  of 


.„|P;JI»\W 


Plain  of  El  Moro. 


El  Moro  made  by  Mollhausen,  the  locality  of  tho  in- 
S('iMj)ti()ns  beiiijjf  at  a  and  b.  The  summit  area  is 
divided  by  a  det-p  ravine  into  two  parts,  on  each  of 
which  are  found  ruins  of  large  edifices.  Those  on  the 
southern — or,  accordinj^  to  Simpson,  on  tlie  eastern- 
division,  B  of  the  plan,  form  a  rectangle  moasurinn- 
two  hundred  and  six  by  three  hundred  and  seven 
fuot,  standin<^  in  some  places  from  six  to  eiyht  feet 
high.     According  to  Simpson  the   walls  agree  with 


«»:.() 


AM'li.d nils  III'  AI!l/o\ A   \NH  m;>v  MI;\|(  n 


(lit*    I'Mi'iliiiMl    piiintM,    ImiI    \\'Ih|>|)Ii'    sImIcs    ||i<<    i  uii. 

(IMIV.       Tlu"   Willis  iilT  liH't'd   willl  NillulstolK'    Morks  M\ 


l»V     r»Mir(«>rll     ilH'lli'S    iUmI     llnlii     llili'c    In    ri>>li( 


llli'lirs 


(llit'k,   1,'litl    ill   llllld   IIKUImI'    no    IIM    to    ItlC'lL     jnints;    liiil 

(lie  liiilk  III'  I  he  wall  is  a  nililtU*  of  |-t>ti<4li  sloiics  hihI 
iiMiil.  Two  iniii^t's  of  looms  limy  l'«'  (latrd  tin  (In- 
iiorlli  and  west,  sides,  and  llio  iiiMiisli  iiidicalcs  iIkii 
lliiTi"  wno  also  soiiio  a|»arliiutds  in  (ho  iiiln  ioi  cuimI. 
'I\v4»  rooms  moasiiicd  i-acli  ultoiil  soxcii  l»y  oi«_;lil  Irrj. 
A  riicidar  isliila  lliiily  oin'  l'o»(.  in  tliamrlrr  was  also 
nolirt'd,  atui  llicto  woio  rrdai'  (imliois  loimd  in  (oii 
lU'ction  willl  (lio  ininod  walls;  ono  itiocc,  lirirm  itu  h.  . 


lono'  and  lour  inrlios  m  diamotot'  was  lomid  slill  m 
|>la«'o,  and  l>oro,  arfordiiii;'  (o  \\'lii|i|tlo,  no  si^iis  ortiil 
(ino-  ((utis.  Tin'  roinains  across  (lii<  ravine,  A  of  llic 
plan,  are  of  similar  iia(iir(<  and  mal«<rial,  and  llu-  north 
wall  stands  tliroclly  i>n  (ho  l»riidv  of  a  |trrti|tico,  Itcini^ 
eom|tloti'  lo  a  lioii^lil  «»(*  oiyld.  loot,  'riioro  is  a  sprin-^ 
rnrnisiiino'  I>iil  a  small  ainomd  of  water  at  (lie  t'ool  of 
the  elill'  at    (/.       hVa^nu-nls  of   poltery   aii"    alaiiuliiiit 


1 


icro  as  t 


Isewl 


u'l'e 


47 


This  completes  my  aeeoiintor  remains  on   tlieCol 


U"M 


loCi 


iKinito,  aiit 


I  I 


>ass 


It)  tl 


le  next  and  last  trilm 


tarv  of  the  (\»l(»r;nlo  within  the  territory  «'o\'eretl  l>v 
tliis  chapter  the  San  .Inan,  which  (lows  in  an  cast- 
wardlv  course  al»»n<'-  the  honndarv  line  hetweeii  Ari- 
zona  and  New  ^'  -xico  ou  the  som!i,  and  IMah  and 
(V)lorado  on  tlu>  i  trth.  The  valley  of  (ho  main  San 
Juan  has  heeii  1'  xcry  slightly  explored,  hnt  pitih 
ahly  contains  ext  siv(>  remains.  jndt;in<jf  iVoin  wliat 
havo  heeii  lound  <  *  sonu'  »>!'  its  (rihiMaries.  radrcs 
|)omin!4nez  and  V  /alante  W(MiI  in  IVTl't  iVoni  Saiitii 
Fo  north-west  wart'  lo  I'tah  Lake,  ami  noticetl  scmimI 


f  y 


inliKifi  ,« 


Jour.   Mil    U 


,S 


!>.  <>s  io<),  ^.^  CO  1.  vit-ws  of  iiiiv,  |ii. 


•m-TI.  iii>(ri|iluiiis;  |il    (i.'l,  j;ii>miil  itlau  ol'  liiiiiilin<;;  |i|.  (i|,  imntTN ,  i  iil  | 
l(K>,  plan  111' tork.     H  /liii/ili-,  it  n/.,  in  I'm-,   li.  /i.   Iv/i/s,   vol.  lii.,    |'|'- '■^■'     ' 


(i;i    J.  willl  lilali-f*;   Mnllli 


Ifrv;   /</,,  Jiitiriiri/,  viil.    ii.,  iip.  ("iS-T'.',  •">-,   | 


Tiniihiii-/i,  |i]i.  'JllCi  7'.',  |il.  of  plan  aiiil  jiol 


/'.- 


/(',v  />(•>'.  (•/,«,  viil.  i., 


pp.    •-'aS->»,    »!.">   IS;   Ihiris'    A?  Uniii/o,   pp.  -»--  .'»;   Fn.ifir'sl'nllist.  lii 
j>.  117;  liinbii- iniil  llnitr'n  fi't.sfiiii  Stolis,  p.  .'iOI. 


in  INS  ol    rill.M.V  CASitN. 


m 


niiiiM  Nvhirli  it  in  iin|i<iHMil>l*<  to  lonilf,  lidoic  ('I'dHsIii^r 
I  III'  ( 'ololililo.  I  hIimII  llMVr  (MTUHioli  ill  tlir  rollowitli^ 
t  li;i|)(ri'  to  iio(in<  huiik-  iiii|ioi-(;iii(  niiiis  lnl*ly  discuv. 
<  ii'd  on  (III*  iioi'llirni  liiltiitiirirN  dl'  llit>  Snii  Juiiii,  iu 
ilic  Huiitlii'i'ii  I  III  it  (if  ( *i)li>niil<»  iiiiil  ('ImIi/** 

Tim  ( wo  rliit  r  hiltiilniii'H  of  the  Sun  .liiiiii  iVdiii  tlio 
.sniitli  )ir«<  (lid  ( 'Ih'lly  iiimI  ( 'Iimco,  llMwiii;^  (Iii'oiim|i  drip 
i.iiioiis  ill  (lid  lidiii°(.  df  (lid  NiiMijii  riiiiiidv.  (Ml  Itddi 
nrilidMd  HddiiiiiM,  |i)ir(iiiiliiily  »!..■  ImKit,  mtv  im- 
|Mii(jiii(.  niiiiM  li.'ivd  liddii  disidNdidd  mid  «lisnil»dd  l»y 
Mr  Siiii|tsdii,  wild  dX|ildi(<d  (liis  ii-j^idii  in  IS  111. 

Tlid  ('lidlly  «)i:.dii  I'di"  ji  di.sdinrd  ol*  iilidii(  (\vrii(y- 
li\d  iiiili'M  in  IVdiii  diid  liuiidi'dd  niid  liKy  (o  niiid  liiiii- 
diid  I'ddt  widd,  iVdiii  (liidd  liiitidi-dd  (d  fi\r  liiindrdd 
Iri'l  ddd|i,  mid  its  niddM  iiid  iiliiidst.  |idi-|M>tidiriilnr. 
Siiiipsdii  dspldi'i'd  (lid  cm'idii  I'di'  dii^ld.  iiiilis  IVdin  i(H 
iiidiitli,  wliirli  ddds  ti«>t  ddirdNpdiid  \vi(li  (lid  iiidiidi  of 
(ill'  liMT.      Ill  It  Itrmicii  cmidii  ol'  n.  rliiinifd'r  Hiiiiilm* 

(d     (llll(     dl'     (lid     lllllill     Htl'dlllll     lid    rdlllld     HdVdl'al    HMIilll 

li:il)i(:i(idiis  IdniKHl  liy  Imildiiid'  wjiIIh  of  stdiid  mid 
iiidiliir  ill  iVdid  of  nvdrlimij^iiiLf  I'drk.s.  Sonid  Idur 
mill's  up  (lid  main  niiidii  lid  saw  on  a  sIkII'  lil'ly 
jirl  liiuli  and  diilv  urrdSHiIdd  l»v  nidaiis  of  liiddcis  a. 
sm.'ill  ruin  «>!'  sdtiid,  iniicli  likd  (lidsddii  (lid  < 'h.-in)  yd(, 
Id  ltd  ddsnilidd.  SdVdii  inili'S  I'nuii  tlid  nidiidi 
iiiidl  ji(>r  ruin  was  discovdred  dii  (.Im  iiordi  sidd  as  sliown 
ill  did  cut..  I('  was  l>iiilt  pardy  uii  tla;  l)d((Miii  di'  (lid 
('.'Uidii,  and  pm'dy  like  tlid  otid  last  nidiilidiidd,  on  a 
slicll'  (illy  |\'('t  hii^li  widi  pdr|)dndi<'ular  sidis,  Tlid 
walls  indasiii'd  lorty  Hvd  liy  a  liiiiididd  and  I'drty  livd 
i'ltl,  ai'd  altdiit  di^ldd'H  li'dt  lii'^ii  in  (Jii-ir  pri'sciit 
st.ild,  and  arc  l>uilt  of  Haiulstdiio  and  nnji(iir,  lia\in«?; 


'^  Ihiiin'iiiiiiiz  mill  Huriifiiiifi',  lliiiiin,  in  Ihir.  /list.  Mr.r.,  Mi'iic  ii.,  tniii.  i,, 
I'l'  llMt  '_'.  A  coiTt'slHUiili'llI  of  llir  Sun  /'niiirisrn  Kniiiiiij  /lii//i/iii,  illily 
''i.  ISi'il,  sa,VM  lliat  till' Sun  .liiiiii  Millrs  in  h|i'i-\mi  with  riiiiiH  I'lir  limiilirilM 
III  mill's,  Niiiiii'  iiiiil(liii;;H  lliri'i'  sliiiirs  lii;^li  iit  r*it\\i\  iiiiiMomy  still  htaliilili;;. 
Iiavis,  A'/  tlri'iiifii,  p.  117,  liiiil  Ik'iii'iI  ol  soiiif  iiiiiis  on  till'  noi'tlici'ii  liutik  of 
till'  San  ■liiaii,  Iml  nono  fiirllii'i'  north,  ''i'lu*  \alli>,vs  of  (In-  itio  il<'  las  Ani- 
lii.is  ami  San  •liiiin  an*  slrrwn  witii  tlif  ruins  of  ritics,  maiiv  of  thi'ni  of 
Kiilnl  masonry.  Sloiu'  hiiihlin^s,  tiiiri'  stories  hi^'h,  air  yrt  htaiulin}{,  of 
A/icc  ari'hitci'liiri'.'   Utikrr,  xni'n/.    i'linmr,  .liiiii;  ID,  lS(i;i. 


652         ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  INIEXICO. 


Kiiiii  iu  the  Chelly  Canon. 

square  opening's  or  windows.  A  eircuiar  estufa  was 
also  found  in  connection  with  these  clifF-dwelliiH^s. 
Fragments  of  pottery  were  not  lacking,  and  speci- 
mens were  sketched  by  Mr  Simpson.''^ 

Eastward  from  the  Chelly,  at  a  distance  of  about 
a  hundred  miles,  is  the  Chaco,  a  parallel  tributurv  nf 
the  San  Juan,  on  which  are  found  ruins  perhaps  tlio 
most  reniarkal)le  in  the  New  Mexican  group.  Li<iit. 
Simpson  is  the  only  one  who  has  explored  this  valley, 
or  at  least  who  has  left  a  record  of  his  explonitimi. 
The  ruins  are  eleven  in  miinber,  situated  with  <»ik' 
exception  on  the  north  biink  of  the  stream,  within  a 
distance  of  twenty-tivo  miles  in  latitude  30^  and  longi- 
tude 108°. 

«  ,SV«(/wo»\  Jour.  .ini.  Rrrnii.,  j)]).  7t-."),  i)l.  53-4.  Otlior  sli'jlit  :ii'- 
counts  niiidc  up  from  Sirn|is(m:  Ilduiciirr/i'.s  Ihsrrls,  vol.  i.,  ]).  -01;  .l«- 
viinl  S-lvii.  Dlsrov.,  ISjO,  p.  302;  li«rbcr  and  Howe's  JVesUni  Sf(i>'  ■<,  l']'. 
559-00,  witli  cut. 


The  ( 

tlio  gui( 

tiiiiiin<r 

those   o 

Itring  S 

that^the 

niiginall 

t;.'rial  of 

stone,  to 

his  imp; 

thin,    rai 

TIu'V  arc 

lii'cak    j( 

hlocks  ar 

":i(j   fourl 

]^iehio  r 

iiiv  laid  ii 
I'f  a  kind 
-•111(1  skill, 
'lacking  n 
Various  si 
'icing  disc 
\vas  fddiid 
'n'low  the 

tWcrii   tW( 

'"inish  to' 
t'lc  inside 
Piichl,,  J?i 
t'lc  licight 
i'V  the 'ma 
tliive  (stoi- 
'i^'\vn  bean 


RUINS  OF  THE  CIIACO. 


653 


Kuins  of  the  Pueblo  Pintado. 

The  cut  shows  a  preneral  view  of  the  ruin  called  by 
tlio  n'uide  Pueblo  Pintado,  the  first  one  discovered  in 
(Diuin;^  from  the  south.  The  name  of  this  ruin,  like 
tliose  t)f  the  others,  is  doiil)tless  of  modern  origin, 
\\v'mg  Spanish,  and  there  is  little  reason  to  believe 
that  the  native  names  of  some  of  the  others  are  those 
oiininally  applied  to  the  inhabited  towns.  The  nia- 
ti'iial  of  all  the  buildings  is  a  fine  liard  gray  sand- 
stone, to  which  in  some  instances  exposure  to  the  air 
lias  imparted  a  reddish  hue.  The  blocks  are  cut  veiy 
tiiiii,  ran.'lv  exceedin2f  three  inches  in  thickness. 
Tlu'V  are  laid  without  mortar  very  carefully,  so  as  to 
liicak  joints,  and  the  chinks  between  the  larger 
I'l(tcks  are  filled  with  stone  plates,  sometimes  not  over 
one  fourth  of  an  inch  thick.  In  one  instance,  the 
Pueblo  Penasco  Blanco,  stones  of  difierent  thickness 
are  laid  in  alternate  layers,  j)roducing  the  a])])earance 
of  a  kind  of  mosaic  work,  executed  with  great  cai'o 
1111(1  skill,  and  forming  a  very  smooth  surface.  "J'he 
liacking  and  filling  ui  the  walls  are  of  irregular  and 
various  sized  blocks  laid  in  mud,  no  trace  of  lime 
liciug  discoverable.  The  wall  of  the  Pueblo  I'intado 
was  t'ound  by  excavation  to  extend  at  least  two  feet 
liflow  the  surface  or  the  gri)U]id.  The  walls  are  be- 
tween two  and  three  feet  thick  at  the  base,  but  di- 
i"iiiis]i  towards  the  top  l)y  a  jog  of  a  few  inches  on 
the  inside  at  each  successive  story.  The  walls  of  the 
Piieblo  J*intado  are  still  standing  in  some  }»arts  to 
the  lieight  of  twenty-five  to  thirty  feet,  and  ai'e  shown 
iiy  the  marks  of  floor  timbers  to  have  had  at  least 
three  stories.  The  flooring  was  supporti-d  by  un- 
lit'Wii  beams  from  six  to  eleven  inches  in  diameter — 


!   li 


III 


664 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


but  uniform  in  the  same  room — stretching  .across  from 
wall  to  wall  as  in  the  Gila  ruins.  Over  these  JKiuns 
were  placed  smaller  transverse  sticks,  which  in  tliu 
Pueblo  Pintado  seem  to  have  been  placed  some  littK; 
distance  apart;  but  in  some  other  ruins  where  the 
flooring  remained  perfect,  the  transverse  sticks  wtio 
laid  close  too-other,  the  chinks  were  filled  with  small 
stones,  and  the  Avhole  covered  With  cedar  strips,  al- 
though there  was  evidence  thaL  a  coating  of  mud  oi 
mortar  was  used  in  some  instances;  and  there  was 
one  room  where  the  floor  was  of  smooth  cedar  boa  ids 
seven  inches  wide  and  three  fourths  of  an  inch  thick, 
squarely  cut  at  the  sides  and  ends,  and  apparently 
worn  smooth  by  the  friction  of  flat  stones.  Tluj 
beams  generally  bore  marks  of  having  been  cut  off 
by  the  use  of  some  blunt  instrument.     The  cut  illus- 


Section  of  Wall— Chaco  Ruins. 

trates  the  manner  in  which  the  walls  diminish  in 
thickness  from  story  to  story,  «,  a,  a:  the  position  of 
the  beams,  h,  h,  h;  the  transverse  poles,  c,  c,  c;  and 
the  flooring  above,  d,  d,  d. 


RUINS  OF  THE  CHACO  CASON. 


G55 


The  ground  plan  of  tlie  Chaco  structures  sliows 
tliree  tiers — but  in  one  case  at  least  four  tiers — of 
apartments  built  round  three  sides  of  a  courtyard, 
which  is  generally  rectangular,  in  some  cases  has 
curved  corners,  and  in  one  building — the  Penasco 
Bl>nco — approximates  to  the  form  of  a  circle.  The 
fourth  side  of  the  court  is  in  some  ruins  open,  and  in 
others  enclosed  by  a  wall  extending  in  a  curve  from 
one  extremity  of  the  building  to  the  other.  The  fol- 
lowing cuts   show  the   ground   plans  of  two  of  the 


Ground  Plan— Pueblo  Ifunfro  Pavie. 


s:-.^r.:^^v**^"-^ 


Ground  Plan— Pueblo  Bonito. 


65G        ANTIQIITIES  OF  AIIIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 

ruins,  tlie  Puoblo  Hunf^o  Pavie,  'crooked  nose,'  and 
Pueblo  Bonito.  The  cii-cumferenee  of  five  of  tliese 
buildings  is  respectively  eight  hundred  and  seventv- 
two,  seven  hundred,  sevetiteen  hundred,  tliirteen  Juiii- 
dred,  and  thirteen  hundred  feet;  the  number  of  looms 
still  traceable  on  the  ground  floor  of  the  same  build- 
ings is  seventy-two,  ninety-nine,  one  hundred  and 
twelve,  one  hundred  and  twenty-four,  and  one  Jiuii- 
dred  and  thirty-nine.  These  apartments  are  fiom 
five  feet  square  to  eight  by  fourteen  feet.  A  room  in 
the  Pueblo  Chettro  Kettle  was  seven  and  a  hali"  \>y 
fourteen  feet,  and  ten  feet  high.  The  walls  were 
plastered  with  a  red  mud,  and  several  square  or  rect- 
angular niches  of  unknown  use  were  noticed.  The 
supporting  beams  of  the  ceiling  were  two  in  number, 
and  the  transverse  poles  were  tied  at  their  ends  with 
some  wooden  fibre,  and  covered  with  a  kind  of  cediir 
lathing.  Ropes  hung  from  the  timljers.  A  room  in 
the  Pueblo  Bonito  is  shown  in  the  cut. 


Interior  of  Room — Pueblo  Bonito. 


This  room  is  unplastered,  and  the  sides  are  con- 
structed in  the  same  style  as  the  outer  walls.     Tlic 
transverse   poles   are  very  small,   about  an   indi   in, 
diameter,  laid  close   together,  very  regular,  antl  re- 
semble  barked   willow.       It   was    another    room  in 


THE  PUEBLO  r.ONlTO. 


057 


tliis  ruin  which  had  the  smooth  boards  in  connection 
with  its  ceilini»'.°" 

o 

i"  Dr  Hiinirnnnd,  a  companion  of  Simpson,  describes  this  room  as  fol- 
Iciws:  'It  was  ill  I  lie  nccdikI  of  tiiri'c  ranges  of  niKins,  on  tiii'  north  side  of 
the  rnins.  The  door  opened  at  tlie  liase  of  the  wall,  towards  the  interior 
<it  tin;  iinildin;,';  it  liad  never  iieen  more  tlian  two  feet  and  a  iialf  iii^;ii,  and 
was  filled  two-thirds  witii  riihliish.  Tlie  lintels  were  of  natural  sticks  of 
wood,  one  and  a  iialf  to  two  and  a  half  inelies  in  diameter,  deprived  of  tlie 
liiirk,  and  placed  at  distances  of  two  or  three  inches  a|>art;  \et  their  ends 
were  attached  to  each  other  hy  withes  of  oak  with  its  hark  well  preserved. 
'I'lie  room  was  in  the  form  of  ;i  panillelo;;ram,  ahout  twelve  feet  in  length, 
ciu'lit  feet  iii;;h,  and  the  walls,  as  they  stood  at  tlie  time  of  (d)servation,  seven 
feet  lii;,di.  Tlie  floor  wustif  earth,  and  the  surface  irre;.'-iilar.  'I'lie  walls  were 
iiliiiut  two  feet  thick,  and  i)lastered  within  w  ith  a  layer  of  red  mud  one 
fiiiii'th  of  an  inch  thick.  The  latter,  liavini,'  fallen  off  in  |)laccs,  showfd  the 
material  of  tiie  wall  to  he  sandstone.  The  stone  was  ^fnnind  into  jiieccH 
tlie  size  of  our  ordinary  liricks,  tiie  angles  not  as  perfectly  formed,  tiimigli 
nearly  so,  and  put  up  in  hreak-joint.s,  having  intervals  hetween  them,  on 
every  side,  of  ahout  two  inches.  The  intervals  were  filled  with  lamiiue  of 
a  dense  sandstone,  ahout  three  lines  in  thickness,  driven  firmly  in,  ami 
linikeii  off  even  with  the  general  jdane  of  the  wail— the  whole  resemhling 
iiiiisaie  work.  Niches,  varying  in  size  from  two  inches  to  two  feet  and  a 
li.iif  s(|nare,  and  two  inches  to  (uie  and  a  half  feet  in  horizontal  deptii, 
were  scattered  irregularly  over  the  walls,  at  various  heights  above  the  floor. 
Near  the  place  of  the  ceiling,  the  walls  were  jieiietrated,  and  the  .surfaces 
(if  tlieiii  per[)endicular  to  the  length  of  tlie  heani.  'I'hey  had  the  ajipear- 
iiiee  of  having  been  .sawed  ofl'  originally,  e.vcept  that  there  were  no  marks 
<i.  the  saw  left  on  them;  time  had  slightly  disintegrated  the  surfaces, 
r'liiiidiiig  the  edges  somewhat  here  and  tliere.  Supporting  the  floor  ahove 
were  six  cylindrical  heanis,  al)out  seven  inches  in  diameter,  passing  trans- 
\erseiy  of  the  room,  and  at  distances  of  less  than  two  feet  ajiart — the 
Ij.aiiehes  of  the  frees  having  heeii  hewn  ofl"  hy  means  of  a  hliint-edged  in- 
i-:iiiiiient.  Ahove,  and  resting  on  these,  running  loiigitiidiiially  with  the 
iiipiii,  were  jioles  of  various  lengths,  ahoiit  two  inches  in  iliaiiieter,  irregu- 
l.iily  straight,  placed  in  contact  with  each  other,  covering  all  the  top  of  the 
I'liii,  hound  together  at  irregular  and  various  <listaiiees,  gcneially  at  their 
e:iiis,  hy  slips  apparently  of  palm-leaf  or  marouez,  and  the  same  material 
(■'inverted  into  cords  ahout  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diainctcr,  foriiie(l  of  two 
^;^an(ls,  hung  from  the  poles  at  several  jioiiits.  AIkac,  and  resting  upon 
t  je  poles,  closing  all  above,  passing  transversely  of  the  room,  were  plunks 
ii:  alioiit  seven  inches  wide,  and  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  thickness. 
Tiu;  width  of  the  ]ilank  was  uniform,  and  so  was  the  thickness.  They 
\u.'K  in  cimtact,  or  nearly  so,  admitting  but  little  more  than  the  passage  of 
ii  knife  blade  hetween  them,  by  the  edges,  through  the  wliolc  of  their 
lr:igtlis.  They  were  not  jointed;  all  their  surfaces  were  level,  and  as 
>;iiii(>th  as  if  jdaned,  excepting  the  ends;  the  angles  as  regular  and  ]ierfect 
::■■  could  he  retained  by  such  vegetable  matter — they  are  |iriibalily  of  pine 
nr  cedar — exposed  to  the  atmosphere  for  as  long  a  time  as  it  is  probable 
iicse  have  been.  The  ends  of  the  ]ilank,  several  of  which  wen;  in  view, 
I  iiiiinated  in  lines  per|iendicnlar  to  the  length  of  the  plank,  iiiid  the  ]ilank 
i!|ipears  to  have  been  severed  by  a  blunt  instrument,  flu-  planks  I  exani- 
i  led  tliein  minutely  by  the  eye  and  the  touch,  for  the  marks  ol  the  saw  .•ind 
ii!lier  instruments — were  smootli,  and  colored  brown  by  time  or  by  smoke. 
I'lcsdiid  the  jilank  nothing  was  distiifguishable  from  within.  The  nxuii 
v.as  redolent  with  the  perfume  of  cedar.  Kxtermilly,  upon  the  top,  was 
ii  ii('a|i  of  stmie  and  mud,  ruins  that  have  fallen  from  above,  immovable  by 
l!ie  instruments  that  we  had  along.  The  beams  were  ])robably  severed  liy 
tMutusions  from  a  dull  instrument,  and  their  surfaces  ground  jilain  and 
Vol.  IV.    ii 


(    !  Jj 


658 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


The  doors  by  whic\  the  rooms  communicate  Avlth 
each  other  and  with  the  courtyard  are  very  small, 
many  of  them  not  exceeding  two  and  a  lialf  flut 
square.  There  are  no  doors  whatever  in  the  outer 
walls,  and  no  windows  except  in  the  upper  stories. 
The  larger  size  of  the  windows  and  of  the  inner  doors 
indicate  that  the  rooms  of  the  upper  stories  were 
Larger  than  below.  In  some  cases  the  walls  corre- 
sponding to  the  second  or  third  stories  had  no  win- 
dows. In  one  case  lower  story  windows  were  found 
walled  up.  The  tops,  or  lintels,  of  the  doors  and 
windows  were  in  some  cases  stone  slabs,  in  others 
small  timbers  bound  together  with  withes,  and  in  a 
few  they  are  reported  to  have  been  formed  by  over- 
lapping stones  very  much  like  the  Y*  ^atan  arch;  a 
specimen  is  shown  in  the  cut. 


Arch  of  Overlapping  Stones. 

The  higfhest  walls  still  standing  at  the  time  of 
Simpson's  visit  had  Hoor-tiinbers,  or  their  marks,  fur 
four  stories,  but  it  is  not  impossible  that  some  of  the 
buildings  may  have  had  originally  five  or  six  stories. 
The  outer  walls  were  in  every  case  perpendicular  to 
their  full  height,  showing  that  the  houses  were  not 
built  in  receding  terraces,  or  stories,  on  the  outside, 
as  is  the  case  with  many  of  the  inhabited  I'uelilo 
towns,  and  with  tlie  Casa  Grande  on  the  Gila.  There 
can  be  no  doubt  that  they,  were  so  terraced  on  the  in- 
smooth  l)y  a  slab  of  rock;  and  the  planks,  split  or  hewn  from  tlie  frees, 
were,  no  douht,  rendereil  sniootli  by  the  same  means.'  Hammond,  in  Sinqi- 
son's  Jour.  Mil.  Jiecuii.,  pp.  131-3. 


KUINS  OF  THE  CIIACO  CAJTOX. 


659 


tc'i'ior  or  court ;  at  least  in  no  inataTice  were  the  inner 
walls  sufficiently  high  to  indicate  a  different  arrange- 
ment, and  it  is  hardly  possible  that  all  the  ranges 
Avere  of  the  same  heijxht,  leaving  without  lijjfht  most 
of  the  thousand  rooms  which  they  would  contain  if 
built  on  such  a  plan.  There  were  no  traces  of  stair- 
ways or  chimneys  seen.  The  whole  numljer  of  apart- 
ments in  the  Pueblo  Bonito,  supposing  it  to  have 
been  built  on  the  terrace  plan,  must  have  been  six 
hundred  and  forty-one.  The  cut  on  the  next  page 
shows  a  restoration  of  one  of  the  Chaco  ruins,  taken 
from  Mr  Baldwin's  work,  and  modeled  after  a  similar 
one  by  Mr  Kern,  a  companion  of  Simpson,  although 
^[r  Kern  made  an  error  of  one  story  in  the  height. 
I  have  no  doubt  of  the  general  accuracy  of  this  res- 
toration, and  it  may  be  regarded  ay  nearly  certain  that 
access  to  the  upper  rooms  was  gained  from  the  court 
by  means  of  ladders,  each  story  forming  a  platform  be- 
fore the  doors  of  the  one  next  above. 

Each  ruin  has  from  one  to  seven  circular  structures, 
called  estufas  in  the  inhabited  Pueblo  towns,  sunk  in 
the  ground  and  walled  with  stone.  Several  of  these 
are  shown  in  the  two  ground  plans  that  have  been 
given.  They  occur  both  in  the  courtyards  and  under- 
neath tlie  rooms.  Some  were  divided  into  compart- 
niuiits,  and  one,  in  the  Pueblo  Bonito,  was  sixty 
fct't  in  diameter  and  twelve  feet  deep,  being  built 
in  two,  and  possibly  three,  stories. 

Near  some  of  the  larger  buildings  are  smaller  de- 
taclied  ruins,  of  which  no  particular  descri[ition  is 
yivcu.  In  one  place  there  is  an  excavation  in  the 
side  of  a  cliff,  enclosed  by  a  front  wall  of  stone  and 
iiiortar.  In  another  locality  there  is  an  isolated  ellip- 
tical enclosure  of  stone  and  mortar,  eight  by  sixteen 
fcL't,  and  divided  into  two  compartments.  Near  one 
of  the  ruins,  in  the  northern  wall  of  the  canon,  al)(>ut 
twelve  feet  from  the  base,  are  three  circular  holes  t\N'o 
feet  in  diameter,  with  smaller  ones  between  them,  all 
in  a  horizontal  line,  with  a  vertical  line  of  still  smaller 


600         ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


holes  1 
-Mr  Sii 
cavatic 
fortress 
also  soi 
the  ho 
tor  soni 
tion  of 
were  f 
amoni,'' 
Bhick  . 


7T.. 


The  Clm 
Chelly,  if 
arc  o-enci 
Pintado  i 
al»oiit  thi 
i'lgs  do  11 

"  riinro  r 
"iriifcrciice, 
s'pf'iriicn.s  (»f 
•*(••  I'l.  23-5. 
fiKuiiifcieiic; 


RUINS  IX  THE  CIIACO  CA5r0X. 


CCl 


holes  leadliij:^  up  the  olitf  to  one  of  the  larger  ones. 
Mr  Simpson  was  unahlo  to  explore  this  sinj^^ular  ex- 
cavation, and  its  use  is  unknown;  it  may  l)e  a  room  ta* 
fortress  excavated  from  the  solid  rock.  There  are 
also  some  hieroglyphics  on  the  face  of  the  cliff  under 
the  holes.  The  quarries  which  furnished  the  stone 
for  some  of  the  buildings  were  found,  but  no  descrip- 
tion of  them  is  given.  Hieroglyphics  on  boulders 
were  found  at  a  few  points.  Tlie  pottery  found 
among  the  Chaco  ruins  is  illustrated  by  the  cut. 
Black  and  red  seem  to  be  the  only  colors  employed. 


Pottcn-— riiiico  rufion. 

TI10  Chaco  canon,  although  wider  than  that  of  the 
(  liully,  is  Iiounded  by  precipitous  sides,  and  the  ruins 
iiio  o-enerallv  near  the  base  of  the  clitf".  The  Pueblo 
Pintado  is  built  on  a  knoll  twenty  or  thirty  feet  high, 
about  three  hundred  yards  from  the  river.  The  build- 
ings do  not  exactly  face  the  cardinal  points." 

^'  riiaro  ruins  as  dispovrrpd  1>y  Simpson:  Pucltlo  Piiitarlo,  40.?  fnot  i-ir- 
cmiifcrcnce,  Sslurit's,  ,')4  rooms  on  jj;roiiud  floor,  pp.  M-Ci,  \t\.  20,  22,  41;  view, 
si«'iiini'iis  of  niasonrv,  and  of  poltt-rv.  IvOfk-inscriiUions  at  Camp  0,  p. 
'M\.  pi.  23-.5.  Pncl)lo\Ve,je-f,'i.  1."?  miles  from  Puclilo  Pintado,  700  feet  in 
ciiviiiiifcrenc;    yj  rooms, 'walls  25  feet  higli,  pp.  30-7,  pi.  20-7;  view  and 


iili 


GG2         ANTfl^riTlKS  OF  AlllZUNA  AND  XKW  MKXK^O. 

I  now  come  to  the  last  division  of  the  picstut 
j^roup,  tlie  j)erpen(Jiciilar  of  our  triann^le,  thu  Kio 
(Jraude  del  Norte  and  its  tributaries.  This  vallt  y, 
the  New  Mexico  i)roper  of  the  Spaniards,  when  fiist 
visited  in  the  sixteenth  century,  was  thickly  iiili.il)- 
ited  by  an  ag'ricultural  semi-civilized  people,  d\vulliii(r 
ill  towns  of  stone  and  mud  houses  several  stories  in 
hei<,dit.  Respectinjj;  the  number,  names,  and  exact 
locality  of  these  towns  the  early  accounts  are  some- 
what vaj^ue,  but  many  of  them  can  be  accurattly 
traced  by  means  of  an  examination  of  autlioiitits 
which  would  be  out  of  j)lace  here.  From  the  fiist 
<liscovery  by  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  Marco  de  Niza,  and 
Francisco  Vasquez  de  Coronado,  the  general  history 
of  the  country  is  clear;  and  we  still  find  the  saniu 
semi-civilized  people  living  in  similar  towns  undrr 
similar  institutions,  although  they,  like  the  towns  in 
which  they  live,  are  greatly  reduced  in  number. 
Some  of  the  inhabited  Pueblo  towns  are  known  by 
name,  location,  and  history,  to  be  identical  Avith  tliose 
whicli  so  excited   the  admiration  of  the  Sj^aniards; 

ground  pl.an.  Pnchlo  Una  Vida,  15.\  inilps  from  Pnclilo  Pintado,  oircnin- 
t'l'iuiici!  !H)4  ft'ct,  lii;i;;lit  15  feet,  2  stories,  4  cstiifas,  pp.  37-8,  pi.  •28-'.t;  \ icw 
and  jjroiiiid  plan.  Pueblo  Hiingo  Pavie,  872  feet  circuniference,  'M)  feet 
liij,'h,  4  stories,  72  rooms,  1  estufa,  i).  .38,  jtl.  .30-2;  plan,  pottery,  and  rtsto- 
ration  (all  copied  above).  Pueblo  Ciiettro  Kettle,  circumference  1.300  fcit,  4 
stories,  124  rooms,  6  estufas,  pp.  38-40,  pi.  33-.5;  plan,  interior,  hit  rii^rlyjili- 
ics.  Pueblo  Bonito,  circumference  1,300  feet,  4  stories,  139  rooms  tnucMliic, 
4  estufas,  pp.  40-2,  131-3,  id.  30-38,  40-41;  view,  jdan,  interior,  imlti'iy, 
speciineu  of  masonry.  Pueblo  Arroyo,  100  feet  circumference,  2  undrsiiiliiil 
ruins  near  it,  p.  42.  Pueblo  Peila.sco  Rlanco,  on  south  side  of  rivii,  I7(M> 
feet  circumference,  112  rooms,  3  stories,  7  estufas,  pp.  42-3,  pi.  41,  li;:  '-; 
s]K'cimen  of  nuisonry.  Simpsoii's  Jour.  Mil.  liccou.,  ])p.  34-4.3,  l.'illi. 
Nlij^lit  a(^count  from  Simpson,  in  Doincnech's  Deserts,  vol.  i.,  pp.  l',i!l--iH), 
37!>-81,  38");  Anniad  Sricti.  Discor.,  1850,  pp.  3G2-3;  B(tl(hriii\s  Aii<: 
Anicr.,  pp.  8G-0,  cut;  Barber  and  Howe's  Western  States,  pj».  5r)(;-!t.  cut.-; 
Tlnimmel,  Mexiko,  i>p.  347-8.  A  newsjiajjcr  rejrart  of  a  ruin  disiovcnd 
l)y  one  Roberts  nuiy  be  as  well  mentioned  here  as  elsewhere,  altlioii;;li 
the  locality  given  is  90  miles  within  the  Arizona  line,  while  the  Cliiini 
remains  are  in  New  Mexico.  This  city  was  built  on  a  mesa  vitli  |iii'- 
ci]>itous  sides,  and  covered  an  area  of  3  square  miles,  bein<i  eiiclnscd  liv 
n  wall  of  hewn  sandstone,  still  standing  in  places  6  or  8  feet  hr^\\.  N'> 
remains  of  timber  were  found  in  the  city,  which  must  have  confaimil  (ni;;- 
inally  20,000  inhabitants.  It  was  laid  tuit  in  plazas  and  streets,  Mini  tin; 
walls  bore  sculptureil  hieroglyphics.  San  Francisco  Chronicle,  I)cr.  j'J, 
1872.  See  also  Alta  California,  June  2(5,  1874.  I  give  but  few  of  tin  >t' 
newspa]ier  reports  as  specimens;  a  volume  might  be  lilled  with  tliciii,  with- 
out luuch  prollt. 


I'UEiJLo  ui:mai\s  on  tiik  iiu)  i;i:ani)i:. 


G->3 


and  there  is  every  reason  to  ])elievo  that  all  are  so, 
(•xce[)t  a  few  that  may  have  heen  built  duriiiuf  the 
Sj)anish  domination.  The  inhabited  ]\iel)lo  towns, 
(tr  those  inhabited  durinj^  the  nineteenth  century,  are 
iil)out  twenty  in  number,  althout»'h  authors  disaL,'reo 
(HI  this  point,  some  eallinsf  Pueblos  what  others  say 
lire  merely  Mexican  towns;  but  the  distinction  is  not 
iiiH)ortant  for  my  ])resent  purpose/^  The  important 
fact  is,  that  the  Spaniard  found  no  race  of  ]»eo})le  in 
New  ^Texico  which  has  since  l)ecome  extinct,  nor  any 
class  of  towns  or  buildini^-s  that  differed  from  the 
Pueblo  towns  still  inhabited. 

Besides  the  towns  still  inhabited  there  arc  many 
of  precisely  the  same  materials  and  architecture, 
which  are  in  ruins.  Such  are  Pect)s,  Quivira,  Val- 
\(!rde,  San  Lazaro,  San  Marcos,  San  Crist6l)al, 
Socorro,  Senacu,  Abo,  Quarra,  Rita,  Poblazon, 
(lid  San  Felipe,  and  old  Zuni.  Some  of  these  were 
abandoned  by  the  natives  at  a  very  recent  date; 
some  have  ruined  Spanish  buildings  among  the  ab- 
(iiiginal  structures;  some  may  be  historically  identi- 
fied Avith  the  towns  conquered  by  the  first  European 
visitors.  These  facts,  together  with  the  absence  of 
any  mention  of  ruins  by  the  first  explorers,  and  the 
well-known  diminution  of  the  Pueblos  in  numbers 
and  power,  make  it  perfectly  safe  to  affirm  that  the 
ruins  all  belong  to  the  same  class,  the  same  people, 
and  about  the  same  epoch  as  the  inhabited  towns. 
This  conclusion  is  of  some  importance  since  it  renders 
it  useless  to  examine  carefullv  each  ruin,  and  the 
diicuments  bearing  on  its  individual  history,  and  en- 
ahlcs  the  reader  to  form  a  perfectly  clear  idea  of  all 
the  many  structures  by  carefully  studying  a  few. 

While  the  Pucblo   towns  cannot   be  regarded  as 

^^  Davis'  list  of  PueTilo  towns  is  as  follows: — Taos,  Piooris,  Nainne, 
TcziKiuo,  Pojuaque,  Sail  Jtian,  Sail  Yldefonso,  Santo  Doiniii^^o,  Saii  Fe- 
lijic.  Santa  Ana,  Corhiti,  Isleta,  Silla,  Lajjuna,  Atonia,  Jeniez,  Znfii,  San- 
ilia,  Santa  Clara.  A7  Gri)if/o,  |>.  11.5.  Barreiro,  Ojciula,  p.  15,  adds  Peros, 
iiiiil  omits  S.an  Juan.  Sinijmon,  Jour.  Mil.  Recon.,  p.  114,  says  that  Ce- 
liiillctn,  Covero,  and  Mo(iuiiio,  are  uot  properly  Indian  pueblon,  but  ordi- 
iiaiy  Me.\icau  towns. 


r>(>i 


ANTK^llTIKS  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NKW  MKXICO, 


ol)je('tH  of  ^rt'.-it  luystfry,  as  the  work  of  a  race  that 
has  <li;saj>jM!ai'c'(l,  or  as  a  station  of  the  Aztiics  u  Iiilr  on 
their  way  southward,  yut  tht^y  aro  ]»ro|u'riy  tniitnl 
as  aiiti(|uitit;s,  siiico  tlicy  were  doul)th!Ss  huilt  i»y  tlic 
native  races  l)eforo  they  conie  in  contact  with  tin- 
Spaniards.  Tiiey  occupy  tiie  same  position  with  ic- 
spect  to  the  suhject  of  this  vohnne  as  tlie  remains  in 
Antiiuiac,  exceptinj^  ])erhaps  Chohda  and  Teotiliiiii- 
can;  or  rather  they  have  the  same  importance  that 
the  city  of  Thicopan  wouhl  liave,  had  the  Spaniards 
permitted  that  city  to  stand  in  possessi(jn  of  its 
native  inhahitaiits. 

An  accoimt  of  the  Pueblo  huildiniifs  liasl)ccn  i^ivcii 
in  another  vohnne  of  this  work/''^  and  1  cannot  do 
better  here  than  to  (pjote  from  oood  autliorities  a  de- 
scription of  the  princi])al  towns,  both  iidiabited  jin(' 
m  ruins.  Of  Taos  Mr  Abort  says,  "One  of  the 
nortliern  foi'ks  of  the  Taos  river,  on  issuini^  iVom  the 
mountains,  forms  a  deH<^htful  nook,  wliicli  the  Indians 
early  selected  as  a  permanent  residence.  By  j^-radnid 
improvement,  from  year  to  year,  it  has  finally  becoinu 
one  of  the  most  formidable  of  the  artificial  strong- 
holds of  New  Me.\.ico.  On  each  side  of  the  little 
mountain  stream  is  one  of  those  immense  'adobe' 
structures,  which  rises  by  successive  steps  until  an 
irre<.(ular  pyramidal  buildin*^,  seven  stories  hi^h,  pie- 
sents  an  almost  impreii^nable  tower.  These,  with  the 
church  and  some  few  scattering  houses,  make  u})  the 
village.  The  whoL)  is  surrounded  by  an  adobe  wall, 
strengthened  in  somo  ^iaces  l)y  rough  palisades,  the 
different  parts  so  arranged,  for  mutual  defence,  as  to 
have  elicited  much  admiration  for  the  skill  of  the 
untaught  engineers."  Of  the  same  town  Davis  says, 
"  It  is  the  best  sample  of  the  ancient  mode  of  buihlinL'. 
Here  there  are  two  large  houses  three  hundred  or  \\>\\y 
hundred  feet  in  length,  and  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  wide  at  the  base.  They  are  situated  ujioii 
opposite  sides  of  a  small  creek,  and  in  ancient  times 

M  See  vol.  i.,  pp.  533-8. 


riKISLO  TOWNS  OF  NKW  MKXK  O 


0(15 


arc  said  to  havo  boon  oomicntod  liy  a  l)ri(l<j!'o.  Tlioy 
aro  livu  and  six  sturios  liiufli,  oach  story  roctidin^'  (Voiii 
tho  Olio  IhjIow  it,  and  thus  fonnini,'  a  Htnicturc!  ti-r- 
racud  from  top  to  bottom.  Each  story  is  dividi.'d  into 
niiniuroiis  littlu  fonipartniontH,  tho  oiitor  tiors  of  iooium 
boinijf  li^litod  by  small  windows  in  tho  sidos,  wliilo 
tlioso  in  tho  intorior  of  tho  building-  aro  dark,  and  aro 
principally  us(.'d  as  storo-roonis . .  .  .Tho  only  moans  of 
entrance  is  throii:j;h  a  tra[)-door  in  tho  roof,  and  yoii 
ascond,  from  story  to  story,  by  moans  of  ladders  ujioii 
tho  outsido,  which  aro  tlrawii  up  at  ni^ht."  Thosaujo 
writor  u'lvos  tho  following  i^'ut  of  Taos.'"* 


L^fe^^^^^S^lli^^A^U,,^ 


I'ueljlo  of  Taos. 

The  houses  of  La'jfuna  aro  "built  of  stono,  rouyhlv 
laid  in  mortar,  and,  on  account  of  the  color  of  the  mor- 
tar, with  which  thoy  are  also  faced,  thoy  present  a 
dirty  yellowish  clay  as[)oct.  Thoy  have  windows  in  tho 
basement  as  well  as  upper  stories;  solonite,  as  usual, 
answers  tho  pur[)<)se  of  window-liL'hts."'^'^ 

"Hij:'h  oil  a  lofty  rock  of  sandstone ....  sits  the 
city  of  Acoma.  On  the  northern  side  of  the  rock, 
tlie  rude  boreas  blasts  have  heaped  uj)  the  sand,  so  as 
to  form  a  practical  ascent  for  some  distance ;  the  rest 

^  Ahri-f's  Xrir  Mrx.,  in  Eiiinri/\<)  Ji'-rniitjoifixftiirc,  p.  4'il\  Dari.s'  Kl 
(in'ngi),  pp.  14l-'2.  Sec  itiso  ^//vi/^'.v  ('o//(.  I'niirirs,  vol.  i.,  p|i.  'lH't-l .  This 
author  suvs  thurc  is  a  similar  ediliee  in  tlio  piiul)lo  of  Piciiris.  Eilmiril.s' 
('(tiii/Kiiifii,  ])|).  43-4;  Diinivinch's  Drsrrln,  vol.  i.,  pp.  l!)l-'2.  (Jii  the  Ario\o 
Iliiiido  10  miles  iiortli  of  Taos,  Mr  Peters,  Life  of  (Jarsoii,  }i.  437,  sji('ai<« 
iif  tlie  remains  of  the  larf^est  Aztec  .settlement  in  New  Mexico,  consisting 
iif  small  eobble-stones  in  mud,  pottery,  arrow-heads,  stono  pijies,  and  rude 
tools. 

^^  SimpsoiCs  Jour.  Mil.  Rcc'i., -[1.   114. 


'1  I 


666 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  .MEXICO. 


of  the  way  is  tlirougli  solid  rock.  At  one  place  a 
singular  oi>ening,  or  narrow  way,  is  formed  between  a 
huge  square  tower  of  rock  and  the  perpendicular  face 
of  the  cliff.  Then  the  road  winds  round  like  a  s[)iral 
stair  way,  and  the  Indians  have,  in  some  way,  Hxed 
logs  of  wood  in  the  rock,  radiating  from  a  vertical 
a.vis,  like  steps ....  At  last  we  reached  the  top  of  tlie 
r(jck,  which  was  nearly  level,  and  contains  about  sixty 
acres.  Here  we  saw  a  large  church,  and  several  con- 
tinuous blocks  of  buildings,  containing  sixty  <»r  sev- 
enty houses  in  each  block,  (the  wall  at  the  side  that 
faced  outwards  was  luibroken,  and  had  no  windows 
until  near  the  top:  the  houses  were  three  stories 
high).  In  front  each  story  retreated  back  as  it  as- 
cended, so  as  to  leave  -v  platform  along  the  whole  front 
of  the  story:  these  plaUbrms  are  guarded  by  parapt  t 
walls  about  three  feet  high."  Jjadders  are  used  for 
first  and  second  stories  but  there  are  steps  in  tliu 
Avail  to  reacli  the  roof."®  Mr  Grtgg  tells  us  that  Saii 
Felipe  is  on  "the  very  verge  of  a  ])recipice  several 
lumdred  feet  high,"  but  Simpson  states  that  "neither 
it  nor  Sandia  is  as  purely  Indian  in  the  style  of  its 
buildings  as  the  other  pueblos.""' 

Santo  Domingo  "is  laid  out  in  streets  running 
perpendicularly  to  the  Kio  Grande.  The  houses  art' 
corwfnicted  of  adobes,  (blocks  of  mud,  of  greater  or 
less  dimensions,  sun-dried;)  are  two  stoi-ies  in  height, 
the  ui)per  one  set  retreatingly  on  the  lower,  so  as  to 
make  the  superior  covering  of  the  lower  ans\ver  for 
a  terrace  or  platform  for  the  upper;  and  have  roofs 
which  are  nearly  flat.  These  roofs  are  made  first  of 
transverse  logs  which  pitch  very  slightly  outwaid, 
and  are  sustained  at  their  ends  by  the  side  walls  of 


^  Ahrrt^s  Xrir  Mry.,  in  Emorjf\t  Ttrcoitnnin.mnrr,  p.  470-1,  ivitli  It 
views.  The  most  ancient  and  extraordinary  of  all  the  Puehlos,  on  u  laMi' 
of  00  acres,  SfJO  feet  almve  the  plain.  Identical  with  Coronado's  .Vcuki. 
O'lmciicdt'i  Jhstrfs,  vol.  i.,  jip.  '202-3;  Oiii/'fs  Coin,  rrairitti,  vol.  i.,  pp. 
277-8. 

57  Grrrjifs  Com.  rniirim,  vol.  i.,  p.  277;  Simpson's  Jour.  Mil.  Bcron., 
p.  121;  view  of  Sun  Felipe,  nv  AbcrVs  New  Mcx.,  in  Einuri/'s  Iiccuiiii"ig- 
sance,  p.  IGl. 


PUEBLO  TOWNS  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


CC7 


the  biilklini^;  on  these,  a  layer  of  slabs  or  brush  is 
laid;  a  layer  of  bark  or  straw  is  then  laid  on  these; 
and  covering  the  whole  is  a  layer  of  mud  of  six  or 
more  inches  in  thickness.  The  lieiuht  of  the  stories 
is  about  eight  or  nine  feet."^^ 

"On  my  visit  to  the  pueblo  of  Tesuque  we  entered 
a  large  Sijuare,  around  which  the  dwellings  are  erected 
(•lose  together,  so  as  to  present  outwardly  an  un- 
hroken  line  of  wall  to  tlie  heiglit  of  three  stories. 
\  iesed  from  the  inner  square  it  presents  the  ap- 
|>jarance  of  a  succession  of  terraces  with  doors  and 
n'indows  opening  upon  them ....  This  general  de- 
scription is  a])^'licable  to  all  the  Pueblo  vilhiges,  how- 
ever they  may  ditler  in  size,  j)osition,  and  nature  of 
tlie  ground — -some  being  on  bluffs,  some  on  mesas, 
and  most  of  those  in  the  valley  of  the  iiio  Grande 
<in  level  ground."'^''' 

Zuni,  "'like  Santo  Domingo,  is  built  terrace- 
sliaped — each  story,  of  which  there  are  generally 
three,  being  smaller,  latei'ally,  so  that  one  story 
answers  in  part  for  tlie  i)latform  of  the  one  above 
it.  It,  however,  is  far  more  compact  tlum  Santo  Do- 
mingo— its  streets  being  narrow,  and  in  j)laces  pre- 
iseiiting  the  api)earancc  of  tunnels,  or  covei'ed  ways, 
(»n  account  of  the  houses  extending  at  tlieS'.'  j)laces 
over  them.  The  houses  are  generally  built  of  stone, 
plastered  with  mud,"-    has  an  adobe  Catholic  church 


CO 


The  F.'.Aen  Moqiii  towns  in  xVrizona.,  situated  in  an 

'•1^  Sii)ipson\i  Jniir.  l\Ti!.  Rrmii.,  ])]).  13-4.  'Tlic  limiscs  of  tliis  town 
iiic  Imilt  in  Mocks.'  '  I'o  ciitfi-,  you  asccinl  to  fliis  jilalfoiiii  liy  the  nivalis 
lit'  ladders;'  wiiidowH  in  tlie  upper  ])art  oi'  tlie  ii>\ver  story.  Aliars  Xrw 
l/.r.,  in  Kinori/'s  lici'otntoisaKiirr,  \^.  4tiJ,  with  view;  MttUhuKsin's  Juunici/, 
\i.  'I'M,   witii  view;  IfdiiinirrJi's  />c.v(  r/;,  vol.  i.,  p.  107. 

^'  Mi/iiic's  Two  Thousdinl  Milrs,  |ip.  'JOti  7. 

''"  Sii'ii).s<>,i\s  Join:  Mil.  Hiyoh.,  ]<]).  W)-'.'..  'It  is  d'videil  into  four  solid 
'Op'  liavinf?  but  two  streets,  erossin;.;  its  centre  at   ri;;lit   aii;;les.     Ail 

til'' ...idin^^s  are  two  stories  Iii;,'ii,  coiiiiiose^i  of  >-, in-dried  liriii<.  'rii«>  first 
-•tory  presents  a  sidid  wall  to  the  street,  and  is  so  constriieted.  thai  eaeli 
ii'iti.M'  join.s,  until  one  fourth  of  the  city  may  lie  said  to  he  one  iMiiidin;,'. 
Tiie  seeond  stories  rise  from  this  vast,  solid  siniet;»re,  so  as  to  (ie.-ii;nato 
rmh  house,  leavinf"  room  to  waliv  upon  tlie  root  of  tin  lirsl  stur\  between 
fiiili  liiiildin;,'.'  Ifiii/lics'  /tniii/i/iKii'.s  h'j.'.,  ]).  lit.");  see  also  ll'/ii/ijilf,  m  I'uc. 
A',  1{.  liijif.,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  (J7-8.,  witii  view;  Jlullinii.ncnis  Jnunxy,  p.  1)7. 


668        ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


isolated  mountainous  regir-i  about  midway  hetwooii 
the  Colorado  Chiquito  and  the  Chelly  canon,  in  l;iti- 
lide  35°  50',  and  longitude  110^  30',  are  very  similar 
to  the  Puehlo  towns  of  the  Rio  Grande.  They  wt'ic 
l^rohahly  visited  by  the  earliest  Spanish  ex})l(>rer.s, 
and  have  a  claim  to  as  great  an  anti(|uity  as  any  in 
the  whole  region.  Lieut.  Ives  visited  the  Mocjuis  in 
1858,  and  his  description  is  the  best  extant;  from  it 
I  quote  as  follows:  "I  discovered  with  a  spy-glass 
two  of  the  Moqui  towns,  eight  or  ten  miles  distant, 
upon  the  summit  of  a  high  bluff  overhanging  the 
opposite  side  of  the  valley.  They  were  built  clrv- 
to  the  edge  of  the  precipice.  .  .  .The  outlines  of  tl;  • 
closely-packed  structures  looked  in  the  distance  I'k' 
the  towers  and  battlements  of  a  castle."  "The 
face  of  the  bluff,  upon  the  summit  of  which  the 
town  was  i)erc)iod,  was  cut  up  and  irregular.  W'c 
were  led  through  a  passage  that  wound  among  s(jinc 
low  hillocks  of  sand  and  rock  that  extended  hall-way 
to  the  top....  A  small  plateau,  in  the  centre  (»(' 
which  was  a  circular  reservoir,  fifty  feet  in  dianutii', 
lined  witli  n\asonry,  and  filled  with  pure  cold  watci-. 
The  ba(-'n  was  fed  from  a  pipe  connecting  with  some 
source  ot  sup})ly  upon  the  summit  of  the  mesa.  .  . . 
Continuing  to  ascend  we  came  to  another  reservoir, 
smaller,  but  of  more  elal)orate  construction  and  finish 
....  Between  the  two  the  face  of  the  bluff  hud  been 
ingeniously  converted  into  terraces.  These  were 
faced  with  neat  masonry,  and  contained  gardens,  each 
surrounded  with  a  raised  edge  so  as  to  retain  watei' 
upon  the  surface.  Pipes  from  the  reservoirs  permit- 
ted them  at  any  time  to  be  irrigated.  Peach  tiees 
were  growing  upon  the  terraces  and  in  the  hollows 
below.  A  long  flight  of  stone  steps,  with  sharp  turns 
that  could  easily  be  defended,  was  Ir.iilt  into  the  face  of 
the  jaecipice,  and  led  from  the  u])per  reservoir  to  the 
foot  of  the  town."  "The  town  is  nearly  square,  ami 
surrounded  by  a  stone  wall  fifteen  feet  high,  the  top 
of  which  forms  a  landing  extendinfjf  around  the  whole. 


THE  ^lOQUI  TOWNS. 


660 


Flif*'hts  of  stone  steps  led  from  the  first  to  a  second 
landing,  up(jn  which  the  doors  of  the  honse  open." 
"The  room  was  fifteen  feet  by  ten ;  the  walls  were  made 
of  adobes;  the  partitions  of  substantial  beams;  the 
rloor  laid  with  clay.  In  one  corner  were  a  fireplace  and 
chimney.  Everything  was  clean  ard  tidy.  Skins, 
bows  and  arrows,  rpiivers,  antlers,  blankets,  ai'ticles  of 
clotliing  and  ornament,  were  hanging  from  the  walls 
or  arranged  upon  shelves.  Vases,  flat  dishes,  and 
gourds  filled  with  meal  or  water  were  standing  along 
one  side  of  the  room.  At  the  other  end  was  a  trough 
divided  into  compartments,  in  each  of  which  was  a 
slo[)ing  stone  slab  two  or  three  feet  square  for  grind- 
ing corn  upon.  In  a  recess  of  an  inner  room  was 
})iled  a  goodly  store  of  corn  in  the  ear." 

"We  learned  that  there  wore  seven  towns;  that  the 
name  of  that  which  we  were  visiting  was  ^fooshah- 
neli.  A  second  smaller  town  was  half  a  mile  dis- 
tant; two  miles  westward  was  a  third, . . ,  Five  or  six 
miles  to  the  north-east  a  Idufif*  was  pointed  out  as  the 
location  of  three  others,  and  we  were  informed  that  the 
last  of  the  seven,  Oraybe,  was  still  further  distant,  on 
tlie  trail  cowards  the  great  river."  "Eacli  ])ueblo  is 
biiilt  arourid  a  rectangular  court,  in  wliicii  we  suppose 
.)i«:  ^,iiO  springs  that  furnish  the  sujjply  to  the  reser- 
voir. The  exterior  walls,  which  are  of  stone,  have 
no  •ij.'enings,  and  woidd  have  to  bo  scaled  or  bat- 
i.o'-ijd  down  before  access  could  bo  gained  to  the 
lilt  '•''..  The  successive  stories  are  set  l)ack,  one 
boliind  tlie  other.  The  lower  rooms  are  ivachcd 
through  trap-d(joi"s  from  the  first  landing,  'i'hu 
houses  are  three  rooms  deep,  and  o})en  u})()n  the  in- 
fi'vior  couit.'  "lie  led  the  way  to  the  east  of  the 
oiu'^' on  wliit-h  Oravbe  stands.  Eiybt  or  nine  miles 
hiougiit  I'  1  ^rain  +o  ah  angle  formed  by  two  faces  f)f 
the  ))rec!j!*'-t  ...  i\.c  fc;;t  v.'aL:  n  ves;,.tMoir,  and  a 
■  ('oad  road  iuding  up  the  steep  ascent.  On  either 
i()e  the  blutt's  were  cut  into  terraces,  and  laid  out 
into  gardens  'imilar  to  tho,  '^   seen   at   ^loosliahneh, 


_^ 


ftr;-! 


670        ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 

and,  like  tliem,  irrigated  frvora  an  upper  reservoir. 
The  whole  reflected  great  credit  upon  i^Ioquis  in- 
genuity and  skill  in  the  department  of  engineer. iiLf. 
The  walls  of  the  terraces  and  reservoirs  were  of 
partially  dressed  stone,  well  and  strongly  built,  and 
the  irrigating  pipes  conveniently  arranged.  Tlio  lit- 
tle gardens  were  neatly  laid  out."^^ 

Thus  we  see  that  a  universal  peculiarity  of  tlio 
Pueb1»  ♦^owns  m  that  the  lower  stories  are  entercl  liy 
ladder,  ay  of  the  roof     Their  location  xnr'ws 

from  tho  '  valley  to  the  elevated  mesa  and  ])Vv- 
cipitous  cliu;  their  height  from  one  to  seven  storie.><, 
two  stories  and  one  terrace  being  a  common  form. 
Most  of  them  recede  in  successive  terraces  at  oacli 
story  from  the  outside,  but  Tesuque,  and  perha])s  a 
few  others,  are  terraced  from  the  interior  court.  TIk' 
building  material  is  sometimes  adobe,  but  generally 
stone  ])lastered  with  mud.  The  exact  construction  v\' 
the  walls  is  nowhere  stated,  but  they  are  i)resumal)ly 
built  of  roughly  squared  blocks  of  the  stone  most 
accessible,  laid  in  nuid.  With  each  town  is  con- 
nected an  estufa,  or  public  council-chamber  antl  jilacc 
of  worship.  This  is  in  some  cases  partly  suhter- 
ranean,  and  its  walls  are  covered  with  rude  painting.s 
in  brio-lit  colors."^ 


■:<! 


Of  the  ruined  Pueblo  towns  no  extended  descrip- 
tion is  necessary,  since  they  present  no  contrasts  with 
those   still   inhabited   which    have    been    describud. 


61  Ires'  Colomtlo  Elv.,  pp.  119-24,  with  plates. 

•"^  'Eiifli  pui'lilo  ctiiitiiiiiM  nil  cshifd,  which  is  used  hoth  ns  a  roiiin'il- 
chaiiihtT  ami  a  phice  of  worsliip,  wiiure  tiiey  prat'tice  .siicii  of  tiieir  iicMihrii 
rites  as  still  exist  aiiioii<;  tlieiii.  It  is  built  ])artly  uiuk':  ^nmiid.  iiinl  i^ 
considcivi'  a  I'oiisei-rati'd  and  lioly  place,  tiere  they  hold  all  their  dt'lilirin- 
tioiiK  upon  |»iihlic  atl'airs,  and  transact  the  necessary  Itusiness  of  the  vilhi,i;i',' 
Jhtris'  Kl  llriiKfii,  ]).  142.  'In  the  west  end  of  the  town  [S.  I)<pniiii,:;H|  is 
an  I'stvtfa,  or  pnhlic  Iniildint;,  in  which  the  people  hold  their  reli;.'ioii-  .ni'l 
]iolitical  nieetin;,'s.  The  structure,  which  is  huilt  of  (idith's,  is  circiiiai  in 
])lan,  ahont  nine  feet  in  elevation,  and  thirty-five  feet  in  diameter.  Mini, 
with  no  doors  or  windows  laterally,  has  a  small  trap-door  in  the  tcii:ii  c  .r 
flat  roof  hy  which  adniissiou  is  ^faiiu'd.'  Siiiiit.s()ii''.i  Jmir.  Mil.  H'cini.,  p.  ti-'- 
Estufa  at  Jeniez,  with  plate.s  of  paintings.  /</.,  pi>.  21-2,  pi.  7-11. 


PUEBLO  OF  PECOS. 


C71 


Pocos  was  formerly  one  of  the  most  important,  and 
was  still  inhabited  in  the  early  part  of  tiie  present 
century.  The  cut  copied  from  Emory  for  Mr  Bald- 
win's work,  represents  a  portion  of  the  ruins,  which 


^!W*^^S',>».»^^-»..'^.'^  ^ 


lliiins  of  Pecos. 


include  Spanish  and  aboriginal  structures,  both  of 
jidol)e.  Enu)ry  noticed  large  well-hewn  timbers. 
Davis  says  the  ruins  of  the  village  cover  two  or 
three  hundred  yards,  and  include  large  blocks  of 
stone,  square  and  oblong,  weighing  over  a  ton,  with 
marks  of  having  been  laid  in  mortar.  Hughes 
s[)eaks  of  the  traces  of  a  stone  wall  eight  feet  high, 
which  once  surrounded  this  Pueblo  town.  Kit  Car- 
sun  told  Mr  Meline  that  he  found  the  town  still 
inhabited  in  182G.  It  was  here  that  in  former  times 
was  ke})t  burning  the  everlasting  tire  which  formed 
part  of  the  religious  rites  in  honor  of  theii'  deity,  or. 
ac('ordini»'  to  tlie  modern  account,  of  Montezuuiii. 
There  is  no  evidence,  however,  that  tlie  aborigines  in 
ancient  times  had  any  deity,  or  nioiiarch  of  that 
name;  it  is  (piite  certain  that  they  did  niit  bear  of 
the  Aztec  monarch  Montezuma  miuiy  centuries  be- 
loic  he  began  to  reign;  just  possible  that  they  did 
hear  of  liis   fame   a   few  ye  irs   before    the   Spaniards 


J 


672 


ANTKiUITIES  OF  ARIZONA,  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


came  to  New  IMexico ;  but  altogether  probable  that 
they  first  heard  the  name  of  Montezuma,  of  the 
Aztec  people,  and  of  their  former  migration  .south- 
ward, from  the  Spaniards  themselves,  or  their  native 
companions."' 

With  the  Quivira  located  by  Thomas  Gage  and 
other  early  writers  and  map-makers,  "  on  the  most 
Western  part  of  America  just  over  again.st  Tartury," 
as  with  the  great  city  of  Quivira  which  Francisro 
Vasquez  de  Coronado  sought  and  has  been  popularly 
supposed  to  have  found,  I  have  at  present  nothing  to 
do.  It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  the  latter 
Q'livira  was  not  one  of  the  Pueblo  towns  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  but  a  town  of  wigwams  on  the  plains  in  tlio 
far  north-cast.  The  ruined  town  of  Quivira  or  Gran 
Quivira,  cast  of  the  Rio  Grande,  entirely  distinct  from 
that  of  Coronado,  includes,  like  Pecos,  a  Spanish 
church  amono:  its  ruins.  The  buildincrs  arc  of  liown 
stone  and  of  great  extent.  Gregg  speaks  of  an  aque- 
duct leadincf  to  the  mountains  ci^i^ht  or  ten  miles  (lis- 
tant,  the  nearest  water.  This  town  was  very  likely, 
like  manv  others,  ruined  at  the  revolt  of  1G80.  Abo, 
Quarra,  Laguna,  and  the  rest,  present  no  new  feat- 
ures. There  are,  moreover,  on  the  Pucrco  River — a 
tributary  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  not  that  of  the 
Colorado  Chiquito  already  mentioned — many  traces 
of  Pueblo  buildings  which  have  no  dofmitc  names.''' 

03  Eiiinn/'a  Rrmunot'ssance,  p.  30,  with  plate;  Ahrrfs  Xrv  ^^r■l■.,  in  /(/.. 
]ili.  44(!-7,  4S:{.  willi  ])liite;  Darin''  El  (In'ni/o,  p.  .').");  IIiiijIk's  Jihiu'/i/ihii'.s 
Kx.,  ]i|i.  71-.");  Mliiiv's  Tirii  ThoitSitliil  Mills,  pp.  '2.")r)-S;  (iirijifs  ('mii. 
I'niirirs,  Vdl.  i.,  ii|).  'JTO-.'t;  Miillluiiiaoi,  llrisrn  in  ilh'  Fi/sciii/i/i.,  tmii.  ii., 
])p.  'i'.U-S;  Cii/f's  ('i)ii'/.  ofCiif.,  ji.  7'.(;  Duiiuiicch'n  JJcsrrts,  \{>\.  i.,  pp.  \M'k 
Hahliriii'n  Ant'.  Aimr.,  p.  79,  With  cut. 

W  lf((ifr\s  Xrir  Siirrrif,  p.  102;  Grrrfg's  Coin.  I'niirirs,  vul.  i.,  ii|i. 
l(i4-5;  hiti-i.f'  El  (iriiu/o,  pj).  70,  12.S-7;  AlurCs  Nc.tr  Mr.c.,  in  Eniiifj/'s 
Ji'ft)itiiiti.s\iiit'r,  pp.  48S-',I;  I)tiiiicnir/i'.-i  Drsirfs,  vol.  i.,  pp.  lS'_'-:>;  d'/r- 
liirntts''  Titiir,  ]>.  2.");  Ctirlftoit's  litiiii.i  of  Aho,  in  Sniif/istiitiitit  I!r/il., 
MiiUIttttisfn,  Flitrhlliitti'.  toni.   !.,   pp.  718-2.'),  2211.  •-':!!•. 


1S,-)1, 


1>1'- 


.•{ID- 


I> 
I.'i; 


2i)7-72;  III.,  Ilrisni,  tuni.  ii.,  pp.  2!)(),  40.")-(!;  Frofht-rs  Cntt.  Amrr.,  y.  .Sill; 
f/.,  Alts  Aiifr.,  totii.  ii..  pp.  l.")0-2;  <}iilltttiti,  in  Noitrtllr.s  Attnulr.f  tl':s 
I'll.!/.,  1S.")1,  toin.  fX-wi.,  pp.  2'.)8-!).  Ahcrt,  m  Em  or  if  s  ll-riiiiitiii.s.:iiii'r.  \i\i. 
4i)r)-7,  481,  tell.-*  MS  that  at  Ti'/iipic  the  ruins  of  tiie  ancient  Imlian  tnwii 
firo  i)artially  covered  witli  the  huildinj^s  of  tlie  uioderu;  also  that  at  I'oM.i- 
zon,  on  the  I'lierco  itiver,  the  nrineipal  ruins  of  stone  are  arran.^rcil  in  a 
S(iuare  with  sides  of  200  yards,  out  other  reumius  are  scattered  in  the  vi 


.SEVLN  CITIES  OV  CIDOLA.  673 

The  cut   shows   some    rock-inscriptions  copied  by 


Rock-Inscriptions — Rio  Granilo. 

Froebel  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande.  In  the 
Sierra  de  los  Minibres,  towards  the  source  of  the  Gila, 
are  some  old  coj)])er  mines,  and  connected  witli  them 
an  adol)e  fort  with  round  towers  at  tno  corners,  but  I 
do  not  know  that  these  works  have  ever  l)een  consid- 
ered of  aboriginal  origin.  In  a  newspapf'r  1  find  the 
rcniarkal>le  statement  that  "from  the  volcanic  cones 
of  the  Cerrillos  was  furnished,  a  great  part,  if  not  all, 
the  Chalchiuite,  so  much  worn  for  ornament,  and  so 
liiohly  i)rized  by  the  ancient  Mexicans.  ...  The  an- 
cient excavations  made  in  search  of  it  are  now  dis- 
tinctly visible,  and  seem  to  have  been  carried  to  the 
depth  of  two  hundred  feet  or  more.""^ 

The  ruins  of  Old  Zuni  have  already  been  described, 
and  there  is  no  reason  to  doul)t  that  both  these  ami 
tlie  other  remains  on  the  Zuhi  Iviver,  rej)res('iit  towns 
that  were  inhabited  when  the  S[)aniards  lirst  came 
northward.      Indeed  it  is  almost  certain  that  they,  to- 

ciiiity,  incliidinji  a  ciivulnr  and  one  elliptical  ondosnre.  AccDnlinj;  to 
'•n'L,%  i'liiii.  I'viiirii't,  vdl.  ii.,  )>.  71,  the  inlialiitants  were  (lri\tM  fiuni  N'al- 
vcrile,  on  the  Uio  (Jrande,  liy  tlic  N'avajoH.  .Mollhansen,  Jonnn  //,  vol.  ii., 
p.  .")."),  speaks  of  ruins  on  rocky  hcij,dits  two  miles  from  l.aiiiina.  " 'i'lio 
I'liiis  of  what  is  usually  calleil  (>/(/  S((ii  Fch'/ir  are  ](lainly  visilile,  ]ierchcd 
III!  the  ed;,a'  of  the?  mesa,  aliout  a  mile  aliove  the  present  town,  on  liie  west 
fsiile  of  the  rivt'r. '  Sint/isttii'ti  Jmir.  Mil.  Iticmi.,  ]>.  \'1\. 

65  f'nti'lti/^  Alls-  Anil  r.,  toin.  ii.,  ])p.  Uili,  4(l!t;  Jn/uisfnii,  in  L'ii/l-<'  Coiiq. 
of  fill.,  p.  1S3;  Xcir/jtrri/,  in  Cal.  Fanner,  April  10,  IbGS. 

\UL.  IV       iii 


i'lf 


C74 


ANTIOriTIKS  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NFAV  .MKXKO. 


^•otlior  Avitli  tlio  Pucl)l()  town  of  Zuni,  ivprcscut 
Coroiiiido's  fuiiions  'sin'cn  cities'  of  C'il>ol;i.  Most 
Avriturs  liavo  so  decided,  as  CJallatin,  S(|uier,  AVliipplc, 
Turner,  Kern,  and  Sini])S()n.'''''  I'lio  course  and  dis- 
tance of  Coronado's  inarch  frcjni  tlie  Gila  un'iecs  nmiv. 
exactly  witli  Zuni  than  with  any  other  town;  t\\<j 
location  of  the  'seven  cities'  within  four  leagues  tu- 
j^otlier,  in  a  very  narrow  valley  between  steep  hanlvs, 
as  also  their  position  with  respect  to  the  IJiodel  Lino, 
Colorado  Chiquito,  correspond  very  well  with  tlio 
Zuni  ruins;  Coi'cinado's  Cilranada,  on  a  hi<;li  hhitf,  witli 
a  "narrow  windini^  ^^"\y>"  ^^'i^  quite  prohahly  <  )1(1 
Zuni;  Cibola  is  said  to  have  been  the  lirst  town 
reached  in  coniini^  across  the  desert  from  tlie  south- 
west, and  the  last  left  in  returning;  the  positions  ot' 
Tusayan,  a  [)rovinco  of  seven  viUages,  five  days' jour- 
ney north-west  from  Cil)ola,  and  of  Acuco,  five  days 
eastward,  agree  very  well  with  the  location  of  tlii' 
Moqui  towns  and  of  Acoma  with  res])ect  to  Zuhi. 
Finally  wo  have  Esjiejo's  statement  that  he  visited 
the  province  of  Zuni,  twenty-live  leagues  west  of 
Acoma;  that  it  was  called  Zuni  by  the  natives  and 
Cibola  by  the  Si)aniards;  that  Coronado  liad  bnn 
there;  and  that  he  found  there  not  only  crosses  and 
other  emblems  of  Christianity,  but  three  Cliristians 
even.  Coronado  left  three  men  at  C/ibola,  and  tlnir 
statements  to  Esjiejo  respecting  the  identity  of  Cil>i 'la 
and  Zuni,  must  be  regarded  as  conclusive.*^' 

'•'i  Alu'rt,  N'rir  .l/i.r.,  iii  Eitinrifs  7?'ro»»r)/.s'';'"n(  v,  pji.  4S0-02,  idciililii's 
Cilidlii  witli  Ai'oiiia  anil  llic  >ix  ail  juiiiiii^  I'uchlo  t>»\viis;  anil  MiirL:aii.  in 
A'.  Aiiirr.    ]irririi\  April,  lS()!t,  with  the  Chai'i)  ruins. 

c'  Sl'c  C<ist(ti)r(lii,  in  TrnHiKx-Coiitjiinis'.  ]'oi/.,  nvr'w  !.,  tmn.  ix.,  pp.  I'-. 
(>!)-71.  '  W'Viitc  y  <iiiai'tnt  Ic^nas  de  aqui,  ha/i;t  rl  I'onii'iitc,  dii'inn  mii 
vna  l'r((uin>"-vi.  i[\k\  sc  nnnibia  on  lonj^na  do  los><!urali's  Zuny,  y  la  II, i- 
luan  lus  Ks]ianni)iv  ■J.'iliola.  ay  on  ('lla;.rian  caiitmad  do  Indins.  en  la  i|u,il 
cstuno  Fiancisi'ii  WisipR-z  Coninado,  y  drxo  niuchas  ("rnzis  pncstas.  >  niia-* 
scnnalcs  do  ("liristianidad  (|ue  sionipre  so  ostaiian  on  i.io.  llallainii  aii-i 
inosniK  tros  Indios  Cliristianos  i|iio  so  auian  iinodadi)  do  ai|nollii  jmiiaila, 
ciiyos  nuniln'os  oran  Andres  do  Cnyoaoan,  (iaspar  do  Mo.xicu,  y  Antnnici  lio 
(inadalajara.  Ins  ijualos  toiiian  oasi  nlnidada  sii  niosnia  louiiua,  y  >al'iaa 
miiy  hion  la  didos  naluralos.  anni|no  a  |)iioas  Imcdtas  i|no  los  halilainn  -i' 
oiili'ndiornn  laoilnionto.'  Ksjiriit,  I'luJ''.  in  niil,/tiif/\^  ]'(>>/..  \<d.  iii..  \'- 
SS7.  II:d<lMyt  says  llio  narrativo  is  fniin  Miiiili>::ii,  lllsl.  ('/nmi.  Mail:;'!, 
h">X();  h'.it  milliin;.''  of  tlio  kind  anpoars  in  the  Spanish  edition  ol  lliat 
Murk,  loiU),  (ir  in  tlio  Italian  oditiiui  of  loiSU. 


(;i:n::i:ai,  hksiml:. 


675 


Xow  !^^ox^('an  aiititniitifs,  divided  as  at  the  l)(.'niii- 
niiiL;'  (»('  tin.'  cliaptci'  into  six.  {'lasses,  may  lie  l)iietly 
considered,  eu  resume,  as  I'ollows:  1st.  "Remains  of 
ancient  stone  and  adol)e  l)uildin,L;s  in  all  stages  of 
(lisinten'i'ation,  from  ^;tandinn■  walls  with  roofs  and 
iiooi's,  to  sliai)eless  l)e;t[»s  of  deUris,  or  sinijde  lines  of 
foundation-stones."  This  first  class  of  remains  has 
icceivcd  most  attention  in  the  preeedin.*"  })a,i;es,  and 
little  need  he  said  in  addition.  It  has  heen  noted 
that  adohe  is  the  material  used  almost  exclusively  in 
the  (Jlila  and  other  southern  valleys,  as  in  Chihuahua, 
while  further  north  stone  is  preferred.  The  most  im- 
portant fact  to  1)0  noted  is  that  all  the  ruins,  without 
eKce[)tion,  are  precisely  identical  in  ]»lan,  architecture, 
and  material  with  the  Puehlo  towns  now  inhahited  or 
known  to  have  l»een  inhahited  since  the  coming;'  of  the 
Spaniards.  !Many  of  them,  particularly  those  of  the 
("haco  caHon,  mavhavo  heen  nnich  ijrander  structures 
and  have  disj)layed  a  hin'h""  dcLiree  of  art  than  tluj 
niode)-n  towns,  hut  they  all  belong  to  the  same  class 
of  l)uildini;s. 

2d.  "Anomalous  structures  of  stone  or  earth,  the 
}Mn[)osc  of  wdiich,  either  by  reason  of  their  advanced 
state  of  ruin,  or  of  the  comparatively  slight  atten- 
tion given  them  by  travelers,  is  not  a[)])arent."  Such 
remains,  which  have  l)een  described  as  far  as  possible 
wlicrever  they  have  appeared,  are:  1.  Fortifications, 
like  the  stone  enclosures  on  the  Pueblo  Creek  and 
licad- waters  of  the  Kio  Yerdo;  and  the  battlements 
guarding  the  path  of  ascent  to  Old  Zuni.  !Maiiy  of 
the  ruined  towns  were,  moreover,  etiectually  futificd 
by  the  natural  ])ositioii  in  which  tliey  were  built.  I  1. 
^lound-lilvo  structures  and  t^levations.  These  include 
the  low  terraced  ]>yrami<1  ivported  on  the  (lila  near 
tlic  Casa  Grande,  and  another  of  like  nature  on  the 
north  side  of  the  j-iver;  the  shapeless  heaps  of  earth 
anil  stones  in  the  (!ila  and  Salinas  A'allovs,  most  of 
nliich  are  doubtless  the  remains  of  fallen  walls,  but 
s  >\\h}   of  which   may  possibly  have  a   diil'erent  origin 


i 
5 


C76         ANTIQUITIES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 

uiul  (l(jsii,>'n ;  and  soinu  siimll  liujips  of  loose  sstonos  on 
tlio  (lilfi  iit  the  moiitli  of  the  Santo  Domin^'o.  It  i.> 
iiotic'oablu  that  no  l)urial  mounds,  of  so  connnoii  (m  - 
currenoe  in  many  parts  of  America,  have  been  found 
here;  and  no  pyramids  or  mounds  presunuihly  cdn- 
net'ted  in  any  way  with  religious  rites,  indeeil,  notli- 
iui^  of  the  nature  of  tomples  or  altars,  save  tin,' 
estufas  still  in  connnon  use.  III.  Excavation^ 
Those  are,  a  reservoir  with  stone  walls  nieasuiiiin 
forty  by  sixty  yards,  reported  by  the  early  \viiiri>, 
near  the  Casa  Grande  on  the  Uila;  a  circular  dejircs- 
sion  forty  paces  in  diameter  on  the  north  bank  of  tliu 
Gila,  and  a  similar  one  at  Navajo  Spring-  near  tluj 
Pvio  Puerco  of  the  West;  a  triangular  de[)ressioii  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Santo  Domingo;  quarries  of  sand- 
stone near  some  of  the  Chaco  ruins,  and  pits  in  llio 
Salinas,  whence  the  earth  for  building  is  su])}i()srd 
to  have  been  taken;  and  the  circular  holes  that  ])eiie- 
trato  th.e  canon  walls  of  the  Chaco.  IV.  Enclosures 
for  various  or  unknown  purposes.  Such  is  the  cir- 
cular enclosure  a  hundred  yards  in  circumference  mar 
tlie  Casa  Grande,  and  another  north  of  the  river;  the 
structure  indefinitely  reported  as  a  labyrinth  up  the 
(iila  from  the  Casa  Grande;  a  small  round  enclosure 
on  the  Salado;  an  elli})tical  enclosure  of  stone  and 
mortar,  eight  by  sixteen  feet,  and  divided  into  twn 
com])artments,  in  the  Chaco  canon;  and  the  laiue 
and  irregular  lines  of  foundation-stones  i:i  the  i«il.i 
A^alley  above  the  San  Pedro.  It  Avill  be  observid 
that  thei'e  is  very  little  of  the  mysterious  conncrtid 
with  tliose  remains  of  the  second  class,  and  a  gnat 
part  of  that  little  would  probably  disappear  as  a  re- 
sult of  a  more  careful  exploration. 

3d.  "Traces  of  aboriginal  agriculture,  in  the  sliape 
of  acc(|uias  and  zanjas,  or  irrigating  canals  and 
ditches."  Such  remains  have  been  noticed  in  ci'ii- 
ncction  with  many  of  the  ruins,  particularly  in  the 
south,  and  recpiireno  further  remarks.  So  far  as 
described,  they  are  nothing  but  simple  ditches  dug  ni 


CENKHAL  IlHSlMl':, 


ct; 


tlio  surface  of  tliu  ground,  of  Viirviu<;"  doptli  aiiil 
lL'iiL(th.  Tliu  (jjirliur  ivports  of  canals  witli  called 
siiles  arc  very  |)rol)ably  uiifouiuied. 

4th.  "Implomoiits  and  oriianients."  Tlioso  aro  not 
nnnierous,  includu  no  articles  of  any  metal  whatever, 
and  do  not  differ  materially  from  articles  now  in  nsc 
iimonii^  the  Pueblo  Indians.  Such  lelics  have  been 
found  scattered  amon^-  the  debi'is  of  the  fallen  walls, 
and  not  taken  from  reijfular  excavations;  conse<|uentlv 
no  absolute  proof  exists  that  they  are  the  work  of 
the  builders,  though  there  can  be  little  room  for 
doubt  on  that  point.  The  wandering'  tribes  that 
have  occu})ied  the  country  in  modei'n  times  are  nnich 
more  likely  to  have  sought  for  and  carried  away 
relics  of  the  original  inhabitants,  than  to  have  de- 
])osited  amoni^  the  ruins  articles  made  by  the  modern 
]'ueblo  Indians.  A  detailed  account  of  each  i-elic 
would  be  useless,  but  amoiiiif  the  articles  that  have 
lieen  found  aro  included, — I.  Jniplements  of  stone. 
^.Fetates,  or  corn-u^rinders,  jjenerallv  brok(,'n,  Avere  found 
at  various  })oints  on  the  CJila,  Salado,  and  amon-^ 
tlio  ruins  near  Pecos.  Stone  axes,  are  shown  in  the 
cut  from  Whipple,  of  which  No.  4  was  found  on  the 


New  Mexican  Stone  Axes. 


Salado,  where  implements  called  hoes,  and  a  stone 
pi-stle,  are  also  rej)orted.  A  stone  axe  was  also  found 
oil  the  Colorado  Chiquito.     Arrow-heads  of  obsidian 


C7.S 


ANTi(,»ririi;s  of  auizona  and  m:\v  mkxiio. 


wcw,  ]>lcki'(l  iij>  at  ( )I(l  Ziifil,  on  tlic  ( 'oloi'ad  >  ( 'Ii! 
(juito,  on  tlu'  llio  I'ut'i'co  of  tin;  wrst,  and  ,ii 
Iiiscri|»tii)n  Kotk;  of  cai-ncliin  on  the  ( 'oloi'adi 
('Iii(|nito;  of  a^att)  and  jaspoi'  on  the  Uio  Puoiti' 
and    of   (juartz    near     I'ccos    and    on    I'utMo    Cnik 


i{ 


lo.ss    l>ro\vni!   nt'ar( 


I    of  ] 


tone  awls    luivmti'   itvvw  dii 

M 


U|>  at  tliu  (  asa  (jlrando.      11.   ( )rnanicnt.s.     Sca-slu 
wci'i'  I'ound  at  t]]v  (  asa  fJraiidc,  on  tliu  nortli  l»aid< 
the  (Jila,  and  in  the  Salado  valley;  also  on  the  (Jil 
;i   head  ot"  hhie   niarl)le   fhiely  turned,  an    inch   and 
<iuart(!r  lon^';  nnd  another  bead  ()f'  the  size  of  a  he 
en'^'l  also  a  painted  stone  not  described,  and  a  l)eaveis 
t  loth.      Several    Lt'reen    stones,   like    amethysts,    wrvr 


I  s 


found  on  the  Salado;  fi'a^-nients  of  (]Uartz  crystal 
the  Casa  (irandi;;  of  aL;ate  and  obsidian   amoni^^  t! 
(iila  mines;  and  of  obsidian  on  i^ueblo  Creek.      ( 
balls  from  the  si/e  of  bullets  to  ^rape-shot,  niar 
iliem   stuck    together,  are    repurtetl   on   doubtfi 


;i\' 


thonty."" 

jth.  Pottery,  tlie  most  abundant  class  of  relic-, 
found  strewn  over  the  ground  in  the  vicinity  of  eviiy 
juin  in  this  group.  It  is  always  in  fragments,  n  i 
whole  article  of  undoubted  anti(|uity  having  v\rv 
bei'ii  found.  This  is  natui-al  enougl),  ])erha[)s,  since 
only  the  surface  has  bejii  examined,  and  the  roaming 
tribes  of  Indians  Avould  not  be  likely  to  leave  any- 
thing of  use  or  yahie;  excavation  may  in  the  future 

Uv'IJ 


bi'ing  to  light  whole  s[)e('imens.  JJut  altbough  t 
absence  of  whole  yessels  is  not  strange,  the  jirese 
of  fragments  in  so  great  abundance  is  yeiy  remark- 
able, since  no  such  tendency  to  their  accumulation  is 
noticed  about  the  inhabited  Pueblo  towns.  It  wouM 
seem  as  if  the  inhabitants,  forced  t<j  abandon  their 
liouses  in  haste,  bad  deliherately  bnjkeu  all  tlieir  v 
large  stock  of  earthen  ware,  either  to  i)revent 
falling  into  the  liands  of  enemies,  or  from  some  su) 


Cl'\' 


H'T 


'J'*  Eiiiori/'s  liiftiiuioi.ssmii'r,  jip.  S'J,  l,".'!;  .\/ii-)-/'s  \iii-  JlA.c.  in  hl..\<. 
4S|;  U'/ii/i/i/i\  L'ir/imi/.,  mill  'I'm-nfr,  in  I'm'.  II.  Jt.  Ji'/i/.,  vni.  iii.,  ]i|>.  I.'>, 
47;  Wln'/iplr,  in  /'/.,  i.|i.  r>4,  (I'.t,  73,  7i;.  !>l:  I'.m-thlt's;  I'n-^.  X,ir.,  v..l.  ii  . 
jiip.  '2i')-'i;  JJrotriica  Ajiurlic  Coiiiitri/,  p.  IIS;  (Jul.  Farnt'.r,  J u no  •_'_',  1  ■»  0. 


CJKNEKAL  i;i:si'MK. 


(]?} 


htitious  ciistom.  The  fraiicnionts  are  voiy  liko  owv  to 
aiiiitluT  ill  Jill  parts  of  tliu  Nuw  McxiiMii  rrnioii,  ainl 
ill  <|ii;ility  and  oriuiiiieiitatioii  nearly  idciiticMl  willi 
tliu  Willi.'  still  inaiiuracturt'il  aiul  used  l>v  the  I'litMos. 
It  lias  lufii  iiotitcd,  liowt'vur,  that  the  older  |)ottery 
is  siijieiior  iLfoiiurally  iu  material  and  workiiiaiiship  to 


th 


th 


le   luodeiii;  and   also   in   the   southern  valleys  it    is 


ith 


lolllK 


Jtaiii 


ted 


oil 


tl 


le   iiisiue  as 


well 


as  ou 


tsid 


O,   C'OU- 


tiary  as  is  said  to  the  present  iisa^e.  Very  few  IVan- 
iiieiits  show  anything'  like  ylaziiii;'.  The  painted 
ornaiiieiitation  consists  in  most  instances  of  strii)es  or 


aiiLjiilar,  more  ran 


a  I 


ly  of 


curv 


ost  instances  ot  strip 
ed,  lines,  in  Mack,  uiiite 


id  red.  Paintetl  i"e])resentations  of  any  detinite  ol»- 
jicts,  animate  or  inanimate,  are  of  very  rare  occiir- 
reiice.  Some  specimens  are,  however,  not  ])aiiited, 
liiit  decorated  with  considerahle  skill  i'V  means  of 
raised  or  indi'iited  h^nres.  I  have  ,i;iven  cnts  of 
uiaiiy  s[)eciniens,  and  the  tliirty-Hve  ii^^nres  on  the 
next  l>an"c  from  different  localities  will  siitiice  to  ex- 
plain the  nature  and  uniformity  of  Mew  Mexican  })ot- 


lerv 


(Ith.   "Painted  or  en^Tavcd  figures  on  clills,  houl- 


(Lrs,  and   the  sides  of  natural  caverns. 


Tl 


lese  l\>j;- 


nivs   ha\e  l)een   nu'iitioned   Avlienc'Ver  tluy  occinied, 
and   some  of  them   illustrated.      Ther 


e  are  aduiliona 


lili 


d 


|iaintinn's    m  a  rocky  j)ass  between  All>U(|uer(|ue  aia 
LaL>'una,   mentioned  and  copied  l»y  jMoIlhaiiseii,  and 
lii)tli])aintiiins  and  sculptures  in  Texas  at  Sierra  Wai 


tliirtv  miles  east   of   El    Paso,   and  at   lioekv  ])ell 


^Voll 

la 

tlu 

ii' 

•   Vf 

1 1 

I'V 

UljK 

'  v  ■ 

/./. 

1  'i 

1,1.. 

1-  'i 

-,  1 

.:o. 

'''>  W/ii/uifr,  Kirlxnik,  miiJ  Turner,  in  /'"'•.  It.  It.  Jli/i/..  vol.  iii..  |i|i. 
■IS-<»;  also  U'hljijilr,  in  A/.,  |i|i.  (il-,"),  C.').  T.'i,  7(1,  SI.  Of  tlu'  <iit  nivcii  al"i\i'. 
W'^.  •_',  .").  S,  <»,  II,  i;i-4,  17,  --M,  ■_'!,  'is,  :n-'J,  me  I'niin  tlic  Coidniilo  (  liiciuii..; 
1..;.  •_'■-',  ■_*7,  iiri'  fniiii  Zuni,  ami  nioilcrn;  IIl;.  .'U,  t'loin  tin'  Cosiiiiin  cavis,  tlio 
'iiiiainciits  liavili;,'  iici'ii  jnit  mi  alter  llii'  \('>--cl  liad  iiaidcncd;  IIl:.  •_'.'>,  '-".l, 
:i<i.  ;■!."),  all-  nut  |/aintf(l,  lint  iiicnislcd  nr  iiKlcntcil.  "U  is  a  siii.i:nlar  lint, 
liiiit.  altiiiiii;,'li  s(inu>  iif  the  iiinst  tinif-worn  carving's  n|i<ii:  riiii<.s  art'  ol  ani- 
mals and  nii'ii,  luicicnt  jinttcry  ((intains  no  sinli  ii'incscntatinns.  I'lmii 
oni'  l'ra;:nicnt,  indeed,  t'oiiml  iiiinii  liio  (!ila,  was  |ii(tiired  a  turtle  and  ii 
'liece  III'  |Mitterv  pieked  n|i  near  tlio  same  ]daee  ^^as  iiKuilded  into  tlie  t'lirni 
111'  a  nuinkey's  liead.  'I'lieso  aiipeared  to  lie  ancient,  iind  allonled  e\ic|i- 
liiiiis  to  tlie  rule.'  /(/.,  ]i.  (;.■>.  Cut  of  a  fiaj,'ineiit  and  eomparisuu  with  ono 
)  uuid  ill  Indiana.  Fonlcr's  rrc-Uitst.  Itaccs,  pp.  "-'rJ-oO. 


C80        ANTIQUITIES  OF  AIIIZONA  AND  NEW  MEXICO. 


Nev  Mexican  Pottery. 

Creek,  in  lat.  35^  no\  long.  102°  SO'.'^  Tn  another 
volume  of  tliis  v.ork.'^  soinethiiii^  hii.-;  been  sjiid  r.[' 
hiero,i>'lyj)liie  <L'Velo])n\ent,  of  the  different  chisscs  of 
picture  rec'or<is,  and  tlieir  res})ective  vahie.  Tiie  Nrw 
MexicTi  roek-insoriptions  and  paintings,  such  of  thciii 
as  are  not  mere  idle  .'■•ketches  executed  without  i)im'- 
])ose  by  the  nativ-es  to  whih;  ravfiy  the  time,  bolouL^'  to 
the  lower  classes  of  representative  and  symbolic  pic- 

'^  Mi)Uhau!iC)}\  Jonrnri/.  vol,  i. .  p.  204,  vnl,  ii.,  p.  ,'2,  witli  id.:  f'i, 
Tmvhitrh,  m).  KiS-TO;  H'ir'.'rtr.i  I'crn.  Nar.,  \t)\.  i.,  pp.  17(M;;  DoiiifihJt'i 
JJesrffs,  vol.  i..  i.p.  H;i-_'.  41'.MJ(). 

"  Sue  vol.  ii.,  p.  53IJ,  ot  st'n. 


CONCLUSIONS. 


681 


ture-writiniif,  and  are  utterly  inadequate  to  preserve  any 
(leliiiito  re(?()rd  tar  beyond  the  i^eneration  that  executed 
tliem.  Most  of  them  liad  a  nieanini,^  to  the  artist  and 
]iis  tribe  at  the  time  they  were  mrde;  it  is  safe  to 
suppose  that  no  livini»"  being  to-day  can  interpret  tlieir 
nioanin<^,  and  that  they  never  will  be  understood. 
The  similar  figures  painted  on  the  walls  of  modern 
cstufas,"  the  natives  will  not,  probably  caiwiot,  ex- 
])lain.  Mr  Froebel,  in  opposition  to  ^Ir  Jiartlett's 
tlieory  that  tlie  figures  are  meaningless,  \cry  justly 
says:  "Many  circumstances  tend  to  disprove  that 
tliese  characters  were  originally  nothing  but  the  re- 
sults of  an  early  attempt  at  art.  In  the  first  })lace, 
the  similarity  of  the  style,  in  localities  a  thousand 
miles  a])art,  and  its  extreme  peculiarity,  pi  'chide 
every  idea  of  an  accidental  similarity.  ( )ne  caimot 
imagine  how  the  same  recurring  figures  should  have 
been  used  over  and  over  again,  unless  they  had  a  con- 
ventional character,  anl  were  inttnided  to  exjn-ess 
something.'"''' 

I  conclude  this  division  of  my  work  by  a  few  gen- 
oral  remarks,  embodying  such  conclusions  inspecting 
the  New  Mexican  ruins  as  may  be  (h'awii  from  the 
ruins  themselves,  without  reference  t(>  the  mass  i)f 
speculation,  tradition,  and  so-called  history,  tliat  luis 
( onfused  the  whole  subject  since  first  the  missionary 
])adres  visited  and  wrote  of  this  region,  and  sought 
diliu'entlv,  and  of  course  successfullv,  for  traditions  re- 
specting  the  Asiatic  origin  of  the  Americans,  and  the 
southern  migration  of  the  Aztecs  from  the  mysterious 
regions  of  the  (yalifornias  to  Anahuac.  These  coti- 
clusions  are  not  lengthy  or  numerous,  and  apply  witii 
cfjual  force  to  the  Casas  Grandes  oi  Chihuahua,  out- 
side of  the  geographical  limits  of  this  chapter. 

1.  The  ruined  structures  offer  but  little  internal 
t'\idence  of  tlieir  aire.     There  is  not  even  the  s'iu'ht 


M 


"2  Sco  Si,npx"ii'.s  Jour.  Mil.  Rrcoii.,  pj),  20-2,  pi.  7-1 K 
"  Fiocbd's  Cent.  Aiitvi:,  \\  5'21. 


682 


AXTK.UTriES  OF  ARIZONA  AND  NEW  :srEXICO. 


uid  of  f'oivst  n'rowth  found  in  nearly  all  other  parts  of 
America.  The  different  buildins'-s  show  verv  ditllr- 
unt  degrees  of  dilapidation  it  is  true,  hut  to  \vliat  ex- 
tent in  each  case  the  ravairos  of  time  have  heeii 
assisted  hy  the  roaming  Apaches  and  other  saAanos, 
it  is  imjxjssihlo  to  decide.  The  Casas  (Jrandes  of 
Chihuahua  firo  much  more  clila[)idated  than  the  similar 
Casa  Onando  of  the  Gila;  hut,  although  hotli  aiv 
Iniilt  of  nnul,  a  slight  difference  in  the  quality  of  tlio 
nuid  employt'd,  with  the  more  abundant  rains  of  Chi- 
huahua, would  account  for  the  better  condition  of  tlu; 
(Jila  remains,  and  jirevent  us  from  assigning  necessa- 
lily  a  greater  antiquity  to  those  of  Chihuahua.  It  is 
known  as  a  historical  fact  that  the  southern  buildings 
Avere  not  only  in  ruins  a'  the  coming  of  the  Span- 
iards in  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century,  l)ut  had 
l)een  sg  long  in  that  condition  that  the  native  knowl- 
v(]'j;t}  respecting  them  had  passed  into  the  state  uf  a 
tradition  and  a  superstition.  Certainly  not  less  than 
a  century  Avould  suflice  for  this.  Of  the  nortlui'n 
I'uins  very  many  are  known  to  have  been  inhabited 
and  flourishing  towns  when  the  S])aniards  cainr. 
'I'hat  any  were  at  that  time  in  ruins  is  not  pioven, 
though,  possible. 

•J.  'J'he  material  relics  of  the  New  ^Fexican  group 
bear  no  resemblance  whatever  to  either  Nahua  or 
]\[aya  relirs  in  the  south.  It  has  been  constantly 
stated  and  ivpeated  l>y  most  writers,  that  all  Aniti- 
ican  aboriuinal  monuments,  the  works  of  the  ^Mound- 
Builders  of  the  ]\Iississip})i,  the  ruins  of  New  ^lexiiM 
and  Arizona,  the  Casas  (jlrandes  of  Chihuahua,  the 
l^diticios  of  Zacatecas,  the  pyramids  of  ^Vuiihuac  and 
the  central  ])lateaux,  ^NEitla,  Palenquo,  the  cities  of 
Yucatan,  and  finally  Copan,  all  belong  evidently  b> 
one  class  and  present  one  type;  that  .  '1  are  such  a> 
might  reasonably  be  attributed  to  *:he  same  ])eo]ile  in 
diilerent  ])eriods  of  their  civilization.  It  is  vwn 
customary  for  travelers  and  writers  to  spt'ak  without 
hesitation  of  .\ztec  ruins  and  relies  in  Arizona,  as  if 


Ci).MPAUISOX8. 


C83 


tlicrc  were  no  lonnfor  any  (loul)t  on  tlio  sulijoet.  So 
i;ir  as  the  New  Mexican  link  in  the  cliaiu  is  con- 
corned,  I  most  enipliatically  deny  the  resemblance, 
on  L>Toun(ls  which  the  reader  of  the  precedini;'  pa^es 
already  fully  understands,  I  can  hardly  conceive  of 
structures  reared  by  human  hands  dilFerinL;-  moi-e 
essentially  than  the  two  classes  in  question.      In  the 


)innion  use  of  adobes  for  buildin^'-material ;  in   tl 


le 


])lain  walls  rising  to  a  height  of  several  stories;  in 
the  terrace  structure,  absence  of  doors  in  the  lower 
stoiy,  and  the  entrance  by  ladders;  in  the  absence  of 
arclied  ceilings  (;f  overla})ping  blocks,  of  all  }»yran)idal 
structures,  of  sculptured  l)locks,  of  all  architectural 
<h,H'orati(jns,  of  idols,  temples,  and  every  trace  of 
liulldings  evidently  designed  for  religious  rites,  of 
bnrial  mounds  and  human  i-emains;  and  in  tlie  char- 
acter of  the  rock-inscriptions  and  miscellaneous  relics, 
not  to  go  farther  into  details,  the  New  ]\Iexic'an  mon- 
uments present  no  analogies  to  any  of  the  soutliern 
icmains.  I  do  not  mean  to  express  a  decided  o[)inion 
tliat  the  Aztecs  were  not,  some  hundreds  oi*  thou- 
sands t)f  centui'ies  ago,  or  even  at  a  somewhat  less 
icmote  period,  identical  with  the  natives  of  New 
^lexico,  tor  I  have  great  faith  in  the  })ower  of  time 
and  enviromnent  to  work  unlimited  changes  in  any 
[lie;    I  simply  claim  that  it  is  a  manifest  alisui-dity 


1('0 


to    sUp])ose 


that  the   monuments  described  ^\(.•re  tl 


le 


Work  of  the  Aztecs  dui'ing  a  migration  southward, 
since  *;iie  eleventh  century,  or  t>f  any  ])Oo[)le  nearly 
allieil  in  blood  and  institutions  to  the  Aztecs  as  they 
Were  found  in  Anahuac. 

.').  Not  only  do  the  ruins  of  this  grouj)  bear  no 
i\'semblance  to  those  of  tlie  soutli,  but  tliey  represent 
ill  all  I'espects  buildings  like  those  still  inhabited  by 
liie  Pue'  lo  tribes  and  the  ^Io([uis,  and  do  not  (liircr 
more  among  themselves  than  do  the  dwellings  of  the 
|u'oj)les  mentioned.      Everv  one  o\'  tl 


lem  mav  lie  mos 


t 


reasonably    regarded   as   tlu;    woi'k  of  the   diicct    an- 
tors    of    the    ]>resent    inhabitants    of   the    i'ueblo 


ces 


C81         ANTIQUITIES  OF  AIIIZONA  AND  NFAV  MEXICO. 

towns,  who  did  not  differ  to  any  qreat  extent  In 
civilization  or  institutions  from  their  descendants, 
though  they  m.ay  very  likely  have  been  vastly  su- 
perior to  them  in  power  and  wealth.  Consequent! v^ 
there  is  not  a  single  relic  in  the  whole  region  tli.it 
requires  the  agency  of  any  extinct  race  of  people,  or 
any  other  nations — using  the  word  in  a  somewhat 
wider  signification  than  has  sometimes  been  given  to 
it  in  the  preceding  volumes — than  those  now  living 
in  the  country.  Not  only  do  the  remains  not  point 
in  themselves  to  any  extinct  race,  but  if  there  wvw 
any  traditional  or  other  evidence  indicating  the  past 
agency  of  sucli  a  race,  it  wovdd  be  impossible  to  rec- 
oncile the  traditional  with  the  monumental  evidence 
except  by  the  supposition  that  the  Pueblos  are  ;i 
foreign  people  who  took  possession  of  the  abandoned 
dwellings  of  another  race,  whose  institutions  tliey 
imitated  to  the  best  of  their  ability;  but  1  do  not 
know  tliat  such  a  theory  lias  ever  been  advanced,  i 
am  aware  that  this  conclusion  is  sadly  at  variunci^ 
with  the  newspaper  reports  in  constant  circulation,  of 
marvelous  cities,  the  remnants  of  an  advanced  \n\t 
extinct  civilization,  discovered  by  some  trapper, 
miner,  or  exploring  expedition.  I  am  also  aware  of 
the  probability  that  many  ruins  in  addition  to  tliose 
I  have  been  able  to  describe,  have  been  found  liy 
military  officials,  government  explorers,  and  private 
individuals  during  the  past  ten  years;  and  1  ho))e 
that  the  appearance  of  this  volume  may  cause  the 
publication  of  much  additional  information  on  the 
subject,— but  that  any  of  the  newly  discovered  mon- 
uments differ  in  ty})e  from  those  previously  known, 
there  is  much  reason  to  doubt.  Very  many  of  the 
newspaper  accounts  referred  to  relate  to  discoveries 
made  by  Lieut.  Wheeler's  exploring  party  during  tlie 
jiast  two  or  three  years.  Lieut.  Wheeler  informs  nie 
tliat  tlic  reports,  so  far  as  tlioy  refer  to  the  remains 
of  an  extinct  people,  are  without  foundation,  and  that 
his  observations  have  led  him  to  a  conclusion  2)racti- 


THE  AN'CIENT  PUEBLO  TOWNS. 


C85 


cally  the  same  a«  my  own  rospeotiiig  tlic  builders  of 
the  ruined  Piiehlo  towns. 

4.  It  follows  that  New  ^lexico,  Arizona,  and 
northern  Chihuahua  were  once  inhahited  hy  a<4riful- 
tural  semi-civilized  trihes,  not  differino-  more  amonijf 
themselves  than  do  the  Puel)lo  tril.>es  of  the  pres- 
ent time:  the  most  fertile  valleys  of  the  rei>ion  were 
cultivated  by  them,  and  were  dotted  by  tine  town- 
dwellings  of  stone  and  adobe,  occupied  in  common 
l)y  many  families,  similar  but  superior  to  the  pres- 
ent Pueblo  towns.  At  least  a  century,  probably 
much  longer,  before  the  Si)aniards  made  their  aj)})ear- 
ance,  the  decline  of  this  numerous  and  jjowerful  peo- 
]ile  began,  and  it  has  continued  uninterruptedly  down 
to  the  present  time,  until  only  a  mere  remnant  in  the 
ilio  Grande  and  Mo^pii  towns  is  left.  Before  the 
Spaniards  came  all  the  southern  towns,  on  the  Gila 
and  its  tributaries,  had  been  aljandoned;  since  that 
time  the  decline  of  the  northern  nations,  Avliich  the 
Spaniards  found  in  a  tolerably  flourishing  condition, 
is  a  matter  of  history.  The  reason  of  the  decline 
this  is  hardly  the  place  to  consider,  but  it  is  doubtless 
to  the  inroads  of  outside  warlike  and  predatory  tribes 
like  the  Apaches  that  we  must  look  for  tlie  chief 
cause.  It  is  not  impossible  that  natural  changes  in 
the  surface  of  tlie  region,  sucli  as  the  drying-up  of 
springs,  streams,  or  lakes,  may  have  also  contril)uted 
to  tlie  same  effect.  These  changes,  however,  if  such 
took  place,  were  })robably  gradual  in  their  operation; 
for  the  location  of  the  ruins  in  what  are  still  in  most 
cases  amono'  the  most  fertile  valleys,  either  in  the 
\icinity  of  water,  or  at  least  of  a  dried-up  stream, 
and  their  absence  in  every  instance  in  tlie  al)solutely 
desert  tracts,  show  pretty  conclusively  that  the  towns 
Were  not  desti'oycd  suddenly  by  any  natural  convul- 
sion which  radically  chano-ed  the  face  of  the  country, 
it  is  not  difficult  to  imagine  how  the  agricultural 
I'ufblo  communities,  weakened  j)erhaps  at  iiist  by 
s  >me  international  strife  which  forced  them  to  neulect 


cso 


ANTIQUITIES  OP  ARIZONA  AND  XEW  MEXICO. 


tl  10  tillage  of  their  land,  and  hard  pressed  hy  move 
than  usually  persistent  inroads  from  bands  of  Apaclu':^^ 
who  plundered  their  crops  and  destroyed  their  ini,;;!- 
tion-works,  visited  perchance  by  pestilence,  or  l.y 
earthquakes  sent  by  some  irate  deity  to  dry  up  tlicir 
springs,  were  forced  year  by  year  to  yield  their  laii* 
fields  to  the  drifting  sands,  to  abandon  their  soutluiu 
homes  and  unite  their  forces  with  kindred  nortlidu 
tribes;  till  at  last  came  the  crowning  blow  of  a  forei";i 
invasion,  which  has  well  nigh  extinguished  an  al)()rii;'- 
inal  culture  more  interesting  and  admirable,  if  not  in 
all  lespccts  more  advanced,  than  any  other  in  North 
America. 


CHAPTER  XT  I. 

ANTIQUITIES    OF    THE    XOUTIIWEST. 

Cknkiial  Chai! actkk  ok  NonTii-\vi:.sTi:u\  TJkmaixs— Xo  Tracks  op 
KxTiMT  (ii!  or  (.'ivii.izKi)  Hacks- Antk^iiiiks  (i|-  Cai.iioiima— 
Stoni:  Imi'i.kmknts  •N'KW.si'ArKH  Ki:i'oi!Ts— Tavi.oi!'-;  Wouk  Coi.- 
oi;  ADO  I)kski;t— Tkail  ami  1iOCK-1nscj;ii'TIons  -r,ii;i  \i,  Itci.ics  ok 
Sot  rin;i!\  ("Ai.ri'ouxrA — IJonks  ok  (Jiaxts— Moinos  in  tiik  Sati- 
(ov  Vali.kv    \i;\v  Ai.MADKX  Mink— ]'ui;-HisT(>i!ic  Kkmcsix  tuk 

]\IlNIX(l  SlIAKTS— Sl'd.XK  IMI'I.KMKXTS,  IIcmax  I'.oxks,  ano  I!k- 
MAINS  OK    KXTIXCT    AXIMAL    SPKCIKS— V()V'.S  WolMC  -  SAN   JoACH'IX 

JJki.ics  — Mkucki)  Moi-\T)S— MAUTrxKZ-  SiiKi.i,  Morxns  i!(>t  xd 
Sax  Fkaxcisco  Uay,  Axn  tiikir  ("oxtknts— IIki.k  s  kiiom  a  Sax 
Fi!AX(  isco  Morxn— AxTKiriTiKs  ok  Nkvada— I'taii  -Mocxds  of 

SaI.P   l.AKK  VALKKV— CoKOItADO-— Kk.MAIXS   AT   (iol.DKX  «'lTV-EX- 

ti;n^ivk  liLixs  IX  Southkux  Cokohado  and  I'taii— Jacksox's 
Exi'Ki>rriox--^lAxcos  Axn  St  Elmo  Caxoxs- Idaho  and  Mon- 

TAXA— ()l!K(!OX — 'WASniXCJTOX— MoiXDS  OX  I'.CTK  riiAIKIK-YAKI- 
MA    EaI!TH-\V01:K  — r.UnTSIl    CoHMIilA- UKAXS'    Exi'KOIiATIOXS — 

Mocxus  AXi)  Eautu-\V(»I!k.s  of  Vancoivku  Island — Alaska. 


Ruins  of  tlic  New  ]\[cxioau  Puelilo  typo,  dcscrihctl 
ill  tlio  preccdiiiof  elia[)tur,  extuiul  across  tlic  l)t)Uii(laiy 
lines  of  Now  ^[oxico  and  Arizona,  and  liavo  l)oon 
ininid  by  travelers  in  soutliorn  Utah  and  Ctjlorado; 
stuiio  and  l)ono  iniploinents  siini\w  lo  tlioso  used  by 
tlic  natives  wlitsn  tlio  fii'st  Europeans  canio  and  since 
that  time,  are  frequently  picked  u}>  on  the  suit'aco  or 
t.ikcii  from  aboi'i^inal  graves  in  most  parts  of  the 
wliolo  northern  roo-ion;  a  few  sciitterod  rock-inscrip- 
tioiis    are    reported   in    several  of    the   states;  burial 


riW7) 


688 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  THE  NORTHWEST. 


moiiiuls  and  otlior  small  earth-heaps  of  unknown  use 
are  seen  in  many  localities;  shell  mounds,  some  of 
them  of  i»'reat  size,  occur  at  various  pijints  in  tlic 
coast  region,  as  about  San  Francisco  Bay  and  on 
Vancouver  Island,  and  they  probably  might  be  found 
along  nearly  the  whole  coast  line;  and  the  miuiui;' 
shafts  of  California  have  brought  to  light  human  re- 
mains i'nplements  wrought  by  human  hands,  and 
bones  of  extinct  animals,  at  great  depths  below  the  sur- 
face, evidently  of  great  age.  With  tiie  prei-ediiiL;- 
paragrapli  and  a  short  account  of  the  ruins  of  Col- 
orado, I  might  consistently  dispose  of  the  antiiiuitics 
of  the  Northwest. 

There  has  not  been  found  and  re})orted  on  good  au- 
thority a  single  monument  or  relic  wliich  is  suilicient 
to  i-rove  that  the  country  was  ever  inhabited  by  any 
people  wliose  claims  to  be  regarded  as  civilized  were 
su[)eri()r  to  those  of  the  tribes  found  by  Europeans 
within  its  limits.  It  is  true  that  some  imjdement.s 
may  not  exactly  agree  with  those  of  the  tril)es  now 
occu})ying  the  same  particular  locality,  and  sonie 
graves  indicate  slight  differences  in  the  manner  of 
burial,  ]>ut  this  could  hardly  be  otherwise  in  a  country 
inhabited  by  so  many  nations  whose  boundaries  were 
constantly  clianging.  Yet  I  have  often  heard  tlic 
Aztec  relics  of  California  and  Oregon  very  confidently 
spoken  of.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  to  most  men 
who  find  a  piece  of  stone  bearing  marks  of  liavint>' 
been  formed  by  human  hands,  the  very  first  idea  sug- 
gested is  that  it  represents  an  extinct  race,  while  tlu- 
List  conclusion  arrived  at  is  that  the  relic  may  be  the 
work  (jf  a  tribe  still  living  in  the  vicinity  where  it  a\  as 
found. 


California  has  within  her  limits  large  quantities  nf 
native  utensils  and  many  burial  de})osits,  some  d 
which  doubtless  date  back  to  the  time  when  no  I'uni- 
pean  had  yet  set  foot  in  the  country.  A  compKti' 
descri^jtion    of  such    relics,   illustrated   with    cuts  ef 


CALIFOltMAX  IIELICS. 


(i89 


typical  spocimuns  from  dittorcnt  soctious  of  tlio  state, 
would  1)0  of  j^roat  valuo  in  connoctioii  with  the  ae- 
coiiiit  of  the  Califoniian  trihes  o^iveii  in  a  j)recediiiij 
volume;  but  unfortunately  the  material  for  su*  h  de- 
scription and  cuts  are  utterly  waiiting,  and  will  not 
he  Hup|)lied  for  many  years.  Officers  and  assistants 
connected  with  the  IJ.  S.  Coast  Survey  and  other 
government  explorinj^  expeditions,  are  constantly, 
thou,!^h  slowly,  jj^atherinj^  relics  for  the  national  col- 
lection, and  a  lew  individuals  aotin<>-  in  an  unofficial 
capacity  have  examined  certain  localities  and  de- 
scribed the  aboriginal  im[)lements  found  therein 
tlirouu;h  trustworthy  mediums.  But  ujost  of  the 
discoveries  in  this  direction  are  recorded  only  in  news- 
piper  accounts,  Avhich,  in  a  larg-e  maj(jrity  of  cases, 
itfi'er  no  sjcuarantee  of  their  authenticity  or  accuracy. 
Many  ai'e  self-evident  hoaxes;  many  others  are  doubt- 
less as  reliable  as  if  })ublished  in  the  narrative  of  the 
most  trust-worthy  explorer  or  in  the  transactions  of 
.my  learned  society;  but  to  decide  u[)on  the  relative 
merits  of  the  i^reat  bulk  of  these  accounts  is  alto- 
gether impossible,  to  say  nothino'  of  the  absence  of 
(Irawino's,  which,  after  all,  are  the  only  satisfactory 
(leseri})tion  of  miscellaneous  relics.  I  therefore  deem 
it  not  advisable  to  till  the  pages  of  a  long  chapter 
with  a  compilation  of  the  almost  innumerable  news- 
]>aper  items  in  my  possession,  useless  for  the  most 
)»art  to  anti(|uarians,  and  comparatively  without  in- 
terest to  the  general  reader.  l)r  Alex.  S.  Taylor  has 
already  made  quite  a  complete  compilation  of  the 
earlier  accounts  in  Californian  newspa[)ers,  which  he 
published  in  the  Cullforiiia  Farmer  'n\  18(50-3.  With- 
out, as  a  rule,  going  into  details,  I  sha''  present  a 
hi'ief  resume  of  Avhat  has  been  written  about  Califor- 
nian relics  of  al)original  times,  giving  in  full  only  a 
few  re[)orts  of  undoubted  authenticity.^ 

1  'Since  tlic^  landiiif:;  "f  tli*^  Pil<fiiius  at  Plyinotli  Rock,  down  to  the 
int'seiit  niuniont,  relics  of  a  lost  race  have  been  cxiiuiiieil  from  the  beneath 
the  surface  of  terra  lirnia  in  various  parts  of  tlie  continent.    While  every  sec- 
tion of  the  I'liited  States  has  proiluced  more  or  less  of  these  aucieut  reiu- 
VoL.  IV.    44 


ill  i 


GOO 


ANTIQllTIKS  OK  CALIFOllNIA. 


Brasseur  de  Bouibourf^  tolls  us  tliut  in  the  dist.iiit 
nortli  "was  found  anciently  a  city  named  Tula,  tin 
ruins  of  which  are  thoug'ht  to  have  hcun  found  in 
the  valley,  still  so  little  explored,  of  Tulares.  TIr- 
Aniei'icans  have  announced  in  their  newspapers  tiic 
discoveiy  of  these  Californian  ruins,  hut  can  oiu' 
credit  the  reports?"  JJrasseur  possihly  alludes  in  tht- 
pai'ati^ra])h  (putted  to  certain  rej)orts  circulated  ahoiit 
18o.'5,  wUicli  announced  the  discovery,  somewhere  in 
the  desert  of  the  Colorado  on  the  California  side,  ol' 
a  ruined  bridge  of  stone,  where  no  river  had  run  I'dr 
a<2^es,  toiifether  with  an  immense  pyramid,  and  otlid' 
{L>Tand  remains.  These  reports  seem  to  have  (;iin- 
inated  in  the  correspondence  of  a  Placerville  news- 
])aper;  hut  whether  tliey  were  manufactured  in  tlic 
office  of  the  paper,  or  were  actually  sent  in  by  sou'ic 
roamiuii^  })ros})ectur  of  an  inventive  turn  of  miiid, 
does  not  ap})ear.'^ 

Mr  i31alce  found  in  the  Colorado  desert  "several 
lon^Gc,  ])ath-like  discolorations  of  the  surface,  extending 
for  miles  in  nearly  straight  lines,  which  were  Indian 
trails.  The  only  chanj^e  which  was  produced  appeand 
to  be  the  i-emoval  or  dimming'  of  the  polish  on  the 
pebbles.  There  was  no  break  in  the  liard  surface. 
and  no  dust.  That  the  distinctness  of  the  trail  was 
made  by  the  removin;^  of  the  polish  only,  becann' 
evident  from  the  fact  that  fi|L*'ures  and  Indian  hierd- 
jjflyphics  were  traced,  or  imi)rinted,  on  the  surface 
adjoining  the  path,  apparently  by  pounding  or  bruis- 
ing the  surface  layer  of  the  pebbles.  These  trails 
seemed  very  old,  and  may  have  endured  for  many 
generations."^  A  writer  in  the  BuUetlu  mentions  a 
road  which  extends  from  the  mouth  of  the  Coahuila 
Valley  of  San  Gorgonio  Pass,  beginning  at  Noble's 

mints,  California  has,  perhaps,  yiehled  more  in  proportion  to  tlic  extent  nf 
territory,  tiian  any  otiicr  part  of  the  Union.'  Carpenter,  in  Hesperian,  vul 
v.,  p.  .W. 

■^  Bnissenr  de  lioiirbourft.  Hist.  Nat.  Civ.,  toni.  i.,  p.  179;  Srm  Fmn- 
Cisco  Errninr/  liiillefln,  Fo'h.  11,  18f)2;  Cid.  Farmer,  Dec.  14,  18G0. 

3  Blake,  hi  I'ue.  E.  R.  liepL,  vol.  v.,  p.  117. 


COLORADO  DKSKiiT. 


c;i 


r;incli,  I'listwiirdly  across  the  desert  In  almost  a 
stiMi^lit  line,  to  tile  mouth  of  the  Coloi'ado  ( "auoii. 
The  earth  is  worn  deep,  and  aloiio-  its  course  tlu; 
suit'ace  is  sti'ewn  with  hroUen  i)otterv.  Jii  many  of 
the  soft  rocks  the  imprints  of  the  feet  ot"  men  and 
animals  are  still  }>lainly  visihle.  'i'he  i-o.-id  is  not 
much  over  a  foot  wide,  and  from  it  hranch  off  side 
j)aths  leading"  to  sprinui's  or  other  sources  of  Wfiter. ' 
Thi'  only  other  remains  in  the  d(;sei-t  of  which  1  find 
any  record  are  some  rock-inscriptions  at  Pah  ('t»^ 
Creek,  located  ahout  thirty  miles  west  from  the 
^^ojave  villas^es.  Mr  Whipple  _i;ives  a  drawinn'  oi" 
the  inscriptions,  which  hear  a  stronn'  i"esend>lance  in 
their  general  character,  as  mi^ht  he  expected,  to 
tjiose  which  have  been  found  in  so  many  localities 
in  the  New  Mexican  regcion.' 

The  vertical  face  of  a  j^ranite  cliff  at  San  Fran- 
cis([uito  Tass,  near  a  sprinuc,  ^^"i^  covered  with  carved 
characters,  ])rol)ahly  similar  to  those  last  desci'ihed. 
( )ne  of  the  characters  resemhled  a  k)nL>'  chain,  witli  a, 
liall  at  one  end,  surrounded  hy  rays  like  those  em- 
ployed in  our  i'e})resentations  of  the  sun;  another 
was  like  in  form  to  an  anchoi-.  A\'ell-worn  ancient 
[oot-})at]is,  old  reservoirs,  and  (tther  undi'scrihed  relir.-; 
are  reported  in  the  vicinity  of  ( )wen's  lake  and  river/' 
Painted  tinures  in  hlue,  red,  and  white,  are  reported, 
toL>ether  with  some  Spanish  inscriptions  of  a  date 
l)recedin<j:  J 820,  in  Painted  Ivock  \'allev,  four  davs' 
journey  east  hy  south  from  Tejon  Pass,  also  in  the 
Canada  of  the  San  Juan  arroyo,  Avhich  empties  into 
the  Salinas  River  near  the  mission  of  San  ]\Iinue!. 
In  the  former  case  the  figures  are  ]»ainted  on  a  hhie 
H'rayish  rock,  ahout  twenty  feet  s(piare  and  hollowed 
(Jut  in  bowl  shape.'' 

*  Snii  Frniirisro  Erriiiiiff   Bitlhti'ii,  I'l'l),  11.  ISd'i. 

^  IVIiijijilr,  Kirhaiik,  (iinl  Tiinirr,  ill  J'cir.  Ji.  R.  Ri/it.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  A'2. 

''  lilahr,  in  !'<(('.  11.  Ji.  Jir/it.,  vol.  v.,  jip.  5(1-7;  ('((I.  Fiiniiir,  Miircli 
'2S,  18()'2,  I)ec.  '21,  ISGO.  Also  jxittciy,  i)aiiiU'(l  uiid  carviMl  I'lill-iiisi  riii- 
liiins,  and  lines  of  lar<^e  stoiiu.s  on  tlie  liill-toii.s.  ^l//((  Culijuriiia,  Julv, 
iSliO. 

''San  Fraiirisco  Ercnini/  Itidhlin,  \\'\\.  11,  18(!2.      'On  the  South  Tiile 


C33 


ANTIQIITIKS  or  CAIJI'onM  A. 


Mr  r 


mil 


viHiiuaciicr.  t'li 


liJ-ai^^cM  I 


i:i    tlio   service  i,\' 


tlie  United  Status  Coast  Survey,  has  taktni  oival 
iuturt'st  in  Calitoriiian  aborii^iiuil  relics,  wliicli  lie  lias 
colluctud  fur  the  Smitlisoiiiaii  Institution  at  Wash 
in<_!fton.  In  this  vicinity  of  San  l^uis  ()his|>o,  he 
twccn  |)oints  Sal  and  San  l^nis,  he  examined  (hii'in^ 
t!ie  past  year  four  <j;rayes  or  hurial  deposits,  kiioun 
as  iiijK)iiKt,  irdfcUn',  kcsiiuiJl,  foncfch.  These  i^ravt  s 
I'lii'nished  some  thi'ee  liundred  human  skeletons,  or 
lather  ahont  that  numher  were  examined,  and  also 
<luito  a  lar^e  numher  of  domestic  utensils,  \vea|ioiis, 
and  ornaments.  AinoUL*'  these  relics  t>i-eat  uniformity 
is  ohserred,  indicating*  that  all  the  ;L;i'ave.s  l)eh)nL'e(l  to 
tlie  same  trihe  of  natives.  Nino  specimens  arc  shown 
in  the  cut  on  the  opposite  pat^'e,  made  from  Mi- 
t'M-hiunacher s  drawinys.  Fii>'.  J,  2,  and  '.),  represent 
lari^e  cookin^'-jtots,  olohular  or  pi'ar-shaped,  and  hol- 
lowed out  of  ma^'nesian  mica.  The  circular  opemni^' 
of  fi'^-.  1),  havintj^  a  small  and  narrow  rim,  nieasuics 
ordy  tivo  inches  in  diameter,  ^vhile  the  oivatest  di- 
ameter of  the  pot  is  ei'Lrhteen  iiu-lies.  Near  the  cdnc 
of  the  opening'  this  vessel  is  only  a  cjuartor  of  an 
inch  thick,  hut  the  thickness  incivases  regularly 
t  )wards  the  bottom,  ^vhore  it  is  an  inch  and  a  (piai- 
tor.  Sandstone  mortars  of  ditt'erent  dimensions,  hut 
of  similar  forms,  were  found  in  <»'i"eat  ahundaiice  witli 
the  otlior  utensils,  one  of  the  largest  of  which  is 
siiown  in  fit^.  8.  This  is  sixteen  inches  in  diameter 
a'ld   thirteen    in   height.      The   smallest   are   only  an 

river,  twolvo  itiilps  from  tlio  valley,  is  wliat  is  called  tlie  !'intr  I'oek  ,i 
s;iioi»tli  Hut  rock  liori/oiitally  Hii|>ji(irteil  by  |)er|H'ii(liciil,M   ■  ,ilicr>iili' 

a'loiit  seven  feet  from  the  ;;roiiU(i,  with  a  surface  of  ■_'!•  ii  ri  .siiioi.ili 

ami  level  on  the  walled  sides  on  which  is  iiainted  in  i  artistic  nIxIi'. 

representations  of  animals,  reptiles,  and  hirds,  and  rm.  ritin;,'s  ■'  men. 

women,  and  children.  The  |)aintinj;  has  withont  doulit  i  n  doi  ny  tin- 
present  race  of  Indians.  None  of  the  Indians  now  lixiii;^,  iioW'  ir,  Iwnc 
any  Unowled;:e  or  tradition  hy  whoni  or  when  it  was  done.  Thi>-  rock  and 
the  remains  of  their  hahitations  in  many  localities  on  ttie  diH'ercnt  .sticani^. 
are  the  onlv  inilications  of  their  lonj;  ocenpaiK'v  of  this  \alle\.'  Mulii'ij 
(Indian  A;;ent  at  Tnle  liiver),  letter  of  Anj,'.  H»,  IST-',  MS.  I'aii'ited  (i^'iin  > 
in  a  larjj:e  cave  near  the  hot  sjtrin^sof  Tnlarcitos  hills,  east  of  Montery;  i\\>'< 
on  headwaters  of  the  San  Juan  or  Estrella  creek.  Ciil.  Fariiur,  April  ■'>, 
ISuO. 


UUUIAL  UliLICS  IX  THE  SOL'Ill. 


tiU3 


Relics  from  Southern  California. 


CH 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


iiicli  and  a  half  hl,i>"li,  and  tlirec  inches  in  diain(>t('i-. 
The  pestles  are  oi  the  same  material,  and  their  fonii 
is  shown  in  i\[j;.  3.  There  was  moreover,  quite;  an 
assortment  of  what  seem  to  be  cups,  measuring  Wowi 
one  and  a  quarter  to  six  inches  in  diameter,  and 
noatly  worked  out  of  serj)entine,  the  surface  of  wliicli 
vas  brightly  polished.  Specimens  are  shown  in  li^'. 
f)  and  7.  Another  similar  one,  the  smallest  found, 
was  enclosed  in  three  shells,  in  a  very  curious  nian- 
ner,  as  sho\v)i  in  fig.  (5.  In  this  enclosed  cup  was  a 
(pumtity  of  what  is  described  as  paint;  and  traces  of 
the  same  material  were  found  in  all  the  cu])s,  indi- 
cating that  they  were  not  used  to  contain  food.  Fig. 
4  represents  a  plate  wliicli  is  presumably  of  stone, 
although  tlie  cut  would  seem  to  indicate  a  slull. 
These  do.aestic  implements  deposited  by  the  alio- 
I'igines  with  their  dead  were  rarely  broken,  and  wluii 
they  were  so,  the  breakau'e  was  caused  in  ewrv 
instance  by  the  pressure  of  the  soil  or  otlier  siipi  r- 
iniposed  objects.  One  peculiar  circumstance  in  ctm- 
nection  witJi  these  relics  was  that  some  broken 
mortars  and  pestles  were  repaired  by  the  use  of 
asj)haltum  as  a  cement.  All  the  relics  collected  In' 
Mr  Schumacher,  as  well  as  those  wliicli  I  have 
copied,  are  ])reserved  in  the  National  Museum  at 
Washington.'*  Tiie  same  exjdorer  is  now  eiigagid 
in  making  an  examination  of  the  islands  of  the  Santa 
Barbara  Ciiannel,  where  it  is  not  im[)robable  that 
many  interesting  relics  may  bo  discovered.  !Mr  Tay- 
lor heard  from  a  resident  of  San  Buenaventura  that 
"in  a  recent  stay  on  Santa  Rosa  Island,  in  18GI,  ho 
often  met  witli  the  entire  skeletons  of  Indians  in  the 
caves.  Tlie  signs  of  their  rancherias  were  very  fi'c- 
([Uent,  and  tlie  remains  of  nietates,  moi'tars,  earthen 
jiots,  anil  other  utensils  very  connnon.  The  nictates 
were  of  a  dark  stone,  and  made  somewhat  alter  tli^ 
pattern  of  the  ^Mexican.      Extensiv?^  caves  were  often 


«  Sr/i  I 


'■/irr.     S'().;(<'    A  r/ir/i.1  fiillilif    ill    Ain'li'iit  d  I'diUS   iif    I'dlifi. 


JiS.-i.,  pii'x'iiti'il  liy  Uic  auliiiir. 


MISCELLANEOUS  REMAINS. 


co: 


inct  Avith  wliich  scomod  to  servo  as  burial  ])laccs  of 
the  IiuUans,  as  entire  skeletons  and  numerous  skulls 
were  plentifully  scattered  about  in  their  recesse.s." 
Some  very  Monderful  skulls  are  also  rej)orted  as 
having  been  found  on  the  islands,  furnished  witii 
double  teeth  al!  the  way  round  the  jaw.'' 

MisceUaneoLis  relics  reported  on  authority  varying- 
froiii  inditfei'ent  to  bad  at  different  points  in  the 
southern  ])art  of  the  state,  are  as  follows:  In  1819 
an  old  lady  saw  a  gigantic  skeleton  dug  up  by  sol- 
diers at  Purisima  on  the  Lompock  rancho.  The  na- 
tives deemed  it  a  god,  and  it  was  re-buried  by 
direction  of  the  padre.  Talieechayi)ah  ))ass  and  the 
mission  of  San  Buenaventura  are  other  localities 
wlieie  skeletons  of  extraordinary  size  have  been  found. 
The  old  natives  at  San  Luis  Rey  have  seen  in  the 
mountain  jmsses  tracks  of  men  and  animals  in  solid 
rock.  These  tracks  were  njade,  those  of  the  men  at 
least,  by  their  fathers  tleeinof  from  some  convulsion 
of  nature  which  occurred  not  many  jjfenerations  back. 
Xine  miles  north  of  Santa  Barbara  on  the  ]3os  l*ueb- 
los  rancho,  some  small  mounds  only  two  or  three 
feet  high  have  been  seen  on  the  point  of  the  mesa 
overlooking  the  sea.  IMr  Carvalho  claims  to  have 
(lug  from  a  small  mound  near  Los  Angeles  the  bones 
of  a  mastodon,  including  four  ])erfect  teeth,  one  of 
which  weighed  six  ])ounds.  ]Miss  Saxon  speaks  of 
high  mounds  in  the  vicinity  of  rivers,  said  to  have 
lieen  once  tlu'  site  of  villages  so  located  for  |)i'otection 
a'^Minst  Hoods.'" 

In  the  })lain  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saticoy  Kiver, 
twelve  miles  beU)W  San  Ihienavcntura,  and  (i\e  <»!•  six 
miles  from  the  sea,  are  re[)orted  two  mounds,  regular, 
munded,  and  bare  of  trees.  One  of  them  is  over  a 
mile  long  and  two  hundred  feet  high,  aiid  the  other 
ai)out  half  as  lai'ge.      If  the  re[)ort  of  their  existence 

'J  Tin/lor'a  fii>h'tiiio/'it/i/,  in   Cuf.    Fitniirr,  .Ian.  17,  l.S(ii2.  .Maicli  <),  IStJO, 
1"  ,S'(0(    I'nnii'isro    h' rill/' IK  I   liiilhliii,   .Ian.    'I'l,    l.Sti4;  <''il.  l-'urmir,  Mav 

•-'■(,  18(12,  Maicli  (i,  ISC.:!;  <iirriillin'^hirlil.,'fTrui:,  p.  •-»4l»;  Sitxunn  GuUU'n 

ii'ifr,  ji.  r_*li;    ]\'iiniiiil,  ('iilifuriiim ,  \i.  l.'{. 


m 


i 


696 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


is  correct,  there  seems  to  be  no  evidence  that  thov 
are  of  artificial  formation,  except  their  isolated  })osi- 
tion  on  the  plain,  and  a  native  tradition  that  they  arc 
burial-places.  One  writer  sugijfests  tliat  the}'"  are  the 
graves  of  a  people,  or  of  their  kin^s,  whose  cities  are 
buried  beneath  tlie  waters  of  the  8anta  Bail)ai;i 
Channel.  The  site  of  the  cities  presents  some  obsta- 
cles to  exploration,  and  the  details  of  their  construc- 
tion are  not  fully  known.  Twenty  miles  farther  up  the 
Saticoy  is  a  group  of  small  mounds,  ten  or  twelve  in 
number  and  five  or  six  feet  high.  They  "seem  to 
have  been  water-worn  or  worked  out  by  running' 
water  all  around  the  mounds  so  as  to  isolate  each  one." 
Near  these  mounds,  on  the  Cayetano  rancho,  is  a  field 
of  some  five  hundred  acres,  divided  by  parallel  ridges 
of  earth,  and  having  distinct  traces  of  irrigatiiiL;' 
ditches,  sup})]ied  by  a  canal  which  extends  two  or 
three  miles  up  the  Sesj)o  arroyo.  It  is  said  that  the 
present  inhabitants  of  this  region,  both  nati^■e  aiul 
Spam'sh,  hav'e  no  knowledge  of  the  origin  of  these 
au'ricultural  wo'-ks." 

It  is  said  that  the  New  Almaden  quicksilver  mines 
were  worked  by  the  natives  for  the  purpose  of  obtain- 
ing vermilion,  long  before  the  coming  of  the  Span 
iards.  The  excavation  made  bv  the  aboriu^inal  mineis 
was  long  sujtposed  to  bo  a  natural  cavern,  extending 
about  one  hundred  feet  horizontally  into  the  hill,  un 
til  some  skeletons,  rude  mining  tools,  and  other  relies 
of  human  })resence  revealed  the  secret. ^^ 

In  various  localities  about  ^fonteri'V,  in  addition  t  > 
the  usual  mortals  and  arrow-heads,  ho!- .-.  in  the  liviii.; 
rock,  used  ])robably  as  mortal's  for  ]»oun(ling  acorns 
and  seeds,  are  reported  l)y  Taylor;  and  the  Santa 
Cruz  'skull  cave'  i;i  spoken  of  as  'noted  thi'ouglioia 

II  Sim  Fniiirlxm  Erriiiliri  DnHrfiii,  Fcl).  11,  lSli2;  Cuf.  Fiiniirr,  Mai'  h 
28,  ISd'i,  Man  ii  (L    ISC:!. 

'"  /.on/'i  \iif.,  vol.  i.,  ]),  '20'.).  'A  (iiiaiitity  (if  rniiiid  stidics.  cvidi'iii'v 
from  till'  hniok,  was  foiiiid  in  ii  jiassa^'i;  with  a  iiuiiilicr  of  ski  Ictoiis;  ilir 
ilcstnictioii  of  lif<>  )iaviii;t  hci'ii  caiisi'd  iiiidoiiUtcdIy  \>y  the  siiddt'ii  caviii.' 
ill  of  till'  earth,  liiiryiiij^  the  uiiskillL'd  savajjcs  in  the  midst  of  tlicir  lahinv' 
rionccr,  vol.  ii.,  j).  'J'Jl. 


REMAINS  PROM  THE  MINES. 


(;i)7 


the  country'  for  liaviuij^  furnished  bones  now  preserved 
in  the  Smithsonian  Institution.^^ 


One  of  the  most  interestinof  chxsses  of  Cahfornian 
antiquities  is  that  wliich  inchides  aborii^inal  i-umains 
<Hsc('.i'red  in  tlie  niininj^  counties,  at  considerahlo 
depths  below  the  surface  of  the  ground.  The  stone 
implements  thus  found  are  not  in  themselves  partic- 
ularly interesting,  or  different  from  those  which 
have  oeen  Ibuud  under  other  circumstances;  nor  do 
they  include  any  specimens  which  indicate  the  for- 
mer existence  of  any  race  more  advanced  than  th.it 
found  in  the  country  by  Europeans.  But  the  chief 
importance  of  these  anticpiities  consists  in  the  great 
depth  at  which  some  of  them  hav^  been  found,  and  in 
the  fact  that  they  have  been  found  in  connection  with 
the  fossil  bones  of  animals  belonging  to  species  now 
no  longer  existing  in  the  country.  The  existence  of 
the  work  of  human  hands  buried  hundi'eds  of  feet  be- 
neath the  many  successive  layers  of  different  rocks 
uiid  earths,  migiit  not  necessarily  iniply  a  greater  ag<! 
than  one  dating  a  few  centuries  before  the  coming  of 
the  S[)aniards;  although  few  would  be  willing  t(j  ad- 
mit, probably,  that  natural  convulsions  so  extensive 
liave  taken  place  at  so  recent  an  ei)och.  But  when 
the  work  of  human  hands  is  shown  to  have  been  dis- 
covered in  connection  with  the  bones  of  mastodons, 
ele|)hants,  horses,  camels,  and  t)ther  animals  long  since 
extinct,  and  that  they  have  been  so  found  there  seems 
to  be  sulHcieiit  proof,  it  is  hardly  possible  with  coii- 
?>i.steni'y  to  deny  that  these  implements  date  from  a 
remote  anti(piity.  News[»aper  items  desci'il)ing  I'elics 
of  this  class  are  almost  numberless;  a  few  of  the 
specimens  liave  fallen  into  tlie  hands  of  scieiitilic  iiieu, 
who  have  carefully  examined  and  described  them;  but 
a  great  majoi'ity,  even  of  such  im[)lements  as  liave  iicit 
Iteen  com[)letely  overlooked  by  the  miner  who  dug  or 

'■'  Titi/lur,  ill   ('(il.    Fanner,   Ajuil  20,    ISliO;    U'iiinnrf,    <'<i'ifonii:ii,  \i\t. 

-7   N. 


();)8 


ANTIQl'ITIES  OF  CALIFOUNIA. 


Avaslicd  tliem  from  their  deep  resting-i^laces,  liave  lu'cii 
lost  uf'ter  exfitiiiLj;'  a  luoiueiitary  curiosity,  and  tlieir 
important  testimony  lost  to  science.  Mr  C  D.  Voy 
of  (Jakiand  lias  shown  much  ener^-y  and  interest  in 
t!ie  examination  of  stone  implements  and  fossils 
IVom  the  mines.  Tlie  relics  themselves  have  of  course 
heen  found  in  almost  every  instance  by  miners  in 
their  search  for  iLi'old;  but  Mr  Voy  has  pei'sonaily  vis- 
ited most  of  tlie  localities  where  such  discoveries 
were  reported,  and  seems  to  have  taiven  ;dl  possible 
pains  to  verify  tlie  authenticity  of  the  disct)verics, 
having  in  many  cases  obtained  sworn  statements  troni 
the  parties  who  made  them.  An  un])ul dished  mami- 
s('ri})t  written  by  this  o-entleman  is  entitled  Jic/ics  of 
the  Stone  A(j<'  in  Cd/ifoniia,  and  is  illusti-ated  with 
many  i)hoto,n'raphs  of  specimens  from  his  own  and 
otlier  coUcctii.iis.  This  work,  kindly  furnished  me  by 
Mr  Voy,  is  probably  the  most  com[)lete  extant  on  the 
subject,  and  from  it  I  take  the  following  descriptions. 
The  author  ])roceeds  by  counties,  first  describing  the 
geology  of  each  county,  and  then  the  relics  of  whose 
I'xistence  he  has  been  able  to  learn,  and  the  localities 
where  they  were  found.  Except  a  brief  statement  iu 
a  few  cases  of  the  depth  at  whii'h  stone  remains 
were  found,  and  of  the  strata,  that  covered  tliem,  I 
shall  not  touch  upon  the  geologic  formation  of  tlio 
mining  region.  Nor  does  a  ])articular  or  sc-ientitic  de- 
s;-ription  of  the  fossil  remains  come  within  the  scope 
of  my  work.  A  brief  account  of  the  stone  imj)le- 
nients  and  the  ])ositions  iu  which  they  have  been  dis- 
covered will  sutiice. 

Of  all  the  counties  Tuolumne  has  aj)])arently 
proved  the  richest  in  anti([uarian  remains.  From  the 
mining  tunnels  which  i)enetrate  Tal)le  Mountain 
there  was  taken  in  18.'38  a  stone  mortar  hoUling  two 
•  juarts,  at  a  depth  of  three  hundred  feet  from  the  sur- 
i'aee,  lying  in  auriferous  gravel  under  a  thick  strata 
of  lava.  In  1S(»2  another  mortar  was  found  at  a 
depth  of  threi!  hundi'cd  and  foity  feet,   one  hundred 


IIKLICS  FltUM  THK  MINES. 


C09 


and  four  of  whu;li  were  composed  of  lava,  and  eiylit- 
eou  limidrod  fuot  from  the  mouth  of  the  tunnel.  This 
relic  is  in  ]\Ir  V^oy's  collection,  accomjianied  by  a 
sw'cjrn  statement  of  the  circumstances  of  its  tindinjjf. 
l)r  Snell  is  said  to  have  had  in  his  possession  in  18(12 
a  |)endant  or  shuttle  of  silicious  slate,  similar  to  oth- 
ers of  which  I  shall  i>'ive  a  cut;  spear-heads  six  oi* 
eight  inches  lon^-,  and  broken  off  at  the  hole  where 
they  were  attached  to  the  shait;  and  a  scoop,  or 
ladle,  of  steatite.  These  relics  were  found  under  Ta- 
ble jVIountain  at  the  same  depth  as  the  preceding', 
t()i;'etlier  with  fossil  hones  of  the  mastodon  and  other 
animals,  and  are  preserved  in  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tute and  in  the  museum  of  Yale  Colleue.     The  cut 


Stdiiij  Moittii-   Kiiiiiiid  Flat. 


700 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CALIFOUXIA. 


represents  a  stone  mortar  and  pestle,  found  at  Kin- 
caid  Flat  in  elayey  auriferous  g'ravel,  sixteen  oi- 
twenty  feet  below  the  surface,  where  many  utliur 
stone  ini[)lements,  with  bones  of  the  niastodtju,  ele- 
jthant,  horse,  and  camel,  have  been  found  at  ditt'eront 
times.  A  bow  handle,  or  shuttle,  of  micaceous  slatt; 
found  here  will  be  shown  in  another  cut  with  simil;a- 
relics  from  a  different  locality." 

At  SIkiw's  Flat,  with  Ijones  of  the  mastodon,  a 
stone  bead  of  calc-spar,  two  inches  lonp^  and  the  same 
in  circumference,  was  taken  from  under  a  strata  uf 
lava  at  a  point  three  Innuh-ed  feet  from  the  mouth  nt' 
the  tunnel.     The  granite  mortar  shown  iu  the  cut, 


Granite  Mortar— .Siiaw's  Flat. 

holding  about  a  pint,  came    frcm  the  same  mini  1114' 
town. 

At  Blanket  Creek,  near  Sonora,  stone  relics  and 
bones  of  the  mastodon  were  found  tonether  in  185.").'^ 

1*  '111  l.Sr)7,  Dr.  C.V.  Wiiislow  soiit  to  tlic  Boston  Natiiral  History  So- 
cicty,  tli(!  fiiiLriiR'nt  of  a  luiiiiau  craiiimii  ton  ml  in  the  "iiay-iiiit  'in  coiiiici - 
lion  with  the  hones  (tf  the  inastoihin  and  elephant,  one  linndreil  ami  eij:lii.\ 
feet  helow  tiie  surface  of  'I'ahle  Mountain,  California.  Dr.  W'inslow  lia^ 
(lescriited  to  me  all  the  |iarlienlais  i.i  refiMViire  to  this  "lind,"  and  there 
is  no  doiiht  in  his  mind,  that  the  remains  of  man  and  tin-  ;i,reat  (inadni- 
jKids  were  ilii:.-iied  eontemiioraiieoiisiy.'  Foster's  J'ic-JIi.st.  liacci,  jip. 
ry>-4. 

'■'  Klepiiant's  tiisk  five  or  six  foot  lonji,  found  in  ISCJO,  ten  feet  Itelow  the 
surface,  and  lifleen  iiiclu's  ahove  the  ledi^e  in  auriferous  sainl;  also,  IIm' 
years  hcUoie,  many  linman  skeletons,  one  of   which   was  twice  the  u.sii.d 


TUOUMXn  corxTY. 


701 


Wo(3d's  Creole  Wtis  anotlicr  locality  ■\vhoro  stone  relics 
with  fossil  ])oncs,  includiii,i>'  those  of  the  tapir,  are 
re[)orted  to  have  been  dug  out  at  a  de])th  of  twenty 
to  forty  feet.     The  mortar  and  pestle  siiown  in  the 


••?!"5*«»f 


Granite  Mortar — Gold  Springs  Gulch. 

cut  is  one  of  many  stone  implements  found,  witli 
i'ossil  bones,  at  Gold  Springs  (Julcli,  in  180.'^,  at  a 
tlcpth  of  sixteen  feet  in  amiferous  gravel,  like  the 
most  of  such  relics.  It  is  twelve  and  a  half  inches 
in  diameter,  weighs  thirty  pounds,  and  lujlds  about 
two  quarts.  The  cross-lines  i)ecked  in  on  the  sides 
with  some  sharp  instniment,  are  of  rai'e  occurrence  if 
not  unique.  Among  the  other  im}>lenients  found 
hero,  are  what  Mr  Voy  describes  as  "discoidal  stones, 
or  perhaps  spinal  whorls.  They  are  from  three  to 
four  inches  in  diameter,  and  about  an  inch  and  a  half 

>\yi',  witli  stono  mortars  and  pcstlos.  Soiiorn  Dfiiiorrdt,  Dec.  1800;  Cal. 
I' n-incr,  Dei;.  -1,  1800;  Suit  Franri.sco  Ecvninif  liitlUtiii,  Jiiii.  '22,  18G4. 


7.)2 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CALII'OIINIA. 


tliiek,  l)()tli  sides  bcinr^  concave,  witli  centre  jioi-fo- 
rated.  It  lias  been  suo'i'-ested  that  tliese  .  anies  wwr 
used  in  cei'tain  Imrliuij;'  oanies."  Tliey  are  of  nranitr 
and  hard  sandstone.  The  author  lias  heard  ofsiniil;:r 
rehcs  in  Ohio,  Denmark,  and  Cliili.  Anotlier  nlic, 
found  at  the  same  ])hice  in  18()2,  witli  tlie  usual  hours 
under  twenty  to  thirty  feet  of  calcareous  tufa,  is  ,1 
Hat  oval  dish  of  granite,  eij^hteen  inches  and  a  liulf 
in  diameter,  two  or  tlirec  inches  thick,  and  Aveit;'hi;i';' 
forty  ]>ounds.  It  is  shown  in  the  cut,  and,  like  tin- 
jirecedini^',  is  preserved  in  Mr  Voy's  cal)inet,  now  ;,t 
the  Universitv  of  California.     Texas  Flat  was  anotlur 


Granite  Diish— IJolil  Sjirings  IJulch. 

localiiv   Avliore  fossil   bones  were   found  with   fresh- 
water'si  lel  Is.  ^« 


'fi  Other  roported  relies  in  Tnolumne  county  are  as  follows: — A  tontli  it 
an  animal  of  (lie  elopliant  siwc'c,  twelve  feet  below  surface,  under  an  niik 
three  feet  in  diameter,  at  'I'wist's  lianeh,  near  Mormon  ("reek,  found  in 
IS.")!.  Jliifr/u'iijs'  Co/.  M<(fi.,  V(d.  ii.,  j).  "248,  with  enf.  'A  tolerably  veil 
exeiuted  representation  of  a  deer's  foot,  about  six  inches  Ion;;,  cut  ont  ut 
slate,  and  a  tube  about  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  live  inches  in  leuL'tli, 
iiHidc  of  the  same  material,  and  a  small,  ilat,  rounded  piece  of  some  very 


CALAVKltAS  CorXTV 


703 


Calaveras  Comity  lias  also  yieliled  many  intorost- 
iiig  relics  of  a  ]»ast  a^e,  of  thu  same  nature  as  those 
(lesci-ii»e(l  ill  'ruoliiiiine."  The  famous  'Calaveras 
skull'  was  taken  from  a  minin_L»"  shaft  at  Altaville,  at 
a  depth  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet  heneath  seven 
strata  of  lava  and  oravel.***  The  evidence  ^vas  suf- 
ficient to  convince  I'rof  Whitney  and  othei-  scientific 
men  that  this  skull  was  actually  found  as  claimed,  al- 
tliounh  on  the  other  hand  some  douht  and  not  a  littK; 
ridicule  have  heen  exj)ressed  about  tlie  suhject.  ^laiiy 
stone  mortars  and  mastodon-hones  have  heen  I'ouiid 
about  Altaville  and  Murphy's,  but  not  under  lava.'' 

Imnl  fliiitv  rock,  with  a  sqnnrc  linlo  in  tlio  router.  TIiov  Jiro  all  lii;;!iiy 
|Milisli('il,  ami  |)ci'fcct!y  l)la<'k  with  a.uc  \\  lui;  j^ivcs  a  iiri'iiliar  iiitiTi'st  to 
llicsc  ri'lics  is  tile  tact  that  tliey  were  fouiid  tiiirty  feet  lielow  tiie  .surface, 
ami  over  tiu;  s|)i(t  wiiero  tiiey  were  found  ii  liii;,'e  pine,  tiie  ;;ni\\tli  of  ceii- 
taries,  lias  reareil  its  lofty  head.'  These  relics  were  found  at  |)on  I'echo's 
liar  in  IS()1.  ('al.  Fnrnici;  June  14,  IStJl,  from  ('olninhin  'rimes,  .May.  lN(il. 
' \\\  Indian  arnnv-head,  niaile  of  stone,  as  at  tiio  ])resent  ilay,  was  lately 
]iicked  u|)  from  the  solid  cement  at  IJuckeye  Hill,  at  a  deiith  of  SO  feet 
from  the  surface,  and  ahout  one  foot  from  the  hed-rock.'  Tui/lur,  in  '(//. 
F'lniiir,  Nov.  !•,  Isi;0;  JlinL  Maij.,  vol.  v.,  j).  52;  Suti  Fntiivisro  Kmiimf 
lUill,'tl„,  Oct.  <;,  ISCt. 

"  '.All  immense  numher  of  skulls  were  found  hy  ("aiitain  ^^ol•a>.'a  in  the 
vicinity  of  a  creek,  which,  from  that  cireumst,uice,  was  called  (alaveias, 
or  the  river  of  skulls.  'J'lio  story  was,  that  the  triltes  from  the  Sierras  c.iu.e 
down  to  the  valley  to  fish  for  Salmon.  'I'o  this  the  \'alley  Indians  uli- 
jccted,  ami.  as  the  coiillict  was  irre|iressil)le,  a  liioody  hattle  was  fought,  ,i;,d 
three  thousand  dead  hodies  were  left  to  whiten  tiie  hanks  with  their  hone-.. 
'I'he  eountv  in  which  the  river  rises  assumed  its  name.'   'fnf/ii/r.s  Hist.  Cnl., 

"*  I.  lilack  lava,  40  feet;  2,  gravel,  3  feet;  3,  lij,dit  lava,  .SO  feet;  4, 
^,'ravel,  .">  feet;  .">,  liu'lit  lava,  1.")  feet;  (i,  jrravcl,  'J.')  feet;  7,  dark  hrown  la\a, 
'.t  feet;  S,  (in  wliii  n  tlu^  skull  was  found)  ;;ravel,  5  feet;  0,  red  lava,  4  feel; 
III,  rod  <,fravcl,  17  feet.  Cal.  Ai'<(d.  Anf.  .SVvVv/cr.v,  vol.  iii.,  ])ii.  ■277-S.  'This 
sUuU,  adinittin,;;'  its  authenticity,  carries  liack  the  ad\enl  of  man  to  the 
i'liocene  l",|poch,  and  is  therefore  oMer  than  the  stone  impleinents  of  •he 
ilrift-j;ravel  of  .\hheville  ami  .\mieiis,  or  the  relics  furnisliecl  hy  the  cii.e- 
dirt  of  l!elj;ium  and  France.'  Fosfrr's  rrr-llisf.  lltins,  \>\t.  iV_'-4. 

!'■»  'It  was  late  in  the  month  of  Au;;ust  (the  l!tth),  KS4<»,  that  the  ;,'i  11 
di;,'j,'ers  at  one  of  the  mountain  <lij,',irin^'s  called  .Miiriihy's,  were  surprised, 
in  examiiiinj;'  a  lii;;li  harren  ilistrict  of  mountain,  to  tind  the  ahamloncd 
^ite  of  an  anti(|ue  mine.  "It  is  evidently,"  says  a  writer,  "the  work  of 
ancient  times."  The  shaft  discovered  is  two  hundred  and  ten  feet  deep. 
Its  nu)uth  is  situated  on  a  hij,di  mountain.  It  was  several  days  hcfnre 
]ire[iarations  could  l)e  completed  to  descend  and  explore  it.  'l"he  hone^  of 
ii  human  skeleton  were  found  at  the  hottom.  There  were  also  found  an 
.dtar  for  worship  and  other  evidencers  of  ancient  labor.... No  evidcui'cs 
luive  l)eeii  discovered  to  denote  the  era  of  this  ancient  work.  There  li.is 
hi'cn  nothing,'  to  determine  whether  it  is  to  he  reu'arded  as  the  remains  of 
the  e.xplorations  of  the  lirst  Spanish  adventurers,  or  of  a  still  earlier  perio  I. 
The  oeeurrence  of  the  remains  of  an  altar,  looks  like  the  period  of  Indian 
Worship,'  ."Schuolcrd/fs  Arch.,  vol.  i.,  p.  105. 


704 


ANTIQIITIES  OF  CALIFOUNIA. 


vVt  Siin  Andres,  in  1804,  aecordinjj;'  to  sworn  stato 
niunt.s  in  IMr  Voy's  ])osseHsion,  lariic  stunc  mortars 
Avcro  taken  tVoni  a  layer  of  coniented  ('■j-avcl  six  i'vvt 
thick,  lyinijf  under  tlie  following;'  strata: — -(X)arse  sedi- 
mentary volcanic!  material,  five  I'eet;  sand  and  i^-i-avtl, 
one  hundred  feet;  brownish  volcanic  ash,  tliree  I'ect ; 
cemented  sand,  four  feet;  hlueisli  volcanic  sand,  iif- 
teen  feet.  At  the  C'hi'i  (Julch,  near  Mokelnmiic 
Hill,  the  skull  of  a  rhinoceros  is  re})orted  to  have 
been  found  in  180;].'° 

The  mortar  shown  in  the  cut  was  found  in  OTavcl 


Mortar  from  Shingle  Sirings. 


2"  Skulls  olitaincd  from  <a  cave  in  Calaveras  County,  hy  Prof.  Wliitncx , 
a;ul  sent  to  tiic  Smithsonian  Institute.  Tlicy  showed  no  (liHeri'm'es  fnniL 
t'le  jiresent  Indians,  who  prohaMy  used  the  cave  as  a  l)urial  place.  Smil/i- 
S'liiitni.  lic/if.,  1807,  p.  4(Ki.  Petrified  mammoth  thigh-lioiie,  three  and  :i 
half  feet  long,  two  and  a  (juarter  feet  in  circumference,  weighing  lifty-l'oiir 
jiounds,  found  at  a  depth  of  thirty-live  feet,  at  Murphy's  Flat.  Ciil.  Furmi  r. 
May '23,  1SG2,  from  Siiit  Aiidirs  Indr/>cn(/citf.  An  arrastra  or  mill,  siu  li 
as  is  now  used  in  gi'iiuling  (juart/,  with  a  quantitvof  crushed  stone  live  feet 
below  surface  near  Portcriield.  Iil.,  Nov.  30,  18(i0,  May  1(>,  18()2.  At  (';i- 
laveritas  large  mortars  two  or  three  feet  in  diameter,  with  pestles,  in  tin' 
ancient  bed  of  the  river;  at  X'allecito  Inunan  skulls  in  post-diluvial  stiat^i 
over  lifty  feet  deej);  at  Mokelnmne  Hill  obsidian  siiear-heads;  at  Murpliy's 
mammolh  bones  forty  feet  deep.  Pioneer,  vol.  iii.,  p.  41;  iiun  Francisfa 
Hi  raid,  Nov.  24,  from  Calaveras  Chronicle. 


STONI-:  IIAMMKIIS. 


705 


.'it  a  (lojitli  of  toil  feet,  nt  SliiniL'le  Si)rinns  in  El  Dn- 
nulo  County.  At  ( loornetowii  aiul  vicinity  tlicio 
wero  found  at  (lifturont  datoH,  laru^e  .stone  dishes  verv 
similar  to  that  at  Gold  Sjn'inys  (Julch,  shown  in  a  |ni'- 
cedino'  cut;  i^n'ooved  stones  like  those  at  Spanish  I'Mat, 
soon  to  1)0  mentioned;  and  mortars  resend)linii;'  that  at 
Ivincaid  Flat.     At  Spanish  Flat  were  found  several 


stone  Huniiiier— Simnish  Flat. 

oval  stones  with  grooves  round  their  circumference,  as 
shown  in  the  preceding-  cut,  and  weighing  from  a 
] found  and  a  half  to  two  pounds.  They  wei'o  a}>par- 
ently  used  as  hammers  or  weapons  by  fitting  a  withe 
liandle  round  them  at  the  groove.  Many  other  mor- 
tars and  stone  implements  were  taken  from  the 
same  locality,  including  two  pendants,  shuttles,  or 
how-handles,  very  well  worked  from  gi'oenstone,  five 
or  six  inches  long,  and  about  one  inch  thick  in  the 
middle.  These  two  relics,  together  with  a  similar 
(ine  from  Table  j\[ountain  before  alluded  to,  are 
shown  in  the  cut.  At])iamond  Sj)ring  mortars  were 
found  at  a  depth  of  a  hundred  foot,  and  l)oth  fossil 
hones  and  stone  relics  have  lieen  taken  from  time 
to  time  from  the  mines  about  Placerville.-^ 

'•!'  San  Francisco  Evening  Bulletin,  Jan.  22,  18G4;  Wimmcl,  Californien, 
1>,  i:j. 

Vol.  IV.    45 


700 


AXTIQIITIKS  OF  CAMFOUMA. 


^^tm^^ 


Stone  Iiii|ileiiiL'iitN     S|iiiui!<li  Flat. 

In  Placer  Comity,  mastodon  bones  are  rojiorted  at 
lloekliincl,   aiHi  stone  mortars  and  other  inipleniciits 
at  Gold  Hill  and  Forest  Hill.     One  dish  at  the  lat 
ter  place  was  much  lik'e  that  at  Gold  S})rinL>H  Gulcii. 
shown  in  a  precedino-  cut.'^'* 

in    Nevada    County  stone   implements  liave  hem 
found  at  ditt'erent  dates,  from  ten  t(^  eiyhtv  feet  Im 
low    the   surface,   at    Grass    Valley,    Buckeye    Hill. 
Alyer's  Ravine,  Brush  Creek,  and  Sweetland.'^^ 

Fossil  hones  of  extinct  animals  and  stone  im]»li - 
ments  like  tliose  that  have  heen  descrii)ed,  and  wliicli 
I  do  not  deem  it  necessary  to  mention  particularly, 

22  'An  ancient  slvlllot,  maflo  of  Lava,  liard  as  iron,  cirrnlar,  witli  a  spdiii 
iind  three  le;rs,  was  washed  out  of  a  deen  ehiini  at  Forest  Hill,  a  few  d:!. - 
sinee.  It  will  he  sent  to  the  Slate  Fair,  as  a  s|)eeinien  of  eroekery  iimiI 
in  the  mines  several  thousand  years  ai^o.'  (r'nisa  I'nl/ri/  Xntiuiidl.,  Seji. 
18l'>l,  ill  Sun  Frini('/sn>  Krrniiiq  IhiUrtin,  •Ian.  'I'l,  1S(14.  Same  implenniil 
apparently  found  ut  Coloma  in  1S.")1,  15  feet  helow  the  snrfaee,  nndei  an 
oak-tree  not  less  than  1000  years  idd.  Carpenter,  in  llisjttrian,  vol.  v.,  |i. 
358. 

*3'J.  E.  Sipiin!,  informs  me  that  a  stran;^e  inseription  is  foinnl  on  tin- 
roeks  a  short  distance  helow  Meadow  liake.  T.'ie  rocks  appear  to  liini' 
heen  covered  with  a  hlack  coatinj,',  ami  the  hiero;,'iy|ihics  or  characters  c  nt 
tlirouf^h  the  layer  and  into  the  rock.  This  inscription  was,  ))rohal»ly,  m^t 
made  by  the  present  trihc  inhahiting  the  lower  jjart  of  Nevada  (Jonnty.  It 
may  have  heen  done  hy  Indians  from  the  other  sid(>  oi  the  mountains,  \\\\" 
came  to  the  lake  rcjiion  near  the  summit  to  lish;  or  it  may  have  st  11  la 
8tran<;;er  orij^in.'  Dirccfori/  Nevada,  1857.  A  human  fore-arm  hone  witli 
cry.stallized  marrow,  imhedded  in  a  petrified  cedar  G,'{  feet  deep,  at  lli'l 
Do<^.   liras>i  Valley  National,  m  San  Fr( 


ISfi-L 


ranniseo  Ei'enimj  Bulletin,  .Ian. 


MISCKLLANKOrs  MINK  UKI,[('S. 


Td- 


sitico  Hucli  iiH'iitioii  would  I»o  l)ut.Ji  I'cipi'titioii  of  wliat 
has  ln'oii  said,  v»itli  r  list  of  dL!|)tlis  mid  localities, 
have  heoii  loiiiid,  accordiiiLf  to  Mr  \'oy"s  (ix|>loratioMs, 
ill  Butto  (Joiuity  at  Now  York  b'lat,  Orovillo,  iiid- 
well's  l>ar,  and  ("lierokeo  Flat;  in  Stanislaus  al>out 
Kiii'^iit's  lA'iry;  in  Amador  at  Volcano,  L'ttlc  (Jrass 
N'allcy,  .lacksoii,  Pokervillu,  Forest  Koine,  and  l^^id- 
dletown;  in  Siskiyou  at  Trench  Bar,  on  Scott  Kiver, 
at  V'reka,  and  (/ottonwood;  in  Trinit,'  ahout  Douglas 
('ity;  in  IfumUoldt,  at  Ferndalo  and  Muinholdt  Point; 
in  Aferced  at  Siuillin"*  on  I)rv  C'reek;  in  Mariposa, 
at  Horse  Shoe  IV'iid,  H«>rnitos,  Princeto\vn,—;i  mor- 
tar thirtv-six  inches  in  diameter  —  iiuckeve  Itavine, 
Indian  (Julch,  and  liear  Creek;  in  Fresno  at  l>u- 
chanan  Hollow  and  Milleiton;  and  at  several  points 
not  speciHed  in  Tulare  and  Fresno.-* 

The  cut  shows  a  stone  relic  discovered  in  digging  a 


Relic  from  San  Joaquin  Valley. 

**  Two  liatiil  mills  (mortars)  takoii  from  the  hank  of  flio  Vtiha  Rivfr  at 
atlt'|itii  of  li;  fcft.  'Tlii-y  art!  all  niadc  from  a  iit'ciiliiir  kind  of  stmic. 
^vl^u•ll  liiis  till!  anpL'araiK'i'  of  a  comliination  of  j;ranitc  ami  hurr-stuiii!.'  'Flic 
pcstk's  are  usually  of  j^ia'iss.  '/>'///"/-,  in  Ca/.  luirnnr,  Dec.  14,  IS(i(),  Mny 
it,  IS(>-_>.  At  Mciiilvary's,  Trinity  Co.,  was  discovcrcl  in  IS.")(>.  lu  fcit 
lii'low  till' siirfare,  'an  Inilian  skull  iMicasud  in  a  sea  shell,  liveliy  ei;,'lit 
imlies,  iusideof  which  were  worked  lijiuics  and  represeutalions,  hoth  siri- 
;r'iliir  and  heautiful,  inlaitl  witii  a  material  imperishahle,  resemhlin^' ;,'(dd. 
which  would  not,  in  nice,  iii;cenious  workmanship,  dis;;race  the  sculptors 
ill!  of  the  |iresent  diiy.'  Smi  Friun-i-sia  Krciiiiii/  llnllrlui,  Jan.  'I'l.  18(11, 
from  Triiiitii  llrniin-riil,  IS.'id.  Sliite  liihes  du;,'  Up  near  Orovilie.  Tuijlur, 
ill  '',//.  Fiirnirr,  Nov.  2,  ISlid.  \  eollar-houe  taken  from  the  ;;raM'l  of  the 
■,:;reiit  hliie  U-ad  '  not  less  tlian  100(1  feet  helow  the  forest-covered  surface, 
ill  lS.-)7.  Hiifrhiiir/s'  ('ill.  Mmj.,  Vol.  ii..  p.  417.  Mamnioth  holies  at  < 'olum- 
liia,  Stanislaus  Co.,  ;?.">  feet  deep;  and  ii  hyena's  tooth  at  Xdlcano,  .Amiidor 
Co.,  at  ade|)th  of  t>0  feet,  /'/(inrrr,  vol.  iii.,  p.  41.  Smiie  HO  ditl'erent  instances 
iif  the  (liscoverv  of  fossil  n'liiains  hy  miners  have  heen  noted  in  the  Cali- 
fornia papers  since  18.">1.  ('"/.  Fnnnn;  Afuy  '2',i,  lS(i'2;  also  four  well-known 
(■uses  of  fjiant  huinan  remains.  liL,  March  20,  18(>:{.  An  iniiiiense  hlock  of 
]iorphyry  whose  sides  aii<l  top  nrc  carved  with  rude  mystic  tijjures,  in  the 
Truckee  Valley.  'I  noticed  one  cluster  of  liLfiires  in  a  cinde,  havinj,'  in  iis 
centre  a  rude  representation  of  the  sun,  surio.iiuled  by  about  a  dozen  other 


708 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


well  in  tlic  San  Joaquin  Valley,  imbedded  in  ihc 
jjcravel  thirty  ^'eet  below  the  surtace.  "The  niatcii.il 
is  sienite  and  the  instrument  is  unround  and  polished 
so  as  to  disjilay  in  marked  contrast  the  pure  wliite  of 
the  feldspar  and  the  dark-green  or  black  of  the  hoi'ii- 
blondc.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  double-cone,  one  end 
terminating-  in  a  jioint,  while  the  other  end  is 
bhuited,  where  it  is  pierced  with  a  hole  which  in- 
stead of  beino"  a  unifoi-ni  gaui^e,  is  rimmed  out,  the 
rijuminc^  liavin^'  been  started  from  the  opposite  sides. 
In  cxaminiiii''  this  l)eau.tiful  relic,  one  is  led  almost 
instinctively  to  bulitjve  that  it  was  used  as  a  jduiii- 
met  for  the  pur[)ose  of  determinin<jf  the  perpendiculnr 
to  the  horizon.  So  hi,i>'hly-wrought  a  stone  Mould 
liardiy  have  l)een  used  as  a  sinker  for  a  fishino-net : 
it  may  have  l)een  suspended  from  the  neck  as  a 
personal  ornament,  Wheu  we  consider  its  synuuetiy 
of  form,  the  contrast  of  colors  brought  out  by  the 
jM'ocess  of  grindino-  and  polisliing,  and  the  delicate 
di'illing  of  the  hole  through  a  material  so  liable  to 
fracture,  we  are  free  to  say  it  affords  an  exhibition  of 
the  lapidary's  skill  superior  to  anything  yet  fui  iiished 
by  the  Stone  Age  of  either  continent,"  at  least  such 
is  ^Iv  Foster's  conclusion.  Prof  Wliitney  states 
that  he  has  two  or  Ihi'ee  similar  implements,  and 
that  they  are  <j\;nerallv  royarded  as  sinkers  for  use  in 
tisliing.^^  ^Ir  Taylor  tells  us  that  he  saw  in  1M;VJ,  on 
a  high  mesa,  i)roi)ably  a  league  in  circumference,  on 
or  near  tlie  Merced  Iviver,  th(!'  sands  of  small 
mounds,  five  or  six  feet  high,  ar  I  apparentl\  of 
earth  only.'^"  Capron  says  that  on  he  plains  of  San 
.loaijuin  "are  found  immense  mouni  s  of  earth,  whi'li 
present  evidences  of  their  great  <inti(piity.  It  is 
supposed  that  they  were  thrown  up,  by  the  Indian>, 


(i^rnres,  one  of  wliicli  cxliiliitcil  n  (|iiit(>  tnitlifiil  roprcMontation  of  a  ciali, 
auolluT  liUe  an  aiichcir  witli  a  lar^^c  riti;;-,  and  still  aiiotlaT  vciUfsciiliii;.'  aii 
airiiw  iiassiii;;  tliniiijili  a  liii^'.'  Manjavillf  JJciiWyrut,  X^vW,  18(11.  in  '  '' 
Faninr,  June  14,  lS(il. 

2'  /•'o,v/,/-'.s'  I'rr-lfisf.  Uarrs,  pp.  r)4-C. 

«»  In  Cul.  Funiur,  March  G,  iSGiJ. 


SHELL  MOUNDS. 


709 


for  observatories,  from  which  to  survey  the  flomls, 
or  as  phices  of  resort  for  safety  when  the  plains  be- 
came suddenly  inundated,  and  the  ranoinL>'  hunters 
were  cauyht  far  in  the  interior.""  In  the  banks  ot  a 
creek  near  Martinez,  resting  on  yellow  clay,  under 
five  feet  of  surface  soil,  a  mortar  and  jiestle  were 
recently  found  by  some  boys,  accordiifij  to  a  local 
newspaper.  The  mortar  was  ai.njut  "-iviy  inches  in 
circumference,  and  weighed  nearl  ,^  two  hundred 
pounds.  "It  has  tlie  form  of  a  slightly  llatteiied 
well-rounded  duck  t."j;^^;  and  has  evidently  been  arti- 
ticially  sha[)ed  in  exterior  form,  as  well  as  in  the 
howl,  and  looks  as  fresh  as  i^'  it  had  but  yesterday 
been  turned  off  from  the  Indian  sculptor's  hands, 
wliile  tlie  jiolish  of  tlm  pestle  is  smooth  and  lustrous, 
as  if  it  had  been  in  daily  use  for  the  hundi'fd  or  two 
years,  at  least,  that  it  niust  have  been  lyin_^  un<ltr 
the  inverted  mortar,  as  shown  by  the  level  ot  Hve- 
feet  accumulations  of  the  valley-surface  stratum  of 
soil  above  the  yellow  clay  upon  whi(di  it  was  found, 
together  with  tlie  partially-decomposed  remains  of  a 
•ame. 


<  hdy  one  class  of  C  ili!brnian  antiijuitits  remains 
to  U;  mentioned  —the  shi  11  mounds.  They  aic  ])rob- 
ably  Neiy  numerous,  and  a  thorough  examination  of 
tin  II'  contents  coulil  hardly  fail  to  be  here  as  it  has 
jaiA'ed  in  Europe,  a  source  tA  very  imjxjrtant  result- 
in  connection  with  ethnologieal  studies.  J^ittle  >>)• 
ii'itliiiig  has  l)een  done  in  th.e  way  of  such  an  exam 
illation,  although  a  few  mounds  have  l)t.'en  ojM'iied  in 
c\c,t\;it  ing  for  roads  or  foundations  u\'  buildings. 
These  lew  liavc  yielded  numerous  stone,  boiir.  iind 
>liill  im|ile!nents  and  ol■nament^,  together  with  hu- 
man remains,  as  is  re[)orted,  but  the  relics  ha\e  been 
tor  the  most  part  \o>X  or  scattered,  and  submitted  to 
II' I  scieiitiiic  exammatiijii   and  com[)arison.     l)i   \'ates 

■'"   ( 'il/irnii's    [fist.    (^'ill..    Jl.    7">. 

■-'  M'irliiiiz  I  iiii/nt  (iis/ii  <iii:.i/fc. 


■I 


:;;  'jf 


710 


ANTKiUITIRS  OF  CALIFOUNIA. 


sent  to  tlu'  Sinitlisoiiiaii  Fiistituti',  in  18G9,  a  colloo- 
tion  of  relics  taken  ironi  mounds  in  Alameda  Couiitv. 
It  is  not  exj)ressly  stated  that  these  were  shell 
mounds,  altliouij;h  1  have  heard  of  the  existence  of 
several  in  that  county.  This  collection  included, 
"stone  ])estles,  jierl'oratoi's  or  awls,  sinkei's,  a  jilialliis, 
spindles,  a  soaj)stone  ladle,  stone  mortar  and  pestle, 
]>ipe  howls,  shell  and  jx-rt'o rated  stone  ornaments,  an 
ancient  awl  and  serrated  implements  of  hone."-'  A 
very  larj^e  shell  mound  is  reported  near  San  Pahlo, 
in  Contra  Costa  ( 'ounty.  If  is  said  to  he  almost  a 
mile  lonn'  and  a  half  a  mile  wide,  and  its  surface  is 
covered  with  shruhhery.  The  shells  (^omposino-  this 
mound  ai'e  those  '/f  the  oystei',  clam,  and  mussel,  all 
havino'  heen  exposed  to  the  action  (>f  fire,  and  neai'ly 
all  hroken.  Frai>'ments  of  pottci'v  made  of  red  clav 
ar<'  found  on  the  surface  and  ne.u'  the  top.'^  Many 
sinaller  sliell  mounds  are  reported  in  the  vicinity  of 
San  IVfiiteo,  and  one  has  hue!)  oj)ened  in  makiiiL''  a 
I'oad  at  Saucelito  durini''  t\u-  present  year,  furnish iii;^' 
many  stone  relics,  of  which  i  Jmve  no  [)artii-ul;if  de- 
scription. Quite  a  numhcr  of  mounds  are  knovsii  to 
exist  on  the  |)eninsula  of  San  ^"rancisco,  se\'ial 
l>ein</  in  the  vicinity  //f  the  silk  fiictory  on  the  San 
Ih'uno  )T)ad.  One  of  them  covei-ed  an  a ca  of  two 
acres,  was  »4  iea.^  twenty-fivt'  feet  ^o^,  -ynd  i'roiii 
it  were!  taken  arf//w -heads,  liammeFs,  nfjA  many 
other  rcrKs.  One  <A  Dwao  ;*hi'll  mounds,  near  tlic 
old  Jj,.y  View  r;W'«  tfm'k  is  in'nt'/  opened  l»y  (i'luuin- 
meii  ou</A'/i't\  in  preparati'/ii  for  s<mie  huildinyf,  j(#  I 
write  this  clia|*'ter,  Mr  ^an^jfj(.^'S  J/eao*,  of  whose  ex- 
J>^o^•ationJ^  f  .-ohall  haVic  more  fo  say  when  treatiii'^' of 
fhe  anti/jiiities  of  HrifiMi  C(y!ii|nhiM.  ha.^  hyon^ht  ni.- 
a,  lar/e  nnmher  of  Ktx/ne  and  Im)?  e  /•/■li<s  taken  fiMin 
thiM  deposit,  tli/{  4Wiffm\i  class*' s  ./  w)/ich  are  ilhis- 
<*rated  in  the  accompanyiiiif  eat. 
d  'I  hone,     lid    t'vj;.   'I  is   «rK/the)- 


Y\j  J  a!*vl  of 


tiiiJn,  py.  Wk-ii, 


SAN   KUANCISCO  UELICS. 


Til 


W 


mi 

ml 


?,!.•■ 


IJclics  fion.  a  Sl..ai-M..niul     BiHi  VrumWo. 


712 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


same  material,  curiously  grooved  at  the  end.  Tlicso 
bono  implements  occur  by  thousands,  being  IVoni 
three  to  eight  inches  in  length.  Fig.  3,  4,  are  pci- 
ha])s  stone  sinkers,  or  as  is  thought  by  some,  weiglits 
used  in  weaving,  symmetrically  formed,  the  fornRr 
from  diorite,  the  latter  from  stindstone,  and  not 
polisiied.  Fig.  3  is  four  inches  long,  and  an  incii  and 
a  half  in  its  greatest  diameter.  Hundreds  <jf  thcsu 
])ear-shaped  weights  are  found  in  the  mounds,  but 
the  end  is  usually  broken  off,  as  is  the  case  with 
fig.  4.  Fig.  5  is  an  imi)lement  carved  from  a  black 
clayey  slate,  and  has  a  brightly  polished  surface.  It 
is  f(nir  inches  lono-,  one  inch  in  diameter  at  the  larnvi- 
end,  and  three  quarters  of  an  inch  at  the  smalkr. 
It  is  hollow,  but  the  bore  diminishes  in  size  regularly 
from  each  end,  until  at  a  point  about  an  inch  and  a 
half  from  the  smaller  end  it  is  oidy  a  (piarter  ot  an 
inch  in  diameter.  J  have  no  idea  what  })urpose  this 
implement  was  used  for,  unless  it  served  as  a  handle 
for  a  small  knife  or  awl,  or  possibly  as  a  pipe. 

Such  is  the  ratlier  fragmentary  and  unsatisfactorv 
information  1  am  able  to  {)resent  respecting  aboriginal 
relics  in  California.  Doubtless  there  are  many  relics, 
and  valuable  scraps  of  information  respecting  tlic 
<-ircumstances  of  their  discovery,  in  the  ])ossesHion  »»t' 
individuals,  of  which  no  mentijju  is  made  in  this  chap 
ter — indeed,  I  ex[)ect  to  hear  of  a  hundred  such  cases 
within  a  month  after  the  ap})earance  of  this  volume: 
but  many  years  must  necessarily  elapse  before  a  satis 
factory  and  comprehensive  account  of  the  antiquities 
of  our  state  can  be  written,  and  in  the  meantime  tlure 
is  a  j>roniising  field  for  patient  investigation.  The 
dirterence,  after  all,  between  this  chapter  and  many  ot 
those  that  ])recede  it,  in  respect  to  thoroughness,  is 
more  apj^arent  than  real;  that  is,  it  results  naturally 
from  the  nature  of  north-wfstern  remains.  For  if 
there  wwv  architectural  monuments,  pyramids,  teni- 
}>les,  and  fortifications,  or  grand  sculptured  idols  and 


_-^.  •:. 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  NEVADA. 


ri3 


decorations,  in  California  and  her  sister  states,  there 
is  no  douht  tliat  sueh  monuments  AVonl<l  ha\'e  hoen 
ere  this  more  thorouo-hly  u.vidored  tlian  those  of  Pa- 
lenfi[ue;  and  on  the  other  hand,  res[)ectin<jc  the  only 
classes  of  antic^uitics  found  in  the  Northwest,  there 
yet  remains  as  nuich  or  more  to  learn  in  Mexico  and 
Central  America  as  in  the  Pacilie  United  Status. 


Respectinij^  the  antiquities  of  Nevada,  I  have  only 
the  following  account  of  a  ruined  city  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  state,  discovered  i)y  what  is 
spoken  of  as  the  *  ^lor^'an  ExploririL>'  Kxnt^ditioii,' and 
descrihed  hy  a  correspondent  of  the  \i'ir  IDrk  Ti'ihuiir. 
"On  Octoher  fifteenth,  in  the  centre  of  a  lai',L;e  valkv 
we  discovered  some  Indian  salt  Avorks,  1  ut  tlu;i-o  wen- 
no  sin'us  of  their  haA'iug  heen  lately  used.  In  the 
southern  section  of  the  same  valley,  was  a  ("irious 
collection  of  rocks,  mounds  and  pillars.  c<.»veriny'  sev- 
eral acres  in  extent  and  resemhling  the  ruins  of  an 
ancient  city.  We  saw  some  remnants  of  what  had 
once  heen  arches,  with  keystones  still  perfect,  and  a 
numher  of  small  stone  })illars  constructe<l  with  a  pecu- 
liar kind  of  red  mortar  or  cement,  set  u|)i-i'_;ht  ahout 
twenty  feet  a])art,  as  if  they  had  heen  nsed  to  sup- 
port an  a([uediu;t  for  conveyiuL;'  water  iVoiii  a  lar^'e 
stream  half  ;i  mile  distant,  into  the  outskirts  of  the 
city.  In  some  ])laces  the  lines  of  sti'eets  were  made 
distinctlv  N  isihhi  hy  the  o-reat  re^'ularitx' of  the  stones. 
These  streets  were  now  ct)Vered  with  sand  many  feet 
deep,  and  seemed  to  run  at  ri^ht  ani>'les  to  lach  othty. 
Some  oi'  the  stones  had  evidently  heiMi  cut.  into 
squares  with  hard  tools,  althou^'h  their  fo,vihs  had 
been  iieai'lv  ilestroved  itv  centuries  of  Un\<:'.  The  im- 
pression  forced  iq)on  our  miiuls  w^as tIi.-iC  the  j)lace 
had  heen  once  inhahited  hy  humprri  hein^s  somewhat 
advanctd  in  civilization.  Masiy  tradeis  noticed  the 
existence  (4'  similar  ruins^^-ih  .)ther  sections  of  the 
country  iH-twtHii  the  ----riecky  and  Siei-ra  Xevatli 
-Mouatain^.     Thev  ^auiv  j'lubahly  Ije  the  sites  of  once 


■ti  :m 


714 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  rTAII. 


fl()tiri>liiii,L;"  ncids  and  ]i.'d)it;iti<)n.s  of  tliL-  ancient  Az- 
tecs.''' It  is  just  possible  that  tliu  .N\;\v  Moxicaii 
type  of  ruins  extends  across  into  Nevada  as  it  is 
known  to  into  IJtali  and  Colorado,  and  that  a  i^roup 
of  such  rcoi.iins  was  tlie  foundatit)n  of  tlie  rejjort 
(pioted.  It  is  quite  as  likely,  however,  that  the  re])ort 
is  groundless. 

^[r  llao  examined  a  2froup  of  1)urial  mounds  in  the 
Salt  Lake  Yallev,  Utah,  and  took  iVom  them  "Hint 
sj)ear  heads,  flint  arrow-heads,  stone  ini[)lements  and 
fra!4'ments  of  rude  pottery."  These  mounds  had  the 
appearance  of  n;\tural  sand-hills,  as  the  people  in  the 
vicinity  su))|)  )sed  them  to  he.''^  An  article  in  the 
S<i/t  Lake  y\'<yr(ii>Jt  is  t'iie  only  other  authority  that 
1  find  on  tiie.se  mounds,  and  this  th^es  not  specify  their 
locality.  ''The  mounds,  as  they  exist  to-day,  do  not 
exhihit  nnich  uniformity,  but  this  can  he  accounted 
lor  by  the  difsinteoTating-  action  of  rains  and  winds,  to 
wbit'h  tliey  have  been  so  1(Hi^'  subject.  Inuuediately 
north,  south  and  west  of  the  lai'u'est  barrow,  traces 
can  be  seen  of  otK"rs  now  all  l>ut  obliterated,  and  the 
locality  beat's  umnistakable  evidences  of  once  beini;' 
the  site!  of  very  extensive  earthworks.  In  one  mound 
or  barrow  only,  the  laru'est,  were  remains  fountl,  and 
tliev  were  exposed  on  or  verv  near  the  surface  of  the 

••A  t 

sandv  soil,  in  one  or  two  hum!  hollows  near  the  centre. 
The  other  barrows  were  destitute,  at  least  on  the  sur- 
face, but  what  there  may  be  below  it  is  hard  to  say. 
Of  all  tlie  relics,  exce[)t  those  of  charred  bM)ne,  which 
are  comparatively  plentiful,  and  some  in  a  stnte  of  pet 
rifai-tioM.  that  of  [)ottery  is  the  most  abundiint,  and 
to  this  day  some  of  it  ivtains  a  veiy  ])erfect  <^laze. 
Much  »»f  it.  however,  is  rou^'h,  and  from  the  spect 
mens  we  saw.  the  art  does  not  ai)pearto  ha\e  attaint  d 
to  so  hi'^h  a  (U'ufi'et' of  ])erfection  as  amon^'  the  ancient 
nations   tliat  iidiabited  the  Mississippi  aud(lhio  val- 

31  S>'ii  rr<ti,riir<>  Erniiii'i  BiiJJiH,,,  Oi't.  10,  ISGO. 
3-  lliii'.s   Wcslti-avd  hij  Rati,  y\i.  1G'2-4. 


SALT  LAKE  VALLEY. 


716 


U'V.s.  Tlio  larufost  piece  of  potti'iy  seen  wns  not 
aUove  tliree  iiiehes  .*s(piare,  and  it  .ippeai'ed,  a,s  tliJ  all 
the  other  pieces,  to  have  formed  a  ])oition  of  some 
rounded  vessel,  [)roi)ahly  a  cinerary  urn  or  soiiiethin<^ 
of  that  kind.  ()ther  articles  were  set;n,  such  as  a 
fra,!4iiu'nt  of  pearly  shell,  several  other  shells,  a  white 
cylindrical  head,  a  small  rinu;'  prohahly  a  head  also, 
and  a  stone  knife."  There  were  also  sevei'al  nicely 
shaped  aiTow-heads,  of  ohsidian,  aiLjate,  rock-ciystal, 
carnelian,  and  Hint.  Granite  mills  arc;  mentioned  in 
addition  to  tlie  other  relics.''^  The  same  authority 
speaks  of  an  e\tensive  fortification  or  entrenched 
canij)  at  the  head  of  Coon's  Canon,  ahout  twenty 
miles  south-west  of  Salt  Lake  Citv.  The  works  are 
now  from  four  to  ei^'ht  feet  high,  and  the  places  of 
entrance  are  distinctly  marked. 

Kemy  and  Brenchlev  note  tlie  findinn"  of  colored 
iiotterv  at  Cedar  Citv,  indicatinuf  "that  the  AFornion 
city  is  huilt  on  the  site  of  a  considerahle  city  helong*- 
ing-  to  the  Aztecs,"  for  there  is  no  state  anywhere  in 
the  noi'th  where  the  Aztecs  did  not  live  at  some  time 
or  other.  W  hole  specimens  of  ])ottery  are  not  found, 
hut  the  fragments  are  said  to  show  a  high  degree 
of  pe!-fection;  the  same  authors  claim  that  furnaces 
for  the  manufacture  of  p(»ttery  are  still  seen,  and 
I'urther  say:  "At  some  miles  to  the  north  as  well 
as  to  the  south  (»f  (Jedar, — to  the  north  in^av  Little 
Salt  Lake,  to  the  south  near  Harmony,  ai-e  to  ho 
seen  great  rttcks  covered  ovci-  with  glyphic  inscrip- 
tions. Mime  portions  of  which,  skctchetl  at  random, 
are  accurately  rej»resented  in  our  engraving.  These 
i'lsi-riptions  or  iigures  are  coarsely  executed;  hut 
k\\v\  all  represent  ohjects  easy  of  rf cognition,  ;ind 
for  the  most  part  copied  fiom  nature.  '*  bVoni 
( 'iirvalho  I  (piote  that  "oji  lied  C'eek  canon,  si.v 
luilc'M  nii'th  oi'  Parowan   there  are  ve.'v  massive,  ah- 


,:. 


J"!  Sith  T.iil.r  Tihiji-iifih,  inKiti'il  ill  Son  Fnunisri)  Errimtij  llii/lcliii,  Uijl. 
•I,  ISC.S. 

^■*  liciiiij  <iuil  Jlniii/tfi  i/.s  Joiiriiii/,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  ;t()4-."). 


71G 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  UTAH. 


^ 


l^l\<^ 


if 


Rock-Inscriptions — Utah. 

riH)t  granite  rocks,  M'liicli  rise  perpendicularly  out  of 
the  valley  to  the  height  of  many  hundred  feet.  On 
the  surface  of  many  of  tlieui,  apj)areiitly  eiigi'aved 
with  some  steel  instrument,  to  the  depth  of  au  incli, 
are  numei'ous  hieroglyphics,  repi'esenting  the  liuman 
hand  and  h)ot,  horses,  dogs,  rahhits,  birds  and  also  a 
scjrt  of  zodiac.  These  engravings  })resent  the  same 
time-worn  appearance  as  the  rest  of  the  rocks;  tlu; 
most  elaborately  engraved  figures  were  thirty  feet 
from  the  ground.  1  had  to  cLunber  up  the  rocks  to 
make  a  drawing  of  them.  These  engravings  evi- 
dently (lis[)lay  prolonged  and  continued  labor,  and  1 
judge  them  to  have  been  executed  by  a  different  class 
of  persons  than  the  Indians,  who  now  inhabit  these 
valleys  and  mountains — ages  seem  to  liave  passed 
since  they  were  done.  When  we  take  into  consider- 
ation the  compact  nature  of  the  blue  granite  and  the 
depth  of  the  engravings,  years  must  have  been  spent 
in  their  execution.  For  what  p  irp(we  were  they 
made?  and  by  whom,  and  at  what  period  of  time  f 
It  seems  physically  im})ossible  that  those  I  liavc 
mentioned  as  being  thirty  feet  from  iiie  w.'ley,  could 
have  been  worked  in  the  ])resent  position  of  the 
rocks.  Some  great  convulsion  of  nature  may  ha\"" 
thrown    them    up    as    they   now    are.     Some  of  the 


KOCK  INSC'ItllTIOXS. 


717 


fijJCure.s  arc  as  laviLii'e  as  lifo,  iiiaiiy  of  tlieni  about  one- 
foiirtli  size."  Thu  same  author  reports  the  remains 
of  an  adoho  town  a  niilo  further  down  tlie  canon, 
Avitli  implements — remains  said  to  liave  lieen  found 
tliere  by  tlie  first  Mormons  tliat  came  to  the  valley/" 
^Fr  Foster  quotes  from  a  Denver  pa})er  an  item 
recordintif  the  discovery  of  a  mound  in  souLhern 
l^tah,  which  yielded  relics  dis{)layinj^  |L»'reat  artistic 
skill;"'  and  finally  1  take  from  ^Ir  Sclioolcraft's  work 
cuts  showing  inscriptions  on  a  cliti'  in  a  locality  not 


Roek-Inscriptions — Utah. 

clearly  specified. ^^  Some  remains  in  the  south- 
ciistern  corner  of  tlu>  state  1  shall  mention  in  con- 
nection with  those  of  Colorado. 

About  half  a  mile  west  of  Golden  Citv,  Jeflx>rson 
( '(junty,  Colorado,  ^Nlr  Berthoud  reports  to  the  Smith- 

3'-  Crralhu's  Tii'-nf.  of  Tmv.,  pp.  2()«-7. 
j''  Fiistrr.s  I'n-Jlisl.  li(ii-( X,  p.  15'J. 
ii  SchuokntfCn  Airh.,  vol.  iii.,  p.  4<t;}. 


m 

I  .1  I'  i 


1  1 


IH 


AN  ri(tl  1  I'lKS  dl'  COI.OKAKO. 


soni;m  1  iislitiition  llif  existence  of  some  ;iMcIeiit  iv. 
Ili:iilis.  ;it.  (lie  jlllietioii  el"  t\Vt>  r;i\ilies.  Tliey  ei>ii.sis( 
of  M  (•••III I'.il  111111111(1  (if  L;r;iintic  s.ind   not    dvcr  (wrK, 


llielles 


lii'^li,    with    tr;i 


CCS    (il    ii\c    or    sl\    sIimIIoW 


I' 


.•lltoul.  il  ;   ;ill  surrounded  li_V  Irjices  <>i";i   \\;ill  ci  >iisist  ii|._. 
(»r  ;i  circle  ol'  mess coN'ered    relish  slolies  |);irti;dl_V   ilii 
liedded    ill    (lie    soil.       South    ol"   lliecelilr.'ll    IMolllid    i, 
mIso   a.   saucer  shaped    pit,    lueasiiriiii;'    twi'lve   I'eet    in 
width   and    iVoiii   lil'leeii   to   einlilceii    inches   in    de|t(li. 
A(,  (his  |ioiii(.  hullalo  iioiies  and  ('rai>ineii(s  of  ant  l«i>. 
are    |t|i'iitiriil,  and    pieces  ol'  llint  with    plates  of  nii(;i 
have  also   heeii  diseox i  red.''^      Mr  l"'arnliaiii  speaks  ol' 
a  mined  city  coNciin^-  an  area  of  one  mile  hy   tliiic 
lonrths   ol'    ;i    mile,    with    stn>ets    crossing'    at     ri^lit 
angles,   hnildinn's   of   rou^'li    trap    rock    in    cement,   ;i 
mound    in   (lu!  ceidre,  and  much  glazed    podery     all 
this  on  the  north  hank  ol"  the   Colorado,  I'oui  hunditil 
miles  up  the  river,  and  as  likely   to   he  in    the   tciii 
tory  ol'  ('olorado  as  anywhere.'''''      Mr    I'^oster  (piotcs 
t'roni  Ji   DeiiNcr   neMspa|ier   a  report   of  lar^c  uraiiiir 
Itlocks,  of  the   nature  ol"  'dolmens' standini^' in  an  np 
rii^lit  position,  on  the  summit  ol"  the  Snowy  llaiiL^'e;'" 
and  Taylor  had  heard  through  tlu!  news|)a[»er,s  ol"  |iyr 
amids  and  hiidges  in  this  territory. '^ 

There  remain  to  l)e  descrihed  in  tliis  ])art  ol'  tlir 
<'()untry  only  the  remains  of  ahori^inal  structmcs 
in  the  south-western  corner  of  ( 'oloi'ado  and  iIm' 
south  eastern  corner  ol"  I  ^  tali,  remains  which,  .il 
though  made  known  to  the  world  only  through  .i 
three  or  four  days'  exploration  hy  a  party  ol"  thivr 
nuMi,  are  ol"  the  o'reatest  interest  and  importan 
Thev  are  I'ound  in  the  valleys  or  eafioiis  of  the  riv 


cc 

er- 


M 


incos 


and    Mcl'^Jmo,    nortlu^rn    trihntaries    of    tl 


San  ,)uan,  on  the  soutlu'rn  tributaries  of  which  riv 


ii- 


3^  S!iiii'/i 


iin'/isiiimtn 


n-'/if.,  isc>7,  p.  ion. 


39  fiiriiliiiiii's  Life  ill  Cnl.,  |)|i.  ."UtJ-l?. 


h'listn-'s  I'lrl/ist.  J, 


Kl'i'S,    II.     l.>. 


*'  Tuijlov,  ill  Cnl.  FariHi  r,  Juir'  '11,  ISGO. 


.(.\('i;s(>\'s  i;.\ri;iM  riuv. 


■|'.» 


;iri'   I  ill'    nuns,   jilrr.'idv  <\r  ;i  rilici 


I,    III"     (lie    (  'Ii.M'o    ;i||(| 

( 'lu'llv  rarmiis. 

Ill  S<|iI('Iii1h  r,  IS7I,  Mr  W.  1 1.  .I.uksoii  jind  M  r 
Iiiljfcrsitll,  (•(•iiiictlrd  willi  tlio  I'liilcd  Sl.ihs  (i.ulo^i 
c'll  juid  <  !t'()'4r;i|t|iir;il  Siii'voy  pMily,  L^iiidcd  liv  (';i|it. 
.loliii  Moss,  an  uld  resident  itcrlei-lly  rainiliar  with 
ilic  ••..iiiil  ly  and  i(s  na.livcs,  dcscriidcd  liul  li  (liccaiKiiis 
rd'crri'd  (o,  Ta  (lio  t'\|)r('r.s  ])iir|Mis('  of  «'\aiiiiiiiii'_;' aii- 
cicnl  st  rial  iiivM  rc|M»rl('(|  (o  ('\ist  tlaaf.  Notwilli- 
standiii;^'  (lir  In  id"  diiral  i<»n  (»!"  tlifir  rxploralinn,  an 
(liry  nndi'istood  their  business  and  had  a  |ih<iti>'jia|ihi(r 
a|)|»aialns  al(iii<_:,  I  heir  uecoiints  arc'  ext  I'eimly  eoni- 
|tle(e  and  salisr.iclory.  INFr  I  ii'_;'ei'S(il|  |»iihlished  an 
accniint,  of  the  tii|)  in  the  \cir  }'nr/:  Trilninc  i>\'  N(i\. 
•">,  IS7I;  and  Mr  daekson  in  thi'  liiilhiin  mI'  (he 
Sur\'ey,  |>rinted  hy  onveniinent.'"  The  lal  til-  aeeouiit. 
was  aeionipanied  liy  lourfceii  ilhislratidiis,  and  \*y(>\'. 
.1.  \.  Ilay(h'ii,  (leoloLjist,  in  eharn'e<»l'  th(!  Survey,  has 
hatl  the  kiiuhiess  to  I'uniish  iik;  also  \\  itii  the  original 
|)h()t,n<^ra|)hs  made  (hiiin^-  the;  expi'dition. 


T 


M 


vio    Alaiicos    rises    in 


the    Sien-a    I. a     I  Mat; 


a.nd  lh>\\s  south  westward,  at  first  through  a,  |)ark 
ni<(i  valley,  then  euts  a.  deep  carioii  throiinh  the  Mesa. 
\'erde,  and  linally  traverses  an  o|»en  plain  to  join  the 
San  diiaii.  In  the  valley  hetweeii  tia;  niouiit.ains 
and  the  mesa,  there  are  ahundant.  shapeless  mounds 
ol'  di'hi'is,  which  tm  examination  are  louiid  to  reju'i'- 
sent     Mock 


s    ot     sijiian^     huildiii'. 


iHi    eireuiar    en 


closures  all  of  adohe,  \crv  similar  apparently  to  w  hat 
we  ha  e  seen  ill  tlu;  Salado  valley  of  Ari/.oiia.  'I'lii'ic 
is  aiiotliei"  resemhlaiic(3  to  the  southern  remains  in 
the   shap(!   of    indented   and   |)aiii(('d    pottery,   strewn 


III  ereat  al)undaii('e  a 


heut 


eNcrv  iiiound,  in   Ira-'iiieiits 


rarely  larL;"i;r  than   a  dollar,  -not  a  L;reenltack,  hut  a 
silvei'  dollar,  the  rorincr  hoiii!"-  no  standard  for  arel 


la' 
ell- 


oloo-icul  comparisons.      I  shall  make  no  further  m 
tion  of  pottery;  the   reader  may   umlerstand  that   in 

^2  lUilhliii  III'  till-  I'.   S.   drill,    null  (iiiiij.  Siirrni  of  tlir    7'irii/oiiis,   iM 


^•■rics,  Ni 


W 


I  ^hiii"lii:i,   IS,.), 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


;ff  iiiitt 

^   m  12.0 


12.5 
2,2 


1= 

M.  Illll  1.6 


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m. 


M 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


V 


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1^^ 
V 


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z^'^".  ^fi 


720 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  COLORADO. 


this  wliolo  rc'LHon,  as  in  Arizona  and  New  ]\rcxiro,  it 
is  found  in  i,n'oat  quantities  about  uveiy  ruin  that  is 
to  be  mentioned. 

The  canon  through  the  Mesa  Verde  is  on  an 
averasjfe  two  hundred  yards  wide,  and  from  six  hun- 
dred to  a  thousand  feet  deep,  with  sides  i>resentino-, 
.•IS  Mr  Jackson  says,  "a  succession  of  benches,  one 
jibove  the  other,  and  connected  by  the  steep  slopes  oF 
tiie  tahis.  Side-canons  penetrate  the  mesa,  and  ram- 
ify it  in  every  direction,  always  presentiniL;'  a  perpen- 
dicular face,  so  that  it  is  only  at  very  rare  intervals 
that  the  top  can  be  reached  "  Mr  Jnj^eisoU  says: 
"Imagine  East  River  a  thousand  or  twelve  hundred 
I'eet  deep,  and  drained  dry,  the  piers  and  slips  on  both 
sides  made  of  red  sandstone,  and  extending  down  to 
that  dejtth,  and  yourself  at  the  bottom,  gazing  up  foi- 
human  hal)itations  far  above  you.  In  such  a  ])ictur'; 
you  would  have  a  tolerable  idea  of  this  Canon  of 
the  Rio  Mancos."  For  four  or  five  miles  after  en- 
tering the  canon,  the  shajieless  heaps  of  adobe  debiis 
were  of  frecpient  occurrence  on  the  banks  of  the 
stream.  The  general  characteristic  was  "a  central 
mass  considerably  hiifher  and  more  massive  than  the 
surrounding  lines  of  subdivided  scpiares.  Small 
buildings,  not  more  than  eight  feet  S(piaro,  were 
often  found  standing  alone  apparently."  The  high 
central  portion  suggests  a  terraced  structure  like 
the  Casa  Grande  of  the  Gila.  One  of  the  buildings 
on  the  bottom,  measuring  eight  by  ten  feet,  was  of 
sandstone  blocks,  about  seven  by  twelve  inches,  and 
four  inches  thick,  laid  in  what  seemed  to  be  adobe 
mortar.  Somewhat  further  down  the  adobe  ruins 
were  found  often  on  projecting  benches,  or  promon- 
tories of  the  cliff,  some  fifty  feet  above  the  stream. 
Here  they  were  circular,  with  a  depression  in  the 
centre,  and  generally  in  pairs.  Cave-like  crevices 
along  the  seams  were  often  walled  up  in  front,  so  as 
to  enclose  a  space  sometimes  twelve  feet  long,  but 
oftener  forming  "cupboard-like  inclosures  of  about  the 


liigh  in 


RIO  DE  LOS  MANGOS. 


721 


size  of  a  bushel -basket."  A  small  square,  formed  by 
rough  stone  slabs,  set  up  endways  in  the  earth,  was 
also  noticed. 

The  first  stone  building  particularly  described,  and 
one  of  the  most  wonderful  found  during  the  trip,  is 
that  shown  m  the  cut.     The  most  wonderfui  thing 


'-^:^i 


ClifT  House — Mancos  Cauon. 

aboiit  it  was  its  position  in  the  face  of  the  cliff  sev- 
eral hundred  feet  above  the  bottom,  on  a  ledge  ten 
feet  wide  and  twenty  feet  long,  accessible  only  by 
hard  climbing  with  finyfers  and  toes  inserted  in 
crevices,  or  during  the  upper  part  of  the  ascent  by 
steps  cut  in  the  steep  slope  by  the  aborigines.  The 
cliff  above  overhangs  the  ledge,  leaving  a  vertical 
space  of  fifteen  feet.  The  building  occupies  only 
half  the  length  of  the  ledge,  and  is  now  twelve  feet 
liigh  in  front,  leaving  it  uncertain  whether  it  orig- 
inally reached  the  overhanging  cliff,  or  had  an  in- 
dependent  roof      The   ground  plan   shows   a  front 

Vol.  IV.    40 


722 


ANTigriTIKS  OF  ("OLOKADO. 


room  six  l>y  iiiiio  foot,  and  two  rear  rooms  c.uli 
five  by  s(iven,  projecting  on  one  side  so  as  to  foriii 
an  Ij.  'I'liei'e  wore  two  stories,  as  is  shown  l)y  tin- 
lioles  in  the  walls  and  tra^nients  of  tloor-tinilx  is. 
A  doorway,  twenty  hy  thirty  inches  and  two  Irrt 
ahove  the  Hoor,  led  from  one  side  of  the  front  room 
ti)  the  esplanade,  and  there  was  also  a  window  about 
a  foot  s(piare  in  the  lower  story,  and  a  window  or 
doorway  in  the  second  story  con\'spondini>-  to  tlut 
below.  ()pj)osito  this  up])er  ()j)eninjj^  was  a  snialli  r 
one  openini4"  '"t**  '^  reservoir  holdinij^  abont  two  hoi^s 
heads  and  a  half,  and  formed  by  a  semicircular  w.ill 
joiniiii''  the  clilf  and  the  main  wall  of  the  house.  A 
line  of  ]»rojectini^  Avooden  J)ei4s  led  from  the  windnw 
down  into  the  cistern.  Small  doorways  afforded 
comnuuiication  between  the  apartments.  The  front 
portion  was  built  of  s([uare  and  smoothly  faced  sand 
stone  blocks  of  ditierent  sizes,  up  to  fifteen  inclics 
lonu;'  and  oi^ht  inches  thit'k,  laid  in  a  hard  (j^rayisli 
white  mortar,  very  compact  ami  hard,  but  cracked  on 
the  surface  like  adobe  mortal's.  The  rear  portions 
were  of  rouoli  stones  in  mortar,  and  the  partition 
walls  wore  like  the  exterior  front  ones,  and  seeniid 
to  have  boon  rubbed  smooth  after  they  were  laid. 

T^he  interior  of  the  front  rooms  was  plastered  with 
a  coatinL,*-  of  a  firm  cement  an  eii^hth  of  an  inch  thick, 
colored  ivd,  and  havini^  a  white  band  ei«j;'ht  inclns 
wide  extending  round  the  bottom  like  a  base-bo.ir  1. 
There  wei'e  no  other  signs  of  decoration.  The  fl«H.r 
was  the  natural  roi'k  of  the  ledge,  evened  up  in  sonir 
places  with  cement.  The  lintel  of  the  uj)per  dooi- 
way  or  window  was  of  small  straight  cedar  sticks  laid 
close  together,  and  supporting  the  masonry  above; 
the  other  lintels  seem  to  be  of  stone.  A  very  wonder- 
ful feature  of  this  structure  was  that  the  front  w.il! 
rests  on  the  rounded  edge  of  the  precipice,  sloping  ai 
an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees,  and  the  esplanade,  or 
platform,  at  the  side  of  the  house  was  also  leveled  up 
by  three  abutments  resting  on  this  slope,  where  "it 
would  seem  tiiat  a  pound's  weight  ndght  slide  them  (»fr. 


To\vi:iJs  ox  Tin:  ino  mangos.  723 

The  cut  shows  the  yiouiul  ])laii  of  a  round  stone 


Ground  Plan — Mancos  Tower. 


tower  of  peculiar  form.  Tlio  diarnetcr  is  twenty-five 
feet,  and  that  of  the  inner  eirele  twelve  leet/^  the 
walls  l)ein<(  eiiji'hteen  and  twelve  inches  thii'k,  stand iiii,' 
in  places  fifteen  feet  hii;li  on  the  outside  and  ei^ht 
feet  on  tlie  inside.  This  tower  stands  in  tiie  centre 
of  a  <^roup  of  faintly  traced  remains  e\tendin<jf  twenty 
rods  in  every  direction.  The  stones  of  which  it  was 
huilt  are  irregular  in  size,  laid  it^  mortar,  and  chinke<l 
M'itli  small  pieces.     The  cut  presents  a  view  of  this 


Round  Tower— Mancos  Caiion. 

<'  Inscrsnll  pivps  tlipsp  ilimonsions  ns  IT  and  C2  fort  rpsportivoly,  .-itkI 
speaks  i)f  three  onui-distaut  doorways,  aitiiarciitly  alliuliii^'  to  tlie  same 
structure. 


iii 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  COLORADO. 


tower.     The  noxt  cut  illustrates  the  small  cliff-houses 
very  common  in  the  walls  of  the  cafion.     This  and 


Cliff-Dwelling — Mancos  Cafion. 

its  companions  are  from  fifty  to  a  hundred  feet  above 
the  trail ;  it  is  five  by  fifteen  feet  and  six  feet  hi«>h, 
the  blocks  composinjr  the  walls  being  veiy  regular 
and  well  laid.  Some  of  these  houses  were  mere  walls 
in  front  of  crevices  in  the  cliff.  So  strong  are  the 
structures  that  in  one  place  a  part  of  the  cliff  had  bo- 
come  detached  by  some  convulsion,  and  stood  inclined 
at  quite  an  angle,  taking  with  it  a  part  of  one  of  the 
walls,  but  without  overthrowing  it.  Small  apertures 
are  so  placed  in  all  these  cliff-structures  as  to  afford  a 
look-out  far  up  and  down  the  valley.  Rude  inscrip- 
tions are  scratched  on  the  cliff  in  many  places,  bear- 
ing a  general  resemblance  to  those  farther  south,  of 
which  I  have  given  many  illustrations. 

One  of  the  most  inaccessible  of  the  cliff-buildings 
is  shown  in  the  cut.  It  is  eight  hundred  feet  high, 
and  can  only  be  reached  by  climbing  to  the  top  of  tliu 
mesa,  and  creeping  on  hands  and  knees  down  a  ledge 
only  twenty  inches  wide.      The  masonry  was   very 


KUINS  ON  THE  RIO  MANC03 


725 


»»i7»W/ /'/■"'■" 


Cliir-Dwellin;,'— Mancoa  Cafion. 

perfect,  tlic  l)lot'ks  sixteen  by  tnree  inches,  ofroiiiul 
])crfectly  sniootli  on  the  inside  so  as  to  recjuiro  no 
plaster.  Tlie  dimensions  were  abont  five  by  fifteen 
feet,  and  seven  feet  hij,di.  The  aperture  serving"  as 
doorway  and  window  was  twenty  l>y  thiriy  inches  and 
liad  a  stone  Untel.  Near  by  but  higher  on  the  ledge 
was  another  ruder  building.  These  raised  structures 
were  invariably  on  the  western  side  of  the  cafion,  but 
those  on  the  bottom  were  scattered  on  both  sides  (jf 
the  river. 

On  the  bottom  "the  majority  of  tlie  buildings  weie 
square,  but  many  round,  and  one  sort  of  ruin  always 
showed  two  square  buildings  with  very  deep  cellars 
under  them  and  a  round  tower  between  them,  seem- 
ingly for  watch  and  defence.  \\\  seveial  cases  a  large 
])art  of  this  tower  was  still  standing."  One  of  these 
ty[)ical  structures  is  shown  in  the  following  eut.  It 
is  twelve  feet  in  diameter,  twenty  feet  high,  with  walls 
si.\.teen  inches  thick.  The  window  facing  northward 
is  eighteen  by  twenty-four  inches.  The  two  aj)art- 
nients  adjoining  the  towei-,  the  remains  of  whit-h  arc 
shown  in  the  cut,  are  about  fifteen  I'eet  s(|uai'e.  'I'hey 
seem  to  have  Ix^en  originally  underground  structures, 
or  at  least  ]>artially  so. 

At  the  outlet  of  the  canon  tin;  river  turns  west- 
ward, flowing  for  a  time  nearly  parallel  with  the  San 
.luan,  whi(.'h  it  joins  very  nearly  at  the  corner  of  the 
four  territories.  ^Eany  groups  of  walls  and  heaps 
were  visible  in  the  distance  down  the  valley,  but  the 
explorers  left  the  river  at  this  point  and  bore  away  to 


726 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  COLORADO. 


Watch-Tower— Maiicos  Cufion. 


,.-v      (''<V 


the  rlijrht  alonij  the  foot  of  the  mesa  until  thev  readied 
Aztec  Spring',  very  near  the  boundary  line.  "Iniiiie- 
diately  adjoiniui^  the  s})rin»(,  on  the  ri<^lit,  as  we  face 
it  from  beK)\v,  is  tlie  ruin  of  a  great  massive  structure 
of  some  kind,  about  one  hundred  feet  s(|uare  in  exte- 
rior dimensions;  a  portion  only  of  the  wall  u[)on  the 
northern  face  rem-vining  in  its  original  position.  The 
debris  of  the  ruin  now  forms  a  great  mound  of  crum- 
bling rock,  from  twelve  to  twenty  feet  in  height,  over- 
grown with  artimisia,  but  showing  clearly,  however, 
its  rectangular  structure,  adjusted  approximately  to 
the  four  points  of  the  compass.  Inside  this  square 
was  a  circle,  ab(iut  sixty  feet  in  diameter,  deeply  de- 
pressed in  the  centre,  and  walled.  The  space  between 
the  square  and  the  circle  appeared,  upon  a  hasty  ex- 
amination, to  have  been  filled  in  solidly  with  a  sort 
of  rubble-masonry,  Ctoss- walls  were  noticed  in  two 
places;  but  whet'ier  they  were  to  strenghen  the  walls 
or  had  divided  !q>jntments  could  only  be  conjectured. 
That  portion  of  the  outer  wall  remaining  standini>' 
was  some  forty  feet  in  length  and  fifteen  in  height. 
The  stones  were  dressed  to  a  uniform  size  and  finish. 


CA^ON  OF  THE  M(  KLMO. 


'27 


TTpon  the  same  lovol  as  tliis  ruin,  and  oxtondini^  hack, 
I  slioukl  think,  liaH'  a  iniit,',  wero  jLfrouj»ud  hno  after 
lino  of  foundations  and  mounds,  tlio  j^rcat  mass  of 
wliich  was  of  stono,  but  not  ono  remaining'  n))<)n 
aiiotlier.  All  the  subdivisions  wore  plainly  niarkid, 
so  that  ono  miiLfht,  with  a  little  care,  count  i'\  cry  room 
or  Ituildinn"  in  the  S(!ttlement.  iJelow  the  above 
i;rou|),  some  two  hundred  yards  distant,  and  connnu- 
nicatini''  by  indistinct  lines  of  debris,  was  another 
i^reat  wall,  inclosini>'  a  space  of  about  two  Jiundred 
feet  s([uare.  Oidy  a  small  portion  was  well  enouiji-h 
preserved  to  enable  us  to  jud«^o,  with  any  a((  iiiacy, 
as  to  its  character  and  dimensions;  the  i;reater  por- 
tion consistin,<(  of  larij^e  ridjj^es  tlattened  down  so  nnich 
as  to  measure  some  thirty  or  more  feet  aci'oss  tlu;  base, 
and  five  or  six  feet  in  liei_L!^ht.  This  better  preserved 
portion  was  some  fifty  I'ecjt  in  lonjj^th,  seven  or  eiyht 
feet  in  height,  and  twenty  feet  thiek,  the  two  exterior 
surfaces  of  well-dressed  and  evenlv-laid  courses,  and 
the  centre  packed  in  solidly  wath  rubble-masonry, 
lookintif  entirely  different  from  these  rooms  which  had 
been  filled  with  debris,  thou<;^h  it  is  difficult  to  assign 
any  reason  for  its  beinj;'  so  massively  constructed.  It 
was  only  a  portion  of  a  system  cxtendiiiL'-  half  a  mile 
(Hit  into  the  })lains,  of  much  less  importance,  however, 
and  now  only  indistinguishable  mounds.  The  tov.-n 
luiilt  about  this  sprint^  was  nearly  a  sipiare  mile  in 
extent,  the  largvr  and  more  enduring-  buildings  in  the 
centre,  while  all  about  were  scattei'ed  and  grouped 
the  renmants  of  smaller  structures,  comprising  the 
suburbs." 

Four  miles  from  the  spring  is  the  !McElmo,  a  small 
stream,  dry  during  a  greater  ]>art  of  tlu'  year.  At 
the  point  where  the  party  struck  this  sti'eam,  portions 
of  walls,  and  heaps  of  debris  in  rect;ingular  older 
were  scattered  in  every  direction ;  among  which  two 
round  towers  were  noticed,  one  of  them  with  double 
walls,  like  that  on  the  IVIancos,  but  larger,  being  fifty 
feet  in  diameter.    Followiiiij:  down  the  McElmo  canon 


[  I 


728 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  COLOIIADO. 


aboricfinal  vcsti<Tfcs  continue  abundant,  includinj^  clift- 
dwellings  like  those  tliut  havo  been  doH<.;ribed,  but 
only  forty  or  fifty  foot  above  the  valley,  and  also  tht; 
square  tower  shown  iii  first  cut.    It  stands  on  a  square 


Tower  on  the  McElmo,  Colorado. 


Round  Tower  on  the  McElmo. 


IIUINS  ON  THE  MrELMO. 


r29 


(lotaclicd  l)l(H'k  of  sandstone  forty  fi'ot  In  liui^^dit. 
The  walls  of  this  buikling  were  still  Hfteen  feet  hiufli 
in  some  jdtu'es,  and  there  were  also  traces  of  walls 
about  the  l)ase  of  the  rock.  Another  doiihle-walled 
round  tower  lifty  feet  in  diameter  found  near  the  one 
last  named  is  shown  in  the  second  cut. 

Still  further  down  the  canon,  across  the  boundary 
line  into  Utah,  ruins  continue  abundant.  A  red 
sandstone  butte  standinju:  in  the  middle  of  the  vallev, 
one  hundred  feet  hij^h  and  three  hundred  lont,^  has 
traces  of  masonry  on  its  summit,  a^jjarently  intended 
to  form  a  level  platform,  and  on  one  side,  at  mid- 
heig'ht,  the  structures  shown  in  the  cut.     The  upper 


Biiililing  uu  the  McEIiiki— Itali. 

wall  is  cii^htoen  fe>et  lon,<^  and  twelve  feet  hiuh,  and 
the  blocks  composinn"  it  are  descri!)ed  as  more  regu- 
larly cut  than  any  i)efore  seen.  The  only  access  to 
the  sunuuit  of  the  butte  Avas  by  dimbini;-  throun'h 
the  window  of  the  buildin;^.  Other  remains,  includ- 
\\M^  many  circular  depressions  of  considerable  de})th, 
and  a  sc^uare  tower  with  one  round  corner,  ai"e  scat- 
tered about  near  the  base  of  this  butte,  or  crtsfouc. 
The  next  cut  shows  one  of  the  cave-dwell inys  near  by, 
formed  by  walling  up  the  front  of  a  recess  in  the 
cliff. 


780 


ANTIQl'ITIES  OF  UTAH. 


"A 


-^T^    •> 


Cuvc-Dwclling  on  the  MeElino. 

The  trfulition  rolatiii'j;'  to  tlic  Avholo,  and  pnrtiiMi- 
liirly  to  thi«  luciility,  obtained  l»y  (  aj»t.  Moss  iVoiii 
Olio  of  tlio  old  men  anionic  the  ^^o([llis,  is  i-eiidered 
l»y  Mr  Inyersoll  aH  follows:  "Foriiiorly  the  abo- 
rii^ines  inhabited  all  this  country  we  had  been  over 
us  far  west  as  the  head  waters  of  the  San  Juan,  as 
far  north  as  the  Kio  Dolores,  west  some  distaiiee  into 
lUah,  and  south  and  south-west  throuiiliout  Arizona, 
and  on  down  into  Mexico.  They  had  lived  there 
from  time  immemorial — s'ncc  the  earth  was  a  small 
island,  which  auj^mented  as  its  inhabitants  multi- 
plied. They  cultivated  the  valley,  fashioned  what- 
ever utensils  and  tools  they  needed,  very  neatly  and 
hjuulsomely  out  of  clay  and  wood  and  stone,  not 
knowing  any  of  the  useful  metals,  built  their  homes 
and  kept  their  flocks  and  herds  in  the  fertile  river 
bottoms,  and  worshiped  the  sun.  They  were  an  emi- 
nently })eaceful  and  prosperous  people,  liviniic  by  agri- 
culture rather  than  bv  the  chase.  About  a  thousand 
years  ago,  however,  they  were  visited  by  savage 
strangers  from  tlio  North,  whom  they  treated  hospi- 
tably. Soon  these  visits  became  more  frecjuent  and 
annoying.  Then  their  troublesome  neighbors — ances- 
tors of  the  present  Utes — began  to  forage  upon  them, 
and  at  last  to  massacre  them  and  devastate  their 
farms;  so,  to  save  their  lives  at  least,  they  built 
houses  high  ujion  the  cliffs,  where  they  could  store 


AlSOKKilNAI,  TIIADITION. 


731 


f' 1(1(1  niid  liidu  uwav  till  tlu'  raidt^rs  loft.  Hut  ono 
Simiiiu'i'  till!  iiivm'.Ts  did  not  «jfo  l»uck  to  tlu'ii*  iiioun- 
tiiiia  as  t\w  people  e\|.o>  ltd,  lait  l>rouirlit  tlirir  f'ain- 
ilios  with  tlu'iii  and  .settl'jd  down.  So  driMii  from 
tlit'ir  homes  and  lands,  starvinjjf  in  their  little  niches 
on  the  hii^h  clirts,  they  could  only  steal  aw.iy  durinLf 
tho  niju'ht,  and  wander  across  the  cheerhss  uplands. 
To  one  who  has  traveled  these  step|;es,  sncli  a  Hiyht 
seems  teriii)le,  and  the  mind  hesitates  to  iiiciuru  tho 
>ufrerin<jf  of  the  sad  fu!L,ntive.s. 

At  the  christono  tliey  halted  and  pro'-dily  found 
friends,  for  tho  rocks  and  caves  are  full  i  the  nests 
of  tlu'se  human  wrens  and  swallows.  Here  Llu-y 
<»)llectea,  erected  stono  fortifications  an<l  Avatch- 
tnwers,  dui'"  reservoirs  in  the  rocks  to  hold  ii  suj»ply 


ot   water,  which  m 


all 


tudo,  and  t)nce  nujre  stood  at  h 


cases  IS  precarious  u 


1  this  lati- 


iiy. 


Their  f 


oes  came, 


and  for  one  lon<JC  month  lbu<;ht  and  were  heatcn  hack, 
and  returned  day  after  day  to  the  attack  as  merciless 
and  inevitahle  as  the  tide.  Meanwhile  the  families 
of  the  defenders  were  evacuatini^  and  moviiin"  south, 
and  hravely  did  their  protectors  shield  them  till  they 
were  all  safely  a  hundred  miles  away.  The  Ix-sien'crs 
were  heateii  hack  and  went  away.  But  the  narra- 
tive tells  us  that  the  hollows  of  the  rocks  were  tilled 
to  the  hrim  with  the  mingled  hlood  of  coiKjuerors  and 


coiKiiierec 


I 


aiK 


I  red   veins  of  it  r 


in 


lt)wn   in 


to  tl 


le 


canon.  It  was  such  a  victory  as  they  could  not 
afford  to  ijcain  anain,  and  they  Avere  ylad  \\\\c\\  tho 
lonjj;-  H^ht  was  over  to  follow  their  wives  and  little 
ones  to  the  South.  There  in  the  deserts  of  Arizona, 
on  well-nio-h  unajjiu'oachahle  isolated  hlufls,  they 
huilt  new  towns,  and  their  few  desceiidaiits — the 
Mocpiis — live  in  them  to  this  dr./,  ])reserviii'4'  more 
carefully  and  purely  tho  history  ami  veneration  of 
their  forefathers,  than  their  skill  or  wisdom."  One 
watch-tower  in  this  rei^ion  was  huilt  on  a  hlock  of 
sandstone  that  had  rolled  down  and  lodgeil  on  the  very 
hrink    of    a  precipice  overlooking  the    whole  valley. 


732 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  UTAH. 


From  the  McElmo  Mr  Jackson  and  his  party- 
struck  olf  westward  to  a  small  stream  called  the 
Hovenweep,  eit'-ht  or  ten  miles  distant.  Here  they 
found  a  ruined  town,  of  which  a  general  view  is 
given   in  the    cut.     Mr  Jackson's   description   is  as 


Ruined  I'ueblo  on  tlic  Iloveuwccp. — Utah. 

follows:  "The  stream  referred  to  sweeps  the  foot  of 
a  rocky  sandstone  ledije,  some  forty  or  tifty  feet  in 
height,  n[)()U  which  is  built  the  liighest  and  better- 
preserved  portions  of  the  settlement.  Its  semicir- 
cular s\veo[)  conforms  to  the  ledge;  each  little  house 
of  the  outer  circle  being  built  close  upon  its  edge. 
Below  tlie  level  of  these  ui)per  houses,  some  ten  or 
twelve  feet,  and  within  the  semicircular  sweep,  were 
seven  distinctly-marked  dej)ressions,  each  separated 
from  tile  other  by  rocky  debris,  the  lower  or  first 
series  ])rol>ably  of  a  small  community-house.  TTpon 
either  Hank,  and  founded  upon  rocks,  were  buildings 
similar  in  size  and  in  other  respects  to  tlie  hirge  ones 
on  the  line  above.  As  paced  oil',  the  up})er  or  convex 
surface  measured  one  hundred  vards  in  lennth. 
Each  little  apai'tment  was  small  and  narrow,  avei'ag- 
ing  six  feet  in  width  and  eight  feet  in  length,  tlie 
walls  being  eighteen  inches  in  thickness.  The  stones 
of  which  the  entire  group  was  built  were  dressed  to 
nearly  uniform  size  and  laid  in  mortar.  A  peculiar 
feature  here  was  in  the  round  corners,  one  at  least 
appearing   upon   nearly   every    little    house.      They 


shielc 
side  ^ 


HOVENWEEP  RUINS. 


T.-JS 


were  turned  with  considerable  care  and  skill:  beino- 
two  curves,  all  the  corners  were  solidly  bound  to- 
j,'ether  and  resisted  the  destroying  influences  the 
longest."  The  following  cut  presents  a  ground  plan 
of  this  Hovenweep  Pueblo  town,  and  terminates  the 


Ground  Plan — Town  on  the  Hovenweep. 


account  of  one  of  the   most    interesting   antiquarian 
o.\})lorations  of  modern  times. 

1  append  a  few  brief  quotations  from  the  diary  of 
Padres  Dominguez  and  Esealante,  who  j)onetrated 
])robal)lyas  far  as  Utah  Lake  in  early  times,  referring 
to  three  places  where  ruins  were  seen,  two  of  which 
cannot  readily  be  located.  (Jn  the  Dolores  lliver  "on 
the  southern  bank  of  the  river,  on  a  height,  there  was 
anciently  a  small  settlement  of  the  same  ]»laii  as  those 
of  the  Indians  of  New  Mexico,  as  is  shown  l)y  the 
ruins  which  we  examined."  A  ruin  is  also  located 
on  this  river  at  the  southern  bend,  on  the  U.  S.  map 
of  18()8.  ()v  the  Rio  de  San  Cosme,  "we  saw  licar 
by  a  ruin  of  a  veiy  ancient  town,  in  which  were 
fragments  of  metates,  and  pottery.  The  form  of  the 
town  was  ciniular  as  shown  by  the  ruins  now  almost 
entirely  leveled  to  the  ground."  In  tlie  canon  of 
Santa  Deltina  "towards  the  south,  there  is  ([uite  a 
high  cliff,  on  which  we  saw  rudely  painted  three 
shield  5,  and  a  spear-head.  Lower  down  on  the  north 
side  we  saw  another  painting  which  represented  in  a 


734 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  OREGON. 


confused  manner  two  men  fighting,  for  which  reason 
wc  Municd  it  the  Canon  Pintado."" 

In  Iilaho  and  Montana  I  have  no  record  of  ancient 
remains,  save  a  cliff*  at  Pend  d'Oreille  Lake,  on  which 
are  painted  in  briglit  colors,  images  of  men,  beasts, 
arul  |)ittiiros  of  mdcnown  import.  The  natives  air 
said  to  rt;gard  the  painted  rock  with  feelings  of  great 
sn[>erstition  and  dread,  regarding  the  figures  as  tlir 
work  of  a  race  that  preceded  their  own  in  the  coun- 
try.« 

In  Oregon  aboriginal  remains,  so  fiir  as  reported, 
are  hardly  more  abundant.  The  artist  of  the  IJ.  S. 
Exploring  Ex[)edition  sketched  three  specimens  of  clitf- 
ins('ri|)tit)iis  on  the  Columbia  River,  which  are  shown 
in  the  cut.     Mr  Pickering  thinks  that  the  figures  pre- 


%  A 


Rock-Carvings— Col iiinbia  River. 

sent  some  analogies  to  the  sculptures  reported  by 
Humboldt  on  the  Orinoco.*"  Mr  Abbot  noted  "a 
few  rude  })ictures  of  men  and  animals  scratched  on 
the  rocks"  of  Mptolyas  canon."  Lord  speaks  of  lit- 
tle j>ik's  of  stones  about  natural  pillars  of  conglom- 
erate, on  Wychus  C.'reek,  but  these  were  doubtless  tlic 
work  of  modern  Snake  Indians,  who  left  the  hea])s  in 
honor  of  the  sjiirits  represented  by  the  pillars.**  A 
gigantic  human  jaw  is  reported  to  have  been  dug  u|» 
near  Jacksonville  in    ISCi;*'-*  and  finally  Lewis   and 

«  Dn,:  Hisf.  .lAr.,  sorie  ii.,  torn,  i.,  iip   301-2,  •134-.",  444-r). 

«  ,NA/r//.v,  ill  I'ar.  11.  />'.  Itrp!.,  vol.  xii.,  p.  l.")0;  III.,  hi  InU.  Aff.  Rint., 
1854,  n.  -111. 

«"'  I'ifl.rrliiifs  Riirr.i.  iti  U.  S.  Ex.  Ex.,  vol.  ix.,  pp.  41-2. 

*i  Ahhnl.  ill  I'm:  R.  R.  Rrpt.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  94. 

<'*  r.orl's  Xnt.,  vol.  i.,  p.  'J!M>. 

<!•  7\ii//nr.  in  Cn/.  Furmci;  Murch  20,  1803;  San  Fraiin'sco  Eirnii"! 
Bulhtiii,  Jan.  22,  18«4. 


AXTIQUrriES  OF  WASHINGTON,  7:55 

Clarke  found  a  village  of  the  Echeloots  built  "ncMr 
a  mound  about  thirty  feet  above  the  couiinon  level, 
which  has  hoi  no  remains  of  houses  (^n  it,  and  bears 
every  appearance  of  being  artificial."^ 

In  Washinii^ton,  besides  some  shell  ornaments  and 
arrow-heads  of  Hint  and  other  hard  stone  dui*-  by  3-1 1- 
Lord  from  a  gravel  bank  near  the  old  Fort  Walla 
Walla,  and  some  rude  figures  mostly  representing 
men  carved  and  afterwards  painted  ou  a  perj)endicular 
rock  between  the  Yakima  and  Pisquouse,  ])ointed  out 
by  a  native  to  ^Er  Gibbs,^'  there  seem  to  be  remains 
of  anti([uity  in  only  two  localities.  The  first  are  the 
mounds  on  Bute  Prairie,  south  of  ()lymi)ia.  They 
were  first  found,  or  mentioned,  by  Wilkes  in  the  \  . 
S.  Exidoring  K\})edition,  in  1841,  who  describes  them 
as  thousands  iu  number,  arranged  in  fives  like  the 
'five  spots'  on  a  playing  card,  filmed  by  scraj)ing  to- 
gether the  surface  earth,  about  thirty  feet  in  tliametcr 
and  si>c:  or  seven  feet  high.  Three  of  them  wcro 
opened,  but  [troved  to  contain  nothing  but  a  pavement 
of  round  stones  in  the  centre  and  at  the  bottom,  rest- 
ing on  the  subsoil  of  red  gravel.  The  natives  siii<l 
that  the  medicine  men  in  later  times  were  wont  to 
gather  herbs  from  their  surface,  as  being  more  [totetit 
to  work  their  cures  than  those  growing  elsewhere. 
Since  Wilkes'  visit  the  news[)apers  have  rei>orted  the 
discovery  of  a  large  mound  at  the  south  end  of  the 
prairie,  twenty-five  miles  from  ( )lympia,  which  is  three 
hundred  feet  high  and  nine  hundred  leet  in  dianuter 
at  the  hase.  These  later  reports  state  also  that  all 
the  small  mounds  opened  in  recent  times  have  bieii 
found  to  contain  remains  of  pottery  and  "other  curi- 
ous relics,  evidently  the  work  of  human  hands."" 


5»  Lririsniiif  C/iirh'.s  Trar.,  ]i.  .^(in. 

51  Lon/'s  Xdf.,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  102-.%  '200;  Gihhs,  in  Par.   12.  R.  Rrpf.,  v,,l. 
i.,  p.  411. 
^  «  r.  .v.  F.r.  lur.,  vol.  iv.,  pp.  S.'U.  441-2;  rosfn-'s  Pir-llrsf.   Rfirrs,   pp. 
li>l-2;  I'ur/liiiiil  //cm/f/,  .Sept.  27,  1872;  San,  Franri.sro  MuniiiK)  ('nil,  Si'pt. 
28,  1872. 


73G 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


Tlie  second  locality  where  remains  are  found  is  on 
the  lower  Yakima  River,  where  Mr  Stephens  saw  an 
earth-work  consisting  of  two  concentric  circles  of  earth 
about  three  feet  high  with  a  ditch  Ijetween  theni. 
The  outer  circle  is  eighty  yards  in  diameter,  and 
within  the  inner  one  are  about  twenty  cellars,  or  ex- 
cavations, thirty  feet  across  and  three  feet  deep,  like 
the  cellars  of  modern  native  houses  scattered  over  the 
country  without,  however,  any  enclosing  circles. 
These  works  are  located  on  a  terrace  about  fifteen  feet 
high,  bounded  on  either  side  by  a  gulley.'* 

In  British  Columbia,  some  sculptured  stones  are 
reported  to  have  been  found  at  Nocjtka  Sound,  in 
which  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the  Aztec  Caleiidar- 
Stone  was  noticed;  also  during  the  voyage  of  tlio 
'Sutil  y  !^[exicana,'  a  wooden  plank  was  found  on  the 
coast  bearing  painted  figures,  which  1  have  co})ied  in 
the  cut,  although  I  do  not  know  th.at  the  })lank  iuis 
any  claims  to  be  considered  a  relic  of  anti(piity.^* 


Painted  Board — British  Coliini'oia. 

Other  British  Columbian  antiquities  consist  nf 
shell  mounds,  burial  mounds,  and  earth-works,  chieHy 

53  Stevfnn,  in  Ind.  Af.  Rent.,  1854,  pp.  2.32-3;  Id.,  in  Schookrofl'.'i 
Arch.,  vol.  vi.,  i)p.  ()12-i;};  Gibhs,  in  Pac.  R.  R.  Rcjit.,  vol.  i.,  jip.  40S-'.»; 
Tai/lor,  in  Cat.  Farmrr,    Mav  8,  1803. 

5*  Riu^rhmnn)!,  Spr.  N.  l\tfx.  u.  der  Wcstscite  des  b.  Nordumcr.,  p.  SltH; 
Sutil  y  Mcxkaiiit,  Viiuje,  p.  73. 


DEANS'  EXPLORATION'S. 


787 


confined  to  Vancouver  Island,  and  known  to  me 
tlirough  tlie  investigations  and  writings  of  !Mr  James 
Deans,  Mr  Deans  lias  lived  long  in  the  country,  is 
perfectly  familiar  with  it  and  its  natives,  and  has 
given  jmrticular  attention  to  the  subject  of  anticjui- 
ties.  He  makes  no  great  pretensions  as  a  writer,  but 
has  made  notes  of  his  discoveries  from  time  to  time, 
and  has  furnished  his  manuscripts  for  my  use  under 
the  title  o{  Ancient  Itcntains  in  Vanroiivcr  Lsfand  and 
British  Columbia.  Like  other  explorers,  he  has  not 
been  able  to  resist  the  temptation  to  tJieorize  without 
sufficient  data  on  questions  of  ethnology  and  the 
origin  of  the  American  aborigines,  but  his  specula- 
tions do  not  diminish  the  value  of  his  cx[)lorations, 
and  are  far  from  being  as  absurd  as  those  of  many 
authors  who  are  much  better  known. 


Burial  mounds  on  Vancouver  Island  are  of  two 
classes,  according  as  they  are  constructed  chiefly  of 
sand  and  gravel  or  of  stones.  One  of  the  first  class 
opened  by  Mr  Deans  in  1871,  will  illustrate  the  con- 
struction of  all.  It  was  located  on  the  second  terrace 
from  the  sea,  the  terraces  having  nearly  perpen- 
dicular banks  of  fifty  and  sixty  feet  respectively. 
By  a  carefully  cut  drift  through  the  centre,  it  was 
ascertained  to  have  been  made  in  the  following  man- 
ner. First,  a  circh"  sixteen  feet  in  diameter  was 
n  'eu  out,  and  the  top  soil  cleared  off' within  the 
ciiTle;  then  a  basin-sliaped  hole,  six  feet  in  diameter, 
smaller  at  the  bottom  tlian  at  the  top,  was  dug  in 
the  centre,  in  which  the  skull,  face  down,  and  the 
larger  unburned  bones  were  placed  and  covered  with 
six  inches  of  earth.  On  the  layer  of  earth  rested  a 
large  flat  stone,  on  which  were  heaped  up  loose 
stones,  the  heap  extending  about  a  foot  beyond  the 
circumference  of  the  central  hole.  Outside  of  this 
lieap,  on  the  surface,  a  space  two  feet  wide  extending 
round  tiie  whole  circumference  was  sprinkled  with 
ashes,  and  contained  a  few  bones  also.     Outside  of 


Vol.  IV.    47 


738 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 


tliis  space  as^ain,  large  stones  two  or  three  feet  ](>ii<if 
were  set  up  in  the  ground  hke  j)illars,  five  feet  a})iiit, 
round  tlie  circumference;  and  finally  the  earth  dug 
from  the  central  hole,  or  rece[)tacle  for  the  bones,  was 
thnnvn  into  the  outer  circle,  and  gravel  and  sand 
added  to  the  whole  until  the  mound  was  five  feet 
high,  having  a  rounded  form.  Four  smaller  mounds, 
six  and  ten  feet  in  diameter,  were  opened  in  tlio 
same  group,  showing  the  same  mode  of  constructicjii, 
but  somewhat  less  order. 

The  second  class,  or  stone  mounds,  which  are  much 
more  numerous  than  those  of  earth,  differ  but  little 
from  tlie  others  in  their  construction,  except  that  the 
final  additions  to  the  mound  were  of  stones  instead  of 
earth,  and  the  stones  about  the  circumference  were 
flat  and  set  up  close  together.  A  piece  of  quartz 
sometimes  accompanies  the  bones,  but  no  other  relics 
are  found.  When  the  skeleton  is  deposited  face 
down,  as  is  usually  the  case,  the  skull  is  placed 
toward  the  south,  or  when  in  a  sitting  position,  it 
faces  the  south,  seeming  in  some  cases  to  have  been 
burned  where  it  sat.  In  a  few  instances  the  skele- 
ton, when  it  was  but  little  burned,  was  lying  on  tlio 
left  side.  The  human  bones  invariably  crumbled  at 
a  touch,  and  the  author  states  that  this  method  of 
burial  is  altoiifether  unknown  to  the  '^resent  inhabit- 
ants,  who  say  their  ancestors  found  them  as  they 
are. 

The  mounds  are  often  overgrown  with  large  pine, 
arbutus,  or  oak  trees;  in  one  case  an  oak  had  forced 
its  way  up  through  the' stones  in  its  growth,  reached 
its  full  size,  decayed,  and  the  stones  had  fallen  back 
over  the  stump.  They  are  often  in  groups,  and  iii 
such  cases  the  central  one  is  always  most  carefully 
constructed,  and  a  remarkable  circumstance  is  that 
SDUietimes  the  surrounding  heaps  contain  only  chil- 
dren's bones.  Of  course  this  suggests  a  sacrifice  of 
children  or  slaves  at  a  chiefs  funeral,  although  there 
may  be  some  other  explanation.     Some  stones  weigh- 


VANCOUVEli  ISLAND. 


739 


inj:^  a  ton  are  found  over  the  human  remains.  Traces 
of  cedar  bark  or  boards  are  found  in  some  of  the 
cairns,  in  which  the  bones  were  a[»})arently  enclosed; 
and  in  a  few  others  a  .small  empty  chamber  was 
formed  over  the  flat  coverini,''  stone. 

Near  Comoy,  one  hundred  and  thirty  miles  north- 
west of  Victoria,  a  jj^roup  of  mounds  were  examined 
in  1872-3,  and  found  to  be  built  of  sea  sand  and  black 
mold,  mixed  with  some  shells.  Thev  were  from  live 
to  fifty  yards  in  circumference.  In  one  by  the  side 
of  a  very  large  skull  was  deposited  a  i)iece  of  coal ; 
and  in  another  with  a  very  peculiar  flattened  skull 
was  a  child's  tooth.  Both  these  skulls  are  said  to 
liave  been  covered  with  baked  clay,  and  are  now  in 
tlio  collection  of  the  Society  of  Natural  History  in 
]\[ontreal.  One  mound  in  this  vicinity  is  fifty  feet 
higli  and  of  oval  shape.  In  its  centre  only  a  few  feet 
below  the  surface  were  found  burnt  skeletons  of  chil- 
dren not  over  twelve  years  old,  which  seemed  to  have 
been  enclosed  in  a  box  of  cedar — of  which  only  a  brown 
dust  remains — and  covered  with  two  feet  of  stt)nes 
and  one  foot  of  shells.  There  is  a  spring  of  tine 
water  some  fifty  yards  from  this  mound,  of  which, 
from  superstitious  motives  no  Indian  will  drink.  One 
rectangular  cairn,  ten  by  twelve  feet,  was  found,  but 
even  in  this  the  central  receptacle  was  circular.  'J'he 
body  in  this  mound  showed  no  signs  of  l)urning,  tlie 
head  pointed  northward,  and  a  ])encil -shaped  stone 
sliarp  at  both  ends  was  deposited  with  the  human 
remains. 

Shell  mounds  are  described  as  verv  abundant 
throuijhout  Vancouver  Island,  and  also  on  the  mam- 
land,  and  all  are  composed  of  s})ecies  of  shells  still 
common  in  the  coast  waters.  One  at  Comox  covers 
three  acres,  and  is  from  two  to  fourteen  feet  (Kep. 
The  relics  discover»>d  in  mounds  of  this  class  inchide 
stone  hannners;  arrow-points  of  ttint,  slate,  and  of  a 
hard  green  stone;  spear-heads,  knives,  needles,  and 


I 

1    nil 


740 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  BRITISH  COLUMIJIA. 


awls,  of  stone  and  bone,  one  of  the  knives  heinn;-  six- 
teen inclies  lonyf  and  of  whale-bone:  bone  wedijvs, 
Honiotiines  c^rooved;  and  finally  stone  mortars,  eoni- 
])aratively  few  in  number,  since  acorns  and  set'ds 
weic  not  apparently  a  favorite  article  of  food.  l[ii- 
man  skeletons  also  occur  in  the  shell  mounds.  At 
Coniox  a  skeleton  is  said  to  have  been  found  Avith  a 
bone  knife  broken  off  in  one  of  the  bones.  A  siull 
l)raeelet  was  taken  from  a  m  jund  at  Esquimalt;  and 
from  another  was  dug  a  t.jne  dish  or  paint-pot, 
carved  to  represent  a  man  holding-  a  mountain  sheep. 
The  man  was  the  handle  on  one  side,  the  sheep's  head 
on  the  other,  and  the  cup  was  hollowed  out  in  tlio 
sheep's  back.  Mr  Deans  believes  he  can  distino-ui.sli 
two  distinct  types  of  skulls  in  Vancouver  Island — 
tlie  *loni»'-headed'  in  the  older  cairns,  and  the  *  broad - 
headed'  in  the  shell  mounds  and  modern  jfraves:  and 
this  distinction  is  independent  of  artificial  flatteninn', 
wliicli  it  seems  was  practiced  in  a  majority  of  cases 
on  skulls  of  both  types. 

In  addition  to  the  mounds,  Mr  Deans  states  that 
earth-works  very  similar  to  those  found  in  the  east- 
ern states  are  found  at  many  localities  in  British 
Columbia.  Indeed,  he  has  sent  me  several  plans,  cut 
from  Squier's  work  on  the  antiquities  of  New  York, 
which  by  a  simple  change  in  the  names  of  creeks  and 
in  the  scale  would  represent  equally  well  the  north- 
western works.  At  Beacon  Hill,  near  Victoria,  a 
point  one  hundred  feet  high  extends  three  hundred 
feet  into  the  sea;  an  embankment  with  a  ditch  still 
six  feet  deep,  stretches  across  on  the  land  side  and 
protects  the  a}>})roach ;  there  are  low  mounds  on  the 
enclosed  area,  the  remnants  of  ancient  dwellings,  and 
down  the  steep  banks  are  heaps  of  shells,  with  ashes, 
bones  of  sea-fowl,  deer,  elk,  and  bears,  among  whicli 
are  some  spear  .and  arrow  points,  needles,  etc.  On 
the  sunnnit  of  Beacon  Hill,  near  by,  are  burial  cairns 
of  the  usual  type. 


KARTII-WOItKS. 


741 


Another  earth-work  was  examined  hy  Mr  Deans  at 
Baines  Sound  and  J)eei)  Bay.  This  was  an  oval  I'ln- 
banknient  surrounded  at  tlie  l)ase  l)y  a  ditch,  elosu  to 
the  water  on  tlie  hay  side,  l>ut  now  seventy  yards  from 
liisj^h-water  mark  on  tlie  side  next  tlie  sound,  aUhounii 
originally  at  the  water  edge.  From  the  bottom  of 
the  ditch  to  the  top  of  the  embankment  or  mound  is 
forty  feet,  and  at  the  summit  a  ])ara})et  bank  now  four 
feet  high  encloses  an  area  of  over  an  acre.  On  the 
sound  side  is  an  opening  from  which  a  road  runs  <lo\vn 
the  slope  of  the  mound  and  across  the  ditch  by  a  kind 
of  earthen  bridge.  Excavation  showed  a  depth  of 
nine  feet  of  shells,  ashes,  and  black  loam.  ^[any 
burial  mounds  are  scattered  about  which  have  not 
been  oj)ened. 

1  am  inclined  to  regard  Mr  Deans'  reports  as  trust- 
wortliv,  {iltliou<''h  of  course  additional  authorities  are 
recpiired  before  the  accuracy  of  his  observations  re- 
specting the  burial  mounds,  and  the  existence  of  earth- 
works bearing  a  strong  resemblance,  as  he  claims,  to 
those  of  the  eastern  states  can  be  fully  accepted, 
liespecting  the  mounds  I  quote  in  a  note  IVom  Mr 
Forbes,  the  only  other  authority  I  have  been  able  to 
find  on  the  subject. °^ 

55  'In  such  localities,  the  fjcneral  feature  of  the  landscape  is  very  simi- 
lar to  many  ]»arts  of  Devonshire,  more  es|iccially  to  tliat  on  tlie  eastern  es- 
carpment of  Dartmoor,  and  the  resemlilance  is  renileretl  tiie  more  strii<iii;^ 
l>y  the  numerous  stiHK!  cindes,  which  lie  scattered  around.  ..  .'I'ln'sc  stone 
circles  point  to  a  period  in  etiinolo;,dcal  history,  \vhi(di  has  no  loiij:er  a  phu'e 
in  tlie  memory  of  man.  Scattereil  in  irrcj,'nlar  i^ronps  of  from  three  or 
fonr,  to  lifty  or  more,  these  stone  circles  are  found,  crownin;^  the  rounded 
]>romontories  over  all  the  South  Eastern  end  of  tiie  Islaml.  'I'heir  dimen- 
nious  vary  in  diameter  from  three  to  eit;liteeu  feet;  of  some,  only  a  simple 
rin^  of  stones  nuirkin^' the  outline  now  remains.  In  other  instances  the 
cinde  is  not  oidy  complete  in  ontliiu',  i>ut  is  lilled  in,  huilt  up  as  it  were,  to 
a  hei;;ht  of  three  to  four  feet,  with  masses  of  rock  and  loose  stones,  c(d- 
leeted  from  amoiif;st  the  numerous  erratic  houlders.  which  cover  the  surface 
of  tiie  country,  and  from  the  f^ravel  of  tiie  boulder  drift  wliicli  lills  up 
many  of  the  hollows.  These  structinvs  are  of  considerahle  antiijuity,  ami 
■wiiatever  they  may  have  heen  intended  for,  have  heen  lon<^  disused,  for, 
tlirou;;h  the  centre  of  many,  the  pine,  (he  oak,  and  the  arhutns  liave  shot 
up  and  attained  consideralile  dimensions— a  full  {growth.  The  Indians 
when  (luestiruied,  can  ;^ive  no  further  account  of  the  matter,  than  that,  "it 
lielon^'ed  to  the  <dd  people,"  ami  an  examination,  by  taking'  some  of  the 
lar;,'est  cindes  to  pieces,  and  di','j;in;;  beneath,  throws  no  li^rlit  on  the  snb- 
jeet.     The  only  explanation  to  be  found,  is  in  Uie  hypothesis,  that  these 


742 


ANTIQUITIES  OF  ALASKA. 


Tn  Alaska  I  find  no  record  of  any  anti(juitits 
Avhutuvur,  although  many  curious  si^cciinens  ot"  al)i»- 
riginal  art,  niado  by  the  natives  still  inhahiting  tlio 
country  since  the  coming  ot*  Europeans,  have  Ikcii 
brought  away  by  travelei's.  Cook  saw  in  the  counti y 
several  artificial  stone  hillocks,  which  seemed  to  him 
of  great  antic^uity,  but  he  also  noted  that  each  nativi; 
added  a  stone  to  burial  heaps  on  passing;  and 
Schewyrin  and  Durnew  found  on  one  of  the 
Aleutian  Islands  tb'-ee  round  copper  plates  bearing 
letters  and  leaf-work,  said  to  have  been  thrown  up 
by  the  sea;  but  I  suppose  there  is  no  evidence  tliat 
they  were  of  aboriginal  origin." 


S6 


Thus  have  T  gone  over  the  whole  extent  of  the 
Pacific  States  from  the  southern  isthmus  to  Bering 
Strait,  carefully  examining,  so  far  as  written  records 
could  enable  me  to  do  so,  every  foot  of  this  broad 
territorv,  in  search  for  the  handiwork  of  its  al)o- 
riginal  inhabitants.  Practically  1  have  given  in  the 
preceding  ])ages  all  that  has  been  written  on  the 
subject.  Before  a  perfect  account  of  all  that  the 
Native  Races  have  left  can  be  written,  before  ma- 
terial relics  can  reveal  all  they  have  to  tell  aljout  the 
peoples  whose  work  they  are,  a  long  and  patient 
work  of  exploration  and  study  must  be  performed — a 
work  hardly  commenced  yet  even  in  the  thickly 
populated  centres  of  old  world  learning,  and  still  less 
advanced  naturally  in  the  broad  new  fields  and  forests 
of  the  Far  West.  In  this  volume  the  general  reader 
may  find  an  accurate  and  comi)rehensive  if  not  a 
veiy  fascinating  picture  of  all  that  aboriginal  art  has 
l)roduced;    the   student  of  ethnological    topics  may 

wore  the  dwellings  of  former  trihcs,  who  have  either  entirely  (lisapiienroil, 
or  whose  deseendaiits  have  chanj^cd  their  mode  of  living,  iiiid  this  supiiosi- 
lion  is  strengthened  hy  tiie  fact  tliat  a  certain  trihe  on  tiie  l-'raser  liivur, 
did,  till  very  recently  live,  in  circuhir  heeliivo  sliaped  houses,  hiiilt  of  Ictuse 
stones,  liaving  an  aperture  in  the  arched  roof  for  entrance  and  exit,  and  tiiat 
in  some  localities  in  upper  California  the  same  remains  are  found,  and  tlio 
same  origin  assigned  to  them.'  Forbes"  Vmir.  Isl.,  p.  3. 

^  Hook's  Voy.  to  Pac,  vol.  ii. ,  p.  521;  Xcue  Nuchrichten,  p.  33. 


CON'CLUSION. 


748 


found  his  theories  on  all  that  is  known  rospeotinLf  any 
particular  monument  here  spread  hefore  him,  rather 
than  on  a  partial  knowledj^e  derived  by  louij^  study 
from  the  accounts  in  works  to  which  he  has  access, 
contradicted  very  likely  in  other  works  not  consulted, 
— and  many  a  writer  has  suhjected  himself  to  ridi- 
cule by  restintjf  an  important  j)art  of  his  favorite 
theory  on  ca  discovery  hy  Smith,  which  has  been 
proved  an  error  or  a  hoax  by  Jones  and  Brown ;  the 
antiquarian  student  may  save  himself  some  years  of 
hard  labor  in  searchinj''  between  five  hundred  and  a 
thousand  volumes  for  information  to  which  he  is  hero 
guided  directly,  even  if  he  be  unwillin((  to  take  his 
information  at  second  hand;  and  finally,  the  explorer 
who  pro})oses  to  examine  a  certain  section  of  the 
country,  may  acquaint  himself  by  a  few  hours'  read- 
ini^  with  all  that  j)revious  explorers  have  done  or 
failed  to  do,  and  by  havini^  his  attention  specially 
called  to  their  work  will  be  able  to  correct  their 
errors  and  supply  what  they  have  neglected. 

If  the  work  in  this  volume  shall  prove  to  have 
been  sufficiently  well  done  to  serve,  in  the  manner 
indicated  above,  as  a  safe  foundation  for  systematic 
antiquarian  research  in  the  future,  the  author's  aim 
will  be  realized  and  his  labor  amply  repaid. 


ill 


CHAPTER    XTIT. 

WORKS  OF  THE  MOUND -BUILDERS. 

American  Monuments  ukyond  titk  Limits  of  the  Pacific  Statf-s 
— Ea.stkhn  Atlantic  States— Remains  in  the  Mississii-i'i  Val- 
ley—Thuee  (lEocJiJAriiicAi-  Divisions— f'l.AssiKicATioN  ok  Mon. 
UMENTs— Kmiiankments  ani>  Diti  IIES  -FoKTII'ICATIONS-^  SACIIEI) 
Enclosi  uEs  — MoiNDs— Temi'ee-Moinds,  Animae-Moinds,  and 
(,'oNicAi.  Mounds— Ai/iAK-MoiNiis,  Riuial  Mounds,  and  Anom- 
alous Mounds— Contents  ok  the  Mounds-  Human  Remains— 
Keeii's  ok  AnoRi(;iNAE  Akt— Lmtlements  and  Ornaments  ok 
Metal,  Stone,   Rone,  and  Shell-Ancient  ('oim'eu  Mines  — 

KOCK-INSCUII'TIONS— ANTIQUITV    OK    THE    MlSSISSIITI    REMAINS  — 

Comi'auisons— Conclusions. 


I  announced  in  an  introductory  chapter  my  inten- 
tion to  ijo  in  this  volume  l)eyond  the  o;'eoii;i-aphical 
limits  of  my  field  of  labor  proper,  the  Pacific  States, 
and  to  includ  a  sketch  of  eastern  and  southern  an- 
ticjuities.  1  i  n  not  sure  that  this  departure  from  my 
territory  is  fc  ictly  more  necessary  or  api)ropriate  in 
this  than  in  le  other  departments  of  this  work; — 
that  is,  that  le  material  relics  of  the  ;Mi.sHissii)pi 
Valley  and  So  th  America  have  a  more  direct  hear- 
in<^  on  the  h  ^titutions  and  history  of  the  Native 
llaces  of  the  Pacific,  than  do  the  manners  and  cus- 
toms, mytholotry,  and  lanofuage  of  the  South  Amer- 
ican and  eastern  trihes.  Yet  there  is  this  difference, 
tliat  to  have  included  the  whole  American  continent 
in  the  jireceding  volumes  would  have  required  a  new 


TUKATMKXT  OF  FOIJKICX  UKMAIXS. 


746 


')■ 


collection  of  iniitorial,  additloiml  time  and  roscarch, 
and  an  incivase  of  l>ulk  in  printed  )>a,Lrt's,  each  ctiuul 
at  least  to  what  has  been  done;  and  I  hi^lievt.!  that  the 
ori<j[inal  scope  of  my  work,  and  the  hnlk  of  that  part 
of  it  devoted  to  the  Native  llaces,  is  alioadv  sutti- 
cietitly  extensive.  iJnt  in  the  department  of  anticpii- 
tic's,  making  tlio  present  volnmo  of  unilorm  size  with 
others  of  the  work,  I  ha\e,  I  think,  sufficient  space 
and  material  to  justifv  me  in  exteiidinuf  mv  researches 
beyond  the  Pacitic  States;  and  this  seems  to  me  es- 
pecially uesirahlo  hy  reason  of  the  fact  that  all  the 
important  archieoloL;ical  remains  outside  of  what  I 
term  tlu;  I'a<'itic  States,  may  he  included  in  the  two 
jrroups  to  which  my  closinj^^  chapters  are  devoted,  and 
the  present  volume  may  conseipiently  present  some 
claim  to  he  considered  a  comprehensive  work  on  Amer- 
ican Anti(|uitics. 

My  treatment  of  the  subject  in  this  and  the  follow- 
ing cha|  ter  will,  however,  difi'er  considerably  from 
that  in  thiwe  preceding,  I  have  hitherto  ])roceeded 
geographically  from  south  to  north,  placing  before  the 
reader  all  the  information  extant,  be  it  more  or  less 
comi>lete,  respecting  every  relic  in  each  locality,  and 
giving  besides  in  every  case  the  source  whence  the 
information  was  obtaineil.  In  this  maimer  the  notes 
become  a  complete  bibliograjihical  index  to  the  Avhole 
subject,  not  an  unimportant  feature,  I  believe,  of  this 
work.  In  the  broad  eastern  region  bordering  on  the 
JVIississippi  and  Us  tributaries,  a  region  thickly  inhab- 
ited, antl  thoroughly  ex})lored  by  anti(juarians,  or  at 
least  com])aratively  so,  so  numerous  are  the  relics  and 
the  localities  where  they  have  been  found,  that  to 
take  them  up  one  after  another  for  detailed  descii[»- 
tion  W(nd<l  require  at  least  a  volume;  and  these  relics, 
although  of  great  importance,  })resent  so  little  variety 
in  the  absence  of  all  architectural  monuments,  that 
such  a  detailed  account  could  hardly  fail  t(t  become 
monotonous  to  a  degree  uni>aralleled  even  in  the  pages 


746 


WORKS  OF  THE  MOUND-BUILDEUS. 


of  the  present  volume.  Moreover,  the  books  uiul 
other  material  in  my  ])ossession,  while  amply  sutK- 
cient,  I  think,  to  furnish  a  clear  idea  of  the  ^Missis- 
sip[)i  and  South  American  monuments,  are  of  courso 
inadetpite  to  a  continuation  of  the  bihlio^'raphicHl 
feature  referred  to.  For  these  reasons  1  deem  it  host 
to  abandon  the  elal»orate  note-system  hitherto  fol- 
lowed, and  shall  present  a  oenoral  ratlier  than  a  de- 
tailed view  of  material  rehcs  outside  the  Pacific 
States,  formed  fi-om  a  careful  study  of  what  J  l)eliev(j 
to  be  the  best  authorities,  and  illustrated  by  the  cuts 
given  in  Mr  Baldwin's  work.^ 

]\raterial  relics  of  the  aboriginal  tribes  are  found  in 
greater  or  less  abundance  throuu^hout  tlie  Eastern 
United  States  antl  *:lie  Canadas.  But  those  found  in 
New  England  and  tlie  region  east  of  the  Alleghanies, 
extending  southward  to  tlie  Carolinas,  may  be  dis- 
missed in  an  account  so  general  as  the  })resent  with 
the  remark  that  all  are  evidently  the  work  of  the  In- 
dian tribes  found  in  possession  of  the  country,  many 
of  them  evidently  and  others  ])robably  liaving  orig- 
inated at  a  time   subsequent  to  the  coming  of  Eu- 

1  The  oliiof  aatIii>ritios  ooiisiiltocl  for  tliiH  chapter  on  tlie  reiiiiiiiis  of  tlic 

Mississippi  \'alk'y,  are  the  followiii;,': 

Hijuicr  t(>i  !  JJiiri.'i,  A  iicinif  Mini  iinutits  nf  the  Misniftsippi  VnUi>i.  Wasli- 
ilijjtoii,  1848.  Sijiiicr's  Aiifii/iiitir.i  1)/  f/ii'  Sfutr  of  Xrir  Vork.  III.,  Ub- 
scrraliiiiis  on  A/)iin'i/iiiiil  Mnnuntrntu  uf  the  Mississipjn  Vallvij.  New 
York,  1847.     L/.,  Srr/irnt  Si/iii/ti)/. 

Atwiiti'rti  Atitiiiuilir.s  of  Ohio,  ami  other  accounts  in  the  Amcr.  Aufii/. 
Soi'.,  Tnni'iiirfioiis. 

Sr/ioo/iriif/\s  Arrhiri's  of  AhorirjiiHil  Kuou'hdffr. 

Warili'ii,  Urrhrri'his  sur  /is  Aiifii/Kifrs  </r  rAinciiquc  du  Nord. 

Join's'  Aiitiijiiilii's  of  (lir  Soiitlimi  Iiidiiiiis. 

J'idi/i  oil's  J  riidi/ioiis  of  l)rrooilnli. 

Liiii/iiiiii's  Aii/ii/iiifi'is  of  Wisroiisiii.      Wasliiiiitton,  1853. 

Whitllisi'n's  Aitrinif  Mni'iiiij  on  the  Shores  of  Lake  Siijicrtor. 

Jinn/ford's  Aiiirn'rini  A  iitii/iiities. 

Foster's  I're-llislorie  Jliiees. 

If.,  Missi.ssip/ii  I'id/ei/. 

tSiiiithsoiiiini  fiistitiitiun,  Reports. 

Tylor's  Re.seorehes. 

Aineriritii  Ethiioloifira?  Sor.,  Transactions. 

DieLr.son's  Ainer.  JViiiiiisnidfie  Minimd. 

liaiteroft,  A.  A.,  Antii/iiities  of  Idekiiifi  Coitnft/,  Ohio.  AFS.  The  M-riter 
of  this  nianus<'ript,  my  father,  was  for  fifty  years  a  resident  of  iackiiii; 
("nunty,  wliere  he  lias  cxaniiiieil  more  or  less  carefully  ahout  forty  en- 
closures anil  two  liunUrcd  mounds. 


THE  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY. 


747 


tlie 

'iisll- 

New 


ropeans.  But  whatever  may  l)e  decided  respertiui^ 
their  antiquity,  it  may  l)e  regarded  as  ahsohitoly  cer- 
tain that  none  of  them  jxjint  to  the  existence  of  any 
people  of  more  advanced  culture  than  tlie  i"ed  I'ace 
tliat  came  in  contact  with  Europeans.  They  consist 
for  the  most  part  of  traces  of  Indian  villages  or 
camps,  l)urial  grounds,  small  stone-heaps,  scattered 
arrow-heads,  and  some  other  rude  stone  inn)lements. 

Thegrjat  Mississippi  Valley  system  of  ancient  works, 
consisting'  of  mounds  and  embankments  of  earth  and 
stone,  erected  hy  the  race  known  as  the  jSIound-huild- 
ers,  extends  over  a  territory  hounded  in  gei»eral  t'  rnis 
as  follows:  on  the  north  by  the  great  lakes;  on  tlio 
east  by  western  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  Vir- 
ginia in  the  north,  but  farther  south  extending  to  the 
Atlantic  coast  and  including  Florida,  ( Jeorgia,  and  ])art 
of  South  Carolina;  on  the  south  by  the  ( Julf  of  Mexico, 
including  Texas  according  to  the  general  statements 
of  most  writers,  although  I  find  no  definite  account  of 
any  remains  in  that  state;  on  the  west  by  an  induHnite 
line  extending  from  the  head  of  Lake  Superior  tlirough 
the  st  ites  of  Mimiesota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  In- 
dian Territory,  althougli  tliere  are  reported  some  re- 
mains farther  west,  particularly  on  the  uj»per  Mis- 
souri, which  have  not  been  thoroughly  explored.  The 
map  in  tlie  accompanying  cut  is  intended  only  to  show 
the  reader  at  a  ghuice  the  relative  position  of  tlie 
states  in  the  territorv  of  the  ^found-buihlcrs. 

Throuf>'hout  this  broad  extent  of  tenitorv,  but 
chierty  on  tlie  fertile  river-terraces  of  tlie  j\[ississi|)pi 
and  its  tributaries,  the  works  of  the  ancient  inhaliit- 
ants  are  found  in  great  abundance,  and  may  be  classi- 
fied for  convenience  in  descrij)tion  as  follows:  -1. 
Embaidvments  of  earth  or  stone,  and  ditches,  ot'teu 
forminijr  enclop'U'es,  which  are  subdivided  bv  their 
location  into,  1st,  fortifications,  and  'Jd,  sacivd  en- 
closures, or  such  as  are  suj>[)osed  to  have  been  con- 
nected with  reli'Hous  rites. 


748 


WORKS  OF  THE  MOUND-BUILDERS. 


Map  of  Territory  of  the  Moiiiul-Buiklers. 

IT.  ^lounds  of  earth  or  stone,  of  varyiiij^  locatio?i, 
size,  form,  inatorial,  and  contents;  divided  l)y  their 
form  into,  1st,  'tem})le  mounds,'  of  regular  outUne 
and  hir<2^e  dimensions,  havin<^  flat  summit  platforms, 
and  often  terraced  sides  with  o'raded  ascents;  2d, 
*animal-moun<ls,'  or  those  resembling  in  their  ground 
plan  the  forms  of  animals,  birds,  or  even  human 
beings;  and  3d,  conical  mounds,  which  are  Mgain 
subdivided  acccordinir  to   their  contents  into  'altar- 


II 

l)art 


( )hio 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  REMAINS. 


749 


lul 
ill) 
liii 
ir- 


mouiuls'  or  'sacriHeial  inoimds,'  'burial  inoiiiuls,'  and 
'anomalous  mounds,'  or  such  as  are  of  mixed  or  un- 
deti'iMiiined  charactor. 

III.  Minor  relics  of  aboriginal  art,  for  the  most 
part  taken  from  the  mounds,  including  implements 
antl  ornaments  of  metal,  stone,  sliell,  and  bone. 

IV.  Ancient  mines,  and  perhaps  a  few  salt-wells 
which  bear  marks  of  having  been  worked  by  the 
aborigines. 

Y.   Hock-inscriptions. 

These  different  classes  of  remains,  although  suffi- 
ciently uniform  in  their  general  cliaracter  to  indicate 
tluit  the  Mound-builders  were  of  one  race,  living 
under  one  grand  system  of  institutions,  still  show 
certain  variation ;  in  the  relative  predominance  of 
each  class  in  difierent  sections  of  the  teri'itorv.  The 
Ohio  Kiver  and  its  trilnitaries  would  seem  to  liave 
been  in  a  certain  sense  the  centre  of  the  !Mound- 
builders'  power,  for  here  the  various  forms  of  en- 
closures and  mounds  are  most  aliundant  and  exten- 
sive, and  their  contents  show  tlio  highest  advance- 
ment of  aboriginal  art.  Tliis  section,  including 
chiefly  tlie  state  of  Ohio,  but  also  parts  of  Ken- 
tucky, Indiana,  Tennessee,  Illinois,  and  Missouri, 
was  the  ground  embraced  in  the  explorations  of 
Squier  and  Davis,  by  far  the  best  authorities  on  east- 
ern antiquities.  In  the  northern  region,  on  the  great 
lakes,  on  wJiich  Lapham  and  Pidgeon  are  the  ])romi- 
nent  authorities,  cliieflv  in  Wisconsin,  but  also  in 
]\ricliigan,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  ]\Iinnesota, 
animal-mounds  are  the  })rominent  feature,  the  other 
classes  of  mounds,  and  the  enclosures,  being  of 
comparatively  rare  occurrence.  The  animal-mounds 
occur  in  the  central  Ohio  region  only  in  a  very  few 
instances,  and  never,  so  far  as  is  known,  in  the  south. 
In  the  southern  or  gulf  states  the  tenqile-mounds 
are  more  numerou;>  in  i)roportion  to  other  classes 
than  in  the  north,  and  enclosures  disap})ear  almost 
altogether.     The  southern  antiquities  have,  however, 


760 


WORKS  OF  THE  MOUND-BUILDERS. 


been  comparatively  little  explored,  Mr  Jones'  late 
"vvork  referring  for  the  most  part  only  to  the  state  of 
Georma. 

Tlirousfhout  the  whole  reofion  traces  of  the  tribes 
found  by  Europeans  in  })ossession  of  the  country  are 
found;  and  besides  the  three  territorial  divisions 
already  indicated,  it  is  noted  that  in  the  north-east, 
in  western  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  the  works 
of  the  Mound-builders  merge  so  gradually  into  those 
of  the  later  tribes,  the  only  relics  farther  east,  that  it 
becomes  well-nigh  impossible  to  fix  accurately  the 
dividin<jf  line. 

Tn  many  parts  of  western  New  York  traces  are 
found  of  Indian  fortified  cani{)s,  surrounded  by  rows 
of  lioles  in  the  ground,  which  once  suj)})orted  pali- 
sades, and  in  all  respects  similar  to  those  in  use 
among  the  Indians  of  the  state  in  their  wars  against 
the  whites.  There  are  also  found  low  embankments 
of  earth,  or  very  rarely  of  small  stones,  which  foi-m 
enclosures  or  cut  off  the  approach  to  the  weaker  side 
of  some  naturally  strong  position.  Such  embankments 
are  always  on  hills,  lake  or  river  terraces,  or  other  high 
places,  and  are  often  i)rotected  on  one  or  more  sides  by 
jnorasses  or  by  streams  with  steep  b;>idis.  Their 
strong  natural  position,  with  due  regard  to  the  water 
supply,  carefully  planned  means  of  exit,  and  in  many 
instances  graded  roads  to  the  water,  leaves  no  doubt  of 
their  original  design  as  fortifications,  places  of  refuge 
and  of  protection  against  enemies.  Tlie  sliglit  height 
of  the  embankments  would  suggest  that  they  were 
thrown  up  to  support  palisades;  indeed,  traces  of 
these  palisades  have  been  found  in  some  cases.  The 
practice  of  throwing  up  an  embankment  at  the  foot  of 
palisades,  although  seemingly  a  very  natural  one,  does 
not,  however,  seem  to  have  been  noticed  among  the 
Indian  tribes  of  New  York.  In  nearly  all  the  en- 
closures remains  of  the  typical  Indian  cac/ies  are 
found,  with  carbonized  maize,  and  traces  of  wood  and 


EEMALNS  IN  NEW  YORK. 


751 


Lark;  and  in  and  around  tlieni  tlio  sitcH  of  Indian 
lodges  or  towns  arc  seen,  indicated  by  the  jjresence  of 
decomposed  and  carbonaceous  matter,  together  with 
burned  stones,  charcoal,  ashes,  bones,  pottery,  and  In- 
dian ini})lenients.  These  circumstances  go  far  to 
l)rove  tliat  all  the  New  York  works,  if  not  Iniilt  by 
tlie  Indians,  were  at  least  occupied  by  tliem  after 
their  al)andonnient  by  the  jMound-builders,  from  some 
of  wliose  works  they  do  not  differ  much  except  in  di- 
mensions and  reixularitv  of  form. 

The  enclosures  vary  in  extent  from  three  to  four 
acres,  the  lariifest  being  sixteen  acres.  Tlie  eml)ank- 
nients  are  from  one  to  four  feet  high,  generally  accom- 
[)anied  by  an  exterior  ditch; — the  highest  is  seven  or 
eight  i'eet  from  bottom  of  ditch  to  to})  of  embaidc- 
ment.  Many  such  works  in  a  country  so  long  under 
cultivation  have  of  course  disappeared.  j\Ir  S(piier 
ascertained  the  locality  of  one  hundred  of  them  in 
New  York,  and  estimates  the  original  number  at  not 
less  than  two  hundred  and  fifty. 

The  works  of  the  ^lound-builders  are  almost  ex- 
clusively confined  to  the  fertile  valleys  still  best  fitted 
to  sup})ort  a  dense  po|)ulation.  The  ]\IississijH)i  and 
its  tributaries  have  during  the  progress  of  the  centu- 
ries worn  down  their  valleys  in  three  or  four  succes- 
sive terraces,  which,  except  the  lowest,  or  latest 
formed,  the  ancient  ])eoples  chose  as  the  site  of  their 
structures,  giving  the  ])relerence  in  rearing  their 
grandest  cities — for  cities  there  must  have  been — to 
the  terrace  plains  near  the  junction  of  the  larger 
streams.  On  these  })lains  and  their  surrounding 
heights,  are  found  the  ancient  monuments,  generally  in 
grouj)s  Avhich  include  all  or  many  of  the  classes  named 
above;  for  it  is  only  for  convenience  in  descri|)tion 
that  the  classification  is  made;  that  is,  the  classifica- 
tion is  by  no  means  to  any  great  extent  a  geographi- 
cal one.  I  have  already  said  that  Ohio  was  the 
centre,    apparently,    of    the    Mound-builders'   power. 


752 


WORKS  OF  TTIE  MOUND-BUILDERS. 


Northward,  eastward,  and  perhaps  westward  from 
this  centre,  the  works  diminish  in  extent,  fortifica- 
tions become  a  more  prominent  feature,  and  tlie  re- 
mainini^  monuments  approximate  i)erceptibly  to  those 
of  the  more  barbarous  and  hitcr  peoples.  In  fact,  we 
find  the  modifications  tliat  might  naturally  1)0  ex- 
pected in  a  frontier  country.  Southward  from  the 
Ohio  rei,non  down  the  Mississippi  Valley,  it  is  a  com- 
mon remark  in  the  various  writings  on  the  subject, 
that  the  nionuments  increase  gradually  in  niagnitude 
and  numbers.  This  statement  seems  to  have  orig- 
inated, partially  at  least,  in  the  old  attemi)t  to  trace 
the  path  of  Aztec  migration  southward.  The  only 
foundation  for  it  is  the  fact  that  the  cl'^ss  of  mounds 
called  tem])le-mounds  are  in  the  south  more  numerous 
in  proportion  to  those  of  the  other  classes.  The 
largest  mound  and  the  most  extensive  groups  are  in 
the  north;  while  the  complicated  arrangement  of  sa- 
cred enclosures  appears  but  rarely  if  at  all  towards 
the  gulf.  It  is  not  impossible  that  more  extensive 
explorations  may  show  that  the  comparative  numbers 
and  size  of  the  large  temple-mounds  have  been  some- 
what exaggerated.  Yet  the  claims  in  behalf  of  Nahua 
traces  in  the  Mississippi  region  are  much  better 
founded  than  those  that  have  been  urijed  in  other 
parts  of  the  country;  although  we  have  seen  that  the 
chain  is  interrupted  in  the  New  Mexican  country, 
and  I  can  find  no  definite  record  of  temple-mounds  in 
Texas.  The  total  number  of  mounds  in  the  state  of 
Ohio  is  estimated  by  the  best  authority  at  ten  thou- 
sand, while  the  enclosures  were  at  least  fifteen  hun- 
dred. 


;>;«L 


I  begin  with  the  embankments  and  enclosures. 
They  are  found,  almost  always  in  connection  with 
mounds  of  some  class,  on  the  hills  overlooking  the 
valleys,  and  on  the  ravine-bounded  terraces  left  by 
the  current  of  rapid  streams.  The  first,  or  oldest, 
terraces,  with  bold  banks  from  fifty  to  a  hundred  feet 


FORTIFICATIONS. 


7B8 


Tlu 


Insures. 

with 

j;'   the 

"ft  by 

)kle«t, 

)d  I'eet 


hi'.^h,  furnish  tlie  sites  of  most  of  tlio  works;  on  the 
lt)\vcr  intcriuodiato  terraces,  wliose  l)anks  raiiiL^o  from 
ten  to  thirty  feet  in  height,  tliey  are  also  found, 
though  less  frecjuently  than  above;  while  on  the  last- 
formed  terrace  below  no  monuments  whatever  have 


ever  been  discovered 


The  embankments  are  simply  earth,  stones,  or  a 
mixture  of  the  two,  in  their  natural  condition,  thrown 
iij)  from  the  material  Avhicli  is  nearest  at  hand. 
There  is  no  instance  of  walls  built  of  stone  that  has 
been  hewn  or  otherwise  artificially  i)re])ared,  of  the 
use  of  mortar,  of  even  rough  stones  laid  with  regu- 
larity, of  adol)es  or  earth  otherwise  prepared,  or  of 
material  brought  from  any  great  distance.  The  ma- 
terial was  taken  from  a  ditch  that  often  accompanies 
the  embankment,  from  excavations  or  pits  in  the 
immediate  vicinity,  or  is  scraped  up  from  the  surface 
of  the  surroundin<):  soil.  There  is  nothing  in  the 
})resent  appearance  of  these  works  to  indicate  any 
dirt'erence  in  their  original  form  from  that  naturally 
given  to  earth-works  thrown  up  from  a  ditch,  with 
sides  as  nearly  perpendicular  as  the  nature  of  the 
material  will  permit.  Of  course,  any  attempt  on  the 
part  of  the  builders  to  give  a  synmietrical  superficial 
contour  to  the  works  would  have  been  long  since 
obliterated  by  the  action  of  the  elements;  but  noth- 
ing now  remains  to  show  that  they  attached  any 
importance  whatever  to  either  material  or  contour. 
Stone  embankments  are  rarely  found,  and  only  in 
localities  where  the  abundance  of  the  material  would 
naturally  suggest  its  use.  In  a  few  instances  clay 
has  been  obtained  at  a  little  distance,  or  dug  from 
beneath  the  surface. 

Accordingly  as  they  are  found  on  the  level  plain, 
or  on  hill-toi)s  or  other  strong  positions,  enclosures 
are  divided  into  fortifications  and  sacred  enclosures. 
Of  the  design  of  the  first  class  there  can  be  no  doubt, 
and  very  little  respecting  many  of  the  second  class, 
although  it  is  very  probable  that  some  of  the   latter 

*■  Vol.  IV.    48 


751 


WORKS  OF  THE  MOUXD-UUILDEIIS. 


had  a  (Uffcreut  purpo.se,  not  now  understood.  Nat- 
urally sonic  works  oeciir  which  havo  sonic  of  the 
features  of  botli  classes.  The  fortificatitjiis  arc  al- 
ways of  irreiicular  form  as  deteriuined  by  the  natiuc 
of  the  .•(round. 

A    fortification    at    Butler   Hill,    near    Hainilton, 
Ohio,  is  shown  in  the  cut.     The  summit  of  the  hill 


Fortification— Butler  Hill. 


is  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  above  the  river,  the  en- 
closing wall  is  of  earth  and  stones,  five  feet  liinh, 
thirty-five  feet  thick  at  the  base,  and  unaccompanied 
by   a   ditch,    although    there   are   some   pits    which 


r 


which 


FOUTIFIED  HILLS. 


755 


fiirnislu'd  tlic  matenul  of  tlio  wall.  Tvo  mounds  or 
heaps  of  roiiL»'li  stones  are  seen  witliin  the  enelosuiv 
and  one  Avithout,  the  stones  of  all  showing-  marks  of 
fire. 

The  next  cut  shows  a  work  at   Fort  Hill,  Uhio, 


sc/>Lr 
OOOfl-loLht  Inch 


^ 


;'>0.:3« '"*""'■ 


Fort  Hill,  Ohio. 

which  socms  to  unite  the  characters  of  tho  two 
classes  of  enclosures.  It  measures  twciity-ci^'ht 
hundred  hy  eigliteen  hundred  feet,  and  is  on  the 
second  terrace.  The  wall  aloni*-  the  creek  side  is  of 
stones  and  clav,  four  feet  hii>'h:  the  other  main  walls 
are  six  feet  hiuh  and  thirty-tive  feet  thick,  witli  an 
exterior  ditch.  The  walls  of  the  s(|uare  enclosure  at 
the  side  are  of  clay,  present  some  marks  of  tire,  ami 
haye  no  ditch.  Mr  Squier  concludes  that  this  was  a 
fortified  town  rather  than  a  fort  like  many  oth»  rs. 
The  Avails  of  the  enclosure  shown  in  the  followino-  cut, 
on  x*aint  Creek,  Ohio,  are  of  stone,  thirteen  hundred 


706 


WUlilCS  OF  THK  MOL'ND-IIUILDKIIS. 


Fort  near  Bourncvillc. 

feet  in  circumference,  and  have  no  ditch.  Tlio 
heaps  of  stones  connected  witli  tliis  work  have  been 
exposed  to  excessive  lieat,  either  perliaps  l)y  heini;' 
used  as  fire  signals,  or  by  the  burnlni^  of  wooden 
structures  which  they  supported.  In  tlie  worlds  at 
Fort  Ancient,  on  a  mesa  two  hundred  and  thiity  feet 
above  the  Miami  River,  the  embankment  is  four 
miles  long  in  an  irregular  line  round  tlie  circumfer- 
ence, and  in  some  parts  eighteen  or  twenty  feet  high. 
There  are  also  some  signs  of  artificial  terraces  on  the 
river  side  of  the  hill.  A  line  of  these  defensive 
works  is  found   in  northern  Ohio,  with  which  very 


SACUEO  ENfLOSrHES. 


757 


;u 


ir 
r- 
1. 

10 

'7 


few  roij^ular  inoiinds  or  .siiered  cnclosiirt's  arc  con- 
nected. .Pi(lL,»'L'()U  states  tliut  u  single  line  of  emltiMik- 
iiient  may  be  traced  lor  seventeen  miles,  an<l  that 
there  are  three  hniuh't'd  and  six  miles  of  emhaid<- 
ment  fortifications  in  tlie  state.  It  is  quite  i»rol)ahlo 
that  these  eml>anknients  ori,iL»'inally  hore  [talisiidcs. 
They  vary  in  height  from  tliree  to  tliirty  feet,  reckon- 
iw^  from  the  bottom  of  the  ditch;  but  this  oives  only 
a  very  imperfect  idea  of  their  original  dimensions, 
since  in  some  localities  the  hein-ht  has  been  nuicli 
more  reduced  by  time  than  in  others,  owini;'  to  the 
nature  of  the  material.  In  hill  fortifications  tlie 
ditch  is  usually  inside  the  wall,  but  when  the  de- 
fences guard  the  aj)i>roacli  to  a  terrace-point,  the 
ditch  is  always  on  the  outside.  The  entrances  to 
this  class  of  enclosures  are  governed  by  conveni- 
ence of  exit,  accessibility  of  water,  and  facilities  Ibr 
defence.  They  are  usually  guarded  by  overla[»[)ihg 
Avails  as  shown  in  the  cuts  that  have  been  })resented. 
Several  of  the  larger  fDrtifications,  however,  have  a 
large  nund)cr  of  entrances,  generally  at  regular  in- 
tervals, which  it  is  very  difficult  to  account  for. 

Other  enclosures  are  classed  as  sacred,  or  jKM'taining 
in  someway  to  religious  rites,  because  no  other  e!|ually 
satisfactory  explanation  of  their  use  can  be  given. 
That  they  were  in  no  sense  woi'ks  of  defence  is  evi- 
dent from  their  position,  almost  invariably  on  the 
most  level  spot  tliat  could  be  selected  and  ol'ten  over- 
looked by  neighboring  elevations.  Unlikt;  the  forti- 
fications they  are  regular  in  form,  the  s(ni;ii't;  and 
circle  pretlominating  and  generally  found  in  coiijunc- 
tion,  l)ut  the  ^■llij)se,  rectangle,  crescent,  and  a  great 
variety  of  other  forms  being  frecpient.  and  several 
dirterent  forms  usually  occurring  together.  A  s<|uaro 
with  one  or  more  circles  is  a  frecpient  combination. 
The  angles  and  curves  are  usually  if  not  always  per- 
fectly accurate,  and  the  regular,  or  sacred,  enclosures 
probably  outnumber  by  many  the  irregular  ones,  al- 


7:.H 


WuKKS  OF  Till':  MorND-IU'ILDKUS. 


th(MiL;li  tlu'V  fire  of  lossor  extent.  Knclosed  areas  of 
one  to  Hftv  aere.s  are  coinmoii.  Tlie  i'r()ni)s  arc  of 
oTcat  t'xti'iit;  one  at  Newark,  Ohio,  covers  an  area 
of  nearly  four  s(juare  miles.  A  reniarkaMe  coinci- 
dence was  noticed  l)y  Mr  Scjuier  in  the  dimensions 
of  the  square  enclosures,  five  or  si.K  of  these  having- 
l»een  fuund  at  Utwj;  distances  from  each  othei',  which 
lueasured  exactly  ten  hundred  and  ei^lity  feet  scjuare. 
(  ircles  are,  as  a  rule,  smaller  than  the  s(|uares  -with 
which  tlu'V  are  comiected,  two  huni^hed  to  two  hun- 
dred  and  fifty  feet  heiniij'  a  common  size.  The 
hiryest  of  tlm  enclosures,  with  an  area  of  some  six 
hundred  aci'es,  are  those  reported  in  the  far  west 
and  north-west  by  early  travelers  whose  reports  are 
not  confirmed. 

The  emhaidvuient  itself  differs  from  those  already 
descril)ed  only  in  beiui;',  as  a  rule,  somewhat  lower 
and  nai'rower,  although  at  Newark  one  is  thirty 
fei't  hiyh,  and  in  heini^"  construded  with  less  excep- 
tions without  the  use  of  stones.  The  material  as 
before  was  taken  from  the  surface,  ditches,  or  from 
]>its,  which  latter  are  ofteri  desci'ibed  as  wells,  and 
may  in  some  instances  have  served  as  such. 

The  following'  cut  represents  a  jjfroup  at  Liberty, 
Ohio,  typical  of  a  hirij^e  class  in  tlie  Scioto  Valley. 
The  location  is  on  t'vo  third  terrace,  the  embankments 
of  earth  are  not  over  ''our  feet  IuljIi,  there  is  no  ditch, 
and  the  eartli  seems  to  liave  been  taken  exclusively 
from  [)its,  which,  contrary  to  the  usual  custom,  are 
within  the  enclosure.  The  S(piare  is  one  of  those 
already  sixtkeii  of  as  aijreeinii'  exactly  in  dimensions 
with  others  at  a  distance.  Additional  dimensions  are 
shown  in  the  cut.  The  enclosures,  both  square  and 
]'()und,  usually  include  several  mounds.  One  at 
]\Iound  City,  square  with  rounded  corners,  covering 
thirteen  acres,  has  twenty-four  sacrificial  mounds 
within  its  walls.  At  Portsmouth,  there  are  four  con- 
centric 'rdes,  cut  by  four  broad  avenues  facinuf,  with 
slight  variation,   the   cardinal   points,    and  having  a 


1^ 


>:^- 


x 


arge 


Theb 
feet  in 
heigh 

cases, 
cular 
ditch 
of  an 
Ohio, 
to  ten 


s.vritr.i)  i:N('F,osri{Ks. 


7.7J 


Sacred  Euc'lo><nres — Liberty. 

lai'ofc  toiTacocl  and  truncated  mound  in  the  centre. 
The  1)ank,s  of  one  enclosure  near  Xewark  URasure  tliirty 
feet  in  heii^lit  from  the  bottom  of  the  ditch;  tlie  usual 
height  is  from  three  to  seven  feet. 

The  circles  often  have  an  interior  ditch;  in  some 
cases,  as  at  Circleville  and  Salem,  there  are  two  cir- 
cular embankments  one  within  the  otlier  Avith  a 
ditch  between  them;  but  there  is  only  one  instance 
of  an  exterior  ditch,  in  the  work  at  Bourneville, 
<  )hio,  shown  in  the  first  cut.  The  wall  is  from  eiui-ht 
U)  ten  feet  high,  and  the  ditch  is  shallow.     The  lari^er 


760 


WORKS  OF  THE  MOUND-liUILDEliS. 


Eiiclosuio  at  Bouriicviilc. 


^'-^■#. 


o   0 


foofttoJIii, 
Works  at  Hopt'ton. 


SACUED  EXCLOSritES. 


7G1 


circles  liavo  ^'onerally  .a  siiiu'lo  entrance,  ^vllic]l  is 
usually,  but  not  always,  on  the  east.  'I'liure  are  nu- 
merous small  circles  from  thirty  to  til'ty  feet  in  diam- 
eter, found  in  connection  with  i^roups  of  lari^e  enclos- 
ures, which  have  very  liyht  cinhaidvuicnts  and  uo 
entrances.  These  may  yery  likely  he  the  remains  of 
Iodides  or  camps.  The  lary'er  circles  ai'e  almost  inva- 
riably comiccted  with  squares  or  rectangles,  which 
iiaye  siniilar  emhaid^ments  hut  no  ditches.  These 
haye  very  commoidy  an  entrance  at  each  anL;le  and 
one  in  the  middle  of  each  side,  l)ut  the  larger  sijuares 
have  often  many  more  entrances. 

The  second  cut  shows  a  group  of  sacred  enclosures 
at  Hopeton,  CUiio,  located  on  the  third  terrace.  Tlie 
\yalls  of  the  rectangle  are  of  a  clayey  loam,  fil'ty  feet 
thick  and  twelve  feet  high,  without  a  ditch.  The 
sunnnit  is  wide  enough  for  a  wagon  road.  The  walls 
of  the  circle  are  somewhat  lower  and  composed  of 
clay  differing  in  color  from  that  found  in  the  vicinity. 
The  two  smaller  circles  haye  interior  ditches.  Tiie 
cut  gives  a  view  of  the  same  v.orks  as  tl  ev  ap[)ear 
from    the    east.     The   parallel   embankiiionts  in  the 


View  t)f  Eaiiii-'.vorlvr.  jit  llditum. 


7G2 


WOKKS  OF  THE  MiJUXn-r.UlLDEUS. 


south  arc  ouo  liuiulrod  and  fifty  feet  apart  and  extend 
-lalf  a  mile  to  the  bank  of  an  okl  river  bod.  Two 
liundred  ]»aces  north  of  the  hiri^e  circle,  and  not 
.sliown  in  the  cuts,  is  another  circle  two  hundred  and 
fifty  feet  in  diameter. 

The  enclosure  shown  in  the  next  cut  is  that  at 
Cedar  Bank,  near  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  and  seems  to 
jjartako  somewhat  of   the   nature  of  a  fortification. 


^  j-f  SCALE 

■^  VOOfl.lolIxi. 


o^-fe'-''<t  '-i'*/...© 


i1 


V 


Cedar  Buuk  Euclosuiea. 


The  west  side  is  naturally  protected  by  the  river 
bank,  and  the  other  sides  ar*^  enclosed  by  a  wall  and 
ditch,  each  forty  feet  wide  and  five  to  six  feet  hio'h 
or  dee]).  The  bed  of  a  small  stream  forms  a  natural 
ditch  for  onc^  half  of  the  eastern  side.  Within  tlie 
enclosure  in  a  line  with  the  entrances  is  a  raised 
])latforni  four  feet  hi,i»h,  measuring  one  hundred  and 
fifty  by  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet,  with  graded  ways 
thirty  feet  wide,  leading  to  the  summit.  The  paral- 
lels outside  the  enclosure  are  three  or  four  fi'ct  high. 
The    earth-work    hi    Kandolph    County,    huliana,    is 


•h 


fal- 


ls 


EAUTII-WOUKS.  7G3 

.sufficioutly  ex[)l;iiuu(l  by  the  cut.     This  work,  hke 


FortilieJ  Siiuare — Iiuliaua. 

the  ])ro('edinG^,  would  seem  to  have  been  constructed 
])artially  witli  a  view  to  defence.  The  work  shown 
in  tlie  next  cut  is  part  of  a  o'i-t)up  in  ]'ike  ( Jounty, 
Ohio.     The  circle  is  three  hundred  feet  in  diameter. 


KfUtliwork  in  I'ike  County,  Ohio. 


Ij: 


764 


AVOIIKS  OF  THE  MOrXD-nriLDEItS. 


The  different  enclosures  of  a  ji^ronp  nrc  often  con- 
nected by  pjirallel  eniluiiikments.  Similar  enil).  nk- 
nients  protect  tlio  roads  leading"  from  fortified  Avorks 
to  the  river  bank  or  other  source  of  water.  ^lany 
are  not  connected  Avith  any  enclosures,  though  in 
their  vicinity:  and  in  sucli  cases  they  are  very  sli<>ht, 
from  seven  hundred  to  eight  hundred  feet  l(Mi<i;',  and 
sixty  to  ei^'hty  feet  aj)art.  8ome  of  these  parallels 
were  ^'cry  likely  raised  roads  instead  of  enclosed  ones, 
as  on  1  '  Htle  ^Eiami  lliver,  Avhere  tlie  embank- 
inonts  e  1  abcjut  a  ouarter  of  a  mile  from  two 
mounds,  lonuin^jf  a  semicircle  round  a  third,  ])cin<^'  a 
rod  wide  and  onlv  three  feet  hii>h.  At  Madison, 
Louisiana,  there  is  a  raised  way  three  feet  liinh, 
seventy-tive  feet  wide,  and  two  thousand  seven  huii- 
dred  feet  Iool*",  with  broad  excavations  three  feet  in 
depth  extendiiiL!^  on  both  sides  for  al)out  two  thirds 
its  length.  Two  parallel  banks  at  Piketon,  Ohio,  are 
shown  in  the  cut.     They  are  ten  hundred  and  eighty 


I'lmiUel  Eniliaukiiients — Pikclou. 


feet  long,  two  hundred  and  three  feet  apart  at  one 
end,  and  two  hundred  and  fifteen  at  the  other;  the 


DITCH i:s  AND  MOUNDS. 


ros 


luMLilit  on  the  outside  l)eiiiLr  from  five  to  eleven  feet. 


Imt 


nd.     A 


hut  on  tlie  niside  twenty-two  feet  at  one  en 
modern  carriai^^e  road  now  runs  between  tlie  mcjunds. 
From  the  entl  of  one  of  tliem  a  slit>lit  embankment 
extends  twenty-five  hundred  and  eiglity  feet  to  a 
L>"rou[>  of  mounds. 

In  tlie  n(n-th  ditches  seem  never  to  occur,  except 
\vith  embankments;  but  in  the  south,  where  end)aidc- 
nients  are  r.rely  if  ever  found,  ditches,  or  moats,  are 
sometimes  cni^-lo^'ed  to  enclose  otlier  woi'ks,  es[>e- 
cially  in  (JeorL^ia.  Such  a  moat  at  (Jarterville  com- 
municates witl).  the  river,  extends  tt)  a  j)ond  perhaps 
artificial,  and  has  two  reservoirs,  each  of  an  acre, 
connected  with  it.  The  mounds  and  otliei'  monu- 
ments are  located  between  the  river  and  tlu;  moat. 
I  have  already  s[»oken  of  tlie  pits  which  furi»ished 
earth  for  the  various  works,  sometimes  called  wells; 
some  wells  of  another  class,  found  in  the  bed  of 
streams  and  su[)plied  with  round  covers,  were  found 
by  yiv  Soulier  to  be  tlie  natural  casts  of  septaria,  or 
imbetlded  nodules  of  hard  clay. 

The  mound  or  heap  form  is  the  one  most  common 
in  American  anti(piities  as  in  those  of  nearly  the 
whole  world.  Mounds  are  found  throughout  tlie 
]\Iississi])pi  re_<>'ion  as  before  bounded,  and  beyoiul  its 
limits  in  many  directivins  they  meri^e  into  the  small 
stone  heaps  which  are  kiKJwn  to  have  been  thrown  uj) 
by  the  Indians  at  road-crossintrs  and  over  graves. 
They  are  most  numerous  in  the  upper  Mississipjii  and 
Ohio  valleys,  in  the  same  region  where  the  eiiiliaiik- 
ments  also  most  abound.  As  I  have  said,  the  num- 
ber in  Ohio  alone  is  estimated  at  more  than  ten  thou- 
sand. They  are  almost  always  found  in  coiuiection 
with  embankments  and  other  works  of  the  dilfereiit 
classes  described,  but  they  are  also  very  numerous  in 
rei^'ions  where  enclosures  rarely  or  never  occur,  as  in 
Wisconsin  ami  in  the  i»'ulf  states.  From  the  central 
region  about  the  junction  of  the  Mississippi,  ^[issouri, 


roG 


WORKS  OF  THE  MOUND-IJIILDEUS. 


.and  Olilo,  they  j^radually  diminish  in  nnnihors  in 
(jvery  direction,  and  also  in  size  exc'e[)t  perhii])s  to- 
wards the  sontli.  They  are  found  in  valley  and  })lain, 
on  hill-side  and  hill-top;  isolated  and  in  groups;  within 
and  witliout  enclosures;  and  at  long  distances  from 
other  works.     Bv  their  location  alone  no  satisfai.'torv 

f  I. 

class  i  tic;  it  ion  could  possibly  be  made;  still,  when  con- 
sidered in  connection  with  their  contents  and  other 
circumstances,  their  location  assumes  importance,  ijy 
their  forms  the  tumuli  are  classitied  as  temple-mounds, 
anir.ial-niounds,  and  conical  nuHUids. 

Temi)le-mounds  always  have  level  summit  ])lat- 
forms,  and  are  supposed  to  have  once  supported 
wooden  .tructures,  althouiifh  no  traces  of  such  tern- 
pies  remain.  A  graded  road  straight  or  winding,  of 
gentler  slope  than  the  sides  of  the  mound,  oltcn 
leads  to  the  top;  and  in  many  cases  the  sides  have 
one  or  more  terraces.  One  in  Temiessce,  four 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  diameter  and  fifty  feet 
high,  has  ten  clearly  m.arked  terraces,  exce})t  on  the 
east.  The  bases  assume  a  variety  of  forms,  sipiare, 
rectangular,  octagonal,  round,  oval,  etc.,  but  the 
curves  and  angles  are  always  extremely  regular.  In 
the  north  they  are  usually  within  enclosures,  Itut  in 
the  south,  where  they  are  most  numerous,  they  have 
no  embankments  and  are  often  arranged  in  groujis, 
the  smaller  about  a  larger  central  mound.  Jn  size 
the  temple-mounds  vary  from  a  height  of  five  fei't 
and  a  diameter  of  forty  feet  to  ninety  feet  in  altitutle 
and  a  base-area  of  eight  acres,  in  res[)ect  to  i'orm, 
material,  sti'ucture,  contents,  and  probable  use  they 
.admit  of  no  subdivision.  Like  the  emb.ankments 
they  are  made  of  earth,  or  rarely  of  stones,  simply 
heaped  up,  with  little  care  in  the  choice  of  material 
and  none  at  all  in  the  order  of  deitosit. 

The  largest  mound  of  this,  or  in  fact  of  any,  class 
is  that  at  Cahokia,  Illinois.  Its  base  mejisures  seven 
hundred  by  five  hundred  feet.  The  height  is  ninety 
feet.     On  one  end  above  mid-height  is  a  terrace  plat- 


TEMl'LIi-MCtLNDS. 


irr, 


form  one  hiindrod  and  sixty  by  three  Imndrcd  ar.d 
fifty  feet,  und  the  suniniit  area  is  twohuiuh'ed  l)y  iouv 
hundred  and  fifty  feet,  or  nearly  two  acres,  tlie  base 
covering-  over  ei_L;l)t  acres.  („)n  tlie  top  a  small  et»n- 
ical  mound  was  found,  with  some  lunnan  hones,  a 
deposit  of  doubtful  antiquity.  A  mound  is  described 
at  Lovedale,  Kentucky,  as  beint^  of  octaj^'onal  base, 
five  feet  hii^h,  witli  sides  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  feet, 
three  <jfraded  ascents,  and  two  conical  mounds  on  its 
summit.  !Mr  Jones  states  that  para])et  embank- 
ments, round  the  ediife  of  the  sunnnit,  sometimes 
occur  on  the  southern  tenn)le-niounds. 

At    Marietta,    Ohio,    are    four   mounds    like    thnt 
shown   in  the  cut,  within  a  sc^uare   enclosure.     The 


Tcmplc-Mound— Marietta,  Ohio. 

hein^ht  of  this  one  is  ten-  feet.  The  mound  at  Selt- 
zerton,  Mississip[)i,  forty  feet  in  height,  covers  nearly 
six  acres,  and  has  a  summit  area  of  four  acres,  on 
which  are  two  conical  mounds,  also  forty  feet  h.iuli 
and  thirty  feet  in  diameter.  The  base  is  surrounded 
with  a  ditch  ten  feet  deep,  an  unusual  feature.  Tlu  re 
are  said  to  be  large  adobe  blocks  in  the  northern 
slope  of  this  pyramid,  and  the  same  material  is 
reported  in  other  southern  structures.  These  reports 
require  additional  confirmation. 

The   Messier   Mound,  in    Early  County,  Georgia, 


11 
■  a 


mj 


rc8 


\V(H!KS  OK  THE  MOUND-BUILDKKS. 


differs  in  its  location  from  most  templo-monnds, 
still  1(1  iiijjf  on  the  summit  of  a  natui'al  hill  which  over- 
looks a  hi'oad  exitent  of  country.  The  artificial  height 
is  fifty-five  feet,  and  the  summit  area  sixty-six  hy 
one  hundred  and  fifty-six  feet.  Tlicre  are  no  traces 
of  any  means  of  ascent,  and  the  slopes  are  A'ery  steep. 
A  tlitch  extends  in  a  semicircle  from  corner  to  corner 
at  the  southern  end,  and  thence  down  the  slojie  of 
the  hill.  An  excavation  of  two  acn^s,  twenty-five 
feet  deep  on  an  avera^'c,  seems  to  have  fui'nished 
the  earth  f  )r  the  mound.  A  round  well,  sixty  feet 
in  diaiut^ter  and  forty  feet  deep  is  found  at  one  end 
of  the  excavation.  A  tem|)le-mound  in  the  Na- 
cooche  Valley,  Geor^'ia,  is  elli})tical  in  fonn,  and  has 
a  sunnnit  area  of  sixty  hy  ninety  feet. 

An  octagonal  mound,  forty-five  feet  hi^h  and  one 
hundred  and  eighty  feet  in  diameter  at  the  top,  is 
located  on  a  hill-top  opposite  the  city  of  ^STacon;  it 
was  formed  of  earth  carried  from  the  valky  helow. 
A  temple-mound  at  ^Mason's  Plantation,  on  the 
Savannah  River,  has  been  partly  washed  away  hy  the 
water,  which  reveals  along  the  natural  surface  of  the 
<;round  a  stratum  a  foot  thick  of  charcoal,  l)akcd  earth, 
ashes,  broken  pottery,  shells,  and  bones  of  animals  and 
birds,  with  a  few  human  bones.  The  mound,  which 
is  of  the  surrounding  alluvial  soil,  would  seem  to  have 
been  erected  over  a  spot  long  occu})iid  as  an  encani])- 
meiit.  This  mound,  and  another  nea  •  it,  were  oiigin- 
ally  enclosed  by  a  moat  which  connnunicated  with 
the  river,  and  widened  on  one  side  into  a  broad  lagoon. 

On  J*lunkett  Creek,  Georgia,  is  a  mound  of  stones 
which  has  the  appearance  of  a  temi»le-mound,  hav- 
ing a  summit  area  forty  feet  in  diameter.  Stone  is 
rarely  used  in  structures  of  this  class;  pei'liajis  this 
was  originally  a  conical  mound.  There  seem  to  be  few 
large  mounds  in  the  south  unaccom})anied  by  ditches, 
which  seem  here  to  have  been  introduced  where  em- 
bankments would  have  been  preferred   in  the  north. 

In  a   late    number    of   the    Cincinnati    Quarterfij 


Ti:.Ml'LE-MurM)S. 


n,'J 


Jininntl  (if  S.-iciice  I  find  desci-iUcd,  unrortiinatcly 
only  (III  nu\vs[)jij)or  uutliority,  ii  rciiiiiikaltlo  tcuiplc- 
inoiiiid,  iiuiir  Spriiigfk'ld,  ^lissoiiri,  on  a.  liill  three 
liimdred  llet  liinh.  It  is  of  earth  and  stones,  sixty 
two  leet  liii^h,  live  liundred  I'eet  in  diameter  at  the 
hase  and  one  lumdred  and  thirty  at  the  summit.  A 
diteh,  two  hunth'ed  i'eet  wide  and  ^w  /eet  deep,  sur- 
rounds the  hase,  and  is  crossed  l>y  a  causeway,  oi)|)o- 
site  which  a  stairway  of  rou'^hly  hewn  stones  leads 
U])  the  northern  slope.  The  toj)  is  covered  hy  a 
jdatfoi'iii  of  stone,  in  the  centre  of  Avhicli  lies  a  stone 
ten  hy  twelve  feet,  and  eleven  inches  thick,  hollowed 
ill  the  middle.  This  rejxM't  without  further  coniirma- 
tion  nuist  be  considered  a  hoax — at  least  so  far  as  the 
stone  8te])s,  pavement,  and  altar  are  conci-rned. 

The  group  of  tem[)le-mounds  shown  in  the  cut  is 


II!  Ill 


Vol.  IV.    4!) 


Mis.sis.sippi  Tciiiiile-Mouuds. 


770 


WORKS  OF  THE  MOlND-llL'lLDKUS. 


ill  Wiisliiiiuftou  County,  Mississippi,  Otlior.s  siinilur 
ill  iiiiuiy  ruspucts  to  these  are  found  at  ^ladison, 
Louisiana. 

Teini»le-iiioun(ls  are  lionioi^^eneous  and  never  strati- 
fied in  their  construction,  and  contain  no  relics;  that 
is,  the  object  in  their  erection  was  siinjdy  to  ati'ord  a 
raised  phitforin,  with  convenient  means  oi'  ascent. 

Animal-mounds,  the  second  class,  arc  those  that 
assume  in  their  <^n-ound  plan  various  irregular  I'oi  ins, 
sometimes  those  of  Hvim;- creatures,  including- quadrii- 
})eds,  hirds,  re[)tiles,  fishes,  and  in  a  few  cases  men. 
Mounds  of  this  class  are  very  numert)iis  in  the  north- 
west, particularly  in  Wisconsin,  and  rarely  occur 
further  south,  although  there  are  a  few  excellent 
specimens  in  Ohio.  They  are  most  ahimdant  in  fer- 
tile valleys  and  rarely  occur  on  the  lake  sliore.  Nine 
tenths  of  tlieiii  are  simple  straight,  curved,  or  crooked 
embiinkments  of  irre^'ular  form,  sli^'litly  raised  ahove 
the  surface,  hearinn-  no  hkeness  to  any  natural  ohject. 
In  many,  fancied  to  be  like  certain  animals,  the  re- 
semblance is  imaginary.  Those  shaped  like  a  ta}»er- 
insf  club,  with  two  knobs  on  one  side  near  the  larger 
end — a  very  common  figure — are  called  'lizard- 
mounds;'  adtl  two  other  protuberances  on  the  o]>po- 
site  side  and  we  have  the  'turtle-mounds.'  Yet  a 
few  bear  a  clear  resemblance  to  quadrupeds,  birds, 
and  serpents,  and  all  evidently  beloniJ!"  to  the  same 
class  and  were  connected  with  the  religious  ideas  of 
the  builders.  They  are  not  burial  mounds,  contain  no 
relics,  are  but  a  few  feet  at  the  most  above  the  ii'rouiid, 
and  are  always  composed  of  whitish  clay,  or  the  sub- 
soil of  the  country.  Their  dimensions  on  the  ground 
are  considerable;  rude  effigies  of  human  form  are  in 
some  cases  over  one  hundred  feet  long;  quadrupeds 
have  bodies  and  tails  each  from  fifty  to  two  hundred 
feet  lonir;  birds  have  wings  of  a  hundred  feet;  'liz- 
ard-mounds'  are  two  and  even  four  hundred  feet  in 
lenirth;   straight   and   curved    lines    of   embaidvinent 


CONICAL  MOUNDS.  771 

ro.'U'li  over  ii  tliousaiid  fetit;  iiiid  serpents  arc  C(|ually 
uxtoiisivo.  Tlu'y  are  i^'roiiped  \vitli(Jiit  any  a])jiarL'nt 
order  too-etlier  with  conical  mounds,  occasional  eiii- 
l)anknients,  and  tew  enclosures.  'I'licy  oIUjii  t'orm  a 
line  extendini^  over  a  lari;e  tract.  In  some  cases  the 
animal  t'oiMn  is  an  excavation  instead  of  a  mound,  tiu! 
earth  heinjjf  thrown  up  on  the  hanks.  An  endiank- 
ment  in  Adams  (Jounty,  Ohio,  on  the  summit  of  a 
hill  much  like  those  often  occupied  hy  fortifications,  is 
thou^'ht  to  resend)le  a  nionster  ser])ent  with  curved 
l)ody  and  coiled  tail,  five  feet  hi,L;ii,  thirty  feet  wide  in 
the  middle,  and  over  one  thousand  feet  Ioul;-  if  un- 
coiled. The  jaws  are  wide  (ti»en  and  a])|»arently  in 
the  act  of  swallowing'  an  oval  mound  nuMsurini;'  oin; 
hundred  and  sixty  hy  eighty  feet.  ()nahill  o\ii'- 
locjking  Granville,  Ohio,  is  a  mctund  six  feet  high  and 
a  hundred  and  tilty  I'eet  long,  thought  to  resemhle  the 
form  of  an  alligator.  Stones  are  rarely  used  with 
the  earth  in  the  construction  of  animal-mounds,  and 
only  in  a  few  cases  has  the  presence  of  ashes  or  other 
traces  of  lire  been  reported. 


The  third  class  of  tumuli  includes  the  conical 
mounds,  meiy  heaps  of  earth  and  stones,  so  far  as  out- 
ward a[)pearance  is  concerned,  generally  round,  often 
oval,  sometimes  s([uai'e  with  rounded  corners,  or  even 
hexagonal  and  triangular,  in  their  hase-forms,  and 
varying  in  height  from  a  few  inches  to  seventy  feet, 
in  diameter  from  three  or  four  to  three  hundred  leet. 
A  height  (jf  from  six  to  thirty  feet  and  a  diameter  of 
forty  to  one  hundred  feet  would  iirohahlv  include  a 
larger  part  of  them.  Of  course  the  height  h;;  ^  l-'cn 
reduced  and  the  hnse  increased  hy  the  action  oi  inins 
more  or  less  in  ditferent  localities  according  t(»  the 
material  emj)loyed.  ^[ounds  of  this  class  never  liaM; 
sunnnit  platforms  or  any  means  of  ascent.  They  ar*; 
here  as  elsewhere  in  America  nmch  moi'e  luiinei'ous 
than  other  mounds.  Although  so  like  one  to  another 
in  form,   they  (J"(fer  widely  in  location  and  contents. 


■;r  II 


772  W()::ks  of  Tin:  .M()i\F)-i!rii.i)i:i!s. 

'riicy  ari'  lutiml  on  liill-tops  and  in  the  Kvcl  iilaiii.  In 
tliL'  funm-i"  case  tliev  aft-  fit  her  isolated,  uroiipud 
lound  luititications,  m-  extend  in  loni;'  lines  .-it  invi^- 
ular  intervals  Tor  many  miles,  sun'^'e^tinL;'  boundary 
lines  uf  tifc;  sinnals.  In  the  valleys  they  stand  alone, 
in  s^Toiiiis,  or  in  eonnection  with  saered  enelosures. 
'I'he  ^■roui>s  arc  sometinius  symmetrical,  as  when  a 
niimher  ot"  mounds  are  rennlarly  arranged  ahoiit  a 
l.ii;.','er  central  one,  or  are  so  placed  as  to  lorm  s(|uareH, 
circles,  and  other  reynlar  lii;iires;  hut  often  no  sys- 
tiinatic  plan  is  ohservahle.  Also  in  connection  with 
the  enclosures  ])art  of  them  are  symmetrically  located 
with  resjx'ct  to  entrances,  ani^les,  or  tem|)le-moimds; 
wjiile  others  are  scattered  apparently  without  fixed 
order.  There  are  few  enclosures  that  do  not  have  a 
mound  ojiposite  each  entrance  on  the  inside.  A  com- 
]>lete  survey  and  restoration  woidd  ])rol)al>ly  slio  ' 
manv  mounds  to  helono-  to  some  reu'ular  svstem,  t 
now  appear  isolated. 

The  uiaterial  of  the  mounds  re(piiri'S  no  remark 
in  addition  to  what  has  heeii  said  ol"  other  works.  A 
larn'c  majority  are  sim|»ly  heaps  of  thi'  earth  nearest 
at  hand.  Stone  mounds,  or  those  of  mixed  materials, 
are  rare,  and  are  chiefly  contined  to  the  hill-top  struc- 
tures. ^Fost  of  the  earth  mounds  are  liomo^eneous 
in  structui'e,  hut  some  ai'e  )-eL;ularly  and  douhtless 
intentionally  stratified.  Some  of  them  in  the  L>ulf 
states  are  composed  of  shells,  in  addition  to  the  shell- 
mounds  |)roper  formed  hy  the  gradual  deposit  of 
lefuse  shells,  the  contents  of  which  served  as  t'ood. 


The  contents  of  tlio  moimds  sliould  l>e  divided  into 
two  i^reat  classes;  those  deposited  hy  the  Mound- 
liuilders,  and  those  of  moileru  Indian  or  Kuiopean 
origin,  'i'he  distinction  is  im])oi'tant,  hut  diHicult; 
and  in  this  difficulty  is  to  he  found  the  oii^in  of 
many  of  tlu;  extraordinary  repoi'ts  and  theories.  The 
Indians  ]iav(^  always  felt  a  kind  of  veneration  foi-  the 
moimds   as   for   something'  of  mvsterious    oii'^in    and 


CONTKNTS  Ol"  Tin;  M()IM»S. 


purpose,  and  liavr  used  tlitlii  as  Itiiiial  placts.  Tlif 
Indian  lialiit  of  Imi'vin;;"  with  their  dead  siu-h  artidts 
us  wero  pri/A'd  hy  them  when  hvinijf,  is  well  known;  as 
is  also  the  value  attached  hy  them  to  trinUi'ts  dh- 
tiiined  hy  purchase  oi'  theCt  iVoin  lMiro|»eans.  ('on- 
s(!(|U(!ntly  articles  of  iuirojiean  inanulacture,  such  as 
nuist  ha\(.!  heeii  ohtained  Ioul;'  hel'ore  the  country  was 
to  any  i^nvat  extent  occu|>ied  hy  the  whites,  are  often 
du'_;'  from  the  mounds  and  found  elsewhert\  TIk;  dis- 
ooveiy  of  silver  ci'osses,  ^undtarrels,  and  l''i'ench  dials. 
does  not,  however,  as  Mr  S(|uiei'  I'emarks,  justify  the 
conclusion  that  tlie  Moun«l-huilders  "  wen;  (  atholics, 
useil  fire-arms,  or  s])oke  Fi'ench."  The  mounds  are 
usually  opened  hy  injudicious  ex|)lorei's  or  hy  ti'eas- 
ure-seekers,  Avho  hav(t  jiaid  little  attention  to  the 
location  of  the  relics  found  or  tht;  condition  of  the 
suri"oundin<j!'  soil.  Museums  and  private;  collections 
ari!  full  of  s[)urious  relics  thus  ohtained.  It  is  cer- 
tain in  some  cases,  and  prohahle  in  many  more,  that 
the  mounds  have  heen  'salted'  with  s|)ecimens  with  a 
view  to  theii'  early  investi^'ation.  Yet  many  mounds 
have  heen  opened  hy  scientilic  num,  who  jiave  l)i-oii;_;ht 
to  li^ht  curious  relics,  surely  the  work  of  tlu'  Mound- 
huilders.  Such  relics  are  found  in  the  centre  of  the 
mounds,  on  or  near  the  ori,L;iual  surface  of  the  L^ronnd, 
with  the  surroimdini;-  material  undisturhed.  In  the 
stratitieil  mounds  any  dislurhance  in  the  soil  is  easily 
detected,  hut  with  difHculty  in  the  othi'is.  Ileports 
of  unusual  relics  should  he  rei>"arded  as  not  authentic 
unless  accomi)ani('d  hy  most  positive  pi'oof. 


I 


Neither  the  emhankmeiits  of  saci'ed  enclosures,  tlie 
temple-mounds,  nor  the  animal-moimds,  have  heen 
proved  to  contain  any  relics  tliat  may  he  j'ttrihuted 
to  the  oriij>'inal  huildei's.  ;^[any  of  the  conical  mounds 
do  contain  such  ri'lics,  ami  hy  their  contents  oi-  the 
lack  of  them,  are  divided  into  idtar-mounds,  hurial 
mounds,  and  anomalous  mounds. 

Altar-mounds    are    always  found   within    or    near 


nil 


WOIIKS  OF  THE  MOUXT)~BUIM)EnS. 


enclosure^,  juhI  each  one  i.s  fouiitl  to  contain  some- 
thing like  an  altar,  made  t)f  hurned  clay  or  stone. 
The  altar.s  are  generally  of  fine  clay  brought  from 
some  distance,  burned  hard  sometimes  to  a  depth  of 
twenty  inches.  They  were  not  burned  before  being- 
put  in  place,  but  by  the  action  of  fires  built  upon  or 
I'ound  them.  Such  as  were  very  sligiitly  burned 
had  no  relics.  The  stone  altars  are  very  rare,  and 
aic  formed  of  rough  slabs,  and  not  hewn  from  a 
single  block.  They  are  S(juare,  rectangular,  round, 
and  ov;i] :  varv  In  size  from  two  feet  in  diameter  to 
lifteen  by  tiftv  feet,  but  are  o'enerally  from  fi\e  to 
eight  feet;  ni'e  rarely  over  twenty  inches  high;  rest 
on  or  iicav  the  surface  of  the  ground,  in  the  centre  of 
tlie  mound;  and  have  a  basin-shaped  concavity  on 
the  top.  The  basin  is  almost  always  filled  with 
aislu'S,  in  which  are  the  relics  depositetl  by  the  jMound- 
l)uilders.  Relics  are  mucli  more  n.umerous  in  the 
altar  than  in  the  burial  mounds,  but  as  thev  are  of 
the  same  class,  both  may  best  be  spoken  of  together. 
These  altars  are  i)r()bably  the  structures  s])oken  of  by 
early  ex]ilorei's  and  wi-iters  as  lieartlis;  there  are 
reports  that  some  of  tlK'iii  were  made  of  burnt  bi-icks. 
.\  i)ecuHavitv  of  the  altar-mountls  is  that  tliev  are 
formed  of  regular  strata  of  eaitli,  gravel,  sand,  clay, 
etc.,  which  are  not  horizontal,  but  follow  the  curve  of 
the  surface.  Tlie  outer  laver  is  conunonlv  of  <>ravel. 
This  stratitication  renders  it  easy  to  detect  any  mod- 
ern distui'bance  of  the  mounds,  ami  makes  the  altar 
relics  es])ecially  interesting  and  ^ahlable  for  scientific 
piu'|ioses.  ( )ver  the  aslu's  in  one  altai'-niound,  Avere 
found  plates  of  mica  a'ld  some  human  bones.  Skele- 
tons are  often  foimd  near  the  surface  of  these  mounds, 
the  sti'ata  above  them  being  disturbed;  in  one  case 
the  Indians  had  penetrated  to  the  centre  and  de- 
jiosited  a  ])ody  on  the  altar  itself  Sir  John  Lul)l)ock 
inclines  to  the  opinion  that  these  were  really  sepul- 
chral rather  thati  sacrificial  mounds,  althougji  he  had 
not  personally  examined  them.     Whatever  then  use, 


P.l  RIAL  AKUNDS. 


775 


tliev  certainly  constitute  a  clearly  defined  class  dis- 
tinct tVuni  all  others,  and  the  name  altar-mounds  is 
as  a[)i)ropriate  as  any  other. 

Unstratified  mounds,  never  a\  ithin  enclosures  and 
ll^enei-ally  at  souie  little  distance  iVom  thi'in,  contain- 
ing  human  remains  in  their  centres  and  undouhtedly 
erected  as  [)laces  of  se})ulture,  constitute  the  second 
class,  and  are  called  burial  mounds.  'J'he  custom  of 
lieapinn'  up  a  mound  over  the  dead  was  })rol)ahly  iiui- 
tated  lor  a  lono-  time  hy  the  trihes  that  followed  the 
Mound-huilders,  so  that  the  relics  from  these  mouiuls 
are  less  satisfactory  than  those  found  on  the  altars. 
In  tlie  burial  mounds  that  may  he  most  coiiHdently 
ascribed  to  the  Mound-builders,  the  human  remains 
are  found  in  a  situation  corivsponding  to  ihat  of  the 
altars.  I'hey  are  usually  enclosed  in  a  frame-work  of 
loys,  a  coverino-  of  bark  or  coarse  niattinn',  or  a  com- 
bination of  these,  which  ha\'e  left  only  faint  trace>'. 
( )f  the  skeleton  oidy  small  frai^nients  remain,  which 
(•ramble  on  exposun.;  to  the  air.  In  some  cases  tliere 
ai'e  indications  that  the  body  was  burned  before  burial. 
Each  mound  cental  is,  as  a  I'ule,  a  single  skeleton, 
^•enerally  but  not  always  ])laced  east  and  west.  AVlujre 
seveial  skeletons  are  found  together,  they  are  some- 
times placed  in  a  circle  with  the  heads  towai'ds  the 
centre.  The  mounds  never  contain  lar^e  nund)ei-s  of 
skeletons,  and  caimot  be  I'e^aided  as  cemeteries,  but 
only  as  monuments  reared  o\er  the  remains  of  person- 
ao^-es  hli>'li  in  rank.  N'ery  few  skulls  or  bones  are 
recovered  sufficiently  entire  to  ij;ive  any  idea  of  the 
!\round-builders'  ]»hysi(pie,  and  these  few  show  no 
clearly  defined  <liM'eivnces  from  the  modern  Indian 
tril)es.  Four  or  five  burial  mounds  ai'e  often  found  in 
a  ,i>'rou}),  the  smaller  ones  in  such  cases  bein<>'  ^'rouped 
round  a  larger  central  one,  uenerally  in  contact  with 
its  base,  ^[r  Laphani  sketched  mounds  in  Wiscon- 
sin where  the  body  is  deposited  iu  a  ce.itral  basin- 


77G 


WORKS  OF  THE  MOUND-PA' ILDKIIS. 


shaped  excavation  in  the  j^round  very  iniieli  like  tliose 
in  Vancouver  Ishind  ah'cady  described. 

Of  the  eastern  burial  de[)osits  not  connected  Avitli 
the  mounds  I  sliall  say  very  little.  It  has  already 
been  stated  that  the  mounds  were  in  no  sense  cenu- 
teries.  Only  a  favored  fe\v  of  what  nuist  have  1)ec!i 
a  dense  po[)ulation  were  honored  by  these  sepulchr.;] 
momiments.  Obli^-ed  to  seek  elsewhere  the  _i>'eneral 
de[)()sitories  of  the  dead,  we  find  them  of  various 
classes  in  lari^'e  numbers;  l)ut  as  yet  veiy  little  has 
been  done  towards  identifying  any  of  them  as  tlic 
resting-places  of  the  ^[ound-builders.  There  aic 
many  bone-jjits,  or  trenches  tilled  with  human  bones, 
in  the  moimd  region;  but  some  of  the  modern  In- 
dians are  well  known  to  have  ])eriodically  collected 
and  de})osited  in  pits  the  bones  of  their  dead.  Largi- 
numbers  of  bodies  have  been  found  in  the  caves  of 
Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  well  preserved  by  the  nat- 
iira.l  deposits  of  saltpetre,  and  wra[)ped  in  skins,  bark, 
or  feather-cloth ;  but  tlie  fact  tliat  such  cloths  Avere 
ma(h;  and  used  l)y  the  soutlicrn  tribes,  renders  the 
origin  of  these  bodies  micertain.  ijesides  the  caves 
and  trenches  there  are  I'egular  cemeteries,  some  of 
them  very  extensive.  Seven  of  these  are  reported 
about  Nashville,  Tennessee,  within  a  radius  of  ten 
miles,  each  being  about  a  mih;  in  extent.  'J"he  graves 
are  of  flat  stones,  lie  in  ranges,  awd  contain  skeletons 
much  decayed,  with  some  relics.  The  coffins,  or 
graves,  vary  from  two  to  six  feet  in  length,  and  tlu' 
smallest  have  sometimes  been  mentioned  as  indicating 
a  race  of  pigmies;  it  is  evick'nt,  however,  that  in  such 
graves  bones  were  not  deposited  until  the  Hesh  had 
1»een  removed.  Sometimes  there  are  traces  of  wooden 
coffins,  in  other  cases  there  arc  only  stones  at  the  head 
and  feet,  and  often  there  is  no  trace  ot  any  coffni.  A 
few  graves  contain  relics  similar  to  those  in  the  altai-- 
mounds,  and  were  covered  with  large  forest  trees 
when  first  seen  by  Kuropeans.  Yet  the  comparatively 
well-preserved  skeletons,  and  the  presence  in  many 


ANOMALOUS  MolNDS. 


777 


cases  of  iron  and  relics  clearly  modern,  render  it  well- 
nigh  inipoHsihle  to  decide  Avliicli,  it"  any,  of  these  cem- 
eteries contain  the  remains  of  the  ^lonnd-huilders. 

j\[()unds  of  the  third  class  are  called  anomalons, 
and  include  all  that  are  not  evidently  either  altar  or 
hurial  mounds,  or  which  haA'e  some  of  the  pecul- 
iarities of  hotli  classes;  for  instance,  in  an  ellij)ticnl 
mound  an  altar  was  found  in  one  centre,  and  a  skele- 
ton in  the  other,  ^[ost  ]»rominent  amon^*  them  arc 
the  hill-top  heaps  of  earth,  or  -oltener  than  in  th*' 
plains  helow — of  stone.  These  have  as  a  rule  few 
ori^'inal  hurial  deposits,  and  no  relics;  are  often  ni'ar 
fortitications;  and  in  many  cases  hear  the  marks  of 
fire.  Their  use  caimot  he  accurately  determined,  hut 
they  are  _<>'enerally  ren'arded  as  watch-towers  and  tire; 
signal  stations.  Of  course,  comparatively  few  of  t\\v 
whole  numhcr  of  conical  mounds  have  heeii  explored, 
hut  so  far  as  examined  tliev  seem  to  l)e  ahout  eiiuallv 
divided  hetween  the  three  classes.  The  mouiid 
shown  in  the  cut  is  at  ^Tianiishuii;-,  Ohio,  and  its  class 


Momul  at  Miaiiiiwbiirf,'. 


778 


WORKS  OF  THE  MOUM/-nUILT)ERS. 


is  not  stated.  It  is  sixty-eight  feet  liigli  uiid  eight 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  circumference.  Shell- 
mounds  al)ounding  in  relics  of  ahoriginal  woik  are 
very  numerous  in  the  gulf  states. 

T  shall  pass  ])rielly  over  the  minor  relics  of  abo- 
riginal art  since  it  is  impossible  in  this  volume  to 
present  illustrative  cuts  of  the  thousands  of  objects 
tliat  have  been  found,  or  even  of  typical  sjiecimens. 
Such  relics  as  are  incontestal)ly  the  Avork  of  the 
jVIound- builders  include  articles  of  metal,  stone, 
earthen  ware,  bone,  and  shell.  They  include  imple- 
ments and  ornaments,  besides  wliich  many  are  of 
unknown  use.  Most  of  the  smaller  sjiecimeiis,  wliose 
use  is  unknown,  are  called  l)y  !Mr  ])ickeson  and 
others  aboriginal  coins;  perhaps  some  of  them  did 
serve  such  a  purpose. 

The  oidy  metals  found  in  the  mounds  are  copper 
and  silver,  the  latter  only  in  very  small  (piaii titles. 
A  few  gold  trinkets  have  been  reported,  but  the  evi- 
dence is  not  conclusive  that  such  were  deposited  by 
tlie  Mound-builders.  Iron  ore  and  galena  occur,  but 
no  iron  or  lead. 

Co])per  is  found  in  native  masses,  and  also  ham- 
mered into  implements  and  ornamojits.  There  is  no 
evidence  that  this  metal  was  ever  ol)taincd  f)om  ore 
])y  smelting;  it  was  all  doubtless  worked  cold  from 
native  masses  by  hammering.  Concerning  tlie  lo- 
cality where  it  was  procured,  there  is  little  or  no 
uncertainty.  The  abundant  deposits  of  native  cop- 
per about  Lake  Superior  naturally  suggest  that 
region  as  the  source  of  the  copper  sup}>ly;  the  dis- 
covery of  anciently  worked  mines  strengthens  the 
supposition;  and  the  finding  among  the  mounds  of 
coi>per  mixed  with  silver  in  a  manner  o\]]y  found  at 
Lake  Superior,  makes  the  matter  a  certainty.  The 
modern  tribes  also  ol)tained  some  copper  from  the 
same  localities.  The  Mound-builders  were  ignorant 
of  the  arts  of  casting,  welding,  and  alloying.     They 


ABORIGINAL  POTTERY. 


779 


liad  no  means  of  liardoning  their  copper  tools,  l)cinLf 
in  tliis  respect  less  advanced  than  the  Nahnas  and 
!Mayas.  In  fact  copper  implements  are  nuicli  more 
rare  than  ornaments  of  the  same  metal.  The  imple- 
ments include  axes,  hatchets,  adzes,  knives,  spear- 
lieads,  chisels,  drills,  etc.  Ornaments  are  in  the  form 
of  rin^s,  gorgets,  medals,  bracelets,  and  beads,  ^vith  a 
large  variety  of  small  articles  of  unknown  use,  some 
of  them  probably  used  as  money.  Very  small 
models  of  larger  implements  like  axes  are  often 
found,  and  were  doubtless  Avorn  as  ornaments. 

Silver  is  of  nuicli  rarer  occurrence  than  co])per,  was 
obtained  prol)ably  from  the  same  region,  and  is  almost 
invariably  found  in  the  form  of  sheets  hammered  out 
very  thin  and  closely  wrapped  about  small  ornaments 
of  co|)per  or  shell.  So  nicely  is  the  wrapping  done 
that  it  often  resembles  jdating.  The  gold  whose  dis- 
covery has  been  re})orted  has  l)een  in  tlie  form  of 
beads  and  so-called  coins.  Mr  Dickeson  speaks  con- 
Hdently  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  galena  money  left 
b}^  the  ^lound-builders.  There  is  no  evidence  that 
the  use  of  iron  was  known,  except  the  extivnie  ditli- 
culty  of  clearing  forests  and  carving  stone  with  im- 
plements of  stone  and  soft  copper. 

S|)ecimens  of  aboriginal  pottery  are  very  abundant, 
altliouLih  much  less  so  within  tlie  mounds  tlian  else- 
■where  near  tlie  surface.  !Mr  Sipiier  says,  "vai'ious 
tliough  not  abundant  specimens  of  their  skill  have 
been  recorded,  which  in  elegance  of  model,  delicacy, 
and  Hnish,  as  also  in  tineness  of  matei'ial,  come  I'ullv 
up  to  the  host  Peruvian  specimens,  to  which  they 
bear,  in  many  respects,  a  close  resemblance.  They 
far  exceed  anything  of  which  the  existing  tribes  of 
Indians  are  known  to  have  been  capable."  The  speci- 
mens in  the  niound-de[)()sits  are,  with  very  lew  ex- 
ceptions, broken.  The  material  is  usually  a  ]»ure 
clay,  sometimes  with  a  slight  admixture  of  ])al\eiized 
quartz  or  colored  tiakes  of  mica,  but  such  admixtures 


780 


WOIIKS  OF  THE  MOUND-DL'ILDEIIS. 


are  mudi  rarer  tlian  in  modern  specimens,  Notwitli- 
staiidii)^'  tlicir  great  regularity  of  form  and  beauty  of 
finisli,  none  bear  signs  that  the  potter's  wheel  was 
used  in  their  construction,  and  no  vessels  are  glazed 
by  vitrilication.  They  are  decorated  with  various 
jTfraceful  fi<'i'L'es,  including  those  of  living  animals,  cut 
in  with  sharp  instruments.  A  few  crucil)les,  capa- 
ble of  withstanding  intense  heat,  have  been  found, 
also  terra-cotta  images  of  animals  and  men,  and  or- 
naments or  coins  in  small  quantities.  Pottery-kil;is 
are  found  in  the  south,  but  that  they  were  the  work 
of  the  Mound-builders  has  not  been  satisfaetoiily 
proven.  Specimens  of  the  finer  class  of  vases  aic 
shown  in  the  cut.     The  first  is  of  [)ure  clay  with  a 


Eurthcn  Vases  from  the  Mounds. 


slight  silicious  mixture.  It  is  five  and  a  half  indies 
high  and  six.  and  a  half  in  diameter,  not  over  one 
sixth  of  an  incji  in  uniform  thickness,  pierced  with 
four  holes  in  the  line  round  the  rim,  dark  brown  oi- 
nmber  in  color,  and  highly  polished.  The  decorative 
lines  are  cut  in  with  a  sharj)  instrument  which  left  no 
ragged  edges.  The  second  vase  is  of  somewhat 
smaller  size  and  coarser  material;  but  more  elaborately 
ornamented  and  only  one  eighth  of  an  inch  in  thick- 
ness. 


give 

eai'it 

usu; 

tile 

senti 

in  ti' 

The 


STONE  DIPLE^IENTS. 


781 


Stone  iinplemoiits  arc  more  abundant  tlian  these 
of  any  otlier  material  in  the  altar-mounds  and  else- 
where They  include  arrow  and  spear  heads,  knives, 
rxt'S,  hatchets,  chisels,  and  other  variously  formed  cut- 
ting- instruments,  with  hannners  and  pestles.  These 
nvc  made  of  (piartz  and  other  hard  vai'iotios  of  stone, 
all  belonninij;"  to  the  mound  region  exce})t  the  ohsid- 
i  in.  There  is  no  doubt  that  obsidian  imidoments 
Merc  used  Ijy  the  Mound-builders,  and  as  this  mate- 
rial is  said  not  to  be  found  nearer  than  Mi;xico  and 
(.'alifornia,  it  is  perhai)s  as  likely  tliat  the  hn})le- 
ments  were  obtained  by  trade  as  that  they  were 
manufactured  in  the  countr}".  Neither  the  obsidian 
knives,  nor  other  stone  Avea})ons,  sliow  any  marked 
diiferences  from  those  found  in  ^lexico,  Central 
America,  and  most  other  [)arts  oi'  the  Wdrltl.  Lance 
iind  arrow  heads,  finished  and  in  the  rough,  entire  or 
more  freipiently  broken  by  the  action  of  tire,  are 
taken  by  hundreds  and  thousands  from  tlie  altar- 
mounds;  several  bushels  of  lance-heads  of  milky 
([uartz  were  found  in  one  mound,  it  is  a  remarkable 
hu-t,  however,  that  no  weapons  whatever  are  Ibund 
i:i  burial  mounds.  Beads,  rings,  antl  <  tlier  orna- 
ments of  stone  are  often  found,  with  a  variety  of 
anomalous  articles  whose  use  is  more  or  less  im- 
jterfectly  understood.  Besides  wea])ons  and  knives, 
pi[)es  are  the  articles  most  abundant,  and  on  which 
the  ^lound-buildei's  expended  most  lavishly  their 
skill,  carving  the  bowls  into  a  great  variety  of  beau- 
tiful forms,  at  what  must  have  been  an  inunense 
outlay  of  labor.  A  remarkable  jieculiai-ity  (jf  their 
pi[»e-carvings  is  that  accurate  representations  are 
given  of  (litK'i'ent  natural  objects  instead  of  tlie  rude 
(•ai'icatures  and  monstr(>s '.ies  in  which  savage  art 
usually  delights.  Nearly  every  beast,  bird,  and  I'ep- 
tile  indigenous  to  the  country  is  truthfully  repn^- 
sented,  togetlu;r  with  some  creatui'es  now  only  ibund 
in  tr()))ical  climates,  such  as  the  laniantin  and  toucan. 
The  i)i|);.'s  '>'enerallv  consist  of  a  bowl  risinu'  from  the 


782 


WOUKS  OF  THE  MUUXD-UUILDEllS. 


centre  of  tlie  convex  side  of  a  curved  l)asc,  one  end 
of  which  serves  as  a  handle  and  the  other  is  {>ierced 
for  a  stem.  They  are  always  cut  from  a  sinu^le  ])iece, 
the  material  heing  j^eneially  a  hard  ]>or[)iiyry,  (d'ten 
est  red,  and  strongly  resendjling  in  some  cases  the 
red  i)i})e-stone  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies.  The  lo- 
cality where  this  j)i})e  material  was  obtained  is  un- 
known. Many  of  the  scul})tured  figures  show  skillful 
workmanship  and  a  high  polish;  1  think  that  many 
of  them  are  not  inferior  to  the  products  of  Nahua 
and  jSIaya  skill.  Some  rude  stone  images  of  un- 
known use  have  been  found  at  various  points,  but  1 
am  not  aware  that  any  relics  have  been  authentically 
reported  from  the  altar-mounds  which  indicate  tliat 
the  ancient  peo})le  were  worshipers  of  idols.  Mica  is 
the  mineral  most  conmion  in  both  altar  and  buriul 
mounds,  where  it  occurs  in  plates  cut  into  a  gicat 
variety  of  foi'ms.  Some  of  them  have  been  con- 
jectured to  have  served  .as  mirrors.  Bushels  are 
sometimes  deposited  in  a  single  mound.  J^ieces  of 
coal  artiticially  formed  are  included  l)y  Dickeson 
amonn"  his  aboriginal  coins. 

Bones  of  indigenous  animals  are  found  worked 
into  daggers,  awls,  and  similar  implements;  or  as 
ornaments  in  the  form  of  beads.  Similar  use  was 
made  of  the  teeth  and  talons  of  boasts  and  bii'ds. 
Teeth  of  the  bear,  wolf,  panther,  alligator,  and  shark, 
have  been  found,  some  of  the  latter  being  fossils, 
together  with  large  quantities  of  teeth  resembling 
those  of  tlie  whale,  but  not  fullv  identified. 

Five  varieties  of  marine  sliells,  all  from  the  gulf 
shores,  have  been  examined,  with  pearls  whose  size 
and  numbers  pi'ove  that  they  are  not  of  fresh-water 
orii>in.  Both  are  used  for  ornaments,  cliieflv  in  the 
form  of  beads.  Pearls  are  also  found  in  a  few  in- 
stances serving  as  eyes  for  animal  and  bird  sculj>tui'es. 
Some  articles  of  bone  and  shell  have  been  mistaken 
lor    ivory    and    accredited    with    an    Asiatic    origin, 


ANCIHNT  MINES. 


783 


tlir()iii;li  ignorance  that  tlieir  mati'i-ial  is  found  on  tlio 
shores  of  tliu  jj;ult'.  ^Eany  ai'ticles  I'ound  in  tlu; 
iiiouiuls,  and  not  perhaps  inchided  in  the  |)rec('dinn- 
o-eneral  des«'i-l})ti()n,  are  interefsting-,  hut  could  only 
he  descrihed  in  a  detailed  account,  for  wliich  I  havt; 
no  space;  hut  most  relics  not  thus  included  are  of 
doul)tful  authentlcitv,  and  a  douhtful  inoiiiniient  of 
anticpiity  .should  always  he  attriljuted  to  modern 
times. 


The  ancient  minors  have  left  mimerous  ti-accs  of 
their  work  in  the  reg'iou  of  Lake  Su[)erior.  At  one 
place  a  piece  of  })ure  copper  weit^hinLf  over  live  tons 
was  found  fifteen  feet  helow  the  surface,  undei'  ti'ces 
at  least  four  lumdred  years  old.  It  had  heen  raised 
on  skids,  hore  marks  of  fire,  and  some  stone  imj)le- 
ments  were  scattered  ahout.  There  is  no  evidi;nc(! 
that  the  trihes  foimd  in  poss(.!ssion  of  the  country  hy 
the  tirst  French  missionaries  ever  worked  these  mines, 
or  had  any  tradition  of  a  peo[)le  that  had  worked 
them,  althou<4'h  hoth  they  and  their  an(;estors  h;id 
copper  knives  hammered  from  lumps  of  the  metal, 
which  are  very  commonly  found  on  the  surface;.  All 
the  traditi(jns  and  Indian  stories  of  'mines'  may  most 
consistently  he  referred  to  these  natural  su|)erticial  (!■- 
])osits.  The  ancient  mines  were  f  >r  the  most  oart  in 
the  same  localities  where  the  hest  modern  mines  ai'o 
worked.  Most  of  thein  have  left  as  traces  only  slii^ht 
depressions  in  the  surface,  the  finding-  (»f  which  is 
reL(arded  hy  prospectors  as  a  tolerahly  sure*  indication 
of  a  rich  vein  of  co[)per.  'i'he  cut  represents  a  sec- 
tion of  one  of  the  veins  of  copper-heariuL*"  rock 
worked  hy  the  ancient  miners.  T.ie  mass  of  coj)pi  r 
at  a  weiLj'hed  ahout  six  tons.  At  the  to})  a  portion  (»f 
the  stone  had  heen  left  across  the  vein  as  a  su|)[)ort. 
Co[)per  im[)l<Mnents,  includino^  wed^^'es  used  in  minin;^' 
as  'sj;ads,'  are  found  in  and  ahout  the  old  mines;  with 
hannners  of  stone,  mostly  L>'rooved  for  withe  handles. 
Some  weigh  froni  thirty  to  forty  [)ounds  and  have  two 


;si 


woijK.s  OF  Tin-:  MouNn-iuiLi)i:i!s. 


Hectiini  ot  iiii  old  Cojuier  Mine. 


L^Toovos;  otlicrs  a^uiii  nro  not  jj^roovcid  at  all.  In  onc: 
case  remain;-;  of  a  liandlo  of  twisted  cedar-roots  were 
found,  and  much-worn  wooden  shovels  often  occur. 
There  are  no  luiclosures,  mounds,  or  other  traces  of  <•>, 
jjermanent  settlement  of  the  ^lound-huilders  in  the 
minin<4'  n'L>ion.  it  is  prohahle  that  the  minei's  came 
each  sununer  I'rom  the  south;  in  i'act,  it  would  have 
heeu  impossible  to  work  the  mines  in  winter  by  their 
methods. 


Nearly  all  the  coins,  medals,  stone  tablets,  etc.,  that 
have  been  discovered  within  the  region  occu})icd  by 
the  j\Ioimd-buildei-s,  bearinii^  inscri])tlonH  in  regular 
apparently  al])habetic  characters,  maybe  proved  to  be 
of  European  orii^in ;  and  the  few  s])ecimens  that  do 
not  admit  of  such  ]»roof  should  of  course  be  atti'ibuted 
to  such  an  origin  in  the  absence  of  conclusive  evidence 
to  the  contrary,  llude  delineations  of  men,  animals, 
and  other  recoijfnizable  objects,  toi^'ether  with  many 
arbitrary,  })ei'liaj)s  conventional,  characters,  are  of  fre- 


pn 


UihK   INSCUII'TIONS. 


7sr, 


(jiK'tit  ot'ciiri't'iicc  nil  tilt'  walls  ot'  c'lvcs,  on  luTpi'ii- 
<li(iilar  ii\(r-rlills,  and  on  (Iftaclu'd  stones.  'I'iicy  arc 
soiiictinics  iiicisiMl,  hut  iisiiaily  paintfil.  Most  Itrar  ;i 
strong'  rfsciiiltJaiM'i!  to  tlio  artistic  oH'orts  ol"  inodcrn 
trilx's;  and  tlioso  wliich  sctin  to  luar  marks  of  ;i 
t^i'catcr  anti([iiity,  liaNc  l>y  no  means  been  ideiitilied 
as  tile  Work  ol"  the  Moiiii(l-I>niIders.  Tliese  eastern 
rock-inscrii>tions  do  not  call  lor  additional  remarks, 
al'ter  what  has  hoeii  said  of  similar  carNiii'^s  in  other 
re^-ions.  Many  •'!'  the  li'^iires  ha\'e  a  iiieaniii'^'  to 
those  who  iiiaki!  them,  Imt.  that  meaning',  as  in  all 
wi-iliir^s  of  this  class,  perishes  with  the  artist  and  his 
i'Minediate  times.  Attem|its  hy  /ealoiis  anti(|iiaiies 
t.»  penetrate  till'  si'^'iiilical  ion  ol"  particular  inscriptions 
— as  that  on  l)ii;litou  liock.  Massachnselts,  and  other 
Well-known  examples  liaN'e  lailed  to  com  ince  any 
hut  the  determined  advocate  of  siidi  theories  as  sei  in 
to  derive  support  Iroiii  the  so-called  translation.  My 
hither  saw  ;i  stone  tahlet  takt'ii  IVoiii  a  stone  iiionnd 
n  ar  Newark,  c(»vere(|  with  car\ed  characters,  which 
t!ie  cli'i-^yman  of  tli(!  town  |iroiioiin<'cd  to  he  the  ten 
ciinmandiiieiits  in  ancient  Ilehrew.  I  Jia\ c  no  douht 
t!iat  tli»,'  linuri'S  did  closely  reseinhle  the  ancient  Ile- 
hrew in  one  respect  at  least — that  is,  in  hein^;'  ecpially 
nnlamiliar  to  the  clernvman. 


Without  takine'  up  her(^  th(>  A-arioiis  tlieories  i-e- 
s])ectin<;-  the  origin,  history,  and  disappearance  of"  tho 
Moiind-huilders,  it  may  lie  well  to  e\|iress  in  a  W'W 
liriet'  conclusions  what  may  he  learned  of  this  peoph; 
hy  an  exiiinhuitioii  ol"  the  monninents  which  they 
liave  left. 

Tliuy  were  a  iiiimerous  ]»eo])le,  as  is  sntlicicMitly 
]>roved  by  the  man'iiitude  and  nco^raphical  I'xtent  ol" 
their  works.  'J'Jiey  Mere  prohably  ohc  peo])le,  that  is, 
composed  of  trihes  living  under  similar  laws,  religion, 
and  other  institutions.  Such  variations  as  are  ob- 
served in  the  inonunients  are  only  those  that  would 
naturally  occur  between  central  and  frontier  regions, 


I II 


Vol..  IV.     50 


786 


WOKKS  OF  TIIK  MOUXD-nUILDKKS. 


filtliouyh  tlio  .iiiiiuMlH-iuomulH  of  the  north -wost 
present  sonic  ditliculticH.  The  Mound-huilders  were 
an  aL;'ri('uhuriil  })eo)»le.  Tribes  tliat  live  l)y  hunting- 
never  build  extensive  public  works,  neither  would 
llie  chase  su]i})ort  a  sulHciently  large  pojtulation  Ibr 
the  erection  of  such  Avorks.  Moreover,  the  location 
of  the  nioiuinients  in  the  most  fertile  sections  oofs 
far  to  confii'ni  this  conclusion.  Some  of  the  lar^'•er 
enclosures  have  been  sup})osed, — only  by  ri'iison  of 
their  size,  however, — to  have  been  cultivated  fields; 
and  evident  traces  of  an  ancient  cultivation  are  Ibuud, 
although  not  clearly  referable  to  the  Mound-builders. 

There  is  nothiuL^'  to  sliow  an  advanced  civilization 
in  the  modern  sense  of  the  word,  but  they  were  civ- 
ilized in  comj)arison  with  the  rovini^  hunter-tribes  of 
later  times.  They  knew  nothing  of  the  use  of  metals 
beyond  the  mere  ]iammerin!>f  of  native  masses  of 
copper  and  silver;  they  built  no  stone  structui'es; 
they  had  seemingly  made  no  approach  to  the  higher 
gracU's  of  hieroglyphic  writing.  Their  civilization  as 
recorded  by  its  material  relics  consisted  of  a  knowl- 
edge of  au'iiculture:  considerable  skill  in  the  art  of 
fortification;  much  greater  skill  than  that  of  the 
Indians  in  the  manufacture  of  pottery  and  tlie  cai'v- 
ing  of  sti)ne  i)ipes;  the  mathematical  knowledge  dis- 
l^layed  in  the  laying-out  of  perfect  circles  and  ac- 
curate angles,  and  in  the  correspondence  in  size 
between  different  works.  Their  earth- works  sliow 
more  perseverance  than  skill ;  no  one  of  them  neces- 
sarily implies  the  use  of  mechanical  aids  t(>  l.il 
there  is  none  that  a  large  nundjer  of  nv  n  _;ht  nun 
construct  by  carrying  earth  in  simple  1  < 

All  traces  of  their  architecture  ha\  iisappoared. 
It  has  been  suggested  that  were  the  nipl  >  yet 
standing  on  their  pyramidal  foundations,  the^  might 
compare  favorably  with  those  of  Central  America 
and  Mexico.  But  the  construction  of  wooden  edifices 
with  any  pretensions  to  grandeur  and  synnnetry,  by 
means  of  stone   and    soft  copper   tools,  seems   al)so- 


I'oNci.rsioNS.  7c7 

lutfly  iiii|)()ssli)lL';  at  least  siicli  sti'iicturus  would 
ruqiiii'c  iiiiiiiitLly  ,<j;"i't'atcr  skill  than  that  displayd  l»y 
the  Xaliiias  ami  Mavas   and  it  is  luorc  rcasoiiaUlu  to 

I.  ' 

sii|i|)oso  that  till'  tciiiplc'S  of  tlic  ^lound-lmildcrs  were 
rude  woodun  hulldiui^s. 

The  moiiuincuts  iui|»Iy  a  \vido-s]>read  I'tli^ious  sys- 
tuni  inidur  a  [)o\vcri"ul  jiiiusthood;  piivato  d«.'Votioii 
luaiiilrsts  itself  oil  a  scale  less  niaL;uili»'ent,  and  oiu; 
involving-  less  hard  work,  ()f  their  riti-s  wt;  know 
iiothini;'.  The  altar-inouiMls  su^'gest  saerifice;  l)uni((l 
human  l)(>Mes,  liuniaii  sai-ritiee.  (Gateways  on  the 
oast,  and  the  east  mid  west  direction  of  enihaiikinents 
and  skeletons  may  connect  worship  with  tin;  sun;  hut 
all  is  conjecture.  No  idols,  kiKJwn  to  he  such,  have 
heen  found;  the  cemeteries,  if  any  of  them  helom;'  to 
the  Mound-I)uilders,  show  no  uniform  usa^e  in  l»urial. 
The  aiR'ieiit  peo))le  lived  inider  a  system  of  oovern- 
ment  considerahly  advanced,  more  than  likely  in  the 
hands  of  the  ])riesthood,  hut  of  its  details  we  know 
iKjthinj^.  A  social  condition  involving'  some  form  of 
slavery  would  ho  most  favorahle  for  the  construction 
of  such  works. 

The  monuments  descril)cd  arc  not  the  work  of  the 
Indian  trihes  found  in  the  country,  nor  of  any  ti'iiies 
ivseiuhlinn'  them  in  institutions.  Those  trihes  had  no 
definite  ti'adition  oven  of  past  contact  with  a  supeiior 
people,  and  it  is  only  in  the  south  ainoUL;'  the  little- 
known  Natchez,  that  sli^'ht  traces  of  a  descent  from, 
or  imitation  of,  the  ]\roun(l-l)uilders  a]»])ear.  Most 
and  the  hest  authorities  ileem  it  im[)ossil)le  that  the 
]\lound-l)uilders  were  oven  the  remote  ancestoi-s  of  the 
Indian  trihes;  and  while  inclined  to  he  less  positive 
than  most  who  have  written  on  the  suhject  respectino- 
the  i)ossihle  chanijfes  that  mav  have  heen  effected  hv 
a  Ioiil;'  course  of  centuries,  1  think  that  the  evidence 
of  a  race  locally  extinct  is  much  stronger  here  than 
in  any  otlier  })art  of  the  continent. 

The  monuments  are  not  sufficient  in  themselves  to 
absolutely  prove  or  disprove  the  truth  of  any  one  of 


rs8 


Works  of  tiik  Morxn-nnLDEns. 


'tlie  follow iiiL;'  theories:  1st.  An  indinviious  cuUui'o 
sj»riiiL;iii,iL''  uj>  aiiiuiig  the  ]\lisssissij)pi  tribes,  loiiiidcd 
oil  ai;ri(.'nlture,  fostered  l>yc'limiite  and  other  uidcnowii 
(  ii(innsta:u-es,  constantly  n'l'owino'  throunh  loni;'  i>,L;es, 
(hi\  ini;"  back  the  snrionndiny'  walls  of  savaL>isni,  l»ut 
ai'tn-wai'ds  weakened  by  unknown  causes,  yielding' 
'^i'adually  to  savuL;e  hordes,  and  finally  ainiihilated  or 
(h'i\eii  in  renniants  from  their  homes  southward.  I'd. 
A  colony  fnau  the  southern  peoples  already  stai't<'(l  in 
t'.ie  j)ath  of  ci\iH/,a.tion,  t^'rowinn'  as  bi'foi-i'  in  jiower, 
but  at  last  forced  to  yield  their  home's  into  the  pos- 
s;'ssioii  of  sava^vs,  ;!d.  A  mi^i'atiiii^'  colony  from  the 
north,  dwelling;'  lon^'  in  tlic  land,  n'raihially  inciTasiuL;" 
ill  powt'r  and  culture,  constantly  extending;'  their  do- 
minion southwai'd,  and  fnially  altuiidomuL;'  \t»luiitarily 
oi'  a'.;iinst  their  will,  the  north  foi'  the  moi't^  I'aNored 
south,  where  they  modified  or  originated  the  southern 
ci\ilization. 

The  last  theory,  lon^-  ;i  very  ])opular  one,  is  in  it- 
sell"  less  consistent  aud  recei\es  less  support  iVoni  the 
relics  than  the  others.  'I'he  second,  which  has  some 
points  in  connnon  with  the  first,  is  most  reasonable 
and  best  supjiorted  by  moimuiental  and  tiaditional 
t''>idence.  'I'he  temple-niounds  stroiii^ly  ivsemb'le  in 
t!nir  j)i'incipal  features  the  southern  jtyi'amids;  at 
1  a^t  they  iniply  a  likeness  of  relit;i'>us  ideas  in  the 
builders.  The  use  of  obsidian  im[)lements  shows  a 
connection,  either  through  ori^'in,  war,  or  connnerce, 
with  the  Mexican  nati<nis,  or  at  least  with  nations 
who  came  in  contact  with  the  Xahuas.  'I'hei'e  ai'e, 
moreoxer,  several  Nahua  traditions  i'es[>ectinn'  the 
arrival  on  their  cixists  from  the  north-east,  of  iM\ilized 
!?trani;ers.  There  is  very  little  evidence  that  ti:u 
j\Iound-builders  introduced  in  the  south  the  Xahuii 
civilization,  and  none  whatever  that  the  Aztec  mi^ra- 
ticMi  started  from  tlio  Mississippi  Valley,  but  1  am 
inclined  to  believe  that  there  was  actually  a  connec- 
tion between  the  two  ])eoples;  that  the  !Mound-build- 
ers,    or    those    that    introduced    their   culture,    were 


4 


ANTUiUITV  OF  Till;  MoM  MHNTS. 


rs'j 


oriiiiniillv  a  Xaliua  colouv,  find  that  those  ])0(.i)lo  may 
be  refurred  to  in  soiuo  of  tliu  tmditioiis  meniioiu'd. 
Without  ('lainiin;;-  to  Ijo  able  to  determiiiL'  ex;ict]\'  tlie 
relation  between  the  ^Moiiiid-buildcrs  and  Xahiias, 
I  sliall  have  soinutliinn'  furthLT  to  sav  (-)i  this  sunji'ct 
in  another  vohnne. 

Tile  Avoi'hfi  wi'i'e  not  built  1)_v  a  iiiiL^'ratinu'  ()i'o|iI(', 
but  by  a  race  tliat  li\t'd  lou^-  in  tlic  land,  It  srcm-; 
unlikely  tliat  thu  rcstdts  attained  could  lia\f  i.ic;! 
accouiiilisluMl  in  less  than  ibur  or  live  cfiiturics.  Xutl;- 
ini^'  indicates  that  the  tinu;  did  not  cxtmd  to  ilmii- 
sands  oi"  years,  but  it  is  only  resj)ectin!4'  the  niinininni 
tiiui'  that  there  can  he  any  ^rounds  for  reasonaM,! 
eonjectnre.  1 1' we  su]>[)ose  the  ci\ili/.ation  indigenous, 
of  course  a  nnich  lon^'er  period  nuist  b^'  assi.;ned  to 
its  develo[)iuent  than  if  it  was  introduc(  d  liy  a  niiMa- 
tion  -oi'  rather  a,  coloni/atioii,  Ibr  ci\irized  and  s( mi- 
ci\  ili/,"d  peoples  do  not  mi  j rale  en  masse.  )dor(  o\ ,  |-  a 
northern  origin  would  im[i!y  a  lonu;cr  durat  ion  oi'tiuu! 
than  one  from  the  south,  where  a  decree  of  ci\ili/.a- 
tion  is  known  to  have  existed. 

J  low  lou'.;'  a  time  has  ilapsed  since  tlie  ,Moui  d- 
l)uil(K'rs  ah;ndoned  tlu'ii'  works^  Ib'ie  ajain  a  mil.  - 
nnun  e.-tiniate  only  can  be  souLjht.  No  \\or!<  is  more 
endui-in^'  than  an  embankment  of  earth.  Thi  re  is  \\.\ 
positi\'(;  internal  proof  that  they  were  m-t  standiir;- 
oui',  li\'e,  oi'  ten  tlio"sand  yi'.-'.rs  a'_;'o.  The  e\ide;ii(S 
of  an  ancient  ahandomneni  of  the  works,  or  si  rio.is 
decline  of  the  hullders'  |iowei',  are  as  iollows:  1>',, 
tlie  fact  that  none  of  tlnni  stand  on  the  last  formi'd 
terrace  of  the  ri\crs.  iuo>t  ou  (he  oldc-i  terrarc.  -ud 
that  those  on  the  second  hoar  in  soinc  ca>i>  nurk-^  of 
havino'  heeii  insadcd  hy  watei-.  'I'he  rale  of  ti  rraie- 
formiiii4-  \aries  ou  diilercnt  streams,  and  there  are  no 
siilhcieiit  data  lor  oiimatln.;-  in  yeais  th"  time  I'o- 
(jiui\(l  for  the  formation  of  any  one  of  the  leii.K  ,.s^ 
at  least  scientilic  men  \\\\i  ca.rel'id  not  to  ^i\-e  a  (hliii- 
ite  opiniitn  in  the  matter;  but  it  ise\iden(  that  eadi 
re(piii"ed  a  \ery  lo)ie'  perio'l.  and   tlie  la  t  omi-  a  ne-cli 


'90 


WORKS  OF  THE  MOUND-BUILDERS. 


, 


L^iig'er  tiiiio  tlian  any  of  the  others,  on  account  of  the 
iL^'rathial  longitudinal  levelino-  of  the  river-beds.  2d. 
The  coni})l(jte  disappearance  of  all  wooden  structures, 
which  must  have  been  of  great  solidity.  J3d.  The 
advanced  state  of  deconipositi(jii  of  human  bones  in  ;i 
soil  well  calculated  for  their  preserv^ation.  Skeletons 
are  found  in  Euro])e  well  preserved  at  a  known  age 
(if  eighteen  hundred  years,  4th.  The  absence  of  the 
]\[ound-bnilders  from  the  traditions  of  modern  tribes. 
Nothing  would  seem  more  likely  to  be  i)reser\ed  in 
mythic  or  historic  traditions  than  contact  with  a 
superior  people,  and  the  mounds  would  serve  to  keep 
tlie  traditions  alive,  otli.  The  fact  that  the  monu- 
ments were  covered  in  the  seventeenth  century  Avitli 
l)rimitive  forests,  uniform  with  those  wliicli  covered 
the  otlier  ])nrts  of  the  country.  In  this  latitude  the 
ago  of  a  forest  tree  may  be  much  more  accurately 
determined  than  in  tro})ical  climates;  and  trees  from 
luur  to  five  hundred  j^ears  old  have  been  examined  in 
many  well-authenticated  cases  over  niounds  and  em- 
bankments. E(|ually  large  trees  in  all  stages  of 
(leconn)osition  were  found  at  their  feet  on  nnd  under 
the  ground,  so  that  the  abandonment  of  the  works 
must  be  dated  back  at  least  twice  the  actual  age  of 
tlie  standing  trees.  It  is  a  fact  well  known  to 
Avoodsnien  that  ^^•hcn  cultivated  land  is  abandoned 
the  first  growth  is  very  unlike  tlie  original  foi'est, 
both  in  the  sjjocies  aiid  size  of  the  ti'ees,  and  tliat 
.•^everal  generations  would  be  re(|uired  to  restore  the 
ju'imitive  timl)er.  Conse([uently  a  thoi;::',!:d  years 
UHist  have  ])assed  since  some  of  the  woi'ks  wvvo 
abandoned.  'I'he  moiuinients  of  the  ]\Iississi|)pi  pre- 
sent stronger  internal  evidence  of  gi-eat  antiijuity 
than  any  others  in -America,  altliough  it  ly  no  means 
follows  that  they  are  (tlder  than  J'a!en(|Ue  and  ("opaii. 
The  height  of  tlie  ]\lound-buiklers'  jiower  should  not, 
without  very  [)ositive  external  evidence,  be  ]ila(e(l  at 
a  later  date  than  the  fifth  or  sixth  ceiiturv  of  our  tra. 


CHAPTER    XTY. 

PERUVIAN    ANTIQUITIKS. 
TU-O    E,oc,I.S  OF  PeRI-VIAX   CrVILIZATIOX-AliORIGIXAL   GOVMVMFXT 

l'':i-'(n..N,  AND  Akts-  'Jontua.st.s-Ti.i.;   Hi  .ua.s~- II.m  \n  ]{,■•' 

MAINS -AUTICLES  OK  MkTAI.- COPPEU  iMlM.KMKNT.S-doi.I,"  AND 
SII.VK  U  ^  ASKS  AND  OhNAMKNTS-UsK  OF  IltOX  lNKNO\VN-AnouiG. 
INAF.  hN.nNKi:i![NO_I'AVKI,  I!OAI).S-I'K.a-VIAN  POTTEltV-  It.IN.S 
OP  r  AfHACAMAC-MACSOLKl-M  OK  CUELAP-CiHAX-CltlMU-lh-  \r  V 
..^^r.SA-llCMI.^KOKTIIKS^N-I;KMAINS  OX  TUK  Isl.AXI.  OK  TlTI- 
.A.A^-dlAVIN  I.K  HlANTA-IlL-ANlCO  KL  ViKJO-CLZCO-MoM:- 
MI-NT.S  OK  TlAllLAXACO-ISLAND  OK  COATI. 

_  I  conclude  with  a  short  cliaptor  on  Peruvian  antiq- 
uities, made  up  for  the  most  part  from  tlie  work  of 
iuycro  and    Isehudi,   and    ilhistrated    with   tJie   cuts 
copied   from   tlmt    woi-k   for   ^h  Baldwin's    a.vount » 
AiuMcnt  J  eru  inchuh'd  also  modern  Ecuador,  Bolivia 
and  a  hir-e  part  of  Chih;  and  the  m..st  remarkahlJ 
monuments  of  anti<,uity  arc  consi.h.rod  the  woi'ks  of  a 
]'|;oI..u  iMccedui- that  found   l>y  J >izarr.)  hi  possession 
<'f   the  country,  and  hearin-  very  much  the  same  rela- 
tion to  the  suhje.-ts  of  tlie  Incas  as  the  ancient  Mavas 
hore   to   the   Quiches  of  ( iuat.Mnala,   or  j.erhaps   the 
1  oltecs  to_  the  Aztecs.      The  i>eruvians  that  ca.ne  into 
contact  with  tlie  8pauiards  wci'u  superior  in  some  re- 

M11113,  />"'■'" /'I  s  Aiicuiit  Atiicnc'i,  utt,  ^M-M  ^ 


r.'.ii 


792 


PEIIUVIAN  ANTIQriTIES. 


spccts  to  the  Aztecs,  At  least  equally  advanced  in 
the  various  mechanical  and  fine  arts,  except  sculpture 
and  architectural  decoration,  they  lived  under  as  ])er- 
fect  a  system  of  government,  and  rendered  homaL;e  tt) 
less  hloodthirstv  u'ods.  Tlicv  kept  their  records  hv 
means  of  (/nipits,  or  knotted  strings,  a  method  j)rob- 
aMyas  useful  practically  as  the  Aztec  picturc-wi-itin^', 
but  not  so  near  an  a]>})roach  to  an  alphabet;  while  tlie 
more  ancient  nations  have  left  nothinn"  to  com])arc 
with  the  hieroo-lypliic  tablets  of  Central  America,  and 
the  e\'idence  is  f;ir  from  satisfactory  that  they  pos- 
sessed any  advanced  art  in  writing'.  It  will  be  seen 
from  the  specimens  to  be  presented  that  their  archi- 
tecture, th(MiL;h  perhaps  more  massive  than  that  of 
]^[ayas  or  Xahuas,  is  not  on  the  whole  of  a  supe/ior 
character.  The  most  marked  contrasts  are  ibund  in 
tlie  orvv.  rence  in  Peru  of  cyclo]:)ean  structures,  the 
use  of  larger  blocks  of  stone,  the  comparati\e  absenc(! 
of  the  pyramidal  ibundations,  of  architectural  and 
hieroglyphic  sculpture,  and  the  mere  extensive  use  of 
adobes  as  a  buihlinn'-material, 

lludcii  is  the  Peruvian  name  for  any  veiieratt'd  or 
holy  structure,  but  is  usually  a[>plied  to  the  conical 
mounds  of  the  counti'V,  niostlv  mounds  of  se])ultuie. 
Thousands  of  these  have  been  o]>ened  and  from  thein 
have  been  taken  a  n'reat  variety  of  relics,  together 
uith  ])reserved  nunnmies  Avra])[)ed  in  native  cloth. 
The  relics  include  imph-ments  and  ornaments  of 
metal,  stone,  bone,  shell,  and  wood.  The  Pei'u\iai:s 
seem  to  have  had  a  more  abundant  snp]>ly  of  metals 
than  the  civilized  nations  of  Xorth  Anieiica,  and  to 
have  been  at  least  e(pially  skillful  in  working  tlKin. 
Th(!  cuts  show  specimens  of  cojti)er  cutting  im))le- 
ments,  of  v.hich  a  gi'eat  variety  ai'e  found.  Px'sidcs 
cojjper,  they  had  gold  and  silver  in  nuich  greatci' 
abundance  than  the  northern  artisans,  and  the  ai'ts 
of  melting,  casting,  soldering,  beating,  iidaying,  and 
carving  these  metals,  were  carried  to  a  high  di-gree  of 
|)eifection.       Everv  one  has  read   the  marvelous  ac- 


METALLIC  llELiCS. 


793 


Periiviiui  Copper  Iinplemeiits. 

counts,  naturally  exaoueratotl,  l)ut  still  witli  much 
touiidatiim  in  truth,  of  the  iininensc  (quantities  of 
,H'ol(l  obtained  liy  the  Spaniai'ds  in  IVru;  of  Uw  room 
tilled  with  ^'oldeii  utensils  I>y  the  natives  as  a  ransom 
for  the  Inca  Atahuallpa.  ^\  ^-olden  vase  is  shown  in 
tliu  cut.     Large  tjuantitios  of  gold  have  bueu  taken 


Clold'ju  A'aso  fniiii  Pern. 

in  more  modern  times  from  tlu-  huaras,  where  It  was 
douhtless  placed  in  many  east's  to  keep  it  from  the 
hands  of  the  comjuerors.  Most  of  the  articles  li;i\e 
of  coui'se  gone  to  the  melting-]>ot,  hut  suHicieiit  speei- 
mens  iiave  heen  ])reserved  or  sketched  to  show  th(( 
tlegrcu  of  excellence  to   which   the    Peruvian   smiths 


79-4 


PERUVIAN  ANTIQUITIES. 


had  attained.     The  followiiiir  cut  shows  a  silver  vase. 


\  "i 


Silver  Vase  from  Peru, 

Tlie  search  for  treasure  in  the  liuacas  still  fyocs  on, 
and  is  not  always  unrewarded.  Tin,  lead,  and  (juick- 
silver  are  said  to  have  been  worked  by  the  natives. 
Iron  ore  is  very  abundant  in  Peru,  but  the  only  evi- 
dence tliat  iron  was  used  is  tlie  difficulty  of  executini*- 
tlie  native  works  of  excavation  and  cuttinu'  stone 
withcnit  it,  and  the  fact  that  the  metal  had  a  name  in 
the  native  lany'uai^-e.  No  traces  of  it  have  ever  been 
found.     The  cut  shows  two  copper  tweezers. 


Copper  Tmplenients  from  Peru. 

Amonpf  the  most  remarkable  Peruvian  remains  are 
the  paxcd  roads  wliicli  crossed  the  country  in  eveiy 
direction,  esiiecially  from  nortli  to  south.  Two  of 
tlie  urandest  liin'hways  extended  from  the  reo'ion 
north  of  Quito  southward  to  Cuzco,  and  according  to 


ABOIMGINAL  ROADS. 


795 


soiiio  authors  still  tai'thcr  to  Chili.  One  runs  over 
tlio  mountains,  the  other  chietly  throu<;h  the  plains, 
'i'lieir  iun^th  is  at  least  twelve  hundred  miles,  and 
the  orading  of  the  mountain  road  presented,  as  Mr 
Baldwin  believes,  far  greater  ditfieulties  than  the 
PaciHe  luiilroad.  These  roads  are  from  eighteen  to 
twenty-six  fuet  wide,  protected  at  the  sides  hy  a 
thick  wall,  and  paved  generally  with  stone  blocks, 
iiut  sometimes  with  a  mixture  of  cement  and  fine 
stone — an  aborio'inal  infrinijement  on  the  '^Macadam' 
])i\)cess.  The  highways  followed  a  straight  course, 
and  turned  aside  for  no  obstacle,  liavines  and 
marshes  were  tilled  up  with  masonry,  and  tiie  solid 
rock  of  the  mountains  was  cut  away  for  many  miles. 
But  when  rivers  were  encountered,  light  suspension 
bridges  seem  t(j  have  been  resorted  to  instead  of 
massive  stone  liridges.  It  is  true  that  tlie  most 
glowing  accounts  of  these  roads  are  found  in  the 
writings  of  the  Conipiistadores,  and  that  only  I'uined 
]»ortions  now  remain;  but  the  reports  of  Humboldt 
a;id  others,  res})ecting  the  remains,  leave  little  doubt 
of  their  former  im])osing  character. 

Articles  of  })ottery,  of  Avhich  three  sjiecimens  are 
shown  in  the  cuts,  are  at  least  e(pial  in  material  and 


Peruvian  Pottery. 


I 


796 


PEilUVIAN  ANTUaiTlES. 


reniviaii  rutteiy. 

fiiiisli  to  those  ]iro(luoo<l  l)y  X;iliiiii  aiul  ^rayn  ]»otttiN. 
Tlio  finest  speeiiiiens  are  vases  tbiiiul  in  sc'|»iil>lii:,l 
(le[>()sits,  aiul  many  utensils  desi^'ned  for  inore  cniu- 
nioii  use  are  |)i'e;,erved  by  the  ])resent  inlial)itants, 
and  ai'e  ])ret'evred  for  tlieir  solidity  to  the  \v<iik  nf 
modern  potters.  Small  iman"es  of  human  and  animal 
forms  in  tt'rra  (H)tta,  as  in  o()ld  and  silver,  itre  of  cxi  n 
more  lVe(|Uent  oceuri'enee  than  utensils.  Tliere  is  i;o 
evidenee  that  tlie  ima,u;'es  were  I'ashioned  witli  a  diU'cicut 
j)ur[)ose  here  and  in  the  uorth;  some  AVere  simply 
ornaments,  a  i'vw  ])i"ol)aMy  portraits,  others  uiiniatiire 
deities,  deposited  from  superstitious  motives  with  the 
dead. 

About  twenty  miles  south  of  Lima,  in  the  valley 
of  Lurin,  and  overlooking'  the  sea,  ai'e  the  I'uins  of 
Pachaeamac,  shown  in  the  cut.  This  was  a  city  of 
the  Fncas,  that  is,  it  hehtnu'ed  to  the  later  period  o|' 
i\'i'uvian  eivilization.  All  the  structures  ^vere  huiU. 
of  adohes,  and  are  ]mich  dilapidated.  Tlu;  'fon- 
|ile  of  the  Stm  stands  on  a  hill  six  hundred  feet  hi^h, 
the  up|a'r  portion  of  whit'h  shows  traces  of  haxiiii;' 
been  dixided  into  tcri'aces  over  thirty  feet  hi'-li  and 
live  to  ei^ht  feet  wi(K\  The  adobe  wall  which  sur- 
rounds the  temple  is  from  ei^ht  to  eleven  feet  thick, 
and  is  only  standing'  to  the  height  of  four  to  five  feet. 


s 
t 


riTY  OF  Tin:  INCAS. 


r!)7 


Ituiiis  (if  I'acliaciiiiiac. 


Tlh'  rulii(!(l  sti'uctiiivs  jiro  wvy  iiiiiuci'ous,  and  on 
tiiu'  of  the  inner  Avails  sonic  traces  ot"  re<l  and  villow 
]>aint  ai'i!  visible. 

In  the  district  of  Santo  Tonias  in  tlie  norlli,  at 
( 'iiela]»,  a  iicrand  and  ]tecnliai'  ruin  is  desci'ilnd  liy  Si- 
Xieto  in  an  oHii-ial  i;o\ crnnient  re|)oi't.  A  ina.^s  of 
eui'th,  ])rol»al)l_v,  altli<ni;^li  not  I'nlly  exainii'.cd  in  tlif  i;i- 
iei'ior — is  faced  with  a.  solid  wall  ot  hewn  stone,  and  is 
thirty-six  hnndred  ibet  lon^',  live  hnndrcd  and  seventy 
feet  wide,  and  one  hundi-ed  and  titty  feet  in  ]ier|Mii- 
dicular  liei'^'ht.  ( )n  the  sninmit  stands  anothrr  simi- 
lar structure  six  hundred  i>y  ti\e  tiundrcd  tret  and 
also  Olio  hundred  and  fifty  feet  hin'h.  The  lowci-  wall 
is  ]>ierce(l  with  three  entrances  to  an  inclined  |ilano 
leading"  in  a.  curved  line  to  the  suinniit,  with  sentiT- 
hoxes  at  intervals  and  on  the  suinniit.  These  j)as- 
wages  arc  six  feet  wide  at  the  hase  hut  only  two  at  tin; 
top,  and  those  of  the  second  story  are  similar.  In 
hoth  stories  there  are  chaiuhers,  in  the  walls  of  which 
and  ill  the  outer  walls  there  are  small  niches  contain- 


798 


PERUVIAN  ANTKaiTIKS. 


in;^''  skelotons.  Some  of  tlie  up[)er  cliuiii1)ers  are  paved 
with  lai'L^'e  Hat  stones,  t)U  each  of  wliich  lies  a  skele- 
ton. The  re[)oi-t  of  this  ininieiise  structure  is  proba- 
bly founded  on  fact  but  greatly  exaggerated. 

The  ruins  of  Gran-Chinu'i,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Truxillo,  cover  an  area  of  three  quarters  of  a  league, 
and  beyond  these  limits  ,ire  seven  or  eight  great  en- 
closures with  adobe  walls,  in  some  of  which  are  Clin- 
ical mounds,  or  huacas,  and  some  traces  of  buildings. 
The  two  princijtal  structures,  called  ])alaces,  are  sur- 
rounded l>y  walls  one  hundred  and  forty  feet  high, 
sixteen  feet  thick  at  the  base,  but  tapering  to  three 
or  four  feet  at  the  top.  Hound  one  of  the  palaces 
the  wall  is  double,  as  shown  by  the  section  in  the 
cut.     The   English  translation  of  Rivero,  instead  of 


Adobe  Walls  at  Grau-Cliiimi. 

surrounding  one  of  the  palaces  with  a  double  wall 
like  the  original,  represents  one  wall  as  being  twice 
as  high  and  thick  as  the  other.  TJiese  walls,  like  all 
the  structures  of  Gran-Chimii,  are  of  adobes  nine  by 
eighteen  inches,  resting  on  a  foundation  of  rough 
stones  laid  in  clay.  In  connection  with  the  larger 
palace  is  a  square  containing  apartments,  the  walls  of 
which  are  a  conglomerate  of  gravel  and  clay,  smooth, 
and  whitewashed  on  the  interior.  There  are  also 
])lazas  and  streets  regularly  laid  out,  and  a  reservoir 
wliich  by  a  subterranean  aqueduct  "\\  as  supplied  with 


RUINS  OF  GKAX-Cin.\ir 


7W 


water  from  tlic  Tvio  troche  two  iiiilcs  distaiit.  This 
j)iilaco — and  l>y  palace,  a  n'roiip  (tf  edifices  witliiii  an 
enclosure,  rather  than  a  single  editice,  sctins  to  Ik; 
meant — has  two  entrances,  one  in  the  niiddk-  of  each 
\onfj;  side.  The  second  palace  is  one  hnndred  and  twen- 
ty five  yards  furtlier  east,  and  is  also  di\  idrd  l»y  scjuarcs 
and  narrow  streets.  At  one  end  i^  the  huaca  of 
Misa,  surrounded  by  a  low  wall,  ]»ierced  hy  t^all(,'rics 
and  rooms  in  which  have  been  found  mummies, 
cloths,  lipoid  and  silver,  implements,  and  a  woodm 
idol  Avith  }>ieces  of  puarl-shell.  All  the  imier  walls 
are  built  of  a  mass  of  clay  and  Lfi'avcl  oi'  of  adobes. 
The  cut  shows  specimens  of  the  ornamentation,  which 


Decorations  ;it  Ciran-C'hiiini. 

seem  to  1)ear  outwardly  a  slight  resend)lance  to  the 
mosaic  work  of  Mitla,  although  the  method  of  their 
construction  is  not  exi)lained.  "Outside  of  these; 
notable  edifices,  there  is  an  infinite  number  of  squares 
and  small  houses,  some  round  and  others  square, 
which  were  certainly  dwellings  of  the  lower  classes, 
and  whose  great  extent  indicates  that  the  population 
must  have  been  very  large."     Aniijug  the  ruins  are 


800 


rr.lMVI.W  ANTK.HITIPX 


vimny  tnnicutc-d  conical  nioiiiids,  or  luificas.  of  fino 
yravt'l,  from  sonic  ol"  which  interest Iml;-  relics  jumI 
l;ir.L4-('  <|"""^'^''''^  '»♦'  .i^'«>l<l  li'ive  ln'cn  taki-n.  The  so- 
ciiUed  Teni]»i(;  of  the  Sun  is  three  <|iiarters  ol'  ,i 
leanue  east  of  the  city  Hear  Moche,  in  connection 
with  \vlii<'h  ai'e  se\tral  adohe  stiMictures,  one  of  them, 
pL'rliaps  tho  temple  itself,  so  far  as  may  he  determ- 
ined hy  lli\-ero's  \anue  account,  made  worse  than 
va,u-ue  in  the  KnL;lish  traiis!ati(»n,  is  a  r-'^ular  |ivra- 
mid  of  adolies.  It  is  four  hundred  and  fourteen  hv 
foui-  hundred  and  thirty  i'.vt  at  the  hase,  three  hini- 
dred  and  forty-llNc  feel  wide  on  the  smumit,  and  over 
eighty  feet  lii'_;li.  huilt  in  terraces,  pierced  with  a 
tjaUery  throULdi  the  centre,  and  alfordini;'  a  fnu;  view 
of  the  sea  and  the  city  of  Truxillo. 

The  cut  i-epresunts  a  ruin  on  llie   Island  of  Titicaca 


Ruin  at  Titicaca. 


ill  the  lake  of  the  same  name.     These  island  remains 
are  among  the  oldest  of  Peruvian  antiquities,  and  all 


lUINS  OF  III  AXUCO. 


801 


tlicj  istnu'turos  are  l)uilt  of  licwn  stone.  TieHpoctiiiiif 
tlu'.sc  ruins  We  only  Icani  tiom  tliu  »:;x))l(tr('i'.s  tliat 
"though  not  very  ini|)osin<;'"  tlify  are  wril  pi-cst'i-vcd, 
"with  windows  and  iloors,  with  posts  and  thresholds 
of  liewn  stoiK'  also,  tliese  hein^'  widrr  hclow  titan 
above."  Another  ruin  on  the  same  island  is  shoVvii 
in  the  cut  on  tho  lollowin^"  jiau^e. 

At  Cliavin  de  llnanta  the  strnctuies  are  Iniilt  of 
hewn  stone  very  accurutfly  joined  ^vithout  any  nioi-tar 
in  siyht  on  the  outside,  and  a  ruhhle  of  rout>'li  stones 
and  clay  on  the  inside.  In  a  huildinu^  spoken  of  as 
a  fortress  there  is  a  covered  way  with  rooms  at  its 
sides,  all  covered  with  sandst(jne  blocks  ahout  twelve 
feet  lonj^.  The  walls  are  six  feet  thick,  and  in  the 
interior  is  the  openin<;"  to  a  suhterranean  passage 
which  is  said  to  lead  under  the  river  to  another  hnild- 
inu;'.  Tn  the  gallery  human  bones  and  some  relics 
Avere  found.  The  modern  town  is  Iniilt  mostly  ovei* 
the  ruins  of  an  ancient  aqueduct,  and  a  bridge  over 
the  strciam  is  built  of  three  immense  stones,  each  over 
twenty  feet  loni*-,  taken  from  the  f<jrt.  ^fhe  ancient 
]teople  were  especially  skillful  in  the  consti'uction  of 
atpieducts,  some  of  which  were  reported  by  the  early 
writers  as  several  hundrcnl  miles  in  length,  and  a  few 
of  which  of  less  extent  are  still  in  actual  use. 

The  cut  represents  the  !Mirador,  or  look-out,  at  Hua- 
nuco  el  Viejo.     This  structure    measures    about  one 


Vol.  IV.    51 


£1  ^Nlirador — Huanuco. 


802 


rtllUVIAN  ANTlliUlTlES. 


TtLINS  OF  IHAMCO. 


8015 


liundrcd  by  one  liundred  .iiul  sixty  feet  at  the  base, 
and  is  about  fifteen  loot  hi^'h,  in  a  i)yraniidal  form 
without  teiTaces  and  furnished  witli  a  ]);ir;ij)et  wall 
enclosing;'  tlu;  summit  platform.  The  foimdation  is  of 
rough  stones,  which  form  two  steps  projectint;'  tour  or 
five  feet,  not  cleaily  indicated  in  the  cut.  'V\\v  u.iils 
or  facings  are  of  hewn  blo(;ks  of  limestone  about  t'oiii- 
feet  and  a  half  long  by  a  foot  and  a  half  thick.  11  le 
blocks  are  very  aciiirately  cut  and  laid  in  cement. 
The  interior  is  Hlled  with  Ljravel  and  clav,  with  a  con- 
cavity  in  the  centre  j)op".l-'.v!y  supposed  to  eoinnuiiii- 
cate  by  means  of  a  sid)terranean  gallery  witli  the 
])alace  some  half  a  mile  distant.  From  a  doorway  in 
the  ])ara})et  wall  on  the  south  an  inclined  plane 
A\hicli  set'uis  often  lo  have  taketi  the  phu'e  of  a  stair- 
way in  Peru  dea<ls  down  to  the  ground.  <  ))i  the 
wall  at  each  side  of  tiie  entrance  crouches  an  animal 
in  stone,  so  nnich  danuiLjed  th;^  its  kind  lannoi  l)e 
determiiieil. 

Another  noted  ruin  at  Huaniico  is  that  whose  en- 
trance is  shown  in   the  cut.     The  wall>  are  of  roiiiid 


<  l.ilcwiiy  iit  lluaini(-:>. 

stones  irregularly  laid  in  moi'tar,  a  kind  of  ruhltle 
called  by  the  I  *  'iiv  iaiis  pirra,  but  the  gatt-way. 
shown  in  the  cut,  is  built  of  hewn  blocks  three  vaias 
—  as  Kivei'o  says,  ])robably  meaning  feet — by  oi>e  ami 
a  half.  The  lintel  is  one  stone  block  <'levi!n  feet  long, 
and  the  inclined  posts  are  said   to  be  ot'  one  piece,  al- 


80-i 


]'KKl\  IAN  ANTIQIITIHS 


tli(»UL,'"]i  tliu  rut  iiidiciitus  tliiit  cu-li  is  roniposod  of 
lV)ur.  The  animals  sculpt iiivd  owv  the  y-atcway  at 
the  sides  arc;  called  monkeys  hy  Jii\ero.  Within  the 
structuio  there  are  five  similai'  o-atuwiiys  shown  in  the 
pi'eceding  cut  and  in   tiie  followint;'  <4-round  plan.      In 


,: 

ii: 

1 

1        -  - 

_,^__       J 

1 

_        _^J 

f—   — 

r 

_     „J 

1* 

_. 

(Iiiiiiiiil   Flat      lliuiuucit. 


the  interioK  are  rooms  of  cut  stone,  with  iiiclies  in  the 
walls,  an  a^jui'duct,  and  a  r(s<  r\<Hr.  The  (juarries 
that  supplied  the  stone  for  tlu;  Hiianuco  structures 
are  still  mon  a^bout  half  a  mile  away.  Many  traces 
iri'  huildiu'^^  of  ///liud  stones  in  clav  are  pA^nd  in  the 
s.iinc  vicinity. 

Nf.-ir  ('hn)>;iiM,  a  iz/wcr  jh  mentioned  on   tlio  ver'^'o 
<if  a    preci|/i/'<'   overfianyhi!/    thit    Kiu    Mai';ifio?»/     In 


the   distnrt  of  #finiin    tl 


I'C 


is    a  line  <»•  >!V!iftrrfiit  /xf 


loi'ti(ic;iti(Ws  Ofi  t]u!  |)r(!('ipi>t<'/w.s  eli#s  //f  a  ravine,  huilt 
mostly  of  fmca/« -ou!*  ;»lai/'.  At  (\\//'tf  are  some  re- 
mains «/  Hh!  <'ity  '>f  ^\n'  lii'<'«s,  andf  rhc'e  ^  said  fo 
he  H</me  evidence  tija.t  this  city  >yMs  founded  on  the 
ruini<  t^  ariotiier  </ «n  earlie/  t^h<h\  the  latter  in- 
<ludin^  pait  of  tlio  ft/rti-fieatiijfi  //  <"  '  '  vtamhi), 
(>udt  of  sUaM'K  cut  ill  irre'/nlar  f 'itii«, /;oii;o  '/f'  tSwnx 
//f  ^f/';;*'^  si/A',  aii'l  very  neatly  joined. 


MOXl'MENTS  OF  TIAIHANAro.  805 

Tlio  ruins  at  Tialiiianaco,  ten  or  twelve  luilos  from 
Lake  Titicaca,  are  considered  anioiiiif  the  most  aut-ient 
in  Pei'u.  'Llit-'y  include  stones  from  titteeii  to  twenty 
feet  lii.u'h,  some  cut,  others  I'ouu'li,  standing-  in  rows. 
All  the  structures  Avere  in  a  very  (hla[ti<lated  condi- 
tion when  the  Spaniards  came,  and  some  very  lar^o 
stone  statues  in  human  form  were  found,  witii  stone 
I'olumns.  ( )iie  of  the  most  interestinu;-  monuments  is 
tlie   monolithic   doorway   shown    in    thu    cut.       Tlie 


Dooiwav  at  Tialnuxiiaco. 


openinjTf  is  sevent^'-slx  iiicjics  hi^-li  and  thirty-ei^ht 
wide,  iiivei'o  and  Tschudi  represent  tlie  scid|)tuiv(l 
tii^'ures  in  the  small  s(|uarfs  as  hein^'  ])rotil(-  of  the 
hunuiu  face  instead  of  those  shown  in  Baldwin's  cut. 
Thfi'e  were  scxei'al  of  tliese  doorways.  Several  idols 
and  some  very  I;i r'j,<'  Mocks  of  cut  stone  were  duL*'  up 
in  J^'IO,  ami  the  l.itter  use<l  f(jr  mill-stones.  The 
l)locks  are  di's-  hed  as  thii'ty  feet  lonu',  ein'hteen  fei^r 
widi'.  and  six  fei  t  thick,  heiiiL;-  shajH'd  so  as  to  lorm  a 
ch.uuiel  wlii'U  one  was  placed  upon  another. 

\    huildiuL;-  on  the    Ishiiid  ol'  Coati,  in    i^ake  Titi- 


I 


806  T'KRUVIAN  ANTIQl  ITIES. 

caca,  is  shown  in  the  cut.     Rivero  gives  a  view  and 


Kiiiii  iju  tlie  Irsluiul  of  Coati. 

plan  of  another  Lir}i;'0  palace,  consisting  for  the  most 
])art  of  a  single  line  of  low  apartments  built  round 
three  sides  of  a  rectangular  court,  and  bearing  sonio 
resemblance,  as  ]\[r  .Baldwin  remarks,  to  the  Central 
American  structiu'es,,  except  that  it  does  not  rest  on  a 
])yramidal  foundation.  Rock-inscriptions  of  the  same 
rude  class  so  often  mentioned  in  the  northern  conti- 
nent, occur  also  in  Peru,  although  somewhat  less  fre- 
quently, so  far  as  may  be  judged  by  the  reports  of 
explorers. 

The  contents  of  the  preceding  pages  may  bo  sufti- 
cient  to  show  the  reader  that  the  resemblance  be- 
tween the  southern  and  northern  moiniments,  if  any 
resemblance  exists,  is  very  I'aint.  Tlie  ]\laya  and 
Peruvian  peoples  may  have  been  one  in  remote 
antiquity;  if  so,  the  se})aration  took  place  at  a  period 
long  preceding  any  to  which  we  are  carried  by  the 
material  relics  of  the  V^otanic  empire,  and  of  the 
most  ancient  ejioch  of  the  southern  civilization,  or 
even  by  traditional  annals  and  the  vaguest  myths. 
There  seems  to  be  a  natural  tendcnicy  even  among 
antiquarians  to  attribute  all  American  civilizations 
to  a  common  origin,  constantly  moving  back  the  date 
as  investigation  progresses.      This  tendency  has  nuich 


CONCLUSION. 


807 


HI  conimoii  witli  that  wliieli  so  p.rsist.ntlv  tracrs 
Amencnn  civilization  to  tlie  old  \voi-I,I,  „M-u„rl(l 
<'nlture  to  one  centre,  the  luinian  vavc  to  one  i.ai.- 
ami  the  hrst  pair  to  a  special  .-.vution.  pcifoiineci 
at  a  (lehnite  tune  and  point  in  Asia.  Be  the  iv>sults 
of  the  tendency  referred  to  tnie  or  false,  it  is  evidei.r 
that  superstition  has  contributed  more  than  science 
to  the  zeal  that  has  «u])porfced  them. 


END    OF    THK    FOURTil    VOLUME. 


